CONCEPT AND MEANING OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

For a better understanding of the concept of ICT, there is a need to clarify some of the
commonly used terms. These terms are the first categories to be cleared because they are
interrelated.

Information
When you are curious about something, you make enquiries, and you get some results.
These results, when stored or compiled, they help you to confirm or reject your assertions
or help you make decisions. These results are facts or details that tell you something about
a situation, person, or events. These details could guide you to decide whether a person
or a situation is wrong. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (19) described
information as "facts or details that tell you something about a situation, person, events,
etc." In terms of technology relating to computers, information is described as "data that
have been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making. e.g., total
votes cast for each candidate, which are used to decide who won (Williams and Sawyer,
2005). In essence, Information is, therefore, the facts or detail that are summarized or
manipulated for decision making.

Communication
Communication could be seen as a complex phenomenon without which no human
activity is complete. It is basic to everyday existence because through communication, we
can acquire knowledge to conquer our environment. If this knowledge is impaired, human
beings could be reduced to robots because both the mental and physical alertness will
be impaired. The giant stride made in technology is as a result of an improved
communication system. Communication means different things to different people. To a
broadcaster or a teacher, it could mean the sharing of ideas between two or more people,
the transmitting of information from the source (sender) to the destination (receiver). To
a technology-biased person, as described by O'Leary and O'Leary (2005), it could mean
the process of sharing data, programmes, information between two or more computers.
Communication could be verbal or non-verbal. It could occur between two animals, man
and lower animals, between man and machine, animal and machine, and between
machine and machine (Ogunmilade, 1984; Amoo, Ayodele and Egbowon, 2005).

Technology
Technology dates back to the beginning of man's history. It is a means of applying solution
to problems encountered. The Early Man invented fire to keep himself warm, cook, and
preserve his food. Technology means several things to several people. It is scientific. This
informed the definition of Galbraith (1967) which described technology as "the systematic
application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical task." Akanbi (1988)
also described technology as " an application of scientific knowledge and principles about
human learning, communication and management to the solution of problems in
teaching and learning. The process of applying a means that could solve the problems or
needs of man is technology. This is intrinsically related to the culture and needs of man.
Thus, we have print technology, wood technology, textile technology, educational
technology, etc.

Information Technology
Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking, and other
physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure, and
exchange all forms of electronic data. “IT” is the common term for the entire spectrum of
technologies for information processing, including software, hardware, communications
technologies, and related services. In general, IT does not include embedded technologies
that do not generate data for enterprise use.

Communication Technology
Communication Technology is a system used to exchange messages and information in
electronic format. Revolutionary changes have been seen in communication because
different types of information such as personal message, letter, article, computer
programming files, pictures, sound, etc. are possible to send or receive from any corner
of the world within some fraction of second. At present, this is the most useful tool for
different types of communication (personal, official communication, etc.). This tool can be
used to provide the required information at the right time. At present, Libraries are using
this live tool to serve the library users; through this, renewal or return (check-in) of library
materials is basically asked. It can also be considered as a medium for faster information.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to the use of various

technological tools and systems to manage, process, store, transmit, and exchange
information. It encompasses a wide range of technologies, including computers, software
applications, networks, telecommunications, digital devices, and the Internet. ICT plays a
crucial role in facilitating communication, data management, and access to information in
various sectors, including education, business, healthcare, government, and
entertainment. It encompasses both hardware and software components, enabling the
efficient creation, storage, retrieval, manipulation, and dissemination of data and
information. ICT has transformed the way we communicate, work, learn, and interact,
revolutionizing industries and shaping the digital landscape we live in today. It has
become an integral part of our daily lives, driving innovation, productivity, and
connectivity on a global scale.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) encompass a broad range of
tools, applications, and services used to handle information. While often associated with
advanced and costly computer-based technologies, ICTs refer to various goods and
services employed for the production, storage, processing, distribution, and exchange of
information. They involve the use of technological resources to communicate, generate,
collect, administer, and manipulate information. These technologies facilitate the transfer,
recording, editing, storage, and dissemination of information. ICTs have had a
transformative impact on numerous aspects of our lives, penetrating almost every field of
human activity and revolutionizing economic and social life. They consist of computer and
communication technologies, with computers serving as tools for digital information
storage and processing, and communication technologies enabling the transfer and
dissemination of digital information. Overall, ICTs integrate computing, networking, and
information processing technologies and their applications, enabling society to create,
manage, and process information in various digital formats for diverse purposes, such as
through personal computers, CD-ROMs, cable TV, cellular phones, and the Internet.

Definition of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to the diverse set of

technologies, tools, and systems used for handling, managing, processing, transmitting,
and exchanging information. It encompasses a wide range of digital technologies,
including computers, software applications, networks, telecommunications infrastructure,
digital devices, and the Internet. ICT enables the acquisition, storage, retrieval,
manipulation, analysis, and dissemination of data and information. It plays a critical role
in facilitating communication, collaboration, and the efficient management of information
in various domains, such as education, business, healthcare, government, entertainment,
and research. ICT has transformed the way we communicate, work, learn, and interact,
revolutionizing industries and shaping the digital landscape of our modern society. It
encompasses both hardware and software components and serves as a foundation for
digital innovation and technological advancements.

According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, “Information Communication

Technology (ICT) is an imprecise term frequently applied to broad areas of activities and
technologies associated with the use of computers and communications”.

According to Mahaptra and Ramesh, ICT, as “Information Communication Technology is

the result of the technological convergence of existing single isolated technologies viz,
computer technology, communication technology, information processing, publishing
technology, etc.”
According to UNESCO, “ICT is a scientific, technological and engineering discipline and
management techniques used in handling information and application and association
with social, economic and cultural matters.”

According to the European Commission, the importance of ICT’s lies less in the technology
itself than in its ability to create greater access to information and communication in
underserved populations. Many countries around the world have established
organizations for the promotion of ICT’s because it is feared that unless less
technologically advanced areas have a chance to catch up, the increasing technological
advances in developed nations will only serve to exacerbate the already-existing
economic gap between technological “have” and “have not” areas. Internationally, the
United Nations actively promotes ICT for Development (ICT4D) as a means of bridging
the digital divide.

Ayodele (2002) defined ICT as electronic-based technology generally used to retrieve

store, process and package information as well as provide access to knowledge.

Aluko (2004) also described ICT as enabling technologies (both hardware and software)
necessary for the delivery of voice/audio, data (high speed and low speed) video, fax and
internet services from point A to point B (or possibly to multiply B C etc) using wired and
wireless media protocol (IP) and non-IP networks.

Nwachukwu (2004) information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the application

of computers and other technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval,
and dissemination of information. However, in this context, information and
communication technology is the use of electronic devices such as computers,
telephones, internet, and satellite system, to store, retrieve and disseminate information
in the form of data, text images and others.

TYPES OF ICT IN THE LIBRARY

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in modern libraries,
enhancing their efficiency, accessibility, and services. Here are various types of ICT
applications commonly used in libraries:

1. Library Management Systems (LMS): LMS software helps automate and manage
various library functions, such as cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, and user
management. It provides a centralized system for organizing and accessing library
resources.
2. Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC): OPAC is a user-friendly interface that
allows library patrons to search and access the library's collection online. It provides
information about the availability, location, and status of library materials.
3. RFID Technology: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is used for efficient
tracking and managing of library materials. RFID tags are attached to books, and
RFID readers help automate tasks such as check-in, check-out, and inventory
management.
4. Electronic Resources and Databases: Libraries subscribe to various electronic
databases and digital resources, including e-books, e-journals, and online
databases. These resources provide users with access to a vast amount of
information beyond traditional print materials.
5. Digital Libraries: Digital libraries store and provide access to digital versions of
books, articles, manuscripts, and other materials. They may include multimedia
content and provide remote access to users.
6. Library Websites and Portals: Libraries often have websites and online portals
that offer information about library services, events, and resources. Users can
access catalogs, databases, and other resources remotely.
7. Wi-Fi and Internet Access: Providing Wi-Fi and internet access allows library users
to connect their devices and access online resources. It supports research,
communication, and collaboration within the library premises.
8. ICT Training and Workshops: Libraries use ICT to provide training sessions and
workshops for users to enhance their digital literacy skills. This may include training
on using library databases, searching the internet, and utilizing productivity tools.
9. Social Media and Communication Tools: Libraries use social media platforms
and other communication tools to engage with their patrons, share updates, and
promote events. This enhances community outreach and interaction.
10. Digital Preservation: ICT is utilized for the preservation of digital materials,
including archiving and maintaining the integrity of digital collections to ensure
long-term access to valuable resources.
11. Automated Self-Checkout Systems: Some libraries implement self-checkout
systems, where users can borrow and return materials independently using
automated machines.
12. Collaborative Technologies: Video conferencing and collaborative tools enable
virtual meetings, webinars, and online collaboration among library staff and users.
 HISTORY OF ICT IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTER

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries and

information centers has significantly transformed how these institutions operate. The
history of ICT in libraries can be traced through several key stages:

1. Manual Systems (Pre-ICT Era): Before the widespread use of ICT, libraries
primarily operated using manual systems. This involved manual cataloging of
books, card catalogs, and traditional library management practices.
2. Introduction of Computers (1960s-1970s): The use of computers in libraries
began in the 1960s and 1970s. Early computer systems were used for cataloging
and indexing, replacing manual card catalogs. This marked the initial steps towards
automation.
3. Development of Integrated Library Systems (1980s): The 1980s saw the
development of Integrated Library Systems (ILS) or Library Management Systems
(LMS). These systems brought together various library functions, including
cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, and serials control, into a single automated
system.
4. Emergence of Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs): OPACs were introduced
in the 1980s, allowing users to search and access library catalogs online. This
improved accessibility to library collections and streamlined the search process for
users.
5. Advent of the Internet (1990s): The widespread adoption of the internet in the
1990s had a profound impact on libraries. Libraries began to digitize collections,
and online resources became more prevalent. The internet also facilitated
communication and resource sharing among libraries.
6. Digital Libraries (Late 1990s-2000s): The late 1990s and early 2000s saw the
emergence of digital libraries. Libraries started to digitize books, manuscripts, and
other materials, making them accessible online. Digital libraries expanded access
to information beyond physical library boundaries.
7. RFID Technology (2000s): Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology
gained popularity in the 2000s for automating tasks such as book check-in, check-
out, and inventory management. RFID tags on books streamlined processes and
improved efficiency.
8. E-books and Electronic Resources (2000s-present): The 2000s witnessed a
significant increase in the availability of e-books, e-journals, and other electronic
resources. Libraries began to subscribe to digital content, offering users access to
a vast array of materials beyond traditional print.
9. Web 2.0 and social media (2000s-present): The rise of Web 2.0 technologies and
social media platforms has transformed how libraries interact with users. Libraries
 use blogs, social media, and other platforms to engage with their communities,
share information, and promote events.
10. Mobile Technologies (2010s-present): The prevalence of smartphones and
tablets has led libraries to develop mobile applications and optimize their websites
for mobile access. This enhances user convenience and accessibility.
11. Open Access Initiatives (2000s-present): The open access movement gained
momentum in the 21st century, promoting free and unrestricted access to scholarly
publications. Many libraries actively support open access initiatives and
repositories.
12. Cloud Computing and Collaborative Tools (2010s-present): Cloud computing
has allowed libraries to store and manage data more efficiently. Collaborative tools
facilitate virtual meetings, webinars, and online collaboration among library staff
and users.

The history of ICT in libraries reflects a continual evolution, with technologies adapting to
meet the changing needs of library users and the broader information landscape. Libraries
continue to embrace new technologies to enhance their services and provide greater
access to information.

FUNCTIONS/USES OF ICT IN THE LIBRARY

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is crucial for library services as it
revolutionizes the way information is accessed, organized, and disseminated. ICT enables
libraries to provide a wide range of services more effectively and efficiently. Here are some
key uses of ICT for library services:

1. Enhanced Access to Information: ICT is used to expands the availability and

accessibility of information resources. Libraries can offer online databases, digital
libraries, and electronic resources, providing users with a wide range of materials
at their fingertips. Through ICT, users can search for and retrieve information
quickly, saving time and effort compared to traditional manual searching methods.
2. Efficient Resource Management: ICT streamlines various library processes,
including cataloging, indexing, and circulation. Digital library management systems
automate routine tasks, such as adding new acquisitions to the catalog or tracking
the borrowing and returning of items. This allows librarians to focus on more value-
added services, such as providing assistance to users and curating specialized
collections.
3. Remote Access and Convenience: ICT enables users to access library resources
remotely, breaking down geographical barriers. Users can access e-books, online
journals, and databases from their own devices, eliminating the need to physically
 visit the library. This convenience is particularly beneficial for distance learners,
researchers, or individuals with limited mobility.
4. Personalized Services: ICT enables libraries to provide personalized services
tailored to individual user needs. Advanced search functionalities and
recommendation algorithms allow users to refine their searches and receive
relevant suggestions. Libraries can also offer alerts for new arrivals in specific
subject areas, ensuring that users stay informed about the latest resources of
interest to them.
5. Collaborative Services: ICT facilitates collaboration and resource sharing among
libraries. Interlibrary loan systems allow libraries to borrow materials from one
another, expanding the range of resources available to users. Libraries can also
participate in cooperative cataloging projects, ensuring consistent and
standardized cataloging practices across multiple institutions. Such collaborations
maximize the collective resources and expertise of libraries, benefiting all users.
6. Digital Preservation: ICT plays a vital role in the preservation and conservation
of valuable library resources. By digitizing rare or fragile materials, libraries can
ensure their long-term accessibility and reduce physical handling, thus preserving
the originals. Digital preservation techniques involve capturing and storing digital
versions of historical artifacts, manuscripts, photographs, and other materials,
safeguarding them for future generations.
7. Learning and Training: ICT enables libraries to offer various learning
opportunities and training programs. User orientation programs familiarize library
users with the available resources, search techniques, and library services. In-house
training sessions and online tutorials help users develop information literacy skills,
empowering them to navigate and utilize library resources effectively.
8. Electronic Resources: ICT enables libraries to provide electronic resources, such
as e-books, e-journals, e-databases, and e-newspapers. These resources offer
several advantages, including instant access, advanced search capabilities, and
interactive multimedia content. Users can access these resources anytime and
anywhere, often with features like bookmarking, highlighting, and note-taking,
enhancing their research and learning experiences.
9. Improved Communication and Collaboration: ICT facilitates communication
between library staff and users. Libraries can employ various communication
channels, including email, chat services, and social media platforms, to interact with
users, answer inquiries, and provide assistance. ICT also fosters collaboration
among library staff, allowing them to share information, coordinate projects, and
collaborate on research initiatives.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is indispensable for modern library

services. It enhances access to information, optimizes resource management, provides
personalized services, enables remote access, supports collaboration and resource
sharing, facilitates digital preservation, and empowers users through training and access
to electronic resources. ICT continues to transform libraries into dynamic and user-centric
institutions, adapting to the evolving information needs of users in an increasingly digital
world.

APPLICATION OF ICT ON TECHNICAL SERVICES

Cataloguing and Classification
Cataloguing and classification is another technical service where ICT has been utilized in
libraries. The changes brought to cataloguing and classification by application of ICT is
considerable, as pointed out by Ajibero (2006). According to the author, the application
of ICT in library cataloguing and classification has enabled the production of Machine-
Readable Catalogues (MARC), Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC), and Online Public
Access Catalogue (OPAC). All of these, according to him have transformed the cataloguing
system and is allowing libraries to look into national and international networks in other
to fast track their cataloguing processes. On the other hand, Imo (2007) argued that ICT
has not changed the way the cataloguer does his work, but instead it has accentuated the
need for the cataloguer to be tactically and technically sound. The author, however,
contended that ICT has facilitated the production and availability of Machine-Readable
Catalogues of libraries universally.

Cataloguing
Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is a great relief to users of the library catalogue in
the sense that, different users can search for the same information at the same time using
different terminals which is impossible through the traditional card catalogue. Also, users
can search the online library catalogue through ISSN, ISBN, and combination of title and
author etc. Overdue notices are generated and sent to users through their e-mails. The
card catalogue which was replaced in the early 1990s has itself been replaced with a Web-
based interface. This means that the maintenance of the information, typically handled by
library support staff, has to be accurate and the level of sophistication and technical
expertise to handle the amount of information added to the library’s own knowledge base
increases yearly as the capacity to store and access information has increased. Also
important to note, the online catalogue is accessible from anywhere as it is a web-based
catalogue. There has always been awareness among librarians that without cataloguing
and classification, the goal of making materials and information resources available would
have been difficult. The advent and use of ICT has made it possible for remote libraries to
access the huge databases of big libraries in developed countries for the purpose of
adopting or adapting their bibliographic data for their own library use; and indeed the
online catalogues have transformed the landscape of cataloguing and classification
(Adeleke Olorunsola, 2010). With the help of Internet and different web-sources, the
cataloguing and classification work has been stress-free. The organization like Library of
Congress (LC) has made the work possible to classify or catalogue a resource in the
minimal time. The LC online catalogue is a database of records representing the vast
collection of materials held by the Library of Congress. The online catalogue provides
cross-references, notes and circulation status, as well as information about library
materials still in the acquisition stage. LC catalogue records’ information of different
resources (books, serials, manuscripts, cartographic materials, computer files, sound
recordings, music, etc.) are publicly available and it can be easily used for importing or
copying data. All the functions of cataloguing have become possible through the use of
library automation software. Importing bibliographic records from trusted online sites
such as ‘OCLC World Cat’, ‘Trove - National Library of Australia’ have reduced a huge
amount of time for cataloguing. Importing metadata through MARC format has made
easy to the process of cataloguing and make it available as soon as possible to the users.
Resources such as book, microfiche, audio, videocassettes, CDs, pamphlets are catalogued
through importing bibliographic records; required fields are edited manually as per the
library requirement. Automation software gives update to the user about the progress of
the library materials. After the processing of books or any requested materials, the
automatic reminder is sent to the users about the availability of books.

Classification
With the technological development, the classification work has been possible through
online tool. There are many online catalogue records available from where one can get
the whole bibliographic record of the library resources. Along with the record, we can also
get the classification number in the catalogue record. British Library catalogue, Trove-
National Library of Australia’s catalogue, Library of Congress’s online catalogue can be
used to search the catalogue record and data can be copied for own catalogue
preparation. These libraries provide classification details in their catalogue record, but
there are also some online resources where library resources/materials can be classified.
OCLC classify, LOC classification web and Web Dewey are the examples of online
classification tools.
 EMERGING TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LIBRARIES
AND ITS SERVICES

Libraries have been an important part of societies for centuries, serving as repositories of
knowledge and providing access to information and resources. With the advent of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT), libraries have undergone significant
changes in the way they operate and provide services. One of the most significant impacts
of ICT on libraries is the digitization of information. With the widespread use of the
internet and digital technologies, libraries have been able to digitize their collections and
make them available online. This has increased access to information and resources,
allowing users to access materials from anywhere in the world at any time. In addition,
digital collections can be easily searched and organized, making it easier for users to find
the information they need. ICT has also transformed the way libraries provide services to
their users. Libraries now offer a range of online services, such as online catalogues, e-
book lending, and online reference services. These services provide users with greater
flexibility and convenience, allowing them to access library resources from their homes or
workplaces. Furthermore, ICT has enabled libraries to better manage their collections and
resources. Libraries can now use sophisticated library management systems to track and
organize their collections, making it easier to manage and retrieve information. In
addition, libraries can use data analytics to understand how their resources are being used
and to make informed decisions about resource allocation and collection development.
Hence, we can say that libraries are adopting changes with the transformation in the outer
world and try to reach and satisfy its users in all possible ways. Here are some of the
emerging trends and technologies:

1. Electronic Resource Management

Electronic resources refer to e-journals, e-books, online databases, and other materials in
digital formats, which are accessible electronically. e-Resource Management Software can
be employed by libraries to trace the collection, access, authorization, maintenance,
usage, evaluation, reservation, and selection of a library’s electronic information
resources.

2. RFID Implementation
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to select and track tags
attached to library items automatically. The RFID-based library management system is the
newest technology used to track inventory and strengthen library theft detection systems.
This technology enhances the security of libraries and increases their efficiency by
streamlining the processes and reducing human dependence. For the users, RFID
accelerates the borrowing and return procedures. Hence, RFID saves time and reduces
library costs.

3. Cloud Computing
Libraries across the world are adopting cloud computing to make library services more
streamlined and cost-efficient. This library management system plays a significant role in
building digital libraries or repositories. Cloud computing also ensures optimal use of
library resources, infrastructure, human resources, etc. Moreover, the technology is also
used for library automation and quick data search. Additionally, in a digital library, cloud
computing ensures that third-party services can manage servers, carry out upgrades, and
create data backups.
4. Internet of Things
The best-integrated library software and LMS software have started using the Internet
of Things (IoT) to transfer data without human intervention. Libraries use IoT to control
inventory, prevent theft, and identify users. It also helps in improving the quality and
speed of circulation desk activities. Moreover, IoT expedites reservation of books, fire
detection in the library and its prevention, and streamline eLibrary services.

5. Big Data and Data Visualization

Big Data and Data Visualization is the method of displaying a large volume of data
through charts, graphs, maps, and other visual forms. This makes the info more natural
for the human mind to grasp and makes it easier to spot trends, patterns, and outliers
within large data sets. This technology is helping digital libraries become more globalized
while accessing a vast amount of data. It makes the libraries more easily accessible to
readers who can find a plethora of information at their fingertips.

6. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) uses the power of a robot or a computer that tries to do tasks
that humans usually do. The most common application of AI in a library is the chatbots
that receive directional questions from users and resolve them. They can alert the user
about their book submission due date, direct a user to the relevant library segment, and
automatically schedule appointments.
7. Mobile-Based Library Services
The three main objectives of a library are to promote literacy, disseminate useful daily
information to the people and encourage lifelong learning through its reading materials
and resources. Mobile libraries bring resources outside of the library’s fixed location to
users who otherwise might not get an opportunity to profit from them.
With the help of mobile services like SMS and WhatsApp, libraries can produce new
services and provide faster access to their collection. It also includes a learning
management system (LMS), a software application that provides the framework that
handles all aspects of the learning process and tracks your training content.

An example of the best LMS software is Moodle. The OPAC mobile application is a classic
example of mobile-based library services. The platform is operated by SLIM Software and
aims at converting conventional libraries to digital libraries.

8. Intelligent Library Search & Federated Search

Federated search and Intelligent Library Search are techniques to retrieve information
from many different content locations with only one query and one search interface with
federated search. The technology complements main libraries in retrieving information
quickly and makes indexing seamless. Libraries also use this technology for descriptive
cataloging, subject indexing, database searching, and collection development.

9. Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

Any discussion about current trends in library systems will be incomplete without
mentioning academic integrity and plagiarism. Plagiarism is using another’s ideas, words,
theories, illustrations or graphics, opinions, or facts without giving credit. For students,
copying others’ work damages the intellectual integrity of their academic experience.
Therefore, avoiding plagiarism has become the need of the hour.

Technology has undoubtedly made our lives much simpler. A library is no more the same
it was a decade ago. Modern-day school and corporate library software ensure that you
get the latest technologies in library systems right at your fingertips.
10. Collection Management:
Collection management refers to the process of acquiring, organizing, maintaining, and
evaluating materials in a library or information center. Collection management is an
essential function of library and information science as it ensures that the library's
resources are relevant, up to-date, and meet the needs of its users. The following are
some of the essential components of collection management:
• Selection: Collection development starts with the selection of materials that meet the
library's mission and objectives. Materials can be selected based on user needs, subject
areas, and relevance to the community.
• Acquisitions: After selecting materials, the library needs to acquire them. Acquisitions
involve the purchasing, leasing, or borrowing of materials, and it requires budgeting,
order processing, and vendor relations.
• Cataloging and Classification: Once the materials are acquired, they need to be
cataloged and classified to make them discoverable and accessible to users. Cataloging
involves the creation of bibliographic records that describe the materials, while
classification involves organizing the materials into subject categories.
• Preservation: Preservation is the process of protecting the materials from damage and
deterioration. It includes environmental control, security, and handling procedures.
• Weeding: Weeding is the process of removing materials from the collection that are no
longer relevant or useful. It ensures that the collection remains current and meets the
needs of users.
• Evaluation: Collection evaluation is an ongoing process that assesses the quality,
relevance, and use of the materials in the collection. It helps the library to identify gaps in
the collection, plan for future acquisitions, and assess the effectiveness of collection
management policies. Hence, collection management is a complex process that involves
multiple steps and requires collaboration between librarians, staff, and users.

APPLICATION OF ICT IN NIGERIA

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a wide range of applications in
Nigeria, contributing to various sectors of the economy and society. Here are some key
applications of ICT in Nigeria:

1. Education:
• E-Learning: ICT is used to deliver educational content online, making
learning more accessible to students across the country.
 • Online Courses and MOOCs: Platforms offering Massive Open Online
Courses (MOOCs) enable individuals to access educational resources from
global institutions.
2. Healthcare:
• Telemedicine: ICT facilitates remote consultations, medical diagnosis, and
the exchange of medical information between healthcare professionals.
• Health Information Systems: Electronic health records and health
information systems improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery and
management.
3. Agriculture:
• Precision Farming: ICT tools help farmers optimize resource use, monitor
crop conditions, and improve yields through precision agriculture.
• Market Information: Farmers can access market information through ICT
platforms, helping them make informed decisions about when and where
to sell their products.
4. Business and Commerce:
• E-Commerce: The growth of online marketplaces and electronic payment
systems has transformed the way businesses operate and people buy and
sell goods and services.
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Businesses use ICT to integrate and
streamline their internal processes, enhancing overall efficiency.
5. Government Services:
• E-Government: The use of ICT in government services improves
transparency, reduces bureaucracy, and enhances service delivery to
citizens.
• Online Portals: Various government services, such as tax payment and
registration, can be accessed online, simplifying processes for citizens and
businesses.
6. Financial Services:
• Mobile Banking: The use of mobile phones for financial transactions has
increased financial inclusion, allowing more people to access banking
services.
• Fintech: The emergence of financial technology companies has introduced
innovative solutions, such as digital wallets and peer-to-peer lending.
7. Communication:
• Mobile Phones: The widespread use of mobile phones has significantly
improved communication across the country, even in remote areas.
• Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp are used for
communication, information sharing, and community building.
 8. Infrastructure Management:
• Smart Cities: Some cities in Nigeria are exploring smart city concepts, using
ICT to manage infrastructure such as transportation, energy, and public
services efficiently.
• GIS (Geographic Information System): GIS is used for mapping and
spatial analysis, aiding in urban planning and resource management.
9. Research and Development:
• Data Analytics: Researchers use ICT tools for data analysis, helping them
draw insights and make informed decisions.
• Collaboration Platforms: ICT facilitates collaboration among researchers
and institutions, fostering innovation and knowledge sharing.
10. Entertainment:
• Streaming Services: The entertainment industry leverages ICT for the
distribution of music, movies, and other content through streaming
platforms.
• Gaming: Online gaming and esports have gained popularity, driven by
improved internet connectivity.

ADVANTAGES OF ICT IN THE LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTRE

Globalization driven by ICT is presently having phenomenal impact on library practices

ICTSs are significant and useful tools for sustainable development in all fields and all
aspects of our society. ICTs provide means to actualizing developmental goals in

education, health, agriculture, business and commerce among others. According to Olise
(2010), the introduction of ICTs in education had brought about computerization of

traditional materials such as books, journals newspaper and other information resources
in the library. This has also led to the existence of virtual library. Educational researchers,
through the use of ICT can access current literature materials with ease. ICTs also
encourage collaboration among researchers irrespective of their locations. Internet

provides up-to-date information on any subject. Likewise, earlier research findings can be
easily accessed through the internet. In the area of agriculture, ICTs are being used to

provide farmers with information as regards their plants and animals, which will eventually
improve their productivity. On professional duties, computers are used to automate
different manual functions. Acquisition, cataloguing of library materials, circulation,
cataloguing of library materials, circulation and serials management are now automated

in libraries, using available software in the market. ICTs enable libraries to locate store,
retrieve and disseminate information. ICT tools such as CD-ROM, e-mail are used in

libraries for dissemination of information. In addition, digitization of information

resources which involves converting print resources to electronic form is also carried out,

using ICT. Some of the advantages and benefits of ICT in libraries as stated by
Ashikuzzaman (2014) include:

• Provision of speedy and easy access to information.

• Provision of remote and round the clock access to users.

• Provision of access to unlimited information from different sources.

• ICT enable easier, faster, cheaper and more effective library operations.

• ICT helps to manage information overload as information retrieval is made easier in

computerized systems.

• Computerization helps the library to save space and reduce paper. There is no doubt
that integration of ICT into provision of library services is able to bring great benefits to

the entire community and nation. ICT which remains an enabling tool for provision of
timely and current library and information services is also indispensable to the sustainable

development drive in Nigeria (Nwabueze and Ozioko, 2011) ICT can be applied to every
aspect of human endeavor to achieve result-oriented service delivery. In his study, Olise

(2010) found out that majority of the respondents see ICTs as significant tool for
sustainable development in Africa. The respondents believed that ICTs improve education

and other sectors’ services. Using ICT tools, enable organizations and institutions to
provide services more effectively.
 CHALLENGES IN USING ICT FOR PROVISION OF LIBRARY SERVICES

There is awareness that a lot of benefits are derived, through the adoption and use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in libraries, nevertheless, there are

many challenges to be addressed. These include:

• Limited Financial Resources: The acquisition and maintenance of the relevant

equipment depends on the availability of fund. Mostly, there is paucity of funds in many
libraries in Nigeria thereby, leading to inability to acquire, the necessary ICTs that would

enable them connect to the internet, make subscription to various online database and
obtain software licenses.

• Shortage of ICT Facilities and ICT Skills: The computers are used to receive and store
large volumes of information. Likewise, the internet accessibility is made possible through

the use of computer, they are used to access Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) and
also to perform many other routine activities in the library. Shortage of computers and

other facilities remains a big challenge to many libraries. Many librarians also lack the ICT
skills and this makes it difficult for them to embrace technological innovations. Lack of

ICT skills places a serious restriction on the application of ICT to provision of library
services. Most African countries do not have workable ICT policies which are to act as

guideline for implementation of development plans and strategies. When ICT policies are
not available or adequately implemented, it can affect the sustainability of a nation’s

development.
• Lack of ICT Policies: There is lack of systematic ICT policy in developing countries and

it impedes the deployment of ICTs (Afolabi and Abidoye, n.d).

• Poor maintenance of ICT Equipment: Many libraries do not have space and conducive

environments for keeping ICT equipment. In addition, most of the ICT equipment are not
adequately maintained in most libraries as a result of the maintenance cost which is

usually very high. Also, as a result of lack of maintenance culture.

• Erratic Power Supply: In developing countries, large areas are still without a reliable

supply of electricity (Said, Tukur and Adamu, 2014). Other challenges are;
• Insufficient bandwidth.

• Lack of technical IT knowledge by library staff.

• Constant change of software and hardware.

• Copyright and intellectual property right management.

IMPLICATIONS OF ICT ON LIBRARIANS AND INFORMATION PROFESSIONALS

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly impacted librarians

and information professionals, transforming the way they manage and disseminate
information. Here are some key implications:

1. Digitalization of Resources:
• Librarians now deal with an increasing number of digital resources,

including e-books, online databases, and digital archives. They need to be

proficient in managing and curating these resources effectively.

2. Information Retrieval and Search Skills:

• Librarians must develop advanced search and retrieval skills to navigate

through vast digital databases and provide users with relevant information
quickly. Familiarity with search engines, metadata, and database structures

is crucial.
3. Online Cataloging and Classification:

• With the shift towards digital materials, librarians have adapted their
cataloging and classification systems to include online resources. This

involves understanding metadata standards and ensuring accurate and

consistent cataloging.
4. User Training and Digital Literacy:

• Librarians play a crucial role in educating users on digital literacy skills. This
includes teaching patrons how to navigate online databases, critically

evaluate digital information, and use technology effectively for research.

5. Remote Access and Virtual Services:

• Librarians now provide remote access to resources and services. Virtual

reference services, online consultations, and webinars have become

common. Librarians need to be proficient in virtual communication tools

and platforms.

6. Copyright and Intellectual Property:

• ICT has raised new challenges regarding copyright and intellectual property.

Librarians must stay updated on digital rights management, licensing

agreements, and fair use policies to ensure compliance with copyright laws.

7. Data Management and Research Support:

• Librarians are increasingly involved in supporting research activities. This

includes assisting researchers in managing and preserving digital data,

understanding data formats, and promoting open access initiatives.

8. Collaboration and Networking:

• ICT facilitates collaboration among librarians and information professionals

globally. Online platforms and social media allow them to share resources,
exchange ideas, and stay connected with developments in the field.

9. Adapting to Emerging Technologies:

• Librarians need to stay abreast of emerging technologies such as artificial

intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain, which may impact

information management and retrieval systems.
10. Privacy and Security Concerns:

• The digital landscape introduces new challenges related to privacy and

security. Librarians must be aware of privacy issues, data protection laws,

and secure handling of sensitive information.

11. Evolving Roles:

• The role of librarians has evolved beyond traditional bookkeeping to

encompass a broader set of skills related to information technology.

Librarians are increasingly seen as information specialists and technology

experts.