TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

1.1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1.3 HISTORY BACKGROUND

1.1.4 MODERN BACKGROUND

1.1.5 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT RESEARCH

2.1 ARCHITECTURE STYLE

2.2 DATA PRESENTATION

2.3 MAIN FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

CHAPTER 3- DATE PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

3.1.2REGIONAL MAP

3.1 SITE SELECTION

3.1.1 NATIONAL MAP

3.1.3 CITY MAP

3.1.4 BARANGAY MAP

3.2 SITE JUSTIFICATION

3.3 DATA ANALYSIS

3.4 SITE ANALYSIS

3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

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 3.6 USER ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN FRAME WORK

4.1 DESIGN PROBLEM

4.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

4.3 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

4.4 DESIGN CONCEPT

4.5 FORM CONCEPT

CHAPTER 5: ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDY

6.1 FOREIGN CASE STUDY

6.2 LOCAL CASE STUDY

CHAPTER 7– THEORETICAL TOPIC

7.1 PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

7.2 EMOTIONAL NEEDS

7.3 SOCIAL NEEDS

7.4 SPIRITUAL NEEDS

7.5 PHYSICAL NEEDS

7.6 INTELLECTUAL NEEDS

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CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

in a broad sense — any urban, suburban or village development, or even a

single building, that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural,

institutional, or industrial uses, where those functions are physically and

functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.[1][2] The term

("a mixed-use development") may also be used more specifically to refer to a

mixed-use real estate development project — a building, complex of buildings,

or district of a town or city that is developed for mixed-use by a private

developer, (quasi-)governmental agency, or a combination thereof.

1.1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

“Mixed use” is a type of land development that suits the great truism that ‘what’s

old becomes new again.’ Prior to the early part of the 20th Century, the

development of land in almost any urban area was ‘mixed,’ with homes, shops,

and workplaces blended either within the same building or juxtaposed to each

other. The denseness of the development and the mixture of uses resulted in an

environment where walking was the primary mode of transportation for those

3
who lived, visited, and worked in these cities. In the early 20th Century, with the

introduction of new modes of transportation and new legal frameworks for

regulating land use and land development, the pattern of land use in cities

changed and mixed use became an infrequent form of development in all but

the largest cities in the United States. In its place came a pattern that we are

familiar with today, exemplified by the segregation of uses and a heavy

dependence on the automobile as the means of moving from one place to

another.

Toward the end of the 20th Century, and particularly as we entered the 21st

Century, we came to the realization that our dependence on the segregated

form of land use as the primary method of development may not be the best

method for all circumstances. New forms of land use and development have

evolved, some of which have been stimulated by various schools of thought

regarding urban and regional planning including “Neo-Traditional Development,”

“New Urbanism,” and “Smart Growth.” No matter what the name, each school of

thought on how we should use and develop our land utilizes the concept of

mixing uses and at higher densities. The use of mixed use development is

particularly advocated in situations where land available for development is

scarce (for whatever reason) and there is a desire to maintain growth within a

pre-defined area rather than allowing growth to continually spread outward

4
beyond the existing area of development, which is a known outcome of the use-

segregated, low-density pattern used during most of the 20th Century.

1.1.3 HISTORY BACKGROUND

Throughout most of human history, the majority of human settlements

developed as mixed-use environments. Walking was the primary way that

people and goods were moved about, sometimes assisted by animals such as

horses or cattle. Most people dwelt in buildings that were places of work as well

as domestic life, and made things or sold things from their own homes. Most

buildings were not divided into discrete functions on a room by room basis, and

most neighborhoods contained a diversity of uses, even if some districts

developed a predominance of certain uses, such as metalworkers, or textiles or

footwear due to the socio-economic benefits of propinquity. People lived at very

high densities because the amount of space required for daily living and

movement between different activities was determined by walkability and the

scale of the human body. This was particularly true in cities, and the ground

floor of buildings was often devoted to some sort of commercial or productive

use, with living space upstairs.

This historical mixed-used pattern of development declined

during industrialization in favor of large-scale separation of manufacturing and

residences in single-function buildings. This period saw massive migrations of

5
people from rural areas to cities drawn by work in factories and the associated

businesses and bureaucracies that grew up around them. These influxes of new

workers needed to be accommodated and many new urban districts arose at

this time with domestic housing being their primary function. Thus began a

separating out of land uses that previously had occurred in the same spaces.

Furthermore, many factories produced substantial pollution of various kinds.

Distance was required to minimize adverse impacts from noise, dirt, noxious

fumes and dangerous substances. Even so, at this time, most industrialized

cities were of a size that allowed people to walk between the different areas of

the city.

1.1.4 MODERN BACKGROUND

A mix of uses was once the norm in the US prior to the implementation of

modern zoning and land-use practices.

Mixes of commercial and residential uses flourished into the twentieth century,

when development trends and patterns changed radically with the advent of the

automobile.

Modern zoning practices assigned land uses according to function. Retail, work,

living schools, etc., were segregated from each other

From the 1910’s through the 1950’s integrated land uses were rare in new

developments
6
1960’s and 1970’s

Mixed use re-emerged as a tool for urban revitalization, often as part of large

scale public/ private partnerships

1970’s and 1980’s

Mixed-use developments began to be build on smaller scales than their

predecessors.

They wre more integrated into urban contexts, often relatin to historic structures

or districs.

1990’s and 2000’s

Mixed-use developments emerged as manifestations of sustainable design,

wwalkable urbanism and “smart growth” initiatives.

15 BENEFITS OF MIXED USE BUILDINGS

Benefits of mixed-use development include:

 greater housing variety and density, more affordable housing (smaller units),

life-cycle housing (starter homes to larger homes to senior housing)

 reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other

amenities and destinations

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 better access to fresh, healthy foods (as food retail and farmers markets can be

accessed on foot/bike or by transit)

 more compact development, land-use synergy (e.g. residents provide

customers for retail which provide amenities for residents)

 stronger neighborhood character, sense of place

 walk able, bike-able neighborhoods, increased accessibility via transit, both

resulting in reduced transportation costs

Other Benefits of Mixed Use

SOCIAL LIFE

 Pedestrian Friendly

 Social Connectivity

 Civil Amenities / Spaces

 Public Safety

ECONOMY

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 •Shared Public Infrastructure

 Shared Parking

 Higher Rents / ROI

ENVIRONMENTAL

 Less Auto-Dependent

 Focused Density (Vs Urban Sprawl)

 Supports Transit

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1.1.5 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Mixed-use development is development that integrates compatible residential,

commercial, office, institutional or other uses within the same structure, or in

separate buildings on the project site as a single, unified development. The uses

can be integrated horizontally or vertically, depending on the zone and location,

however, a typical mixed-use project often consists of ground fl or retail with

either housing or office ce space above. Some mixed-use projects are not

limited to uses within one building and may include entire neighborhoods where

different uses are mixed together in close proximity. Many planners see mixed-

use projects that have a housing component as an important factor in reviving

urban and industrial areas.

Mixed-use is often associated with terms like “smart growth,” “new urbanism,”

“transit-oriented development” and “traditional neighborhood development.”

Keep in mind, however, that mixeduse is merely one possible component found

in these development concepts and can help achieve objectives such as

increasing density, reducing the number of vehicles, creating localized

employment, gentrifi cation of urban neighborhoods, and providing dynamic

living environments.

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Mixed-used development was the most prominent style of development during

the large majority of the history of cities and towns. Because people walked for

daily transportation, it was most convenient to locate the uses in proximity.

People often made a living from their own homes. This was particularly true in

urbanized areas, where the bottom floor was often devoted to some sort of

commercial use, and living space was upstairs. Mixed-used development fell out

of favor during the Industrial Age in favor of more efficient manufacturing in

dedicated structures. Many of these buildings produced substantial industrial

pollution, detrimental to those who lived nearby. These factors were important in

the push for zoning that separated land uses. To protect both public health and

residential property values, early zoning focused on separating different uses

and buffering them from each other to

minimize nuisances. This separation however, was extended to commercial

uses as well, setting the stage for the suburban style of life that is common in

America today. This type of single-use zoning was widely adopted by municipal

zoning codes. Completely separate zoning created isolated “islands” of each

type of development. In many cases, the automobile became a requirement for

transportation between vast areas of residential neighborhoods and the

separate commercial and office strips.

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Throughout the late 20th century, it began to become apparent to many urban

planners and other professionals that mixed-use development had many

benefits and should be promoted again. As American cities reindustrialized, the

need to separate residences from dangerous factories became less important.

Many professionals and citizens alike now argue that a mixture of uses is vital

and necessary for a healthy urban area.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

To Design a one building that implements the new trend “New Urbanism” The

CCP Commercial Development that consist of 4 main components (School,

Dormitory, Mall and Office). The site is indeed in Quezon City near Centerpoint.

Architectural Issues and Concerns

Modern Facilities

Crowd Management

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROPOSED ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION

Crowd Management will indeed make a great impact when implementing mixed use

development.

12
Only way can apply t his is to have a large amount of elevators and corridors with a touch of

modern design.

1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Delimitations

• Students can’t access the office buildings

• Office works cant access school property and dormitory.

Since the project is said to be a mixed use, a lot of delimitations in according to classification of

people is definitely a must watch.

13
CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT

RESEARCH

14
CHAPTER 2 - PROJECT RESEARCH

2.1 ARCHITECTURE STYLE

Deconstructivism in architecture, also called deconstruction, is a

development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is

characterized by ideas of fragmentation, an interest in manipulating ideas of a

structure's surface or skin, non-rectilinear shapes which serve to distort and

dislocate some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope.

The finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit the many

deconstructivist "styles" is characterised by a stimulating unpredictability and a

controlled chaos.

Important events in the history of the deconstructivist movement include the

1982 Parc de la Villette architectural design competition (especially the entry

from Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman[1] and Bernard Tschumi's winning

entry), the Museum of Modern Art’s 1988 Deconstructivist Architecture

exhibition in New York, organized by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and the

1989 opening of the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, designed by Peter

Eisenman. The New York exhibition featureda works by Frank Gehry, Daniel

Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, Coop Himmelb(l)au,

15
and Bernard Tschumi. Since the exhibition, many of the architects who were

associated with Deconstructivism have distanced themselves from the term.

Nonetheless, the term has stuck and has now, in fact, come to embrace a

general trend within contemporary architecture.

Originally, some of the architects known as aDeconstructivists were influenced

by the ideas of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. Eisenman developed a

personal relationship with Derrida, but even so his approach to architectural

design was developed long before he became a Deconstructivist. For him

Deconstructivism should be considered an extension of his interest in radical

formalism. Some practitioners of deconstructivism were also influenced by the

formal experimentation and geometric imbalances of Russian constructivism.

There are additional references in deconstructivism to 20th-century movements:

the modernism/postmodernism interplay, expressionism, cubism, minimalism

and contemporary art. The attempt in deconstructivism throughout is to move

architecture away from what its practitioners see as the constricting 'rules' of

modernism such as "form follows function," "purity of form," and "truth to

materials."

Deconstructivism in contemporary architecture stands in opposition to the

ordered rationality of Modernism. Its relationship with Postmodernism is also

decidedly contrary. Though postmodernist and nascent deconstructivist

16
architects published theories alongside each other in the journal Oppositions

(published 1973–84), that journal's contents mark the beginning of a decisive

break between the two movements. Deconstruction took a confrontational

stance toward much of architecture and architectural history, wanting to disjoin

and disassemble architecture.[2] While postmodernism returned to embrace—

often slyly or ironically—the historical references that modernism had shunned,

deconstructivism rejects the postmodern acceptance of such references. It also

rejects the idea of ornament as an after-thought or decoration. These principles

have meant that deconstructivism aligns itself somewhat with the sensibilities of

modernist anti-historicism.

In addition to Oppositions, another text that separated deconstructivism from the

fray of modernism and postmodernism was the publication of Robert Venturi's

Complexity and Contradiction in architecture (1966). A defining point for both

postmodernism and for deconstructivism, Complexity and Contradiction argues

against the purity, clarity and simplicity of modernism. With its publication,

functionalism and rationalism, the two main branches of modernism, were

overturned as paradigms according to postmodernist and deconstructivist

readings, with differing readings. The postmodern reading of Venturi (who was

himself a postmodernist) was that ornament and historical allusion added a

richness to architecture that modernism had foregone. Some Postmodern

architects endeavored to reapply ornaments even to economical and minimal

17
buildings, an effort best illustrated by Venturi's concept of "the decorated shed."

Rationalism of design was dismissed but the functionalism of the building was

still somewhat intact. This is close to the thesis of Venturi's next major work, [3]

that signs and ornament can be applied to a pragmatic architecture, and instill

the philosophic complexities of semiology.

2.2 DATA PRESENTATION

A mixed use development is defined in the Mixed Use Guide as one that

contains both residential and non-residential uses. It may be of any scale, from

a single building to an entire precinct or area. The dissimilar uses of a mixed use

development may be arranged either vertically or horizontally, or as a

combination of the two.

Examples of horizontal and vertical mixed use developments.

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 The Mixed Use Guide promotes quality architectural and urban design as

integrated components of a quality development. There is also a strong

emphasis on issues around a development’s relationship with its context. Issues

of compatibility (arrangement of uses, noise, relationship to the street and

integration/streetscape character) are discussed in terms of both internal

relationships (within the mixed use development) and those between the

development and its context. Location of the development is seen as a key

issue in the Mixed Use Guide; a site close to a town centre is optimal because

of the non-residential uses that are already present in these situations. The

Mixed Use Guide explains the mixed use development type as an instrument in

designers’ repertoires, available to be used in specific circumstances in order to

achieve particular urban design goals.

Mixed use developments in town centres can:

protect the commercial uses that provide employment – which might otherwise be

lost to residential development

help to contain urban sprawl and allow occupants to be close to new or existing

services and facilities

provide opportunities for living and working in close proximity, potentially reducing

private vehicle use

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retain 24-hour vibrancy – which might otherwise be lost if residential uses

predominate

provide work-from-home accommodation that is well connected to commercial

areas and their available services

allow people to live close to recreation, entertainment and services (reducing the

amount of car use or providing further opportunities for those who do not drive)

provide low-maintenance accommodation opportunities

provide diversity and choice in accommodation type, style and size.

Mixed use developments in a town centre.

Creativity

The Mixed Use Guide stresses the importance of using the best and most

creative designers and architects on mixed use projects. It acknowledges the

20
increased complexity inherent in mixed use projects but also highlights the

benefits of using consultants who can deal with such complexities. For example,

design is a key factor in determining a development’s acceptance by the

community, its saleability and the ease of its future management. Discussion of

the importance of creativity in generating a sense of place and identity for mixed

use developments is also included in the Mixed Use Guide.

Connections

Mixed use developments, by their nature, encourage a steady flow of foot and/or

vehicular traffic to their premises. The Mixed Use Guide acknowledges that,

while this traffic constitutes a ‘built-in’ passive security system, it also requires

that occupants and visitors have clearly defined access points into the building

or site. Access ways must safely accommodate all pedestrians and vehicles

visiting the site. Integration of developments into external transport networks is

emphasised by the Mixed Use Guide as important and valuable.

The Mixed Use Guide also highlights that when mixed use developments are

well designed their active street frontages can serve to maintain continuity of

retail areas that would otherwise be interrupted by an exclusively residential

development.

Choice

21
 The Mixed Use Guide was developed to encourage further choice and diversity

in urban design in the North Shore. The lack of choice in the past has created

single-use, low-rise residential suburbs with long travelling distances to get to

services and facilities.

The resurgence of mixed use developments in New Zealand has been attributed

to changes in how people choose to live and work, including:

a desire to live nearer to one’s workplace

a rise in the number of people working from home

a preference for easy access to entertainment, recreation and services usually

found in town centres

an increasing awareness that commuting by car exacerbates road congestion,

creates pollution and consumes time

an increasing elderly population, many of whom no longer drive

a desire for low-maintenance living spaces.

The Mixed Use Guide provides examples of how a well-designed mixed use

development offers flexible space within an existing building, block or

neighbourhood, for a variety of uses that change over time. It shows how

different uses can work in combination – while methods exist for insulating one

from the other where necessary. For example, built-in flexibility achieved

22
through taller ceiling heights on the ground and first floors allows later changes

in use.

The Mixed Use Guide shows how designing flexibility into a project to respond

to changes in demand for a particular type of space can have long-term

benefits. The Mixed Use Guide extends the potential lifespan of a new

development without necessarily affecting construction cost in an adverse way.

Character

The public’s attitude toward, and acceptance of, a development is commonly

determined by the extent to which a new mixed use development is physically

and aesthetically integrated into its context. The appearance of a new building

should not only relate to the existing streetscape, but should enhance it (with

developing areas there should be cognisance of the desired future character).

The Mixed Use Guide advocates that mixed use developments must work with

nearby buildings to create a consistent, yet varied, overall character. In existing

town centres this may be achieved by taking cues from nearby older buildings

and reinterpreting them in a contemporary manner.

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2.3 MAIN FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

SHOPPING MALLS

OFFICE

DORMITORY

SCHOOLS

SHOPPING MALL

SHOPPING MALL

WHAT IS A SHOPPING MALL?

Shopping malls are concentration of retail, service, and entertainment

enterprises designed to serve the surrounding region. Whether in the form of

Bazaar or Market Place shopping spaces from the very beginning of the human

civilization used to remain the essential part of common men's life. However,

present day malls are more far more diverse and complex in term of internal

spatial planning, overall organization of various functions and decisions

regarding the site/location criteria keeping in view the not only the unorganized

and unpredictable growth of our cites but also the rapidly changing and

24
fluctuating trends and preferences of our society.

Shopping centers are bound to attract attention of a sizeable number of

population if well designed, appropriately planned and suitably located thus it is

also essential to consider the role of mall as a cultural hotspot for any locality or

area for which they are planned. Shopping malls are the points where both

utilitarian as well as entertainment opportunities are available at one spot.

Shopping centers provide opportunity to further heighten social activity and

interaction via appropriate design and planning considerations.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

One of the earliest examples of public shopping malls come from Ancient

Rome in forums where many shopping markets were located. One of the

earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's

Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100-110 AD by Apollodorus of

Damascus, and is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center and a

forerunner for the shopping mall.[5][6] Numerous covered shopping arcades, such

as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, can be considered

precursors to the present-day shopping mall.[7] Isfahan'sGrand Bazaar, which is

largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10 kilometer long

covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a long history. The Grand

25
Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest

covered markets in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops.

Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one

of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more

than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft).

The Marché des Enfants-Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today.

The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs

today.

The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798.[8] The Burlington Arcade in

London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode

Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828.
[9]
The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1870s and is

closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades

and shopping centres in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including

the Cleveland Arcade, Dayton Arcade and Moscow's GUM, which opened in

1890. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market

Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916) and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City,

Missouri (1924).

An early indoor mall prototype in the United States was the Lake View

Store at Morgan Park, Duluth, Minnesota, which was built in 1915 and held its

grand opening on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean
26
from Chicago and the building contractor was George H. Lounsberry from

Duluth. The building is two stories with a full basement, and shops were

originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the

interior of the mall; some shops were accessible from inside and out.

In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the

United States, a new style of shopping centre was created away

from downtown.[10]

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

The Cleveland Arcade was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US

and an architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of

the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example

of Victorian architecture.

The early shopping center in the United States took shape at the Grandview

Avenue Shopping Center (the "Bank Block") in Grandview Heights, Ohio in

1928, the first regional shopping center in America that integrated parking into

the design. This general plan by Don Monroe Casto Sr. became the prototype of

shopping centers for several decades.[11] Other important shopping centers built

in the 1920s and early 1930s include Country Club Plaza in Kansas City,

27
Missouri, the Highland Park Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston,

Texas; and Park and Shop in Washington, D.C..

The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after

World War II. Bellevue Shopping Square (now known as Bellevue Square)

opened in 1946 in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. Then came the

Broadway-Crenshaw Center (known today as Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza),

which was dedicated, in Los Angeles, in 1947. Two more suburban shopping

centers were completed in 1949. Town and Country Drive-In Shopping Center

(Town and Country Shopping Center), in Whitehall, Ohio was a strip-type

complex erected in the environs of Columbus, Ohio. Park Forest, Illinois' Park

Forest Plaza (Park Forest Downtown) was built along the lines of a cluster-type

complex. It was situated in the southern suburbs of Chicago, Illinois.

The suburban shopping mall, as Americans came to know it, came into being

with the opening of Seattle's Northgate Center (presently known as Northgate

Mall) in April 1950. This was followed by Lakewood Center (1951), in Lakewood,

California,Shoppers' World (1951), in Framingham, Massachusetts, Stonestown

Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco,

California and Northland Center (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open-air-type

malls were also built in Canada and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Centre

(now Shops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. Chermside Drive-

In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia.

28
The fully enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the

earliest examples includes the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton

WI [12] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern

features including a large parking area, anchor stores and restaurants.[13] The

idea of a regional-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in

1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen.

[14]
This new generation of regional-sized shopping centers began with the

Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb

of Edina, Minnesota, USA in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be

enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most

influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.[15]

The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New

Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air-format in

1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early

enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958), in Glen Burnie,

Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959), in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961), in

Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962), in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was

designed for Eaton's by John Graham Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department

store anchor and subterranean parking.[16] It opened in downtown London,

29
Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today

as Citi Plaza.[16]

Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns

into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores

attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a

popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this

effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas

of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[1][17]

In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with

a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain

was built in the downtown area of Birmingham. Known as Bull Ring Centre

(now Bull Ring Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. This was

followed by Brent Cross Centre, Britain's first out-of-town shopping mall, which

was dedicated, on the northern outskirts of London, in March 1976.

In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman

Centers extended the concept further, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short

Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make

a circuit of all the stores.[18] Taubman believed carpeting increased friction,

slowing down customers, so it was removed.[18] Fading daylight through glass

panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it

30
seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to

linger.[19][20]

Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii is currently the largest open-air mall in

the world and was one of the largest malls in the United States when it opened

for business in August 1959. It is currently the sixteenth largest in the

country. The Outlets at Bergen Town Center, the oldest enclosed mall in New

Jersey, opened in Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host

of The Today Show, serving as master of ceremonies.[21] The mall, located just

outside New York City, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores

and 8,600 parking spaces in a 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2) mall that would

include a 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Stern's store and two other 150,000 sq ft

(14,000 m2) department stores as part of the design. Allied's chairman B. Earl

Puckett confidently announced The Outlets at Bergen Town Center as the

largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were 25 cities that could

support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type would ever be

built nationwide

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MODERN BACKGROUND

High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall,"

in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories

accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different

levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural

tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move

upwards and downwards.[30] The concept of a vertical mall was originally

conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center

development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower

Place skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties.

It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-

long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on

the Magnificent Mile.[citation needed]

Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as Hong

Kong and Bangkok. Times Square in Hong Kong is a principal example.

A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward

or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historical buildings or

32
significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls

in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former outer

walls of the nearby medieval castle;[31] consequently the shopping centre is split

over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by

elevators, escalators and bridge walkways.[32] Some establishments incorporate

such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's McDonalds restaurant, split

into four stories with multiple mezzanines which feature medieval castle vaults –

complete with arrowslits – in the basement dining rooms.

OFFICE

33
A structure used primarily for the conduct of business, such as administration,

clerical services, and consultation with clients and associates. Such buildings

can be large or small, and may house one or more business concerns

The structure and shape of the office is impacted by both management thought

as well as construction materials and may or may not have walls or barriers. The

word stems from the Latin officium, and its equivalents in various, mainly

romance, languages. Interestingly, this was not necessarily a place, but rather

an often mobile 'bureau' in the sense of a human staff or even the abstract

notion of a formal position, such as a magistrature. The relatively elaborate

Roman bureaucracy would not be equaled for centuries in the West after the fall

of Rome, even partially reverting to illiteracy, while the East preserved a more

sophisticated administrative culture, both under Byzantium and under Islam.

Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a palace complex or a large

temple. There was usually a room where scrolls were kept and scribes did their

work. Ancient texts mentioning the work of scribes allude to the existence of

such "offices". These rooms are sometimes called "libraries" by some

archaeologists and the general press because one often associates scrolls with

literature. In fact they were true offices since the scrolls were meant for record

keeping and other management functions such as treaties and edicts, and not

for writing or keeping poetry or other works of fiction.

34
A European office from the early 18th century.

An office in 1903, equipped withspeaking tubes.

35
1937 image of the Division of Classification and Cataloging, National

Archives, United States

2.2.2.1 HISTORY BACKGROUND

The High Middle Ages (1000–1300) saw the rise of the medieval chancery,

which was usually the place where most government letters were written and

where laws were copied in the administration of a kingdom. The rooms of the

chancery often had walls full of pigeonholes, constructed to hold rolled up

pieces of parchment for safekeeping or ready reference, a precursor to the book

shelf. The introduction of printing during the Renaissance did not change these

early government offices much.

Pre-industrial illustrations such as paintings or tapestries often show us

personalities or eponyms in their private offices, handling record keeping books

or writing on scrolls of parchment. All kinds of writings seemed to be mixed in

these early forms of offices. Before the invention of the printing press and its

36
distribution there was often a very thin line between a private office and a

private library since books were read or written in the same space at the

same desk or table, and general accounting and personal or private letters were

also done there.

It was during the 13th century that the English form of the word first appeared

when referring to a position involving duties (ex. the office of the …). Geoffrey

Chaucer appears to have first used the word in 1395 to mean a place where

business is transacted in The Canterbury Tales.

As mercantilism became the dominant economic theory of the Renaissance,

merchants tended to conduct their business in the same buildings, which might

include retail sales, warehousing and clerical work. During the 15th century,

population density in many cities reached the point where stand-alone buildings

were used by merchants to conduct their business, and there was a developing

a distinction between church, government/military and commerce uses for

buildings.[1]

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution (18th and 19th century) saw the rise of banking,

railroads, insurance, retailing, oil, and the telegraph industries. To transact

business, an increasing large number of clerks were needed to handle order-

processing, accounting, and file documents, with increasingly specialized office

space required to house these activities. Most of the desks of the era were top
37
heavy with paper storage bins extending above the desk-work area, giving the

appearance of a cubical and offering the workers some degree of privacy.

The relative high price of land in the central core of cities lead to the first multi-

story buildings, which were limited to about 10 stories until the use of iron and

steel allowed for higher structures. The invention of the safety elevator in 1852

by Elisha Otis saw the rapid escalation upward of buildings.[1] By the end of the

19th century, larger office buildings frequently contained large glass atriums to

allow light into the complex and improve air circulation.

20th century

By 1906, the Sears, Roebuck and Co opened their mail order and headquarters

operation in a 3,000,000-square-foot (280,000 m2) building in Chicago, at the

time the largest building in the world. The time and motion study, pioneered in

manufacturing by F. W. Taylorand later applied to the office environment

by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, led to the idea that managers needed to play an

active role in directing the work of subordinates. As a result, in 1915,

the Equitable Life Insurance Company in New York City introduced the “Modern

Efficiency Desk” with a flat top and drawers below, designed to allow managers

an easy view of the workers. This led to a demand for a large square footages

per floor in buildings, and a return to the open spaces that were seen in pre–

industrial revolution buildings.[1]

38
However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an

efficient office required discretion in the control of privacy, which is needed to

combat tedium linked to poor productivity, and to encourage creativity. In 1964,

the Herman Miller (office equipment)company engaged Robert Propst, a prolific

industrial designer, who came up with the concept of the Action Office which

later evolved into the cubicle office furniture system.[1]

DATA PRESENTATION

The main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in

performing their job—preferably at minimum cost and to maximum satisfaction.

With different people performing different tasks and activities, however, it is not

always easy to select the right office spaces. To aid decision-making in

workplace and office design, one can distinguish three different types of office

spaces: work spaces, meeting spaces and support spaces. For new, or

developing businesses, remote satellite offices and project rooms, Serviced

Offices can provide a simple solution and provide all of the former types of

space.

Work spaces

Work spaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such

as reading, writing and computer work. There are nine generic types of work

space, each supporting different activities.

39
 

open office

team space

cubicle

Open office: An open work space for more than ten people, suitable for

activities which demand frequent communication or routine activities which need

relatively little concentration

40
Team space: A semi-enclosed work space for two to eight people; suitable for

teamwork which demands frequent internal communication and a medium level

of concentration

Cubicle: A semi-enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities

which demand medium concentration and medium interaction

private office

shared office

41
team room

Private office: An enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities

which are confidential, demand a lot of concentration or include many small

meetings

Shared office: An enclosed work space for two or three people, suitable for

semi-concentrated work and collaborative work in small groups

Team room: An enclosed work space for four to ten people; suitable for

teamwork which may be confidential and demands frequent internal

communication

study booth

work lounge

42
 

touch down

Study booth: An enclosed work space for one person; suitable for short-term

activities which demand concentration or confidentiality

Work lounge: A lounge-like work space for two to six people; suitable for short-

term activities which demand collaboration and/or allow impromptu interaction

Touch down: An open work space for one person; suitable for short-term

activities which require little concentration and low interaction

Meeting spaces

Meeting spaces in an office are typically used interactive processes, be it quick

conversations or intensive brainstorms. There are six generic types of meeting

space, each supporting different activities.

43
small meeting room

large meeting room

Small meeting space

Small meeting room: An enclosed meeting space for two to four persons,

suitable for both formal and informal interaction

Large meeting room: An enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people,

suitable for formal interaction

Small meeting space: An open or semi-open meeting space for two to four

persons; suitable for short, informal interaction

44
 

large meeting space

brainstorm room

meeting point

Large meeting space: An open or semi-open meeting space for five to twelve

people; suitable for short, informal interaction

Brainstorm room: An enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people;

suitable for brainstorming sessions and workshops

45
Meeting point: An open meeting point for two to four persons; suitable for ad

hoc, informal meetings

Support spaces

Support spaces in an office are typically used for secondary activities such as

filing documents or taking a break. There are twelve generic types of support

space, each supporting different activities.

filing space

storage space

46
 

print and copy area

Filing space: An open or enclosed support space for the storage of frequently

used files and documents

Storage space: An open or enclosed support space for the storage of

commonly used office supplies

Print and copy area: An open or enclosed support space with facilities for

printing, scanning and copying

mail area

47
pantry area

break area

Mail area: An open or semi-open support space where employees can pick up

or deliver their personal mail

Pantry area: An open or enclosed support space where people can get coffee

and tea as well as soft drinks and snacks

Break area: A semi-open or enclosed support space where employees can take

a break from their work

locker area

48
 

smoking room

library

Locker area: An open or semi-open support space where employees can store

their personal belongings

Smoking room: An enclosed support space where employees can smoke a

cigarette

Library: A semi-open or enclosed support space for reading of books, journals

and magazines

49
games room

waiting area

circulation space

Games room: An enclosed support space where employees can play games

(e.g. computer games, pool, darts)

Waiting area: An open or semi-open support space where visitors can be

received and can wait for their appointment

Circulation space: Support space which is required for circulation on office

floors, linking all major functions

50
 SCHOOL

Introduction

A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils")

under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal

education, which is commonly compulsory.[citation needed] In these systems, students

progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by

country (discussed in the Regional section below), but generally include primary

school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have

completed primary education. An institution where higher education is taught, is

commonly called a university college or university.

Schools are organized spaces purposed for teaching and learning. The

classrooms, where teachers teach and students learn, are of central importance,

but typical schools have many other areas, which may include:

Cafeteria (Commons), dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch and often

breakfast and snacks.

Athletic field, playground, gym, and/or track place where students participating in

sports or physical education practice

51
 Auditorium or hall where student theatrical and musical productions can be staged

and where all-school events such as assemblies are held

Office where the administrative work of the school is done

Library where students ask librarians reference questions, check out books and

magazines, and often use computers

Specialized classrooms including laboratories for science education

Computer labs where computer-based work is done and the internet accessed

DORMITORY

52
CLASSIFICATION

Other Types of Mixed Used Buildings

 Neighborhood commercial zoning - convenience goods and services, such

as convenience stores, permitted in otherwise strictly residential areas

 Main Street residential/commercial - two to three-story buildings with

residential units above and commercial units on the ground floor facing the

street

 Urban residential/commercial - multi-story residential buildings with

commercial and civic uses on ground floor

 Office convenience - office buildings with small retail and service uses

oriented to the office workers

 Office/residential - multi-family residential units within office building(s)

 Shopping mall conversion - residential and/or office units added (adjacent) to

an existing standalone shopping mall

 Retail district retrofit - retrofitting of a suburban retail area to a more village-

like appearance and mix of uses

 Live/work - residents can operate small businesses on the ground floor of the

building where they live

 Studio/light industrial - residents may operate studios or small workshops in

the building where they live

53
 Hotel/residence - mix hotel space and high-end multi-family residential

 Parking structure with ground-floor retail

 Single-family detached home district with standalone shopping center

Mixed use projects shall comply with the requirements of this Section, where

allowed by Division 2 (Zoning Districts and Allowable Land Uses).

A. Design considerations. A mixed use project shall be designed to achieve

the following objectives.

1. The design shall provide for internal compatibility between the different

uses.

2. Potential noise, hours of operation, odors, glare, pedestrian traffic, and

other potentially significant impacts on residents shall be minimized to allow a

compatible mix of residential and nonresidential uses on the same site.

3. The design of the mixed use project shall take into consideration potential

impacts on adjacent properties and shall include specific design features to

minimize potential impacts.

4. The design of a mixed use project shall ensure that the residential units

are of a residential character, and that privacy between residential units and

between other uses on the site is maximized.

54
5. The design of the structures and site planning shall encourage integration

of the street pedestrian environment with the nonresidential uses through the

use of plazas, courtyards, walkways, and street furniture.

6. Site planning and building design shall be compatible with and enhance

the adjacent and surrounding residential neighborhood in terms of scale,

building design, color, exterior materials, roof styles, lighting, landscaping, and

signage.

B. Mix of uses. A mixed use project may combine residential units with any

other use, or combination of uses allowed in the applicable zoning district;

provided that where a mixed use project is proposed with a use that is otherwise

required to have Minor Conditional Use Permit or Conditional Use Permit

approval in the applicable zoning district, the entire mixed use project shall be

subject to that permit requirement.

C. Maximum density. The residential component of a mixed use project shall

comply with the maximum density requirements of the applicable zoning district.

D. Site layout and project design standards. Each proposed mixed use

project shall comply with the property development standards of the applicable

zoning district, and the following requirements.

1. Location of units. Residential units shall not occupy ground floor space

within the first 50 feet of floor area measured from each building face adjacent to

a street, or any ground floor space in the CD zoning district.

55
2. Loading areas. Commercial loading areas shall be located as far as

possible from residential units and shall be screened from view from the

residential portion of the project to the extent feasible.

3 Refuse and recycling areas. Areas for the collection and storage of refuse

and recyclable materials shall be located on the site in locations that are

convenient for both the residential and non-residential uses.

E. Performance standards.

1. Lighting. Lighting for the commercial uses shall be appropriately shielded

to not negatively impact the residential units.

2. Noise. All residential units shall be designed to minimize adverse impacts

from non-residential project noise, in compliance with the City’s noise

regulations.

3. Hours of operation. A mixed-use project proposing a commercial

component that will operate outside normal business hours (8:00 a.m. to 6:00

p.m.) shall require the Zoning Administrator’s approval to ensure that the

commercial use will not negatively impact the residential uses within the project.

F. Requirements for Conditional Use Permit projects. A mixed use project

that requires Conditional Use Permit approval in compliance with Subsection B,

or that is located in the CG or IL zoning districts may be subject to the following

requirements, as determined by the review authority.

56
1. Conditions of approval that require provisions and standards in addition

to, or instead of the property development standards of the applicable zoning

district to ensure the compatibility of uses and surroundings; or

2. Less restrictive standards than required by the applicable zoning district,

to the extent allowed by Conditional Use Permit approval in other sections of

these regulations, to make particular use combinations more feasible.

57
CHAPTER 3 – DATA

PRESENTATION AND

ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 3- DATE PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

58
3.1 SITE SELECTION

3.1.1 NATIONAL MAP

59
3.1.2REGIONAL MAP

60
 3.1.3 CITY MAP

SITE

61
3.1.4 BARANGAY MAP

62
3.2 SITE JUSTIFICATION

3.2.1 Quezon City (Filipino: Lungsod Quezon) is the former capital (1948–1976)

and the most populous city in the Philippines. Located on the island of Luzon,

Quezon City (popularly known to Filipinos as QC) is one of the cities that make

up Metro Manila, the National Capital Region. The city was named after Manuel

L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, who founded the city and developed it

to replace Manila as the country's capital. Quezon City is not located in and

should not be confused with Quezon province, which was also named after the

president.

The city lies on the Guadalupe plateau which is a relatively high plateau on the

northeast corner of the metropolis – between the lowlands of Manila to the

southwest and the Marikina River valley to the east. The southern portion is

drained by the very narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River,

while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally narrow Tullahan

River.

Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and

Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lies San Juan and

Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig borders Quezon City to the southeast.

To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of
63
Bulacan and to the east lies Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of

Rizal.

The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city

is divided into a number of places including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project

areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and

Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and

contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined

boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.

DATA ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS

64
3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

City features a tropical monsoon climate, with warm weather and dry and wet

seasons.

65
 Climate data for Quezon City

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

29 31 32 34 34 30 30 30 30 30 29 30.7
Average high °C (°F)
(84) (87) (89) (93) (93) (86) (86) (86) (86) (86) (84) (87.3)

18 19 21 22 23 23 23 23 22 21 20 21.3
Average low °C (°F)
(65) (66) (69) (71) (73) (73) (73) (73) (71) (69) (68) (70.3)

18 8 5 23 152 503 516 373 224 163 69 2,408

Precipitation mm (inches)
(0.7) (0.3) (0.2) (0.9) (6) (19.8) (20.3) (14.7) (8.8) (6.4) (2.7) (94.8)

CLIMATE DATA FOR QUEZON CITY

3.6 USER ANALYSIS

Transportation

SITE
Platform area of Araneta Center-Cubao LRT Station

Railways

Currently, two elevated light rail systems and one heavy rail system run through

Quezon City: LRT 1 – at EDSA (C-4) connecting North Avenue and Baclaran

(Manila) LRT 2 – at Aurora Boulevard (R-6) connecting Santolan (Pasig City) and

C.M.Recto Avenue (Manila), and MRT 3 – at EDSA (C-4) from Taft Avenue (R-2 in

Pasay City) to North Avenue.

An elevated rail transit system (MRT-4) that was supposed to follow the general

alignment of Quezon and Commonwealth Avenues (R-7) was shelved. In its place, a

22 kilometer rail system will be built. The MRT-7 project will commence at North

Avenue, connecting the MRT-3 at its northern terminus. It will then go through

Commonwealth Avenue, then through Regalado, Quirino Highway, ending in San

Jose del Monte, Bulacan. The system has a proposed spur line to connect itself to

MRT-2 in Katipunan, passing through the University of the Philippines Diliman and

Katipunan Avenue.

A elevated UP Diliman Monorail, also known as Automated Guideway Transit is now

currently under construction that will rise at the end of this year, the first monorail

system in the Philippines.

68
 The following elevated railway stations in the city (Only 13 Stations):

Quezon Avenue, a major thoroughfare in Quezon City.

MRT-3 (with 5 Stations):

North Avenue- (Connected to LRT-1 Yellow Line)

Quezon Avenue

Kamuning

Araneta Center-Cubao- (Connected to LRT-2 Purple Line)

Santolan

LRT-2 (with 5 Stations):

Gilmore

Betty Go-Belmonte

Araneta Center-Cubao- (Connected to MRT-3 Blue Line)

Anonas

Katipunan

LRT-1 (with 3 Stations)

Balintawak

Roosevelt
69
North Avenue- (Connected to MRT-3 Blue Line)

Public Transport

Public transportation within the city, like in most of the urban areas in the Philippines,

is facilitated mostly using inexpensive jeepneys and buses. Tricycles give access to

more secluded areas, while taxi cabs are available to navigate any course.

This City has 3 Circumferential Roads. The following are:

C-3: Sgt. Emilio Rivera Avenue and Araneta Avenue

C-4: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue or EDSA

C-5: Mindanao Avenue, Tandang Sora Avenue, Congressional Avenue Extension,

Katipunan Avenue and Col. Bonny Serrano Avenue.

70
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN FRAME

WORK

71
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

“A State-of-the-art all in one mixed-use development, serving as a source of nourishment for

the entire community.”

DESIGN CONCEPT

“Hyper-Amenitized mMixed use development.“

A modern tropical highly-acclaimed, hyper-amenitized mixed use development, taking

bespoke living to the next level to allow you to truly personalize your future. A development

that balances the structure with learning and living. Boasting on a deconstruction set-up that

offers student or any people their very own a place of learning in the city. Central Colleges of

the Philippines Commercial Center is designed to become a haven outside of their home.

Central Colleges of the Philippines Commercial Center is touted to be a mixed use

community that will dedicate large property for amenities alone. This means there will be

more than enough room for the active zone where one will find the school, dormitory,

shopping mall and office building etc. Students and their guests who prefer a more passive

way of relaxing can revel in the shopping mall and other amenities. There are a lot of space

to keep everyone relaxed and content.

FORM CONCEPT

DECONSTRUCTIVSM – FRAGMENTATION

72
Mixed use projects

This section provides design criteria and development standards for mixed

use projects, where allowed by Chapter 17.11 (Allowable Land Uses). A mixed use

project combines residential and commercial uses (vertical mixed use). Residential

units may be also allowed at ground level behind street-fronting commercial uses

(horizontal mixed use) only under limited circumstances specified by this section.

A. Design Considerations. A mixed use project shall be designed to achieve the

following objectives:

1. The design shall provide for internal compatibility between the residential and

commercial uses on the site;

2. Potential glare, noise, odors, traffic, and other potentially significant impacts on

residents shall be minimized to allow a compatible mix of residential and commercial

uses on the same site;

3. The design shall take into consideration potential impacts on adjacent properties

and shall include specific design features to minimize potential impacts;

4. The design shall ensure that the residential units are of a residential character,

and that appropriate privacy between residential units and other uses on the site is

provided; and

5. Site planning and building design shall provide for convenient pedestrian access

73
from the public street into the commercial portions of the project, through courtyards,

plazas, walkways, or similar features.

B. Mixed Use Standards.

1. Zoning District Standards. The density, floor area ratio (FAR), height, and street

setbacks for a mixed-use development project shall be determined by the underlying

zoning district.

2. Commercial Setbacks. When the residential units are located above the

commercial uses, the structure shall be treated as a commercial type of structure for

front and side setbacks. No rear yard setback is required unless specified for

commercial uses. Floors above the ground floor shall incorporate off sets and design

features to break up the vertical mass of the building.

3. Commercial Uses Along Street Frontages.

a. Commercial uses shall be located along street frontages and have a minimum

depth of fifty (50) feet. The director may reduce the minimum depth for commercial

uses for a secondary street.

b. On corner lots, the commercial space shall turn (wrap around) the corner for a

minimum depth of fifty (50) feet.

c. The director shall determine the primary frontage for purposes of compliance with

this Subsection.

74
f. Balconies and patios shall have a minimum dimension of six feet by six feet in order to

count as required community space.

6. Lighting. Lighting for commercial uses shall be appropriately shielded to

not cause light spillover onto the residential units and shall conform to Chapter

7. Off-Street Loading. Off-street loading areas shall be located as far as

possible from the residential units and shall be completely screened from view from the

residential portion of the project.

8. Refuse and Recycling Areas. Areas for the collection and storage of

refuse and recyclable materials shall be located on the site in locations that are

convenient for both the residential and commercial uses.

2 Mixed-Use in Context

The mixing of land uses has been a ubiquitous characteristic of cities and urban areas

since the dawn of human civilization. Historically, the spaces required to house the

essential functions of the built environment, including places to reside, socialize, and

produce and distribute goods and services, were tightly intermingled because walking

75
was the primary means of transportation (Morris, 1994). Consequently, the distances

that people were able to travel on a daily basis were limited to what could reasonably be

traversed on foot in the small amount of time that was available between sleeping and

working. This limited both the overall size of the city and the amount of space that was

available for each necessary function. In fact, a large portion of residents lived in

structures that also served as their place of work, making and selling things from small

shops integrated into their dwelling units. Moreover, prior to the early

19th century, almost every urban area in the world shared the following set of attributes:

the primary means of transportation was walking; uses were mixed both throughout the

city and within individual buildings; the population density curve was very steep, with

high densities in the cities and low densities in the surrounding areas; and there was a

clear, physical distinction between city and country (Jackson, 1985).

The industrial revolution, however, brought about a fundamental shift in development

patterns that realigned the structure of the built environment and, especially in the

United States, eroded the set of common principles that historically structured urban

form. This transformation was spurred primarily by five factors: industrialization,

urbanization, advances in transportation, zoning ordinances, and the rise of an affluent

middle class.

Industrialization

The process of industrialization transformed America from a society based

76
predominately on agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.

Technological advances dramatically increased the productivity of individual farm

laborers, and mechanization, along with the division of labor, created industrial

synergies in the mass production of goods. This had three significant implications for

the built environment: first, small artisan shops were replaced with large factories that

were able to take advantage of economies of scale; second, live/work dwellings were

supplanted by tenements which were required to house the deluge of workers that

poured into cities from rural areas; third, the rise of industrial capitalism and growth of

corporate bureaucracies created the need for large amounts of clustered office space.

Thus, for the first time, functions that were previously integrated into single structures

were being compartmentalized into individual buildings and districts (Jackson, 1985;

Mumford, 1961).

Urbanization

With farm laborers increasingly being replaced by technological advances in

agricultural machinery, workers from rural areas began migrating en masse to cities with

the hopes of finding employment in the factories. As urban populations swelled, cities

were forced to grow both horizontally and vertically; horizontal growth being facilitated

77
by increased agricultural output which decreased the amount of farmland that was

needed around the city to feed its inhabitants, and vertical growth being facilitated by

advances in building construction, such as steel and elevators, which

enabled buildings to reach heights never seen before. However, the corresponding

increases in population density overwhelmed most municipalities’ inadequate sanitation

infrastructure and cities became synonymous with congestion, filth, and disease.

Furthermore, these horrendous urban conditions were exacerbated by the noise,

pollution, and noxious odors that emanated from the multitude of factories scattered

throughout most cities. As a consequence, perceptions of urban areas deteriorated and

the traditional principles of urban form, such as high densities and mixed uses,

developed negative connotations (Jackson, 1985; Mumford, 1961).

Transportation

The growing desires of city inhabitants to escape the dismal conditions surrounding

them were met by a series of advances in transportation technology that served to

stretch the urban fabric horizontally and began to blur the traditional distinction between

urban and rural areas. These advances can be grouped into two key stages. The first

78
was the advent of mass transportation options such as the street car. Street cars

increased the distances that people could reasonably travel between their residence and

their place of employment, and facilitated the development of neighborhoods on the

outskirts of the city. The second, and far more powerful development, was the rise of the

automobile. The introduction and acceptance of automobiles that were affordable for the

average working class family allowed people to access widely dispersed uses in the

same amount of time it previously took them to walk a few blocks down the street.

Consequently, automobiles shattered the constraints that the human stride had placed

on the urban fabric and fundamentally altered the horizontal scale of the built

environment (Jackson, 1985).

Zoning

The escalating pollution levels, safety hazards, and public health concerns that

plagued industrial cities at the turn of the 19th century were addressed throughout the

United States with the enactment of zoning ordinances. The intent of the regulations was

to separate land uses that were deemed incompatible for the purposes of protecting the

public’s health, safety, morals, and general welfare. The practice was substantiated by

the Supreme Court’s landmark 1926 decision in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.,

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to uphold the practice (Mandelker, 2008). Thus, through the compartmentalization of

land uses into like functions, residential districts were separated from the noise and

pollution of industry and detached from the hustle and bustle of commerce.

Consequently, while in the past, specialized districts naturally evolved within cities due

to economies of agglomeration, for the first time in history, cities were purposely divided

into enclaves of uses completely segregated from each another. Even though there

were undeniable public health benefits that initially arose from the implementation of

these land use regulations, the rigidity of Euclidian zoning ordinances essentially

outlawed mixed-use development and had far reaching implications on the structure of

built environment (Grant, 2007).

Affluence

The sustained increases in production that occurred as a result of the industrial

revolution brought about a significant rise in average incomes and allowed Western

societies to break free from the Malthusian trap that, up until that point in history, had

always constrained economic growth. The subsequent rise of the middle class,

combined with advances in transportation technology and government policies aimed at

increasing homeownership, allowed a growing number of households to live in larger,

detached homes that were far removed from the central city. The bigger homes on

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large, suburban lots further encouraged the advancement of horizontal, segregated

growth and radically flattened the population density curve (Bruegmann, 2005).

The effects that these changes had on the built environment were dramatic. As a

consequence, the characteristics that describe most American cities today are

essentially the antithesis of the pre-industrial city: the primary means of transportation

is the automobile; uses are segregated into districts of like functions and are rarely

mixed within buildings; the population density curve is flat in most places, with low

densities spread throughout sprawling metropolises; and there is rarely a clear

distinction between city and country. Unfortunately, in hindsight, planners, developers,

and policy makers, are beginning to realize that the negative outcomes of this new

urban structure far outweigh the benefits. And while few people would choose to return

to city-life prior to or during the Industrial Revolution, there is a growing movement

aimed at reinstating the principles of urban form that were common to pre-industrial

cities.

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 The reasons for the re-emergence of these traditional urban principles are many

and include a multitude of environmental, social, and economic factors. In

addition, advances in infrastructural technology have addressed the sanitation

issues that once made dense, mixed-use, walkable, pedestrian oriented places

unsanitary. Furthermore, the sanitation and public health concerns that were the

original catalyst for abandoning the historic principles of urban form, have now

been replaced by a whole new set of problems. In the late 19th and early 20th

centuries the leading cause of death was infectious disease and, therefore,

justified the focus on separating incompatible uses and reducing population

densities. However, the leading cause of death has now

shifted to chronic disease, which includes obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and

asthma, and thus has spawned a new call to action. Consequently, planners and

public health experts are beginning to work together to develop a broader

understanding of how the built environment influences public health and to make

decisions that are more supportive of true healthy living (Dannenberg, 2007).

A key component of this “new” way of approaching urbanism is mixed-use

development. However, the modern concept of mixed-use development is quite

different from the historical model because it is placed within the context of

euclidian zoning ordinances. Therefore, while in the past, the entire city was a

mixed-use district, modern mixed-use districts are merely single tiles within a

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mosaic of mostly single-use zoning classifications. Additionally, unlike the mixed-

use urban environments of the past, which evolved gradually over long periods of

time as many different builders

made incremental additions to the city, modern mixed-use projects are most often

developed over a relatively short period of time by a single developer in

conformance

ith a master plan (Schwanke, 2003). These differences between the historic and

modern applications of mixed-use development are important to consider when

comparing the theory and practice of the concept.

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CHAPTER 5: ARCHITECTURAL

PROGRAMMING

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CHAPTER 5 : ARCHITECTURAL

PROGRAMMING

4.1 Functional Components

Mall

Booth School

Restaurant Classroom

Comfort Room Male Clinic

Comfort Room Female Chapel

Library

Dormitory Dormitory

Dormitory Unit Office

Comfort Room Male Comfort Room Male

Comfort Room Female Comfort Room Female

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5.2Matrix Diagram

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5.3 Space Programming

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CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDY

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6.1 FOREIGN CASE STUDY

Zhengzhou Mixed Use Development / Trahan Architects

Trahan Architects have proposed a 4.3 million square-foot mixed-use

development in the historic city center of Zhengzhou, China – the capital and

largest city of the Henan province, with a population of 8.6 million. The concept is

part of a broad scale master plan for redeveloping Zhengzhou through ecological

and infrastructure development. Continue after the break for more images and the

project description

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Located in central China, Zhengzhou is experiencing rapid re-development.

Zhengzhou’s broad scale master plan labeled “The Rise of Central China” is

implementing a two part initiative: ecological and infrastructural development.

Ecological development prioritizes the surrounding natural resources, such as

forest park, scenic areas, wetlands/reserves, rivers/lakes and urban green space.

The Infrastructural development addresses an emerging market identified as

“Logistics Industry”.

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Zhengzhou is to serve as an integrated hub for the import/export of goods and

mass transportation which connects the east and the west. The project site is

located in the historic city center which is the primary shopping district just north of

the main train station and just south of the People’s Park (a large public park). The

Erqi Monument resides to the south west corner of the site and is the primary

tourist attraction in Zhengzhou. The monument is a 27 floor double pagoda

dedicated to a worker strike that occurred February 7, 1923.

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Challenging central China’s conventional typology, the proposed design blends the

hotel and live/work top with the retail base. In order to maximize and prioritize the

corners of the site, the hotel and live/work program are rotated over the corners,

framing the exterior and interior.

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The green boulevards flow into and up the edges of the site to create a green

urban space at the mezzanine level. Envisioned as an entertainment level, patrons

can enjoy amenities and an elevated view of the city. The retail base steps down in

plan and section for greater connectivity to the adjacent urban edges. The

gradated triangulated façade reinforces the corners and programmatic

relationships from floor to floor.

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Architect: Trahan Architects

Location: Zhengzhou, China

Principal Architect: Trey Trahan, FAIA

Senior Designer: Mark Hash

Project Team: Art Terry, Michael McCune and Kim Nguyen

Floor Area: 400,000 sm (4,305,564 g.s.f.)

Cost: $880,000,000 (USD)

Completion: To Be Announced

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6.2 LOCAL CASE STUDY

THE GRAMERCY RESIDENCE IN MAKATI

The Gramercy Residences, also known as The Gramercy Residences at

Century City, is a high-end residential supertall condominium being constructed in

Makati City, Philippines. It will be the first of several building projects to be built at

the new Century City area along Kalayaan Avenue. Upon completion, it will

become the Philippines' first supertall building, and will also be the highest,

surpassing the current title holder, the 259-meter PBCom Tower, also located in

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Makati City.[6] When completed, it will be the 8th on the list of tallest residential

buildings in the world, surpassing Russia's City of Capitals Moscow Tower. It will

also be the tallest residential building in East and Southeast Asia, surpassing

We've the Zenith Tower A in Korea.

The building takes its name from Gramercy Park, a fenced-in private park in one of

Manhattan, New York City's prestigious neighborhoods.[3] Originally planned to be

a 65-storey building, it was announced to have 73 floors above ground with a total

height of 302 meters (990.8 feet) from ground to its architectural top. The height

and number of floors are still subject to possible increase upon announcement by

its developer, Century City Development Corporation. As of January 11, 2011, the

Gramercy Residences is topped out reaching the 73rd floor.

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The Gramercy Residences is located within the former location of the 4.8-hectare

International School of Manila, of which 3.4 hectares was sold to Century

Properties Corporation (the remaining was sold to Picar Properties) in a bidding by

the Philippine government in 2007. Situated along Kalayaan Avenue, it is just a

block away from the busy entertainment area along Makati Avenue. It is also about

a few blocks away from the Makati Central Business District, the capital's financial,

cultural and entertainment hub

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The Gramercy Residences was planned and designed by California-based

architectural group Jerde Partnership International, in collaboration with Philippine

architectural firm Roger Villarosa Architects & Associates.[4] Structural design and

engineering is provided by Hong Kong-based firm Ove Arup & Partners. Project

and construction management is being handled by local firm Novao Construction +

Development.

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The main attraction of the building will be its Skypark. Located on the 36th floor, it

will have three-story waterfalls, multi-level infinity edge pools, lagoon pools, a

designer restaurant, health club, café, spa, a garden island within a reflecting pool,

and a cantilevering walkway — a pathway suspended in mid-air with infinity pools

on one side and a glass handrail on the outside. The Skypark will traverse the

entire width of the building.[3][8][9]

The tower's apex will be adorned with a glass beacon that will be visible from all

angles of the metropolis.

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CHAPTER 7 – THEORETICAL TOPIC

7.1 PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

“A touch of modern Design”

Having a touch of modern design on the proposed CCP Commercial Building

will give a great need on the Psychological Aspects of the person staying in. Simply
by being impart of one of the most prestigious mixed use building in the center of 3
cities, it is indeed it will attract and attract people living , learning in it.

7.2 EMOTIONAL NEEDS

“Mixed Emotions”

From Shopping mall, to dormitory, to school, and to offices. A lot of mixed emotions
can give to the people staying in the CCP Mixed Use Building. Memories will be in
touch from sorrow to joy

7.3 SOCIAL NEEDS

Hyper Socialized Community

A mixed component deeply will make a great impact on the user. School,
having a full time bonding with students, with the simply living in the dormitory, a
great break while shopping in the mall and hardship in working at the office.

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 7.4 SPIRITUAL NEEDS

The Lord will guide us through hardship and success

One will represent everything in the world. When there’s hardship, there will always
be success. In symbolizing the success in shopping, it will deeply symbolize that
you had achieve a goal. In hardship in school, in order to have a good job and
successful life, you must go through this hardship. In dormitories, while you are
alone and missing the family. They will always be there praying with you and at the
office, to obtain the success in life. You must work hard.

7.5 PHYSICAL NEEDS

“Mixed”

People will live in a one high rise building, from shopping the needs, to
learning, living and working. Living in a mixed world will definitely make an
individual alive. Having the needs in all aspects.

7.6 INTELLECTUAL NEEDS

“Come along and live!”

Only one thing’s for sure in surviving mankind. Enjoy, Learn Live and be
successful!

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