Project Based Learning-II

(Guidelines and Work Book)

Course Code: 210258
(2019 Course)

Second Year Engineering

Year 2020 - 2021

Group ID:

Team Members: 1. Rushikesh Ashok Wavre

2. ALLAN VIJOY MATHEW
3. BAGUL AISHWARYA DADAJI
4. PAGAR SURAJ AABASAHEB
5. BOLE NIRANJAN SHARAD

Project Title: Construction Site Safety

Name of Mentor: Aavani Thampi Maam

 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON

Construction Site Safety

SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE ACADEMIC

OF

SECOND YEAR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

Rushikesh Ashok Wavre

ALLAN VIJOY MATHEW
BAGUL AISHWARYA DADAJI
PAGAR SURAJ AABASAHEB
BOLE NIRANJAN SHARAD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DR. D.Y.PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, MANAGEMENT &

RESEARCH
AKURDI, PUNE 411044
 SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
2020 -2021

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitles

“ construction site safety”

Submitted by

is a bonafide student of this institute and the work has been carried out by them under the
supervision of Prof. ___________ and it is approved for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune University, for the award of the second year degree of
Civil Engineering.

Prof.________ Prof. ________

Guide Head,
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

Place : Pune
Date :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to thank to our guide of this project, Prof. Aavani thampi maam
for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this project. Her willingness
to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We also would like to thank her for showing
us some example that related to the topic of our project.
Apart from our efforts, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many others. So, we take this opportunity to express our gratitude to
Prof.A.P.Kulkarni , Head of Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. D Y Patil Institute of
Engineering, Management and Research, Akurdi who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project.
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are contributing
to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am grateful for their constant support and
help.

RUSHIKESH A WAVRE
ALLAN VIJOY MATHEW
BAGUL AISHWARYA
DADAJI
PAGAR SURAJ AABASAHEB
BOLE NIRANJAN SHARAD
Students Name
(B.E. Civil ENGG.)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr RUSHIKESH A WAVRE
ALLAN VIJOY MATHEW
BAGUL AISHWARYA DADAJI
PAGAR SURAJ AABASAHEB
BOLE NIRANJAN SHARAD

Group No. ___________ Division ___B______Branch_______CIVIL____________ has successfully

completed the work associated with Project Based Learning II (210258) titled as Construction Site safety

and has submitted the work book associated under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of Second Year

Bachelor of Engineering(Choice Based Credit System) (2019 course) of Savitribai Phule Pune University.

Date:
Place:

Guide Head Principal

Mrs. Aavani Thampi Mrs. A.P.Kulkarni Dr. Mrs. Anupama Patil
 Table of Contents
Sr. No. Description Page No.
Preamble i

1. Project Based Learning Syllabus 1

2. Recommended Guidelines and Phases 3
3. Evaluation and Continuous Assessment Sheet 4
4. Project Information Sheet 5
5. Assessment Remarks Sheet 6
6. Project Monitoring ( 1 sheet per week ) 8 onwards
 ABSTRACT

Construction industry has accomplished

extensive growth worldwide particularly in past
few decades. For a construction project to be
successful, safety of the structures as well as
that of the personnel is of utmost importance.
The safety issues are to be considered right
from the design stage till the completion and
handing over of the structure. Construction
industry employs skilled and unskilled labourers
subject to construction site accidents and
health risks. A proper coordination between
contractors, clients, and workforce is needed
for safe work conditions which are very much
lacking in Indian construction companies.
Though labour safety laws are available, the
numerous accidents taking place at
construction sites are continuing. Management
commitment towards health and safety of the
workers is also lagging. A detailed literature
study was carried out to understand the causes
of accidents, preventive measures, and
development of safe work environment. This
paper presents the results of a questionnaire
survey, which was distributed among various
categories of construction workers in Kerala
region. The paper examines and discusses in
detail the total working hours, work shifts,
nativity of the workers, number of accidents,
and type of injuries taking place in small and
large construction sites.

INDEX

Sr. Page
Content
No. No.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 10-13
1.2 Problem Statement 13
1.3 KEY SUMMARY 14

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15-18

3 METHODOLOGY 18-19
4 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 20-41
5 REFERENCES 42-46
 Construction Site safety

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In India, construction industry is the second

largest employer when compared to agriculture
. Throughout the world, the construction area of
civil engineering is one of the most hazardous
industries. The number of fatal accidents taking
place at the construction sites is quite alarming
and the major cause was found to be fall of
persons from height and through openings .
In the present scenario, the Indian construction
industry is quite large and complex involving
latest technology as well as man power. On a
par with the development of construction
industry, drawbacks in terms of safety and
health aspects are also witnessed.
The Indian construction labour force is 7.5% of
the total world labour force and it contributes to
16.4% of fatal global occupational accidents . In
the construction industry the possibility of a
fatality is five times more likely than in a
manufacturing industry, whereas the risk of a
major injury is two and a half times higher.
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 Construction Site safety

India has the world’s highest accident rate

among construction workers, according to a
recent study by the International Labour
Organization (ILO) that cited one survey by a
local aid group showing that 165 out of every
1,000 workers are injured on the job .
Construction workers are not the only sufferers
of accidents but also the public including
children are affected. These accidents diminish
the image of the construction industry, and as a
result there is shortage of skilled labour .
In the past few decades, need for safety
awareness among construction industries was
realized . This is due to the high cost associated
with work related injuries, workers
compensation, insurance premium, indirect
costs of injuries, and litigation. Every year, a
considerable amount of time is lost due to work
related health issues and site accidents . There
are several factors responsible for health
problems and construction site accidents. From
the result of Occupational Safety and Health
Administration examination on the causes of
construction fatalities, it was shown that 39.9%
of fatalities in construction were caused by
falls, 8.4% were struck by objects, 1.4% were
caught in between incidents, and 8.5% were
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 Construction Site safety

electrocution . There are several techniques

that can be adopted for labour safety such as
safety organization and management, safety
policy, safety organization, safety training,
safety committees, site layout, first aid,
lighting, personal protective equipment, and
welfare facilities.
Lack of communication among the various
departments involved and lack of proper
inspections are the major reasons for accidents
occurring at a construction sites. The
construction site accidents may be caused due
to the factors such as collapse of building parts
and masses of earth, falling of objects and
pieces of work on workers, fall of persons from
heights, ladders, and stairs, loading, unloading,
and transportation of loads, working on
machines, and blasting with explosives.
Every effort must be taken to bring up the level
of consciousness among the employees as well
as management about the importance of health
and safety at work sites [9]. It is highly
desirable to decrease the rate of labour
accidents for employee working in the
construction industry all over the world. Many
preventive measures to address this problem
have been proposed and carried out. However,
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 Construction Site safety

accidents keep occurring with depressing

regularity. Hence, new effective measures for
prevention of labour accidents are always
keenly anticipated.
Construction projects carried out in large scale
are following good safety measures as a
separate safety department is available in
these companies. But small scale projects taken
up by local contractors are not aware of the
safety requirements that could prevent
construction site accidents. Preventing labour
accidents, occupational illness, and injuries
should be a primary concern of all employers.
The paper examines the current status of safety
at workplace and to create a safe working
environment for the employees of construction
companies. The study included physical visit to
different construction sites, collecting the data
and feedback regarding number of workers,
nativity of the workers, total work hours, and
work shifts from construction site workers using
questionnaire. Information pertaining to the
number of accidents taking place in small and
large construction sites, cause for the
accidents, and type of injuries suffered by the
workers was collected and examined.

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 Construction Site safety

PROBLEM STATEMENT
The leading safety hazards on construction sites
include falls, being caught between objects,
electrocutions, and being struck by objects.
These hazards have caused injuries and deaths
on construction sites throughout the world.
Failures in hazard identification are often due to
limited or improper training and supervision of
workers. Areas where there is limited training
include tasks in design for safety, safety
inspection, and monitoring safety Failure in any
of these areas can result in an increased risk in
exposing workers to harm in the construction
environment.

KEY PRACTICES -SUMMARY Establish clear rules and

procedures Work Only with partners having proven safety
track records Place significant emphasis on safety during
the contract bid and award process

KEY PRACTICES - SUMMARY Establish a clear understanding

of the work process and responsibilities from concept . . . to
acceptance of completed work Assure that identified job
related hazards have been controlled or are communicated
to workers (If a man takes the cover off a pit or if he digs
one and does not cover it, and a bull or a donkey falls into
it, he must pay for the animal. Exodus 21:33-34)
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 Construction Site safety

KEY PRACTICES - SUMMARY Maintain a Visible presence

and conduct frequent site visits with a focus on safety Do
not compromise on enforcement of contractual safety
requirements Foster a partner vs. adversarial relationship

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 Construction Site safety

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review
The construction industry is a very dangerous industry.
The performance of the industry in occupational health
and safety is very poor. The standard of occupational
health and safety is even worse in developing countries.
In Indian construction industry OHS has never been
given prime importance. Even though in India
construction industry is significantly booming, there are
no proper initiatives undertaken by the government to
implement OHS rules and regulations. Huang and Hinze
analyzed accident caused due to fall of workers at
construction sites and the result showed that most fall
accidents took place at elevations of less than 9.15 m,
occurring primarily on new construction projects of
commercial buildings and residential projects of
relatively low construction cost . Jannadi and Bu-
Khamsin conducted questionnaire survey among
industrial contractors in the Eastern Province of Saudi
Arabia and formal interviews with the contractors and
officials responsible for construction safety were taken.
72% of the companies participated in this survey were
the general building construction companies . Twenty
main factors and eighty-five subfactors and their level of
importance based on the survey results and analysis were
identified. Pheng and Shiua emphasized that integration
between quality and safety should be achieved for better
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 Construction Site safety

coordination and utilization of resources . Koehn and

Datta through their study concluded that safety rules and
regulations not only overcome issues like poor quality
work, unsafe working conditions, and lack of
environmental control but also reduce cost and enhance
productivity . Wilson Jr. and Koehn suggested that safety
practices vary with construction sites, as every site has
unique safety aspects. Larger construction projects are
better organized whereas small to medium firms do not
have an adequate safety program or person to oversee
safety criteria . In developed countries, recent
advancement in technology, on one hand, has
contributed positively to industry productivity, but, on
the other hand, it has created a more challenging and
unsafe work environment . Every construction worker is
likely to be temporarily unfit for work at some time as a
result of a minor injury or a health problem after
working on a construction site . Between 1989 and 1992,
256 people were fatally injured in the Australian
Construction Industry. Statistics revealed that the fatality
rate was 10.4 per 100,000 workers, which was similar to
the fatality rate for road accidents . It is estimated that, in
China, every year, 3,000 workers belonging to
construction sector were killed in work related
accidents . From a study conducted by Egyptian
construction industry, it was concluded that safety
programs organized by Egypt contractors were less
formal and the accident insurance costs were fixed
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 Construction Site safety

irrespective of the contractor’s safety performance . The

most common cause of injuries and death in the
construction sector is falling from heights . The main
causes include working on a scaffold or platform without
guard rails, or without a safety harness correctly
attached, and fragile roofs and ladders that are badly
maintained, positioned, and secured. Slips, trips, and
falls are the largest cause of accidents in all sectors . In
India, departments under the Ministry of Labour and
Employment deal with OSH issues in construction sector
under the head of Chief Labour Commissioner.
Directorate General Factory Advise Service Labour
Institute (DGFASLI) provides technical support in
drafting model rules, carrying out surveys, and
conducting training programmes in construction sector.
A number of Labour Laws are applicable to the workers
engaged at construction sites. These are as follows: (i)
Contract Labour (Regulation & Operative) Act, 1970,
(ii) Minimum Wages Act, 1948, (iii) Payment of Wages
Act, 1936, (iv) Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, (v) Inter-
State MigrantWorkmen (Regulation of Employment and
Condition of Services) Act, 1979, (vi) The Building and
Other Construction Workers Act, 1996.

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 Construction Site safety

METHODOLOGY

The methodology is designed in order to reflect the different

aspects of construction sites and to reflect overall project
objectives. As the first step, a detailed questionnaire is
designed in order to quantify the criteria influencing the
safety at site with weight-age depending upon its
importance. The criteria considered for survey are as
follows: (i) labour information: position, number of
workers, work shift, and timing, (ii) accident evaluation:
number of accidents, type of injury, and reason for
accidents. In the next two steps, the questionnaire is
distributed and filled questionnaire is collected back from
respondents. A total of 127 interviews were conducted
across 52 sites with a range of managers, site engineers,
personnel responsible for safety, and labourers. Table 1
shows details of number of interviews. In the last step,
findings based on the questionnaire and interviews were
used to analyze the safety performance of the construction
industry.

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 Construction Site safety

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

— Scaffolding – fall hazards can occur when

scaffolds are not used properly.

— Fall Protection (application, scope,

definitions) – consider using aerial lifts to

provide safer working surfaces for elevated

platforms

— Excavations – Never enter a trench that is

unprotected.

— Ladders – Avoid ladders with metallic

components near electrical work and power

lines

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 Construction Site safety

— Head Protection – Use safety net systems

or body harnesses

— Excavations (requirements for protective

systems) – Use a protective system for trenches

1 foot deep or greater.

— Hazard communication – Make information

accessible to employees at all times in a

language or formats

— Fall Protection (training requirements) –

Use an effective employee training program for

hazardous substances

— Construction (general safety and Health

Provisions – Construction workers should wear

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 Construction Site safety

work boots with slip-resistant and puncture-

resistant soles

— Electrical (wiring methods, design and

protection) – Check all electrical tools and

equipment regularly for defect

Construction work is one of the most dangerous

professions. And work on the job site is where

most accidents occur. Employers do need to

mitigate safety hazards to construction

workers, but workers need to keep in mind a

lot of precautions themselves when working in

such hazardous conditions. Thus, construction

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 Construction Site safety

industry leaders must strive to safeguard their

employees — if not for ethical reasons, then for

the economic ones. Here are eight ways

construction businesses can reduce workplace

accidents and promote construction site safety.

1. Awareness
Before any worker — no matter his or her role

or experience level — can set foot on a

construction site, he or she must be fully aware

of the possible hazards. Ignorant workers are

perhaps the biggest dangers in any industry, as

their unknowing mistakes put everyone else at

risk. Understanding of perils at hand and

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 Construction Site safety

sustaining a perpetual state of alertness is

perhaps the number-one best way to prevent

accidents. To become aware of such risks and

how to avoid them, see OSHA Safety Check

Lists. Every single person that steps foot onto

a construction site should be aware of the risks

associated with the job and how to prevent

them with their knowledge of construction site

safety.

It is the construction managers job to make

sure that every worker is aware of the

dangers that come with working on a

construction site and they must protect workers

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 Construction Site safety

from these dangers. Any manager that fails to

tell their crew and staff about how to avoid

getting hurt and how to ensure safety is failing

as a manager. Ensuring the safety of the

construction workers and everyone on the site

should be the number one priority of any

construction manager. If the workers have no

concept of construction site safety, they

shouldn’t be allowed on the construction site.

2. Training
Though most of a construction worker’s skills

can be gained on the job, safety is one skill set

that is best learned before works enter the

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 Construction Site safety

construction site. The Occupational Safety and

Health Administration (OSHA) and other

organizations publish some resources to help

businesses train their new laborers on standard

safety and security practices, including

pamphlets, worksheets, training videos, and

even on-site training opportunities. Experienced

workers should be expected to refresh their

knowledge of standard safety by attending

regular training sessions throughout the year.

These training sessions can go over simple

things such as fall protection and proper use of

ladders, but the goal is to make sure everyone

is adequately trained. Leaving these training

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 Construction Site safety

sessions, workers should know what safety

measure to do in the case of an incident.

Although workers are expected to attend

regular safety training sessions about

construction safety throughout the year, being

able to practice safety training skills on-site

would help construction workers enforce the

safety rules. Practicing construction site safety

training skills on-site will force workers to

practice these skills in an environment where

safety is essential and will make sure they are

trained. Without the proper training,

construction workers can be easily injured or

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 Construction Site safety

even killed. In such an environment where

injuries and fatalities are highly likely, training

is necessary and will prevent things like

workplace injuries that will hurt you ethically

and economically.

3. Communication

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 Construction Site safety

Accidents are more likely to occur when

workers are unsure what to expect.

Direct discussion of the day’s goals and

activities will cut down on surprises that could

cause bodily harm. Construction firms would be

wise to equip workers with devices, like

smartphones, walkie-talkies, or headsets, which

allow fast and efficient communication among

team members. Without proper communication

between everyone on the construction site,

workers won’t know what to expect. Clear and

concise communication with everyone not only

makes the project go by faster but also helps

keep each person informed. Informing the staff

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 Construction Site safety

and making sure everyone is doing their job is a

proper way to communicate and make sure

they understand construction site safety.

4. Documentation
To enforce construction site safety, you have to

make sure you have proper documentation of

everything that is going to be done on-site.

There are some legal hoops most construction

companies must jump through to begin

building, and it is essential that all proper

registrations and licenses are earned before

work begins. Supervisors and contractors who

will be charged with particularly difficult tasks,

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 Construction Site safety

like blasting, certainly should provide evidence

of their certification well in advance of their

employment on the job site. Not only does this

prevent accidents due to improper training, but

it protects the construction firm from legal

action and public scrutiny. Any safety hazards

that make their way to the media will look bad

for construction firms.

No construction worker wants to work for a

construction firm that doesn’t put its worker’s

safety first. Any news of workers getting hurt on

the job due to lack of safety practices will have

new prospects running away from your

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 Construction Site safety

construction firm. Implementing measures to

practice construction site safety methods

prevents falls and such things from happening.

For falls, there are a number of factors including

the failure or misuse of protection

equipment, unstable working surfaces, and

human error. Also, documenting all work in the

field using cloud and mobile technology is

making it easier than ever before to mitigate

future lawsuits.

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 Construction Site safety

5. Proper Equipment
To create a culture centered around

construction site safety, you need to give

workers the proper equipment and adequate

work area for the job at hand. Without the

proper equipment, you can’t have construction

site safety because there will always be an

opportunity to get injured using the wrong

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 Construction Site safety

equipment. Construction workers equipped with

improper gear are bound to make fatal errors.

Not only should each piece of equipment on the

job site be ideally suited to the task at hand,

but construction firms have to make sure that

all machinery and material are well

maintained.

Construction companies must also consider

equipment that doesn’t directly contribute to

the construction project. Workers should have

plenty of water available on-site as well as a

shady place to prevent dehydration and

exposure-related illnesses. Longer construction

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 Construction Site safety

projects may even benefit from fabric

structures to store equipment and cover

incomplete sites. Such simple things can be

easily overlooked, and if they are, they increase

the chance of on-site injury. Proper construction

equipment ensures that there is at least some

level of construction site safety within the

construction firm.

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 Construction Site safety

6. Supervision
Ideally, construction workers would fully

understand the ramifications of inadequate

safety precautions and thus act in a manner to

ensure site-wide well-being — but this is not a

perfect world. Every site must have a strong

supervisor who is willing and capable of

enforcing safety standards with no exceptions.

This foreman must keep tabs on all employees

throughout the day and correct those who fail

to commit to proper construction site safety

procedures.

7. Innovation

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 Construction Site safety

The accident rate would be even higher than it

is today if it wasn’t for construction firms willing

to devote extra resources to keep their

employees safe. These additional resources not

only lower the rates of workplace accidents and

injuries but also helps develop new ideas for

keeping construction workers safe. The

development of new practices that will enhance

security should always be encouraged, and

companies should avoid speaking against

legislation aimed at improving safety protocols.

Perhaps with enough innovation, all

construction sites can maximize their

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 Construction Site safety

construction site safety practices and can be

100 percent accident-free.

8. Transparency
The worst thing any construction firm can do for

its reputation is attempting a cover-up. Hiding

accidents from the press and the public not

only lowers the opinion of a single endeavor —

it paints the building industry as a whole in a

negative light. Ultimately, people understand

that accidents happen, and as long as

contractors are doing their best to foster a safe

environment for their workers, any accidents

that do occur will only contribute to the growing

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 Construction Site safety

need to augment modern safety techniques.

Transparency, along with the other seven

practices on this list, will help construction as a

whole become a safer industry in which to

work. A safer construction industry is an

industry of fewer injuries, fewer workplace

accidents, and fewer deaths. A construction

industry that fully utilizes its construction site

safety practices is the kind of industry we

should be working towards.

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 Construction Site safety

— Encourage employees and workers to stay

home if they’re sick

— Enforce workers to wreck masks that cover

mouth and nose

— Use personal protective equipment (PPE), to

protect workers from job hazards

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 Construction Site safety

— Advice workers to avoid physical/direct

contact with employees, contractors, and/or

visitors

— Encourage social distancing (6-feet) as much

as possible

— Train workers and employees how to properly

wear/use/remove protective equipment and

clothing

— Maintain wash stations with access to soap

and water for handwashing

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] S. R. Meena, P. M. Nemade, S. N. Pawar, and

A. S. Baghele,
“Implementation of safety management
through review of
construction activities in M.S. building projects,”
International
Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp.
1656–1662, 2013.
[2] S. Shirur and S. Torgal, “Enhancing safety
and health management
techniques in Indian construction industry,”
International
Journal of Engineering and Technical Research,
vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
52–56, 2014.
[3] G.K.Kulkarni, “Construction industry:more
needs to be done,”
Indian Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine,
vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–2, 2007.
[4] A. V. Praveen Kumar and C. K.
Vishnuvarthan, “A study on
construction jobsite safety management,”
International Journal
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 Construction Site safety

of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering

and Technology,
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 44–52, 2014.
[5] S. Kumar and V. K. Bansal, “Construction
safety knowledge for
practitioners in the construction industry,”
Journal of Frontiers
in Construction Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.
34–42, 2013.
[6] J. M. Wilson Jr. and E. Koehn, “Safety
management: problems
encountered and recommended solutions,”
Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management, vol. 126, no. 1,
pp. 77–79,
2000.
[7] K. A. Shamsuddin, M. N. C. Ani, A. K. Ismail,
and M. R.
Ibrahim, “Investigation the Safety, Health and
Environment
(SHE) protection in construction area,”
International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 2,
no. 6,pp. 624–636,
2015.
[8] 2015,
https://www.osha.gov/oshstats/commonstats.ht
ml.
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[9] A. Hemamalinie, A. J. Jeyaarthi, and L.

Ramajeyam, “Behavioural
based safety culture in the construction
industry,” International
Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering,
vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 45–50, 2014.
[10] X. Huang and J. Hinze, “Analysis of
construction worker fall
accidents,” Journal of Construction Engineering
and Management,
vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 262–271, 2003.
[11] O. A. Jannadi and M. S. Bu-Khamsin,
“Safety factors considered
by industrial contractors in Saudi Arabia,”
Building and Environment,
vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 539–547, 2002.
[12] L. S. Pheng and S. C. Shiua, “The
maintenance of construction
safety: riding on ISO 9000 quality management
systems,”
Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering,
vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
28–44, 2000.
[13] E. E. Koehn and N. K. Datta, “Quality,
environmental, and
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