RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES Systematic - Research follows orderly and

sequential process based on valid procedures

Perspectives about Research
and principles.
Research is an organized investigation and
Cyclical - Research starts with a problem and
study of materials and sources to create facts
ends with a problem.
and reach new inferences. ( WALKER, 2010)
Analytical - Research utilizes proven analytical
Research follows a step-by-step process of
procedures in gathering the data whether
investigation that uses standardized approach
historical, descriptive, and experimental or case
to answer questions or solve problems (Polit &
study.
Beck, 2004)
Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise
Perspectives about Research
judgment.
Research is a continuous undertaking of making
known the unknown (Sachez, 2002). Objective- Research is unbiased and logical. All

Research is a very careful investigation of findings are logically based on real-life

something that advances the contribution of situations.
additional or new knowledge and wisdom
Original - Research requires its own
(Basseyy, as cited by Coleman & Briggs, 2002)
examination and produces the data needed to
complete the study.

Importance of Research Processes in Research

 Research provides a scientific basis for Prieto, et.al. (2017) posited the following
any practice or methodology in any field research processes:
or discipline.
1. Define Research Problem: What is the
 Research is undertaken for the
problem?
continuous development and further
productivity in any field. 2. Review of Related Literature: What evidence
 Research provides solutions to is already presented?
problems concerning at most all issues
encountered in the different areas of 3. Formulate Hypothesis: How are we going to
work. find/look for the answers to questions being
 Research impacts decision-making. studied?
 Research aims to advance the personal 4. Research Design: Where will the study be
and professional qualifications of a shown and with what population?
practitioner.
5. Collect Data: Are we ready to gather the
Characteristics of Research data? Where do we find the data?
Empirical 6. Analyze Data: How do the data answer the
Research is based on direct experience or research queries?
observation by the researcher. 7. Interpret and Report: What are the
implications of the results?
Ethics in Research Panel Analysis - Observe and analyze the
picture that follows. Be ready to share your
What is Ethics?
inputs.
Norms for conduct that distinguish between
Quantitative Research
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Quantitative research uses scientifically
collected and statistically analyzed data to
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research investigate observable phenomena.

(Resnik, 2007) -Large Sample size

Honesty- Maintain all communication. Data -Objectivity

should not be faked. -Concise Visual Representation

Objectivity- Avoid biases in experimental -Faster Data Analysis

designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert
-Fast and Easy Data Collection
testimony, and other aspects of research.
-Reliable Data
Integrity - Keep your promises and agreements.
-High Replicability
Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and
Types of Quantitative Research
negligence.
Descriptive Design
Openness - Share data, results, ideas and tools.
Be open to criticism and new ideas. It is used to describe a particular phenomenon
by observing it as it occurs in nature.
Confidentiality - Protect confidential
communication. There is no experimental manipulation, and the

Responsible Publication - Avoid duplicating researcher does not start with a hypothesis.
publications.
The goal of descriptive research is only to
Responsible Mentoring - Help to educate, describe the person or object of the study.
mentor, and advise others.
Correlational Design
Social Responsibility - Strive to promote social
It identifies the relationship between variables.
good. Avoid social harm.
Data is collected by observation since it does
Non-Discrimination - Avoid discrimination
not consider the cause and effect, for example,
against colleagues or students on the basis of
the relationship between the amount of
sex, races, ethnicity, and or others.
physical activity done and student academic
Legality - Be informed and obey relevant laws achievement.

and institutional governmental policies. Ex post facto Design

Respect of Intellectual Property - Give proper Its used to investigate a possible relationship
acknowledgment or credits to all researchers. between previous events and present
conditions.
The term “Ex post facto” which means after the results on the influence of the independent
fact, looks at the possible causes of an already variable.
occurring phenomenon.
Intervening
An example of this is “How does the parent’s
These are those that “stand between” the
academic achievement affect a child’s future?” independent and dependent variables, and they

Quasi-Experimental Design show the effects of the independent variable on

Its is used to establish the cause-and-effect the dependent variable.

relationship of variables.
Types of Variables
Although it resembles the experimental design,
Nominal - represent categories that cannot be
the quasi-experimental has lesser validity due
ordered in any particular way.
to the absence of random selection and
assignment of subjects. Ordinal - represent categories that can be
ordered from greatest to smallest or vice versa.
Experimental Design
Ratio - Variables that lie along the evenly
Its is used to establish the cause-and-effect
dispersed range of numbers when there is an
relationship of two or more variables.
absolute zero.
This design provides a more conclusive result
Interval - have values that lie along an evenly
because it uses random assignment of subjects
dispersed range of numbers.
and experimental manipulations.
What is a research framework?
What is a variable?
A research framework refers to the overall
A variable is a characteristic of an individual or
structure, approach, and theoretical
organization that can be observed and
underpinnings that guide a research study.
measured, and it can vary among people or
organizations being studied (Creswell, 2002). Theoretical Framework
It comes from the root word “vary” or simpl -It is the blueprint or guide for research.
y“can change”.
-It is ‘borrowed’ by the researcher to build
Kinds of Variables his/her own ideas and theories.
Independent -It consists of theoretical principles, constructs,
These are those that probably cause, influence, concepts, and tenants of a theory
or affect outcomes. (Grant&Osanloo,2014).
They are invariably called treatment, Theoretical Framework: Significance
manipulated, antecedent, or predictor
variables. It provides the structure to define how a
researcher defines his/her study
Dependent philosophically, epistemologically, methodology
and analytically (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
These are those those that depend on the
independentvariables; they are the outcomes or
It convinces readers that the study is not based It brings together related concepts to explain or
on the personal instincts of the researcher but predict a given event or give a detailed
rather on established theory gathered via understanding of the problem and its asserted
credible studies. solution.

Theoretical Framework: Examples How to Construct a Conceptual

-Transformational Theory Framework?

-Culture Theory Diagrams are created to clearly define the

constructs of the variables of the research topic
-Gender Theory
and their relationship as shown by arrows.
-Cognitive Theory
Fisher (2007) argued that researchers are at
-Behavioral Theory liberty to adopt existing frameworks but have to
modify it to suit the context of the research as
-Human Environment Relations Theory well as the research questions.
-Culture Ecology Theory

-Culture Determinism Theory

-Linguistic Theory

How to Construct a Theoretical

Framework?

The researcher may critique, develop, and/or Sampling Procedures/Techniques

expand a theory that served as a guide for the
study based from a previous study (Grant and Adequacy - It refers to the sample size (n) which
Osanloo, 2014). is based on the desired confidence level and
room for error; the higher the confidence level,
Conceptual Framework the bigger the n.
It offers a logical structure of connected Representativeness- It pertains to the
concepts that help provide a picture or visual possession of characteristics of the sample as
display of how ideas in a study relate to one specified characteristics of the population.
another (Grant and Osanloo, 2014).
Determining the Sample Size:
It assists the researcher to specify and define
the concepts within the problem of the study  Slovin’s Formula- developed by Robert
(Luse, Mennecke & Townsend, 2012). Slovin
 Raosoft Calculator
Conceptual Framework: Significance

It aids the researcher to identify and construct

own view and approach to the topic of the
study (Grant and Osanloo, 2014).
Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling Types of Nonprobability Sampling

It gives each element of the population a known (1) Purposive Sampling- It refers to
and equal chance to be included as a sample. It intentionally selecting participants based on
is used when inferences about the population their characteristics, knowledge, experiences, or
are required as in thesis and other academic some other criteria.
researches.
(2) Convenience Sampling- It involves recruiting
Types of Probability Sampling individuals primarily because they are available,
willing, or easy to access or contact on a
(1) Simple Random Sampling- is a sampling
practical level.
method that ensures that each member of a
population has an equal chance of being chosen (3) Snowball Sampling- It is a recruitment
as a respondent (Thomas, 2020). technique in which research participants are
asked to assist researchers in identifying other
(2) Systematic Sampling- It is a probability
potential subjects.
sampling method in which sample members
from a larger population are selected according (4) Quota Sampling- It is a non-probability
to a random starting point but with a fixed, sampling method sampling method in which
periodic interval. This sampling interval is researchers create a convenience sample of
calculated by dividing the population size by the individuals representing a population and
desired sample size. choose these individuals according to specific
traits or qualities.
Systematic Sampling

(3) Stratified Sampling- The data is classified

into multiple subgroups (strata) based on
common characteristics such as age, gender,
race, income, education, and ethnic origin. Each
stratum is randomly sampled.

(4) Cluster Sampling- In cluster sampling,

researchers divide a population into smaller
groups known as clusters. They then randomly
select among these clusters to form a sample.

Nonprobability Sampling

Not all members of the population are given an

equal chance to be selected as a sample. It is
used when immediate information feedback is
needed (as in marketing research studies such
as product launching)