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? Ecology

Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment, highlighting the importance of understanding these relationships for sustainability. Key concepts include levels of ecological organization, energy flow through ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and the impacts of pollution and climate change. Conservation efforts are essential to protect ecosystems and maintain biodiversity amidst human activities.

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13 views2 pages

? Ecology

Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment, highlighting the importance of understanding these relationships for sustainability. Key concepts include levels of ecological organization, energy flow through ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and the impacts of pollution and climate change. Conservation efforts are essential to protect ecosystems and maintain biodiversity amidst human activities.

Uploaded by

1pavithrashanmuga
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🌿 Ecology & Environment: A Quick Summary 🌿

Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It helps us
understand how life sustains itself and how human activities affect nature.

🔥 1. Levels of Ecological Organization

✅ Organism → A single living being (e.g., a tiger).


✅ Population → Group of individuals of the same species (e.g., tigers in a forest).
✅ Community → Different populations living together (e.g., tigers, deer, and trees).
✅ Ecosystem → Biotic (living) + Abiotic (non-living) components (e.g., rainforest).
✅ Biosphere → The global sum of all ecosystems (Earth).

🔥 2. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

✅ Sun → Plants (Producers) → Herbivores → Carnivores → Decomposers


✅ Food Chain: A linear sequence of energy transfer (e.g., Grass → Deer → Tiger).
✅ Food Web: A network of interconnected food chains.
✅ 10% Law (Lindeman’s Law): Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level;
90% is lost as heat.

🔥 3. Biogeochemical Cycles (Nature’s Recycling System)

✅ Water Cycle 💧 – Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Runoff.


✅ Carbon Cycle 🌍 – Plants absorb CO₂ → Animals consume plants → Respiration &
decomposition release CO₂.
✅ Nitrogen Cycle ⚡ – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N₂ → Plants use it → Animals consume
plants → Decomposers return nitrogen.

🔥 4. Ecological Pyramids

✅ Pyramid of Numbers → Shows the number of organisms at each level.


✅ Pyramid of Biomass → Shows the total mass of living things.
✅ Pyramid of Energy → Always upright because energy decreases at each level.

🔥 5. Biodiversity & Conservation

✅ Biodiversity: Variety of life in an ecosystem.


✅ Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, invasive species.
✅ Conservation Methods: Wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, afforestation, sustainable
practices.

🔥 6. Pollution & Global Issues

✅ Air Pollution → Causes smog, acid rain, respiratory diseases.


✅ Water Pollution → Industrial waste, oil spills harm aquatic life.
✅ Climate Change → Global warming due to CO₂ emissions.
✅ Deforestation → Leads to loss of biodiversity & increased CO₂ levels.

🌍 Conclusion:

Ecology teaches us how organisms interact with their environment and how human
activities impact nature. Conservation efforts are crucial to maintaining a balanced and
sustainable ecosystem.

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