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Copy of Unit 5 Reading Guide (1)

Literature and Composition (Westside High School (South Carolina))

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Name:_Calanice_R____________________________________________________________________Date:________Cla
ss:__3rd____

APWH|Unit 5: Revolutions from c. 1750 - c. 1900

Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using
specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their
reading will not do well in this course

AP Illustrative Examples | 5.1

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Mary Wollstonecraft was a woman that supported equal rights, and she is significant as she led a reform
Vindication of the Rights of
movement to gain women's suffrage and more equality.
Women

Olympe de Gouges’s Olympe de Gouges was a playwright that wrote on the women's fight for suffrage, and she was
Declaration of the Rights of
significant as it helped women's suffrage gain a larger audience to support them.
Woman and of the Female
Citizen (May need Google)

Seneca Falls Conference Seneca Falls Conference was a place that women fought for women's suffrage, and it is significant as it

was the first conference where women began to fight for suffrage.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton is a key figure in the women's rights movement, most notably recognized for

authoring the "Declaration of Sentiments" at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which marked the

first organized demand for women's suffrage in the United States, laying the foundation for the broader

fight for women's equality across various aspects of life like property rights

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Lucretia Mott Lucretia Mott was a prominent 19th-century American Quaker activist who played a pivotal role in the

early women's rights movement and abolitionist cause, most notably co-organizing the first Women's

Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, where she helped draft the "Declaration of

Sentiments" alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton; her significant contribution lies in her lifelong dedication

to fighting for social justice, advocating for women's equality, and actively working to end slavery.

5.1| The Enlightenment

Objective Key Developments

Explain the The Enlightenment was the shift from tradition to ________Reason______________ and individualism over _
intellectual and authority and conformity________________________.
ideological context in
which revolutions List the three ideals of the Enlightenment movement:
swept the Atlantic 1. individualism
world from 1750 to
1900. 2. freedom

3. self determination

These new ideas resulted in two things:

1. revolution

2. challenged old ideas

An Age of New Ideas

Ideas from the Scientific Revolution + Humanism and the Renaissance = Enlightenment.

Describe the main ideas of thought and the main emphasis of Enlightenment thinkers: Enlightenment thinkers
primarily emphasized the use of reason, skepticism, and critical inquiry to understand the world, believing that
human intellect could discover truths about society, politics, and religion, leading to improvements in human
life

The clash between new and old thinking led to ____________ revolutions __________________ that had two
aims:
1. independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation

2. The break up of empires and the emergence of new forms of government often followed

Define Nationalism. What was the cause of Nationalism? A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's
country; Nationalism was caused by the emergence of new forms of governments.

New Ideas and Their Roots

Define Empiricism. Who emphasized Empiricism? the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experiences;
Empiricism was emphasized by Francis Bacon

Empiricism was based on __ conclusions from observation of natural data______________________ as

opposed to __ relying on reasoning from principles provided by religion or
tradition._______________________.

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Define Social Contract: the process of giving up some rights to a strong central government in return for law
and order

Summarize the beliefs and important works of Thomas Hobbes: argued that ppl natural state was to live in a
bleak world in which life was nasty, brutish, and short.

Summarize the beliefs and important works of John Locke: argued that social contract implied the right, even
the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against injust gov. he thought that ppl had natural rights to life, liberty,
and pursuit of happiness.

Locke believed that ____ knowledge ___________________ and ___ experience___________________ were
more important to someone than their ancestors.

The Philosophes
Who were the Philosophes and what did they explore? a new group of thinkers and writers in the 18th century
and they explored the social, political, and economic theories in new ways.

Philosopher Important Work Important Beliefs Impact

Baron The Spirit of Laws The Spirit of Laws is Montesquieu's In particular, Montesquieu's
Montesquieu (1748) best known work in which he discussion of separation of powers
reflects on the influence of climate and checks and balances
on society, the separation of profoundly influenced the
political powers, and the need for American Founders and the design
checks on a powerful executive of the U.S. Constitution
ofÏce

Voltaire Candide (1762) Published in 1759, Candide is

Baron Montesquieu's most considered Voltaire's signature
important work is "The Spirit of work, and it is here that he levels
Laws" (1748), which significantly his sharpest criticism against
influenced political thought by nobility, philosophy, the church,
introducing the concept of and cruelty
separation of powers and checks
and balances, impacting the design
of the U.S. Constitution; while
Voltaire's key work is "Candide"
(1762)

Jean-Jacques On Education (1762) Rousseau's ideas about education

Rousseau The Social Contract have profoundly influenced
(1762) The Discourse on the Origin of modern thinking about education.
Inequality remains one of He minimized the importance of
Rousseau's most famous works, book learning, and recommended
and lays the foundation for much that a child's emotions should be

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of his political thought as it is educated before his reason. He

expressed in the Discourse on placed a special emphasis on
Political Economy and Social learning by experience
Contract.

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Laissez - Faire: They supported the Some of his most influential
(1776) cause of laissez -faire, elimination contributions include division of
of prevalent disparity in taxation labor, gross domestic product
and the rights of autonomy in (GDP), and the theory of the
administration invisible hand

Capitalism: Smith's beliefs of

laissez-faire introduced the
foundations of capitalism

Thomas Paine The Age of Reason The Age of Reason (1794) Paine's views influenced others to
(1794) Common Sense (1776), Paine was follow and believe in Deism.
Common Sense (1776) known for his beliefs in Deism,
liberty from Britain, and his anti-
church writings ,

Who were Deists and what did they believe? Deists were people who adopted the belief because of new
Enlightenment ideas. Deists believe that a divine figure, or God, set natural laws in motion, but these laws do
not intervene with history

LOOKING BACK (Chart)

Briefly summarize Medieval Scholasticism: Used little experimentation, but utilized reason to defend religious
beliefs. Relying on Aristotle's writings and beliefs, Medieval Scholasticism used writing and debating to
express their views.

Briefly Summarize Renaissance Humanism: Emphasized non-religious ideals and individualism while focusing
on human achievements. Books such as Machiavelli's The Prince were created during this time.

Briefly Summarize Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Had ideas such as natural rights, progress, and
reason. It was a time of religious tolerance and the desire for new constitutions that backed up the new ideas of
thinkers such as Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and French philosophes.

Explain how the The Age of New Ideas Continues

Enlightenment Describe what the world was like for the poor at this time: Poverty had increased in many regions during this time
affected and the poor lived in unsanitary living conditions
societies over
time. Define Conservatism. What did they believe? The belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical
experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility. They believed in conserving traditional
ideas and in this case, conservatives blamed the poor and wanted them to change.

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Utopian Socialism
Define Socialism and its beliefs: A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production. They
believed that the money made through production belonged to the workers and not a private organization.

Define Utopian Socialism and its beliefs: The act of creating self-sustaining communities as an alternative to
industrial capitalism. They believed that society could be improved by creating ideal communities.

Summarize the beliefs of the following Utopian Socialists:

❏ Henri de Saint-Simon: He believed that if scientists and engineers worked together, then they could create
things useful to society. De Saint-Simon advocated for the creation of public works such as the Suez Canal in
Egypt to provide employment for workers.

❏ Charles Fourier: Fourier believed that communities should live in harmonious environments to improve
society.

❏ Robert Owens: Owens believed that working children should be educated, property should be shared and
owned by a community, and social rules to schedule work, education, and free time. Robert Owens created
small communities that were governed by the ideals of utopian socialism.

Fabian Societies: _ gradual______________ socialists who favored reforming society by __ parliamentary

________________ means.

Classical LIberalism
Define the beliefs of Classical Liberalism- Classical liberals believed in natural rights, a constitutional government,
laissez-faire economics, and defunding armies and established churches.

What did classical liberals want in Parliament? Classical liberals wanted changes in Parliament because of the
fluctuating population so that new industrial cities would have equal representation in Parliament.

Feminism
What was Olympe de Gouges reaction to “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Male Citizen” during the
French Revolution? De Gouges' reaction to the French declaration was that women were not getÝng the
representation they deserved and created her own declaration which included women.

What did Mary Wollstronecraft believe about education? Wollstonecraft believed that women should have an equal
education to men.

Outline the demands of listed in the “Declaration of Sentiments”. The demands listed in the "Declaration of
Sentiments" was that women deserve the right to vote, be in ofÏce, own property, manage their finances, and be the
legal guardians of their children.

Abolitionism
Define Abolitionism: Abolitionism was the movement to end slavery by freeing all enslaved people and ending the
Atlantic slave trade.

Why did slavery decline in many countries? Slavery declined in many countries because of the ban on slave trade.

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Slavery required a steady system in which slaves were brought to the region, but without slave trade, slavery could
not exist in many countries.

The End of Serfdom

Why did Serfdom decline? Serfdom declined because the economy had become based on industrial production
rather than agricultural production.

What was the largest single emancipation of people in bondage in human history? The Russian emancipation of 23
million serfs.

Zionism
Define Zionism: Zionism is the desire of Jewish people to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors
lived in the Middle East.

Why did Jews want their own land to control? Jews wanted to control their own land to live in
peace and away from anti-semitism.

What was the Dreyfus Affair and what did it illustrate? The Dreyfus Affair was an incident in which a Jewish military
ofÏcer was arrested for forged documents based on anti-semitism which proved how wide spread anti-semitism was
in France.

What were some obstacles Zionist faced before the establishment of Israel in 1948? Before the establishment of
Israel, Zionists wanted land that was controlled by the Ottomans and Palestinian Arabs who were mainly Muslim,
creating a religious conflict.

AP Illustrative Examples for 5.2

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Propaganda Movement in the Propaganda Movement was a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting

Philippines approximately from 1880 to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895. The main goals of the

Propaganda Movement was to create reforms in the Philippines. Students, who created the movement,

wanted the Philippines to be acknowledged as a province of Spain and to be represented in the Spanish

Cortes.

Maori Nationalism New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori, since at least the mid-1200s. During

the New Zealand Wars, the people developed a sense of nationalism. Before the war, the Maori people

were divided into tribes that would occasionally fight. When they came together, they realized they

could be powerful and became a collective and strong group. This is significant, because they became

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very powerful when they came together, but sadly the British were too strong and won by 1872.

The New Zealand Wars New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori, since at least the mid-1200s. In the

period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans, the Maori developed a rich culture. After

colonization by the British, made ofÏcial by annexation of New Zealand in 1840, English control over

Maori affairs increased, as did the pressure for their land. These issues resulted in a series of wars

between the Maori and British collectively known as the New Zealand Wars. Though the Maori tribes

fought together, developing a sense of Maori Nationalism, by 1872, the British had won.

Puerto Rico and the writings Lola Rodríguez de Tió (1843-1924), was the first Puerto Rican-born woman poet to establish herself a

of Lola Rodriguez de Tio reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin America. A believer in women's rights, she was also

committed to the abolition of slavery and the independence of Puerto Rico

German and Italian Italian - Count di Cavour, The Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, led the drive to unite the entire

Unifications Italian peninsula under the only native dynasty, the house the savoy. At the time, the region was

divided among a patchwork of kingdoms and city states, and most people spoke regional languages

rather than Italian. Cavour himself spoke French better than he spoke Italian. Like other classical

liberals, he believed in natural rights, progress, and constitutional monarchy. But he also believed in the

practical politics of reality, which came to be called realpolitik. Thus, he did not hesitate to advance the

cause of Italian unity through manipulation. In 1858, he maneuvered Napoleon the third of France into

war with Austria, hoping to weaken Austrian influence on the Italian peninsula. Napoleon the third

backed out of the war after winning two important battles, partly because he feared the wrath of the

pope, who was not eager for his Papal states to come under the control of a central Italian government.

Nevertheless, it was too late to stop

Balkan Nationalisms Greece, which by 1800 had been under ottoman control for more than 350 years, increased contact

with western ideas meant exposure to enlightenment principles. It also meant exposure to the

reverence with which Greece and its ancient culture were viewed across Europe. Together these

developments helped reawaken Greek cultural pride and stoke the fires of Greek nationalism. A

protracted Civil War against ottoman forces brought some success. However, it took the intervention of

a British, French, and Russian fleet, which destroyed an ottoman fleet in 1827, to help assure Greek

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independence. Events in other Balkan regions, such as Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, followed a similar,

but by no means identical, course. The waning of ottoman control lead to greater freedom and an influx

of new ideas, including nationalism.

Ottomanisms The 1870s and 1880s saw the development in the ottoman state of ottomanism, a movement that

aimed to create a more modern, unified state. OfÏcial sought to do this by minimizing the ethnic,

linguistic, and religious differences across the empire. Taking control of local schools and mandating a

standard curriculum was a major part of this drive. But the effects of nationalism were not limited to

Balkan territories and ottoman ofÏcials. Ethnic and religious groups within the ottoman empire had

nationalist urges of their own, and they viewed ottomanism with suspicion. Ironically, this attempt to

create a more unified state actually served to highlight and intensify subject peoples feelings of

difference and promote their desire for independence.

5.2| Nationalism and Revolutions

Objective Key Developments

Explain the American Revolution:

causes and CAUSES:
effects of the 1. The economic ideas of the physiocrats
various 2. mAmerican colonists had become increasingly independent politically
revolutions in 3. Colonial legislatures were making decisions usually made by parliament
the period from 4. Great distances separated the colonists from parliament and the king in London.
1750 to 1900. 5. Economic and political desires for independence grew a new social spirit

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who influenced these ideas? Thomas Jefferson wrote the
Declaration of Independence. John Locke influenced the things that Jefferson wrote, such as the phrase "unalienable
rights."

What are unalienable rights? Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Who helped the colonists defeat Great Britain? The French helped the colonists defeat Great Britain.

The New Zealand Wars

Summarize the causes of the New Zealand Wars: New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori,
since at least the mid-1200s. In the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans, the Maori
developed a rich culture. After colonization by the British, made ofÏcial by annexation of New Zealand in 1840, English
control over Maori affairs increased, as did the pressure for their land. These issues resulted in a series of wars
between the Maori and British collectively known as the New Zealand Wars.

What was the outcome? A sense of Maori Nationalism was developed, but the British ended up winning by 1872.

The French Revolution

CAUSES:
★ Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (___liberty, equality, fraternity______________, _______________________,

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_____________________)
★ Economic Woes:
○ France was __spending______________________ more than it was making.
○ Aiding the US was expensive
★ Estates General
○ The __ clergy_________________
○ The _nobility__________________
○ __Commoners_____________________
■ Why were the commoners upset and what did they break away to establish? Inequality in
voting caused the commoners (who made up 97% of French society) to break away and
form a new body, the National Assembly.

It seemed like Marquis de Lafayette_________________________________ was going to establish a constitutional

monarchy, but the National Assembly grew unhappy and stormed the _______Bastille__________________.
➔ Summarize what the Bastille represented: symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt
aristocracy

The two most permanent changes that took place in the early French Revolution were
1. The abolition of feudalism
2. The adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man

King Louis XVI refusal to accept the new government created by the National Assembly resulted in __dissatisfaction
among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French Republic in
1792.__________________________
➔ What was the Reign of Terror? period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the
revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins.

The turmoil ended when __Napoleon Bonaparte____________________________ became the French emperor in
1804.

The Hatian Revolution

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and describe his impact: A former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery.
He proved to be a capable general. He also joined the revolts in 1791 after the recent American and French
revolutions.

What did L'Ouverture's army establish? They established an independent government and played the French,
Spanish, and British against each other

Describe the constitution created by L’Ouverture. He produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to
all residents. He also declared himself governor for life.

What land reforms were made? Plantations were divided up, with the lands being distributed among formerly
enslaved and free black people.

Jean - Jazques Dessalines wrote what? Haitian declaration of permanent independence.

Haiti became:
1. First country in Latin America to win its independence

2. First black-led country in the Western Hemisphere

3. Only country to become permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising

Comparisons:
Similarities: Both grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men had natural rights as citizens, and that legal
restraints were limiting the freedom of people by forcing them into various estates (social classes).

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Differences: However, in the case of Haitians, the restraints were more severe-the rebellion was led by the slaves who
had no right at all.

Creole Revolutions in Latin America

Define the following Latin American social classes, and describe where they stood in society (new the top, or the
bottom).
❏ Peninsulares: Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. Born on the Iberian peninsula

❏ Creoles: In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New
World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

❏ Mestizos: A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

❏ African Slaves, Indigenous populations, Mulattoes-both free and enslaved, native Americans, European and
African descent (near the bottom)

Summarize the three reasons many wanted independence from Spain:

1. Many creoles were wealthy owners of estates, mines, or businesses. They opposed Spain's mercantilism,
which required colonists to buy manufactured goods only from Spain and sell products only to Spain.

2. Creoles wanted more political power. They resented that Spain tended to give important government jobs in
the colonies to peninsulares.

3. Mestizo wanted political power and a share of the wealth of the colonies. Many had jobs in the towns or
worked in the mines or on the estates of the peninsulares and creoles.

The Bolivar Revolutions

What did the Creole class want, and why did they refuse the help of the mestizos, indegenous people, and mulattos?
The desire for independence from Spain grew among the creole class. Fearing the masses, the creoles refused the
support of mestizos, indigenous people, and mulattos (people of mixed African and European heritage). The creoles
had seen the result in Haiti of a slave uprising as well as the excesses of the French Revolution during the Reign of
Terror.

Describe the role of Simon Bolivar in Latin America. (What was his background, what did he want, how did he
describe himself?) He continued to push for enlightenment ideals in Latin America. He became instrumental in the
independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. He was born in 1783, and he has access
to his family's wealth for his revolutionary causes. His forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called
Gran Colombia. He hoped it would become a federation similar to the US and be based on enlightenment ideals. He
described himself as a liberal who believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery.

Who were the caudillos and how were they involved in the politics of Latin America? They were strong, local leaders
with regional power bases. These men intervened in national politics to make or break governments. Sometimes the
caudillos defended the interests of the regional elites and sometimes of the indigenous population and the peasants,
but in general they disregarded representative forms of government and the rule of law.

Results of the Creole Revolutions

How did new constitutions in Latin America keep social structures in place even though they had been banned?
Governments were often conservative.

Describe the status of women after the Latin American revolutions? Women gained little from the revolutions in Latin
America. They were still unable to vote or enter into contracts. Most women received little education until late in the

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nineteenth century, and most remained submissive to men.

How was Manuela Saenz unique? She was a notable exception. She actively participated in fighting alongside Bolivar,
for example, in 1822 in a battle near Quito, Ecuador. An excellent rider as well as courageous fighter, she rose to the
rank of colonel. On one occasion, she saved Bolivar's life, for which she received the nickname "Liberator of the
Liberator."

Changes to Spanish Colonialism

Summarize the impact of Lola Rodriguez de Tio. Who was she and what did she do? A recognized poet during the era
of little educational opportunity for women, she became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain's exploitative rule
over Puerto Rico.

Propaganda
Why did many young Filipino students embrace the ideas of nationalism? Educational opportunities, even for well-to-
do Filipinos, were limited and controlled by religious authorities. As a result, many young men would travel to Madrid
and Barcelona (Europe) to attend universities. An atmosphere of nationalist fervor and republicanism, inspired by
Enlightenment thinking, existed in the 1880s Europe, and these Filipino students embraced it.

Define the Propaganda Movement. Magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy
for the Philippines. It did not call for revolution or independence

Who was the leader of this movement and what did his death lead to? Jose Rizal's arrest in 1892 and execution in
1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spur the first nationalist movement with the organization and strength to truly
challenge Spanish rule.

Nationalism and Unification in Europe

Finish this sentence ...”Nationalism was a _____unifying_____________ force that not only threatened large
empire………….”but it also drove efforts to unite people who shared a culture into one political state.

Italian Unification
Summarize the motivations of Count di Cavour. Led the drive to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the only
native dynasty, the House of Savoy.

Define realpolitik. The practical politics of reality

Describe the beliefs of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi and how they impacted Italian unification. To aid
the unification effort, Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini, who had
been agitating for Italian resurgence (Risorgimento) since early in the nineteenth century. Cavour also allied with the
red shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the kingdom of Naples

German Unification
Why were nationalism movements growing in German? a result of opposition to French occupation of German states
under Napoleon Bonaparte.
Define Liberalism: desire for representation under constitutions that recognized civil liberties

Who was Otto Van Bismark? A Prussian leader, who like Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to
engineer three wars to bring about German unification.

Describe how he engineered the unification of the German empire. Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in
two wars, the first with Prussia against Denmark (1864) and the second between Austria and Prussia (Seven Weeks'
War of 1866). After winning both wars, Bismarck manipulated France into declaring war against Prussia. His armies

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beat the French soundly in the Franco-Prussian War (1870). In each of these three wars, Prussia gained territory. In
1871, Bismarck founded the new German empire, made up of many territories gained from the wars, including
Alsace-Lorraine, an area long part of France on the border between France and the new Germany.

Global Consequences
What was the long-term effect of Nationalism? By 1871, two new powers, Italy and Germany, were on the
international stage in an environment of competing alliances. Balance of power would be achieved briefly through
these alliances, but extreme nationalism would lead to World War I.

What trouble continued to plague Italy despite unification? Poverty in Italy led to considerable emigration in the late
nineteenth century (US & Argentina)

Balkan Nationalism
What signaled the beginning of the end of Ottoman dominance? A failed attempt to conquer Vienna in 1683 signaled
the beginning of successful efforts by Austria and Russia to roll back Ottoman dominance in the Balkans.

What two ideas led to Greek nationalism?

1. Increased contact with western ideas meant exposure to enlightenment principles.
2. Exposure to the reverence with which Greece and its ancient culture were viewed across Europe
Intervention from who helped Greece gain its independence? The intervention of a British, French, and Russian fleet,
which destroyed an Ottoman fleet in 1827

The waning of Ottoman control led to…..a greater freedom and an influx of new ideas, including nationalism.

List the things that brought people together:

1. Language
2. Folk traditions
3. Shared history
4. Religion

Ottoman Nationalism
Define Ottomanism. What was its goal? a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state.

How did the Ottoman Empire try to achieve Ottomanism? OfÏcials sought to do this by minimizing ethnic, linguistic,
and religious differences in the empire.

What was the effect of Ottomanism on other ethnic groups? This attempt to create a more unified state actually
served to highlight and intensify subject people's feelings of difference and promote their desire for independence

The Future of Nationalism

What evidence supports the claim that nationalism is in decline? In Europe, many countries have agreed to use the
same currency, to allow people to travel freely across borders, and to coordinate public policies.

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AP Illustrative Examples for 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6

Key term/event
Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Industrialization in Europe had made the Middle-East Asia market rupture, which shipbuilding was
Asia
destroyed by Britain rule. This overall killed the industry for ship construction.

Iron Works in India Industrialization in Europe had made the Middle-East Asia market rupture, as many taxes had

been enforced on Indian iron works, which led to the disappearance of iron factories and workers

in India.

Textile Production in Indian and Industrialization in Europe had made the Middle-East Asia market rupture. Although both Egypt
Egypt
and India had been within the textile business, British taxed ruined and hurt production, causing

low and eventual no business.

Muhammad Ali’s development of a Muhammad was an Ottoman ofÏcial who was elected as Egypt's governor, who pushed Egypt to
cotton textile industry in Egypt
industrialize. He had factories built in Cairo to produce armaments. In Alexandria, he set up

facilities to build ships in order to create an Egyptian navy.

5.3| Industrial Revolution Begins

Objective Key Developments

Explain how Define Industrialization-The increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied
environmental this shift.
factors
contributed to List the roots of industrialization:
industrialization 1. Columbian Exchange
from 1750 - 2. Rise of Maritime trading empires
1900. 3. Increased Agricultural
4. Opportunity

List how the industrial revolution impacted society:

1. Reshaped society
2. Increased world population
3. Shifted people from farm to city
4. Expanded production and consumption of goods

Agricultural Improvements
Define Agricultural Revolution-In early 1700s, a farming revolution that resulted in increased productivity

What was the impact of crop rotation and the seed drill? Crop rotating and seed drill both increased food
production

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Why were populations growing with industrialization? What did a bigger population mean? As nations
industrialized, their populations grew because more food was available to more people. More
people meant more workers in factories and manufacturing goods.

Preindustrial Societies
What was life like for most British families at this time? Early 18th century, most British families lived in rural
areas, grew most of their food, and made their
clothes. For centuries, wool and flax had been raised domestically, and people spun fabrics they needed.

Describe the impact of Indian Cotton on Great Britain: Wool and flax could not compete with cotton imports,
cotton was in high demand. Investors in Britain
began to build their nation's own cotton cloth industry.

Define Cottage Industry. Using imported raw cotton produced by slaves in Americas, the British developed the
cottage industry
system, also known as the putÝng-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who
spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

What was the impact of this industry on women? Home spinning was low pay and hard work, but cottage
industries gave women weavers some
independence. They were close to children.

What was the major drawback to cottage industries? Cottage industry production was slow. Investors demanded
faster production, spurring the development
of technologies and machinery that turned out cloth in more efÏcient ways

Growth of Technology
Invention Inventor Description Impact

Sinning Jenny James Hargreaves Considered a crucial

development in the early
A multi-spindle spinning Industrial Revolution,
frame that allowed a drastically increasing the
single operator to spin speed and efÏciency of
multiple threads at once textile production,
leading to the growth of
factories and
urbanization.

Water Frame Richard Arkwright It was a powered The Water Frame

spinning machine that enabled the transition
could spin multiple from small-scale home
threads simultaneously, production to large-scale
producing stronger yarn factory production,
than earlier methods like leading to increased
the spinning jenny. efÏciency and output in
the textile industry.

Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney Whitney's idea of

interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts are revolutionized
identical components manufacturing by
that can be substituted enabling the production
for one another within a of large quantities of

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machine, allowing for goods at a lower cost,

faster assembly and leading to the
easier repairs. development of the
"American System" of
mass production.

Assembly Line Henry Ford A moving conveyor belt Dramatically decreased

where the product moves production time and cost
past stationary workers, of goods, enabling mass
allowing for specialized production and making
tasks at each station. products more accessible
to consumers.

Name and define the system that Interchangeable parts led to: Assembly line. Specialization and division of labor.

Define Specialization of Labor: Each worker could focus on one type of task. Ex: one worker might cast, another
would install the part, etc
Britain’s Industrial Advantages
Summarize WHY the following things were advantages for Great Britain during the time of Industrialization:
❏ RAW MATERIALS: Britain was atop immense coal deposits, raw materials made products.

❏ SEAWAYS: Atlantic Ocean with many seaways allowed for transportation of materials and trade.

❏ MINERAL RESOURCES: Raw materials, like coal, was vital to industry because it could power the steam
❏ engine.

❏ IRON PRODUCTION-The burning of coal also separated iron from its ore. Iron production
allowed
❏ building of larger bridges, taller buildings, and stronger ships. Coal mining became industry of
northern
❏ and western Britain.

❏ RESOURCES FROM THE COLONIES- Access to resources in colonies like timber for ships. Excess capital
❏ from trans-Atlantic slave trade which allowed for new commercial ventures for private entrepreneurs.

❏ ABUNDANT RIVERS-Britain, northeastern U.S and other regions had network of rivers supplemented by
❏ publicly funded canals and harbors. These water routes made transport of raw materials and finished
❏ products inexpensive.

❏ STRONG FLEETS-World's strongest fleet of ships, naval for defense and commercial for trade.

❏ PROTECTIONS OF PRIVATE PROPERTY-Entrepreneurs needed assurance their business would not be

❏ taken away by business people or govt. Vital factor that aided industry in Britain.

Growing Population and Urbanization

What two shifts in society took place as agricultural production increased?
1. As farmers grew more food, they could support more people
2. As population grew, society needed a smaller percentage of the population working in agriculture

Define the enclosure movement:

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What was the effect of the enclosure movement on farmers? English towns allowed farmers to cultivate land or
tend
sheep on govt property known as "the commons." The government fenced off the commons to
give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land

5.4| Industrialization Spreads

Objective Key Developments

Explain how What replaced Great Britain’s Cottage industry? The "factory system"
different modes
and locations of What three things did nations that were able to industrialize have in common?
production have 1. Capital
developed and
changed over 2. natural resources
time.
3. water transportation

Spread of Industrialization
France and Germany
Why was the industrial revolution delayed in France (two reasons)? The French Revolution and subsequent wars
involving France and its neighbors consumed both the attention and the capital of France's cities.

Why was Germany slow to industrialize? Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small states.

The United States

Define Human Capital- The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed
in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country.

Who provided this human capital for the United States? Immigrants from Europe/East Asia, and migrants from
rural areas in the US.

Russia
Russia focused primarily on ___________ Railroads/exports______________

The trans-Siberian railroad connected ________ Moscow ___________ and _________ the Pacific
Ocean_______________.

What was the impact of the trans-Siberian railway? It allowed Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia,
such as China and Japan.

What other Russian industries grew at this time? Coal, iron, and steel industries.

Japan
Define Defensive Modernization and summarize how Japan used it in the 19th century. Consciously adapted
technology and institutions developed in Europe and the US in order protect its traditional culture. By learning
from the West, Japan built up its military and economic strength so it could maintain its own domestic traditions.

Shifts in Manufacturing
Summarize how the following regions experienced a manufacturing decline (what was the system, why did it
decline, what was the impact, etc.)

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❏ Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia - Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British
ofÏcials' mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British
colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

❏ Iron Works in India- British colonial rule in Indian affected the country's mineral production.

❏ Company Rule- Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India's ability to mine and work metals.

❏ Arms Act of 1878- t restricted not only access to minerals, but also to the subsequent
production of firearms. British colonizers limited India's ability to mine and work metals.

❏ Lack of innovation led to… A relatively crude, labor-intensive method of mining, which created
the false impression that India's mineral resources were inaccessible.

❏ Textile Production in India and Egypt- As the textile industry flourished in India, it undermined the British
textile mills in Lancaster, so the British government placed an "equalizing" tax on all textiles that were
imported from India. The huge growth in European textile production also caused Egypt to lose its
export market and its domestic market of textiles.

5.5| Technology in the Industrial Age

Objective Key Developments

Explain how Describe why the distribution of goods was able to take place as the Industrial Revolution spread. The steam
technology engine and then the internal combustion engine, powering railroads, ships, and factories, increased access to
shaped resources and increased the distribution of goods those resources helped produce.
economic
production over
time. What was the second industrial revolution? It involved chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics.

What made instantaneous communication a reality? The telephone and radio.

The Coal revolution

Why was coal power to significant, and what major innovations used it? It created steam, which in turn generated
energy for machinery in textile factories. Within 50 years, steam was producing power for steam powered trains.
Water Transportation
__________ Steamships________________ revolutionized sailing.
List the advantages to coal powered steam engines:
1. They could be built anywhere and they could be used on ships/trains.

2. Ocean-going ships and boats on lakes were no longer dependent on winds for power.

3. Engines could be turned on by people when needed and turned off when not.

4. They are able to travel quickly upstream on rivers

5. They had mobile/dependable energy production.

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What is a coaling station? Refueling points for steam-powered ships.

Describe the evolution and significance of Iron: Throughout the 1700s and into the early 1800s, improved
processes helped iron producers increased outputs. One of these was the introduction of coke. In 1794,
Englishman Henry Cort patented the process for making the less strong but much more workable wrought iron.

A Second Industrial Revolution

List the innovations from the first industrial revolution: Textiles, steam power, and iron.

List the innovations from the second industrial revolution: Steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

The mass production of steel was made possible because of the _______ Bessemer___________________
_______ Process_________________ which allowed steel to become The strong and versatile backbone of the
industrial
society._____________________________________________________________________________________.

Describe the significant innovations that were possible due to oil: Precision machinery and the internal
combustion engine, which in turn led to automobile and airplane technologies.

Electricity was dependent on: Effective electrical generator.

Describe the impact the following individuals had on communications:

❏ Alexander Graham Bell -A patent for the telephone was issued to him in 1876.

❏ Thomas Edison- He designed a refined voice transmitter that made telephone use more practical.

❏ Guliemo Marconi- In 1901, he was able to send/receive a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean. Radio
became a form of popular mass media with an impact unlike any previously seen.

Global Trade and Migration

What made exploration and communication possible? Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph.
The _________ telegraph_______________ allowed immediate communication.

The ______ Transcontinental Railroad_____________________________________ connected the Atlantic and

Pacific oceans and facilitated US industrial growth.

What contributed to the development of the US as an industrial nation? The vast natural resources of the US and
the ability to transport them efÏciently.

What linked different types of people globally? Products of industrialization, such as the railroad, steamship, and
the telegraph, directly linked farmers, miners, manufacturers, customers, and investors globally.

Industrialized countries sought to protect what by doing what? Their access to resources and markets by
establishing colonies.

Why were interior regions of the globe opened up to exploration and migration? Railroads, steamships, and the
telegraph opened up to exploration and development.

5.6| Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 - 1900

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Objective Key Developments

Explain the As industrialization spread, each country experienced competing pressures between ________
causes and preservation__________________ of traditional values and ______ modernization______________________.
effects of
economic The Ottoman Empire
strategies of Did the Ottoman Empire adopt Western ideas? Yes, especially during the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire
different states significantly adopted Western ideas
and empires.
What two things led to unrest in the Ottoman Empire?
1. Rampant corruption led to a decline
2. Ethnic nationalism

Describe the Ottoman Empire after World War I? The empire no longer exercised and instead a smaller nation-
state and several independent countries took over.

China
Why was China unable to promote industrialization? In the 19th century, it left China traumatized, leaving the
central gov. too weak to promote industrialization. China also suffer from the hands of the Europeans, the first
one was the Opium war and the split into "spheres of influence"

Japan
Why did Japan want to adopt Western innovations? Wanted to adopt Western innovations b/c they thought i will
help them be equal to the Western countries

Ottoman Industrialization
Describe the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s (what problems were they facing and what were the results?) The
problems the Ottoman were facing were overexpansion and failure to modernize. The results were the decline in
trade, underwent palace coups, and weakened leadership. Empire no longer existed in Suleiman the Magnificent.

How did Muhammad Ali come to power in Egypt? Muhammad Ali rose to power through a series of political
maneuvers

How did Muhammad Ali reform Egypt? He changed the country's military, established schools, sent ofÏcers to be
educated in France, and started a newspaper

What was the long-term results of Ali heavily taxing the poor? The long-term result of Ali heavily taxing the poor
was widespread poverty, social unrest, and instability

How did Ali industrialize Egypt? Ali also replaced tax farming with his own land taxes

Japan and the Meiji Restoration

Why did trading states want to interact with Japan? They wanted to be able to refuel in Japan as they sailed to
and from China and other parts of East Asia

Who was Matthew Perry and what effect did he have on Japan? led an expedition to Japan that forced the
country to open its ports to American trade

Why did many Japanese people feel as though they needed to adopt Western technology? due to the threat of
Western powers colonizing Japan, which became evident after the arrival of "Black Ships" from the United States,
forcing them to open their markets

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What was the Meiji Restoration? a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under
Emperor Meiji. Although there were ruling emperors before the Meiji Restoration.

Japanese Reforms:
❏ Abolished _________ feudalism in 1868 ________________________ by the Charter Oath
❏ Established a _____ onstitutional monarchy based in the Prussian model in which the emperor ruled
through a subordinate political leader_______________________ ______________________________.
❏ Established equality before the law and abolished cruel punishments
❏ _________________________________ the military.
❏ Created new __ school systems__________________________ that expanded educational opportunities
❏ Built ______ railroads_________________________ and ___________ roads____________
❏ __________ subsidized________________________ Industrialization in key industries of _____ in the
tea, __________, silk, weaponry, shipbuilding, and sake (rice wine).
How did the Japanese government pay for these advancements? They created a high agricultural tax which
stimulated rapid economic growth.

What was a negative effect of industrialization in Japan? While replicating Western methods, Japan also
replicated some of the industrial society's problems, such as abuse and exploitation of female mill workers.

Define zaibatsu and describe their role in Japanese industrialization. Zaibatsu were powerful Japanese family
business organizations. They attracted investors which encouraged innovation in technology.

AP Illustrative Examples for 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10

Key term/event
Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking A company that was not owned by the government, and was the opposite of mercantilism. The
Corporation (HSBC)
Banks of Britain transported to China and benefitted from this.

Unilever based in England and the This company was known for receiving palm oil from plantations, to supply resources that had
Netherlands and operating in British
West Africa and the Belgian Congo been used by factories in places such as the U.S. and Australia.

Stock Markets Market where people could buy partial ownerships of different corporations and companies.

Markets and meeting places were created to easily invest in stocks.

Limited-liability Corporations Shareholders could gain profit the companies they invest in, and lose less money if that business

were to fail. This made investing more attractive and less risky.

5.7 | Economic Developments and Innovations

Objective Key Developments

How did the Describe the impact of Adam Smith’s 1776 publication entitled Wealth of Nations. It argued that humans are
development of naturally transactional, provided a foundational text in support of capitalism and the establishment of private

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economic entrepreneurship, and shaped the economics and politics of the industrial age and centuries that follow.
systems,
ideologies, and
institutions Define laissez-faire economics. Policy that promoted minimal government involvement in commerce and
contribute to encourage countries to reduce tariffs on trade.
change between
1750 and 1900? Effects on Business Organization
Describe why corporations became popular? (How do they minimize risk? What role do stockholders play?) A
business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders.; they bought partial ownership
from the company through a stock market.; If a corporation experiences loss, stockholders are not liable and can
only lose what they paid for

Name two Monopolies and describe what a monopoly is. Alfred Krupp of Germany ran a company with a
monopoly in German steel. John D Rockefeller had a monopoly in the oil industry; Control of a specific business
and elimination of all competition.

What is a transnational company? ***MAKE SURE YOU COMPLETE THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ABOVE!**
Those that operated across national boundaries.; three examples- De Beers Diamonds, Hong Kong and Shanghai
Banking Corporation, and the Unilever Corporation

What was the effect of transnational companies? contribute to economic growth and development

Corporations replaced traditional systems of a single entrepreneur engaging in ___ High-

risk_______________________ business endeavors with a system of larger companies, collectively engaging in
_____ lower-risk________________________ efforts. This made investment much ________
safer/attractive_________________.

With their growth, corporations gained greater ____ Economic______________ and ______
political_____________ power.

What was another way to reduce risk at this time? Through insurance

Why did banking grow during industrialization? Merchants/entrepreneurs looked for a reliable place to deposit
money and to borrow it when needed to build a factory or hire workers for a new enterprise.

Effect on Mass Culture

A rise in living standards for some led to a culture of _______ Consumerism____________________ and
____________ leisure___________.

Why did producers begin to advertise in the 1800s? Consumption needed to keep up with production, so
producers advertised to those with some disposable income.
Describe why companies encouraged employees to play sports? They believed sports rewarded virtues like self-
discipline. Sales of equipment also generated business.

Why did material goods and leisure entertainment become important at this time? mass production techniques
allowed for more affordable goods to be readily available to the working class, coupled with shorter working
hours which created a need for activities to fill newly acquired free time, leading to a desire for personal
possessions and leisure pursuits to improve quality of life beyond just basic necessities.

5.8| Reactions to the Industrial Economy

Objective Key Developments

What conditions Labor Unions

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led to calls for Describe factories in the 19th century: poorly lit, cluttered, and unsafe places where workers put in long hours for
change in low pay
industrial
societies, and What was the Sadler Report and what effect did it have on Great Britain? A study released by a committee of
what were the Britain's Parliament that described unsanitary working conditions, low wages, and long hours in factories. It made
effects of those people in Britain aware of the need for reforms.
efforts?
What is a labor union and why were they formed? How did the government initially feel about labor unions?
Labor unions are organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the
agreements in a contract. Workers formed them in response to their low pay and harsh conditions.

How did Labor Unions improve workers lives?

1. They won minimum wage laws
2. limits on the number of hours worked
3. overtime pay
4. the establishment of a five-day work week

How did Unions eventually lead to expanded voting rights? The parliament passed reform bills to expand the
pool of men who could vote. The reforms laid the foundation for expanding the franchise to all men in 1918 and
to women in 1928.
Describe the laws passed in the follwing years in regards to children and their effect on child labor:
❖ 1843 - Declared that children under the age of 10 were banned from working in coal mines.
❖ 1881 - Education became mandatory for British children between 5-10

The Intellectual Reaction

What was the goal of utopian socialists? Utopian socialists believe that an ideal economic system can be
established by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production to workers.

Who was John-Stuart Mill and what did he champion? philosopher, economist, and advocate of women's rights

Define utilitarianism: (what did they want, how did they view themselves?) promoting the greatest good by
evaluating actions based on their potential to create the most pleasure and minimize pain for all affected parties.

Karl Marx
Who was Karl Marx and what system of economics did he promote? political philosophy and was a famous
advocate for communism

According to Marx and Freidrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto capitalism was an advance on _______
Feudalism______________________ because it created a lot of ________ wealth______________, but it also
produced unnecessary _____ poverty_______________________ and _____________ misery____________.

Define the following:

➔ Proletariat: workers or working-class people

➔ Bourgeoisie: the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Marx believed that market competition resulted in what? The bourgeoisie exploiting the proletariat for the sake
of higher profits.

What did Marx believe the proletariat should do? Recognize their shared interest as a class and take control of
the means of production and share the wealth they created fairly.

What is the final form of Socialism? Communism

Ottoman Response to Industrialization

Sultan Mahmud II (1808 - 1839) reformed the Ottoman system in the following ways: (include results of these

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reforms if you can)

1. 1826 - abolished the corps of Janissaries, which had opposed him, and developed a new artillery unit
trained by Europeans. Eventually, the Janissaries were massacred.

2. 1831 - Abolition of feudal system marked the final defeat of the Janissaries' power.

3. Military OfÏcials and Taxes: Military ofÏcers were no longer able to collect taxes directly from the
populace for their salaries

4. Building _____ roads_______________ and setÝng up _________ a postal

service____________________

After Mahmud, reforms called Tanzimat (reorganization) took place….

1. Root out long standing _________ corruption ____________________ in the government.
2. Create a secular system of __________ primary/secondary schools.___________________.
3. Codify Ottoman laws.
4. Hatt-i Humayun: created equality for all men in _____ ducation, government
appointments__________________________, _______________________________, and __________
justice__________________________ regardless of religion or ethnicity.

What was a millet? How was it changed during the Tanzimat and how did people feel about the changes?
Separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws.
Christians in the Balkans protested the new regulations because they felt that their autonomy was being
threatened

Ottoman Economy and Society

With the growth of industrialization, Ottoman workers were increasingly paid in Cash

Most factory jobs went to _____________ Men_______.

How did the reforms of Mahmud II change the lives of women? Made law more secular, and ended the right of
women to distribute their property or cash through trusts to family members. Many reforms had NO effect on
women

How did Sultan Abdulhamid continue reforms in the Ottoman Empire? He accepted a new constitution for the
Ottoman Empire and he continued to emphasize primary education and secularization of the law
This new Sultan was afraid of “seditious” reforms. What does this word mean (use google)? Causing people to
rebel against the authority

How did Abdulhamid react to “Young Turks”? He drove the advocates for reform, into exile

Why was he called the Red Sultan? Between 1894 and 1896, between 100,000 and 250,000 Armenians were
killed throughout several provinces in what has become known as the Hamidian Massacres.

Reform Efforts in China

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement in China? It developed as a way for the government to face the
internal/external problems confronting China.

Chinese ofÏcials wanted to strengthen China in order to do what? To toughen China in its competition with
foreign powers

What and who led to the Hundred Days of Reform? Demand for reform increased because of China's defeat in
the Sino-Japanese War; led to by Kang Yo Uwei.

What did the Hundred Days of Reform include? The abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination
of corruption, and the establishment of Western style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.

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What did Emperor Guangxu’s adopted mother do to him?

Dowager Cixi imprisoned the emperor and immediately repealed his reform edicts.

Why? She feared the influence of foreigners, so she resisted any new tech that would extend their reach into her
country.

What problems existed with the Civil Service Exam that caused Empress Cixi to reform them? It was designed
according to Confucian ideals of respect for rank and hierarchy as well as values of civic participation and action.
Why did European’s encourage change within China? They had little to gain from either passage or opposition to
progressive reforms.

Why did China accept territorial “protection” against Japan from the United States? China was weakened by
internal rebellion and feared encroachment from Japan.

Resistance to Reform in Japan

Describe the role of Samurai in Japan after 1871: Japan gave samurai a final lump-sum payment/legally dissolved
their
position. The bushido, their code of conduct, was now a personal matter, no longer ofÏcially condoned by the
government.

List some successes of Japanese Reform

1. Schools improved literacy rates
2. Economy rapidly industrialized
3. Traits of democracy
a. Free press
b. Strong labor unions
c. Respect for individual liberties
d. Domination of government

5.9| Society and the Industrial Age

Objective Key Developments

How did What was the differences between poor women and middle class women during industrialization? Poor women
industrialization took jobs in domestic service and spent little time at home
cause change in Middle class women felt limited by household roles and spent time seeking entertainment
existing social
hierarchies and Effects on Urban Areas
standards of What was the effect of rapidly growing urban centers? Created inhumane living condition for the cities' poorest
living? residents

Define tenements and slums: (What were they, who lived there and why, etc.) These were apartment buildings
which were many times crowded and owned by factory owners; located in urban slums which were cities where
low income families were forced to live
What spread among tenement buildings?
1. Disease
2. crime
3. fires
4. violence

What were governments responses to the above? Police and fire departments
Public health acts- Implement sanitation reform
Public health acts were passed to do the following:
❏ Create better drainage

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❏ supply cleaner water

❏ remove rubbish
❏ building standards to reduce accidents

Industrialization led to ____________ increased living standards for many______________ for many.

The growing middle class had access to: goods, housing, culture, and education

Why did people continue to move to cities despite their negative qualities? Wealth and opportunities of the
middle class

Who made up the working class? laborers in factories and coal mines

How are factory workers different from previous artisan craftsmen? They needed little skills compared to earlier
artisans;
- Were viewed as easily replaceable

What kept wages low? Competition for jobs

Who were the middle class? owners, merchants, shopkeepers, professionals like doctors and lawyers, skilled
workers, and managers

Who was the upper class? industrialists and owners of large corporations

Farm Work VS Factory Work

How was life in a factory different from life on a farm or working from home? Factory workers spent little to no
time with family
- Factory work: you were not on your own schedule

What kinds of jobs did children work? Textile mills; repair tight spots in mines (breathe in toxic dust);

Dangers:
- Coal dust
- Mine collapses/floods

Where did working class women work? coal mines and textile factories

Why was being a housewife a status symbol? Indication that her husband was capable of being the family's sole
provider

What was the “Cult of Domesticity”? Idealized female homemaker; encouraged women to buy household
products that would make the home a nice place for her husband to come back to.

How did industrialization lead to feminism? Men left communities for jobs and women were left alone with
varieties of opportunity

What were the environmental effects of the Industrial revolution? Toxic air pollution, smog led to respiratory
problems, polluted water, diseases, etc.

The Legacy of the Industrial Revolution

What was the effect of Mass Production: Made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a

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greater number of people

Why did people move to cities or industrialized countries? New opportunities provided by industrialization

What were some of the negative impacts of industrialization? Polluted air and water supplies
Working populations concentrated in urban centers
Dramatically altered family life
Unequal/new working relationship
More crowding = more crime
Global inequalities

5.10|Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

Objective Key Developments

How did the The industrial Revolution changed:

Industrial 1. economic
Revolution 2. cultural
demonstrate 3. environmental
both continuity
and change? Use this space to list CONTINUITIES and CHANGES listed in the sections below “Economic Continuities and
Changes”
CONTINUITIES: economic changes and continuities
Industrial Revolution transformed production and consumption of goods. In Western Europe, access to abundant
of natural resources, transoceanic trade routes, and financial capital combined with increasing population
resulted in leadership role in industrialization. Scientific revolution, influenced by scientific knowledge transferred
to the West from Islamic world helped to bring inventors that would lead to establishment of factory system and
mass production of goods. Invention of machines used to mass produce goods meant change from era of skilled
artisans working at own pace to craft unique and well-built products. With automation many factory jobs
required only unskilled labor working on an assembly line doing repetitive tasks to produce identical goods, many
consumer goods were more readily available, affordable, and greater variety

CHANGES: many factory jobs required only unskilled labor working on an assembly line doing repetitive
tasks to produce identical goods, many consumer goods were more readily available, affordable, and greater
variety

Use this space to list CONTINUITIES and CHANGES listed in the sections below “Social Continuities and
Changes”

CONTINUITIES: prior to industrialization, population of Western Europe primarily rural and involved farming. As
factories built in urban centers in greater number, due to steam engine agricultural workers migrated to find
employment in industrial cities

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CHANGES: changed size and makeup of middle class. before, middle class often made up off professionals,
doctors, lawyers, merchants shopkeepers, they continued to be part of the middle class, other occupations added
to it, middle management of factories, banks, insurance companies, shipping agents, trading companies

Use this space to list CONTINUITIES and CHANGES listed in the sections below “Political Continuities and
Changes”
CONTINUITIES: the government like right to cote, but demanded ability to exercise "natural rights", petition,
protest, rebel against government. Sometimes protests based on nationalism and right of people to choose own
government. Political movements of Indistrial revolution almost always connected to interests of growing middle
and working classes. Vast majority were for right to vote and end aristocratic privileges. Series of uprising through
European cities. Reveloution of 1848, sign of growing interest in more pluralistic, democratic government. Paris,
people called for greater freedom of press, Berlin people wanted parliament to check monarch's power, Hungary,
people demanded freedom from Austrian control

CHANGES: reforms spread, protest industrial workers, Germany started workers' accident compensation
insurance, unemployment insurance, and old age pensions for employees. Concerned that if government didn't
address problems, socialists and citizens would demand government action

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