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General Factors that Affect the Choice of Materials for a Particular
CLIMATIC BACKGROUND AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Scheme
This ensures the quality, safety,
STANDARDIZATION and reliability of the materials that
will be used.
they have an important role to play in this modern age of technol-
building materials ogy. although their most important use in construction activities,
no field of engineering is conceivable without their use.
IOS- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZA-
TION
ASTM- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION
(INTERNATIONAL)
DTI-BPS - THE BUREU OF PHILIPPINES STANDARDIZATION
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIES
1. Good working knowledge of building materials
2. Optimum application of materials based on
their principal properties
Building Industry Economists must know:
3. Manufacturing techniques to have optimum
engineering and economic performance as well
as efficiency.
DENSITY
BULK DENSITY
DENITY INDEX
SPECIFIC WEGHT
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
TRUE OR ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
APPARENT OR MASS SPECIFIC GRAVITY
POROSITY
VOID RATIO
HYGROSCOPICITY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS
WATER ABSORPTION
WEATHERING RESISTANCE
WATER PERMEABILITY
FROST RESISTANCE
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
THERMAL CAPACITY
FIRE RESISTANCE
REFRACTORINESS
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
DURABILITY
The ratio of the mass of a substance
DENSITY (P) to the volume occupied by that
mass.
It is the mass per unit volume of
BULK DENSITY (PB) material in its natural state, i.e., with
pores and voids
G/CM3 UNIT OF DENSITY
KG/M3 UNIT OF BULK DENSITY
P= M/V DENSITY
PB= M/V BULK DENSITY * where m is the mass of specimen FORMULA FOR DENSITY AND BULK DENSITY
same as the volume of specimen
Used in cases where the PARTICLES OR CHUNKS s of matter
BULK DENSITY
are loosely packed with space for air within.
means sand, gravel, aggregate material less than two inches
BULK MATERIAL in length or diameter, and other organic or inorganic particulate
matter.
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It affects the strength and
BULK DENSITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY of the material.
The ratio of bulk density and
DENSITY INDEX
density
PO=BULK DENSITY / DENSITY FORMULA FOR DENSITY INDEX
It is also known as the unit weight.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT It is the weight per unit volume of
material. ( Y)
Y= P(g) DENSITY X GRAVITY
Y(kN/M3)
FORMULA FOR SPECIFIC WEIGHT
P(KG/M3)
G(M/S2)
The ratio of the weight/mass of a given
volume of solids to the weight/mass of
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
an equal volume of water at 4 degrees
Celsius (9.81 kN/m^3).
GS= Ys/Yw =Ps/Pw FORMULA OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS?
BOTH PERMEABLE AND IMPERMEABLE
voids are EXCLUDED to determine the
TRUE OR ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Ga)
true volume of solids.
-NOT MUCH OF A PRACTICAL USE
Ga= (Ps)a/Pw
FORMULA OF TRUE OR ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Ga)
The density of absolute solid over the density of water.
BOTH PERMEABLE AND IMPERMEABLE
APPARENT OR MASS SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gm) voids are INCLUDED to determine the
true volume of solids.
Gm=P/Pw
It is the ratio of mass density of
FORMULA OF APPARENT OR MASS SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gm)
fine-grained material to the
mass density of water
- It is a measure of the volume of voids
POROSITY
present in the material
Degree to which the volume of the
material is iINTERSPERSED with pores. It
POROSITY (n)
is expressed as a ratio of the volume of
pores to that of the specimen.
n = Vv/V FORMULA OF POROSITY
n= e/ 1+e RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOID RATIO AND THE POROSITY
The ratio of the volume of voids (Vv) to
VOID RATIO (e)
the volume of solids (Vs)
e= Vv/ Vs formula of void ratio
WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSES OF METHODS FOR MEASUR-
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
ING VOIDS?
DIRECT POUR WATER TO THE MATERIAL
INDIRECT POUR MATERIAL TO THE WATER
Void = Apparent Volume - Volume of Water Displaced INDIRECT FORMULA
The ability to absorb water vapor
HYGROSCOPICITY from air. Influenced by air-temperature,
relative humidity, and pores
WATER ABSORPTION THE ABILITY TO ABSORB AND RETAIN WATER
Ww= M1-M/M X 100
Ww = M1-M/V X 100 WATER ABSOPRTION FORMULA
M1= MASS OF THE SATURATED MATERIAL
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M= MASS OF THE DRY MATERIALS
V= VOLUME OF THE MATERIALS
The ratio of the compressive strength of
COEFFICIENT OF SOFTENING material saturated with water to that in the
dry state.
The ability of a material to ENDURE ALTERNATE WET and DRY
conditions for a
WEATHERING RESISTANCE long period without considerable
deformation and loss of mechanical
strength.
The capacity of the material to allow
water to PENETRATE under pressure.
WATER PERMEABILITY It is a measure of how easily water can
move or penetrate through a certain
structure or medium.
The ability of a water-saturated
material to ENDURE REPEATED FREEZING and THAWING with
FROST RESISTANCE
a considerable
decrease in mechanical strength.
HEAT CONDUCTIVITY THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO CONDUCT HEAT
THE PROPERTY OF A MATERIAL TO ABSORB HEAT DE-
THERMAL CAPACITY
SCRBED BY THE SPECIFIC HEAT
THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO RESIST THE ACTION OF
HUGH TEMPERATURE
FIRE RESISTANCE
without anyappreciable deformation and substantial loss of
strength.
The ability of a material to withstand
REFRACTORINESS PROLONGED ACTION of high temperature without melting or
losing shape.
The ability of a material to withstand the
ACTION OF ACIDS, ALKALIS, SEAWATER AND GASES.
Natural stone materials, e.g. limestone,
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
marble, and dolomite are eroded even by
weak acids, wood has low resistance to acids and alkalis, bitumen
disintegrates under the action of alkali liquors.
THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO RESIST THE COMBINED
DURABILITY
EFFECTS OF ALTMOSPHERIC AND OTHER FACTORS
characteristics of a material that describe how it behaves under
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES applied
forces or loads
ability of the material to RESIST FAILURE under the action of
STRENGTH
stresses caused by loads
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
TYPES OF STRENGTH
BENDING STRENGTH
IMPACTS STRENGTH
measure of the maximum load
a material can withstand under
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
compression before it fails or
fractures
N/m2, PASCAL
UNIT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH?
c.s: FORCE/ AREA
ALSO KNOWN AS FLEXURAL STRENGTH
BENDING STRENGTH
- Ability of a material to RESIST DEFORMATION or FAILURE
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measure of the ability of a
material to WITHSTAND PULLING or
TENSILE STRENGTH
tensile forces without breaking
or fracturing
3 POINT BENDING TEST AND 4 POINT BENDING TEST TYPES OF TEST FOR BENDING TEST
material's ability to RESIST THE CRACKING ANF FRACTURING
and
IMPACT STRENGTH
DEFORMATION under sudden and
intense impact
DROP WEIGHT TEST AND CHARPY IMPACT TEST TYPES OF IMPACT STRENGTH TEST
the RESISTANCE OF A MATERIAK TO PENETRATION OR DE-
HARDNESS
FORMATION by another harder body
USED TO MEASURE THE SCRATCH RESISTANCE OF VARI-
MOH' SCALE
OUS MINERALS
ability of a material to
RESTORE ITS INITIAL FORM and
dimensions after the load is
removed
quantifies a material' s STIFFNESS AND RIGIDITY when sub-
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY jected to an applied force or stress
- WE USES UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
ability of a material to CHANGE ITS SHAPE under load
without cracking and to
PLASTICITY
retain this shape after the
load is removed
DUCTILITY
BRITTLENESS
STIFFNESS CHARACTERISTICBEHAVIOUR
FLEXIBILITY UNDERSTRESS
TOUGHNESS
MALLEABILITY
COPPER MOST MALLEABLE MATERIAL
materials ability to be HAMMERED INTO THIN SHEETS without
MALLEABLE
rupture
- COMBINED STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY
TOUGHNESS -material's ability to absorb energy and withstand heavy shocks or
impacts without fracturing
material' s ability to BEND OR DEFORM without breaking under
FLEXIBILITY
applied stress
material' s r REISSITANCE TO DEFORMTION under load, char-
STIFFNESS acterized by a high
modulus of elasticity
behavior of materials under
stress characterized by their
BRITTLENESS tendency to fracture or fail
suddenly without significant
deformation.
material' s ability to undergo
DUCTILITY ELONGATION OR STRETCHING
deformation
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