ANSWER KEYS

CHAPTER 4 – UNIT 1:
1. Combine the simple sentences to make compound ones.
1. She studied for the exam, but she didn’t pass it.
2. We went to Canada, but we didn’t visit Toronto.
3. Irene works at the mall, and her brother visits her store every day.
4. John is watching movie, and Ann is eating popcorn.
5. The plane didn’t leave on time, so we arrived at our destination late.
6. She forgot to set her alarm clock, so she woke up late.
7. The man was guilty, so/and he went into hiding.
8. A friend intervened, so/and he was later released from jail.
9. He was innocent, so/and never thought of running away.
10. You must study hard or you will not pass the exam.
2. Combine each pair of sentences into one new sentence using the word(s) in parentheses.
1. Whenever Susan feels nervous, she chews her nails.
2. The first time I saw the great pyramids of Egypt in the moonlight, I was speechless.
3. The frying pan caught on fire while I was making dinner at that time.
4. As soon as I finish working on the car, we’ll all take a walk in the park.
5. After Ceylon had been independent for 24 years, its name was changed to Sri Lanka.
6. By the time Shakespeare died in 1616, he had written more than 37 plays before then.
7. Since Douglas fell off his bicycle last week, he has had to use crutches to walk.
8. John went to the movies although he had a lot of work to do.
9. Mark didn’t get the job because he lacked the necessary qualifications.
10. When I get home after work, I will call you.
3. Form compound or complex sentences (as indicated) from the following groups of simple
sentences.
1. The boy closed the door, and he walked away.
2. Richard works badly, but he plays games well.
3. After the children had finished their lessons, they went home.
4. We come to school on Friday, and we have a holiday on Saturday.
5. Jack and Jill went up the hill, and they fetched a pail of water.
or Jack went up the hill to fetch a pail of water, and Jill did too.
6. After Jack fell down and broke his crown, Jill came tumbling.
7. It was foggy, so we decided to remain at home.
8. We decided to remain at home because it was foggy.
9. You said something that I did not understand.
10. I was nervous all morning because I had to get a tooth extracted in the afternoon.
4. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets and a noun.
1. All the trains were on time despite the heavy snow.
2. Our coach didn’t arrive late in spite of the terrible traffic.
3. A lot of people buy those houses despite the high prices.
4. She managed to write in spite of her hand injury.
5. He came and stayed, despite her objection.
6. In spite of age, he still leads an active life.
7. He was absent from class due to his illness,
8. The road was closed because of flood.
9. We have no electricity thanks to a storm.
10. The flight had to land owing to two aggressive and hostile passengers.
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5. Change the adverb clause to a modifying phrase.
1. I shut off the lights before leaving the room.
2. While herding his goats in the mountains, an Ethiopian named Kaldi discovered the coffee
plant more than 1200 years ago.
3. Before marching into battle, ancient Ethiopian soldiers ate a mixture of raw coffee beans and
fat for extra energy.
4. After meeting/having met the movie star in person, I understood why she was so popular.
5. I found my keys after searching through all my pockets.
6. When first brought to Europe, the tomato was thought to be poisonous.
7. Since (being) first imported into Australia many years ago, the rabbit has become a serious
pest because it has no natural enemies there.
8. Being bright and ambitious, she became manager in no time.
9. Walking along the street, we saw a squirrel.
10. Having no time to shop right now, I have to save this coupon.
6. Rewrite the sentences in the active, beginning with the words given.
1. They have built a new motorway.
2. We keep the information on our computer.
3. The police arrested a man late last night.
4. You should take the medicine late after meals.
5. We will have to sell the hotel.
6. Mike doesn’t like people criticizing him.
7. When I returned to the town, they had pulled down my old school.
8. As I was walking home, I thought someone was following me.
9. Many people think that we have moved to New York city.
10. The representative say that she is the first woman winning that award.
7. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Write between
TWO and FIVE words on the line, and use the word given. An example has been done for
you.
1. If you had studied you would have passed the exam.
2. I have decided to buy a new computer.
3. There are not many apples in the fridge.
4. Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.
5. Tennis is not as dangerous as snowboarding.
6. Those shoes are not big enough for you.
7. “When will you arrive?" he asked.
8. She asked me what kind of job I was looking for.
9. The movie was better than Joe/ turned out better than Joe had expected.
10. There aren't very many concerts this month.
11. This room isn't big enough for us to play music in.
12. I like playing the guitar more than playing the piano.
13. We were not allowed to take our instruments on the plane.
14. We should have played more quietly because the neighbor complained.
15. I need not have gone to work today.
8. Complete the sentence without changing the meaning of the original. An example has been
done for you.
1. Should she take him seriously, she would be forced to quarrel with him.
2. Were he to see you, he’d be surprised.
3. So successful have they been that they are moving to Bond Street.
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 4. So irritated was Phillip that I decided to leave him alone.
5. So tired he felt that he had to stop a taxi.
6. So sad was his voice that she felt sorry for him.
7. Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him.
8. Such was the shock that she dropped the milk-can.
9. Such was their diet that they weren’t getting the necessary vitamins.
10. Should you have any problems, you can always call me.
9. Convert each of the following complex sentences into simple sentences.
1. He sold his father’s house.
2. I have no money to lend you.
3. The marks left by the whip are still visible.
4. He prospered by his father’s money.
5. A dead man has no worries.
6. Having learned his lessons, he went out to play.
7. Walking along the street, I saw a dead cobra.
8. In spite of being wealthy and educated, he never made a name.
9. Following my advice, you will win your object.
10. Driven out of his country, he sought asylum in a foreign land.
11. A gypsy, wandering across the fields, found the baby.
12. Blinded by a dust storm, they lost their way.
13. Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.
14. Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread.
15. Overwhelmed with grief, the poor widow killed herself.
16. He confessed his crime.
17. The steamer will leave on the arrival of the mails.
18. The homeless man found a worn pair of shoes.
19. The duration of her stay is doubtful.
20. He agrees with my suggestion.
10. Choose the letter of the best answer to make complete sentences.
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. Paraphrase the following sentences.
Sample Answer
1. Each year, thousands of people visit Niagara Falls.
2. Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling.
3. Candles flickered from many areas of the large room.
4. Many centuries ago, peace was shown with an olive branch and a dove.
5. The coming storm was foretold by the dark clouds.
6. The news depressed him.
7. The bacteria on your wooden cutting board, including salmonella, can be eradicated by
pouring hydrogen peroxide on it.
8. The nerve receptors that cause the reflex for vomiting are stopped by ginger.
9. She found success as a speaker and writer.
10. The turquoise Caribbean waters were calm.
11. Foreign cars are preferred by most customers.

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 12. There is a large exhibit of African art at the museum.
13. The refrigerant is pressed by the spiral-shaped scroll compressor.
14. Jazz hands are easily done by spreading out your fingers, putting your palms forward, and
wiggling your hands.
15. Using electronic cigarettes does not make your skin and clothes smell smoky.

CHAPTER 4 – UNIT 2
1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases: 1-8
1. Do you know the woman coming toward us?
2. The people waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
3. I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.
4. The children attending that school receive a good education.
5. The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
6. The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.
7. They live in a house built in 1890.
8. We have an apartment overlooking the park.
9. Dr. Stanton, the president of the university, will give a speech at the commencement ceremonies.
10. Be sure to follow the instructions given at the top of the page.
11. The rules allowing public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.
12. The photographs published in the newspaper were extraordinary.
13. There is almost no end to the problems facing a head of state.
14. The psychologists studying the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
15. The experiment conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
16. Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia.
17. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap containing 70 percent of the earth’s fresh water.
18. When I went to Alex’s house to drop off some paperwork, I met Jerry, his longtime partner.
19. Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way.
20. Two out of three people struck by lightning survive.
21. Simon Bolivar, a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the 19th
century.
22. Many of the students hoping to enter the university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of
those applying for admission will be accepted.
23. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of people possessing the technical
skill required to maintain the numerous devices upon which our physical comforts depend.
2. Change the adjective phrases to adjective clauses:
1. No change
2.Corn was one of the agricultural products which/that were introduced to the European settlers by
the Indians. Some of the other products which/that were introduced by the Indians were potatoes,
peanuts, and tobacco.
3. He read The Old Man and the Sea, which is a novel which/ that was written by Ernest Hemingway.
4. Mercury, which is the nearest planet to the sun, is also the smallest of the nine planets which/ that
orbit the sun.
5. The pyramids, which are the monumental tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, were constructed
more than 4,000 years ago.
6. The sloth, which is a slow-moving animal found in the tropical forests of Central and South
America, feeds entirely on leaves and fruit.
7.Two-thirds of those who are arrested for car theft are under twenty years of age.
8. St Louis, Missouri, which is known as “ The Gateway to the West,” traces its history to 1763, when
Pierre Laclede, who was a French fur trader, selected this site on the Mississippi River as a fur-
trading post.
9. Any student who does not want to go on the trip should inform the office.
10. I just purchased a volume of poems that/ which were written by David Keller, who is a
contemporary poet who is known for his sensitive interpretations of human relationships.

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3. Combine each group of short, choppy sentences into one sentence. Use the underlined
sentence as the independent clause; build your sentence around the independent clause.
Use adjective clauses and adjective phrases wherever possible. An example has been done
for you.
1. Disney World , an amusement park located in Orlando, Florida, covers a large area of land that
includes/ land including lakes, golf courses, campsites, hotels, and a wildlife preserve.
2. Jamaica, the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea. Bauxite, is one of the world’s leading
producers of bauxite, an ore from which aluminum is made
3. Robert Ballard, an oceanographer, made headlines in 1985 when he discovered the remains of the
Titanic, the “unsinkable” passenger ship that has rested on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean since 1912,
when it struck an iceberg.
4. William Shakespeare’s father, John Shakespeare, was a glove maker and a town official who
owned a shop in Stratford-upon-Avon, a town about 75 miles (120 kilometers) northwest of London.
5. The Republic of Yemen, located at the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, is an ancient
land that has been host to many prosperous civilizations. including the Kingdom of Sheba and various
Islamic empires.
4. Underline the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause. Change the
adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases if possible. The two first sentences have
been done as examples.
3. Before I came to class, I had a cup of coffee. Before coming to class, I had a cup of coffee.
4. Before the student came to class, the teacher had already given a quiz. (no change)
5. Since I came here, I have learned a lot of English. Since coming here, I have learned a lot of
English.
6. Since Bob opened his new business, he has been working 16 hours a day. Since opening his new
business, he has been working 16 hours a day.
7. After Omar (had) finished breakfast, he left the house and went to his office. After finishing/ having
finished breakfast, he left the house and went to his office.
8. Alex hurt his back while he was chopping wood. Alex hurt his back while chopping wood.
9. You should always read a contract before you sign your name. You should always read a contract
before signing your name.
10. Before the waiter came to our table, I had already made up my mind to order shrimp. (no change)
11. Before you ask the librarian for help, you should make every effort to find the materials yourself.
Before asking the librarian for help, you should make every effort to find the materials yourself.
12. While Jack was trying to sleep at night, a mosquito kept buzzing in his ear. (no change)
13. While Susan was climbing the mountain, she lost her footing and fell onto a ledge several feet
below. While climbing the mountain, she lost her footing and fell onto a ledge several feet below.
14. The Wilsons have experienced many changes in their lifestyles since they adopted twins. The
Wilsons have experienced many changes in their lifestyles since adopting twins.
15. After I heard Mary describe how cold it gets in Minnesota in the winter, I decided not to go there
for my vacation in January. After hearing Mary describe how cold it gets in Minnesota in the winter, I
decided not to go there for my vacation in January.
16. After it spends some time in a cocoon, a caterpillar will emerge as a butterfly. After spending some
time in a cocoon, a caterpillar will emerge as a butterfly.
17. When the movie started, it suddenly got very quiet inside the theater. When starting, it suddenly
got very quiet inside the theater.
18. Because I was unprepared for the test, I didn’t do well. Because of being unprepared for the test, I
didn’t do well. Being unprepared for the test, I didn’t do well
19. Before I left on my trip, I checked to see what shots I would need. Before leaving on my trip, I
checked to see what shots I would need.
20. Since Indians in the high Andes Mountains live in thin air, their hearts grow to be a larger than
average size. (no change)
21. Because I hadn’t understood the directions, I got lost. Not having understood the directions, I got
lost. Because of not having understood the directions, I got lost

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22. My father reluctantly agreed to let me attend the game after he had talked it over with my mother.
My father reluctantly agreed to let me attend the game after talking/ having talked it over with my
mother.
23. When I discovered I had lost my key to the apartment, I called the building superintendent. Upon
discovering/ Discovering I had lost my key to the apartment, I called the building superintendent.
24. Jane’s family hasn’t received any news from her since she arrived in Australia two weeks ago. (no
change)
25. Because the forest area is so dry this summer, it is prohibited to light campfires. Because of being
so dry this summer/ Being so dry this summer, the forest area is prohibited to light campfires.
5. Combine the two sentences, making a modifying adverbial phrase out of the first sentence if
possible.
1. Hearing that Nadia was in the hospital. I called her family to find out what was wrong.
2. We slowly approached the door to the hospital. The nurse stepped out to greet us. (no change)
3. Living a long distance from my work, I have to commute daily by train.
4. . Living a long distance from her work, she has to commute daily by train.
5. Abdul lives a long distance from his work. His car is essential. ( no change)
6. Not wanting to inconvenience my friend by asking her to drive me to the airport, I decided to take a
taxi.
7. Sitting on a large rock at the edge of a mountain stream, I felt at peace with the world.
8. Being a married man, I have many responsibilities.
9. Trying his best not to cry, the little boy swallowed hard and began to speak.
10. Keeping one hand on the steering wheel, Anna opened a can of soda pop with her free hand.
6. Underline the adverb clauses in the following. Change the adverb clauses to adverb phrases
if possible. Make any necessary changes in punctuation, capitalization, or word order.
1. … When Watson heard words coming from the machine, he immediately realized that their
experiments had at last been successful.
 Hearing words coming from the machine, = adverb phrase.
… After Bell had successfully testes the new apparatus again and again, = adverb phrase.
… Because they believed the telephone was a toy with little practical application, most people
pain little attention to Bell’s announcement.
 Believing the telephone was a toy with little practical application, = adverb phrase.
2. … Because many people believe that wolves eagerly kill human beings, they fear them.
 Believing that wolves eagerly kill human beings, = adverb phrase.
… Because they are strictly carnivorous, wolves hunt large animals…
 Being strictly carnivorous, = adverb phrase
… Because it was relentlessly poisoned, trapped, and shot by ranchers and hunters, the
timber wolf,…
 Having been/ Being relentlessly poisoned, trapped, and shot by ranchers and hunters, = adverb
phrase.
… In the 1970s, after they realized a mistake had been made, U,S. lawmakers passed laws to
protect wolves.
 In the 1970s, after realizing/ having realized/ having realized that a mistake had been made, =
adverb
…Today, after they have been unremittingly destroyed for centuries, they are found in few
places,…
 Today, after having been/ after being/ having been unremittingly destroyed for centuries, = adverb
phrase.
7. Rewrite the following sentences by changing noun clauses into noun phrases
1. We must find out what to do next.
2. Do you know what to look for?
3. I will show you how to manage it.
4. Please show him where to put his things.
5. Please tell me how to learn a foreign language.
6. It is not safe for people to swim there.

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7. e is happy to be healthy again.
8. I am glad to have been chosen president.
9. He is known to be a liar.
10. Murat is thought to own many houses
11. John is felt to have been right yesterday.
12. James is claimed to have stolen the money.
13. The President is reported to be travelling to Greece.
14. They was known to have been struggling for their homeland.
15. He is expected to recover soon.
16. Books are alleged to be stolen from the library.
17. The man was suspected to have been murdered.
18. She was believed to have done it on purpose.
19. I suggest waiting a while before we make any firm decisions.
20. While he admitted having received the stolen jewelry, he denied taking part in the robbery.
21.They admit having problems at school.
22. They recommend you buying a less expensive car.
23. I suggested John’s buying a less expensive car.
24. The signing of the peace treaty was important.
8. Choose the correct answer so that the two sentences has the same meaning.
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5. B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9. D 10.C
9. Match the sentence halves and complete the sentences below using a present participle.
Don't add any punctuation.
1- c: Having to work late, some employees will be provided with taxis.
2- a: Living in this house before us, a doctor moved to Australia.
3- d: Attending a conference on malaria, some doctors urged governments to act.
4- f: A blonde woman wearing a dark suit is the new boss.
5-e: Several roads leading to the city were all closed for the parade.
6-b: A woman running the local shop caught a shoplifter.
7- i: A driver having been stopped by the police was three times over the legal limit.
8- k: Being hit by our neighbor’s car, the dog caused two lanes to be closed.
9- g: A young man playing the guitar is going out with my sister.
10- h : A lorry overturning on the motorway is not seriously hurt.
11- l: A horse being ridden by a jockey in blue is the odds-on favorite to win.
12-j: An elderly man crossing the street was nearly knocked down by a bus.
10. Correct mistakes
1. One of the people who(m) I admire most is my uncle.
2. Baseball is the only sport in (which) I am interested in it.
3. My favorite teacher, Mr. Chu, he was always willing to help me after class.
4. It is important to be polite to people who live in the same building.
5. She lives in a hotel which/ that is restricted to senior citizens./ She lives in a hotel is restricted to
senior citizens.
6. My sister has two children, whose names are Ali and Talal./ My sister has two children. Their
names are Ali and Talal.
7. He comes from Venezuela, (which is) a Spanish-speaking country.
8. There are some people in the governments (who are ) trying to improve the lives of poor people.
9. I have some good advice for anyone who he wants/ wanting to learn a second language.
10. My classroom is located on the second floor of Carver Hall, (which that )is a large brick building in
the center of the campus.
11. A myth is a story which/ that expresses traditional beliefs. A myth is a story expressing
traditional beliefs.
12. There is an old legend (which is) told telling among people in my country about a man lived in
the seventeenth century saved a village from destruction.
13. An old man was fishing next to me on the pier was muttering to himself.

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14. When I was a child, I was always afraid of the beggars who they went from house to house in my
neighborhood.
15. At the national park, there is a path which/that leads to a spectacular waterfall.
16. The road (that) we took it through the forest it was narrow and steep.
17. There are ten universities in Thailand, seven of which are them located in Bangkok is the capital
city.
18. I would like to write about several problems (which) I have faced them since I came/ since
coming to United States.
19. There is a small wooden screen which/ that separates the bed from the rest of the room. There is
a small wooden screen separating the bed from the rest of the room.
20. At the airport, I was waiting for some relatives who(m)/ that I had never met them before. OR At
the airport, I was waiting for some relatives which I had never met them before.
21. Because our leader could not attend the meeting, so it was canceled.
 Because our leader could not attend the meeting, it was canceled.
22. I and my wife likes to travel. correct
23. I always fasten my seat belt before to start the engine.
 I always fasten my seat belt before starting the engine.
24. I don’t like our classrooms. Because it is hot and crowded. I hope we can change to a different
room.
 I don’t like our classrooms because it is hot and crowded. I hope we can change to a different
room.
25. The day was very warm and humid, for that I turned on the air conditioner.
 Because the day was very warm and humid, I turned on the air conditioner.
26. Upon I learned that my car couldn’t be repaired for three days, I am very distressed.
 Upon learning that my car couldn’t be repaired for three days, I was very distressed.
27. Having missed the final examination because, the teacher gave me a failing grade.
 Because I missed the final examination, the teacher gave me a failing grade.
 Having missed the final examination, the teacher gave me a failing grade.
28. Both my sister and my brother is going to be at the family reunion.
 Both my sister and my brother are going to be at the family reunion.
29. I hope my son will remain/remains in school until he finishes his degree.
30. My brother has succeeded in business because of he works hard.
31. Luis stood up, turned toward me, and spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what he said.
32. I was lost. I could not find neither my parents nor my brother.
33. Since she had studied Greek for several years, Sarah’s pronunciation was easy to understand.
34. Because of Rosa’s computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
35. Because Rosa’s computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
36. what I want is a better education.
37. Correct
38. Sometimes I don’t know what you believe
39. What most people seem to think about fashion IS…"
40. That which he said…" or "What he said"