Engineering Utilities 2 (Basic Mechanical Engineering)

ME 223

PIPES &
FITTINGS
Members:

Alday, Magic Jhon Don J.

Mangalinao, Andrei M.

Martin, Kayle Anthoneth PJ.

Martinez, Michael

Subject Instructor/Professor

Engr. Kevin Lester Mabalay

Learning Objectives

I. Terminologies regarding pipes and fittings

II. Materials for pipes and fittings
III. Types of pipes
IV. Types of pipe fittings
Terminologies

Pipes

- a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid substances.
- various types of plumbing pipes are used in building construction works for various purposes like
water distribution, waste disposal made from different materials.

Fittings

- pipe fittings are used to connect pipes of same size or different sizes, likewise, it is mainly used to
regulate or divert the flow of liquid in pipe
- The material of fittings should be compatible to the pipe material, nature of liquid flowing,
pressure and temperature both inside and outside the pipe.

Piping Installation or Erection

 - refers to the laying of the piping system and its related accessories to make it ready for fluid
transfer.
- Proper piping installation following codes and standards are key to safety and good operation.
- The assembling of piping spools in the site following isometric or piping general arrangement
drawings is referred to as piping erection. The piping coordinates are matched with the drawings
while the piping installation.

Pipes installation vs Pipework Erection

· Piping Installation normally starts after civil supports are erected and major types of equipment
are placed on the construction site.

· Pipework erection covers proper planning should be made to erect piping, area-wise following
piping isometric and GA drawings.

Inputs Required for Piping Installation

Piping installation at the construction site is done following proper engineering work methods and
drawings. The main inputs referred to during piping erection are:

· Structure drawings [beams and channels are commonly used for the structure].

· P&ID - is considered to be the heart of piping, they include pipeline number, size, material,
and insulation. Process condition & physical data, operation condition, streamflow details, Equipment
numbers, etc.

· Piping GA drawings - Piping GA drawings include the locations of the main equipment in the
plant, main piping items, fittings and valves, nozzle orientation of the concerned equipment, etc.

· Piping isometrics - Piping Isometric drawings include proportionate drawings with exact
dimensions represented, line numbers, pipe fittings, valves, flanges, special components, tables
including a list of all fittings in the drawings, etc.

· Piping Support Drawings from Pipe Support Standard.

Materials for pipe and fittings

A pipe or fittings ability to hold pressure, survive hot or cold temperatures, and endure natural
elements is limited by it’s chemical composition, wall strength, and integrity of the sealing method used
to join individual components. Schedule is the term used in referring to “plastic” (PVC, ABS, CPVC)
pipe’s wall thickness, with lower numbers representing thinner walled pipes. The most common sizes
used in residential construction are Schedule 40 (thinner wall used in drain, waste and vent applications)
and Schedule 80 (thicker wall used in pressurized water applications). Several material types are
approved for use in piping system that serve different purposes in a complete plumbing system to include
water supply, and waste, drain and vent (DWV). The following table indicates the type of plumbing
system that various types of piping are generally allowed in residential and light commercial construction:
Color and Material

Most manufacturers of these chemically reactive products have adopted colors in their products
that identify the composition of material it is to be used with.

Types of Pipes

● Galvanized Iron Pipes (GI Pipes)

 - pipes that have been coated with a layer of zinc to prevent rusting and increase its
durability and lifespan
- to supply water to residential homes and buildings
- Types of GI Pipes
- Class A: light gauge pipes and the cheapest type of GI Pipe
- Class B: heavier gauge compared to class A
- Class C: the heaviest and thickest out of all classes
● Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes (PVC Pipes)

- a thermoplastic material that is molded into different shapes to create pipes, fittings,
valves and other liquid handling supplies.
- a familiar and versatile thermoplastic especially known as a piping and fitting material
used for residential and commercial plumbing applications
- it’s become a common replacement for metal piping
● Chlorinated PVC (CPVC)

- altered by a free radical chlorination reaction that effectively increases the chlorine
content of the material
- also a thermoplastic that is molded into many of the same products as PVC
- typically used for pipes and fittings for hot and cold water

● Unplasticised PVC (UPVC)

 - It means no plasticiser (US: plasticizer) has been added to the PVC compound
- the most common PVC type for pipes and fittings including transportation of drinking
water, soil and waste, sewage and underground drainage and industrial applications.
● Modified PVC-M Pipe

- an alloy of PVC, incorporating an impact modifier that improves the fracture toughness
and ductility of the material.
- This enhanced toughness enables PVC-M Pipes to be manufactured with a thinner wall,
with subsequent material savings and improved hydraulic properties. The alloying of
PVC with modifying polymers achieves improvement in resistance to cracking. The
result is the minimisation of the effect of stress concentrators such as scratches.
- Used for water reticulation, irrigation, sewer effluent control and industrial applications.
● Ductile Iron Pipes (DI Pipe)

- made from ductile cast iron, is a graphite-rich cast iron in which the graphite has a
spheroidal shaped molecular structure.
- can have a life of more than 100 years if they are coated within and without with non-
corrosive linings like cement, asphalt, paint, or polyethylene encasement.
- used in trenchless technology for water and sewer lines

● Cast Iron Pipes (CI Pipe)

 - made predominantly from gray cast iron
- one of the oldest piping systems present today and are now being replaced by high-
density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes
- widely used for the transportation of water and sewage before plastic pipes were
invented.
- have a lifespan of 75 to 100 years, but evidence shows that some have lasted much
longer.
● Copper Pipe

- It contain more than 99.9% of pure Copper.

- commonly used in the construction industry for residential water supply lines and
sometimes for drain and vent lines.
- Types of copper pipes
- Type K Copper Pipe: it has has the thickest wall of all the common types and
used for water distribution, fire protection, oil, HVAC, and many other
applications in the construction industry
- Type L Copper Pipe: used for interior plumbing, fire protection, and some
HVAC applications and is considered the most common type of copper piping, as
it can be used in many more applications than Type K
- Type M Copper Pipe: has thinner wall than both type K and L copper, used
most commonly for domestic water service and vacuum systems and can be used
with sweat, compression, and flare fittings
- Copper DWV Piping: usually has yellow markings to distinguish it from M type
copper and it is suitable only for above-ground applications and has a low-
pressure rating of 10 to 15 pounds per square inch (psi), much lower than the
water pressure of most municipal water supply systems

● Stainless Steel Pipe (SS Pipe)

 - Made from a steel alloy containing nickel as well as chromium, which give stainless steel
its corrosion-resistant properties
- primarily used in piping systems for the transport of fluids or gasses
- resists oxidation, making it a low-maintenance solution that is suitable for high
temperature and chemical applications
● Mild Steel Pipe (MS Pipe)

- also known as “low carbon Steel” is a type of steel which contains a smaller percentage
of carbon and is strong and easily worked but not readily tempered or hardened
- used mainly in industries as well as in engineering applications where corrosive fluids are
in use and along with this, MS pipes are used for the supply of drinking water i.e.
Plumbing, Firefighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)
● Reinforced Cement Concrete Pipe (RCC Pipe)

- made from cement, coarse and fine aggregate, sand, mild steel and HT rods and bars
- extensively used for water mains, sewers, culverts, irrigation supply, and in cable
management
● High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE Pipe)

- a plastic resin made by the copolymerization of ethylene and a small amount of another
hydrocarbon
- flexible, highly impermeable, and suitable for high pressure pipelines
- used for water mains, gas mains, sewer mains, slurry transfer lines, rural irrigation, fire
system supply lines, electrical conduits, communication conduits and drainage pipes
● Double Wall Corrugated HDPE Pipe (DWC HDPE Pipe)

- are similar to normal HDPE pipes except that they have different external & internal
surfaces which gives them additional strength and stiffness
- made with High Density Polyethylene which has very high life expectancy
- Uses of DWC HDPE Pipe: Sewerage /Storm Water Drainage, Sewerage treatment plants,
Earthquake prone areas with high tectonic movements, and Drainage & Sewerage in
Buildings/Hospitals/Workshop/Colony.
● Drain/Waste/Vent Pipe (DWV Pipe)

- Home built prior to 1960 used galvanized steel or cast-iron pipes for drain/waste/vent
(DWV) systems
- collection of pipes that rid your home of sewage and water waste from toilets,
bathtubs/showers, sinks and appliances like dishwashers and washing machines.
● Asbestos Cement Pipes

- a tubular liquid transport vessel made up of cement and asbestos fibers.

- used for drainage of rainwater from roofs, soil and waste and also for ventilation.
● Concrete pipe

- pipes made from concrete. They provide various advantages including, easy installation,
superior corrosion resistance, highly durable, environmentally friendly, sustainable,
custom-designed fittings, high strength, and low maintenance costs.
- Types of concrete pipe
- Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) - It has a structural, high-strength
concrete core, a steel cylinder with steel joint rings welded at each end providing
water-tightness, steel prestressing wire, and a portland cement-rich mortar
coating.
- Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipe - Reinforced concrete pipes are widely
used in roadway and site development for transferring a large volume of liquid.
- Reinforced Concrete Noncylinder Pipes - These concrete pipes are widely
found in tunnel applications, wastewater treatment plants, irrigation industries,
combined sewer overflow, underground detention tanks, etc.
- Pretensioned Concrete Cylinder Pipe - The interior of the pipe is provided with
with centrifugally applied mortar or concrete lining. Around the outside of the
cylinder, a steel bar is helically wound tightly and securely welded to the steel
joint rings. These types of concrete pipes are used in cooling water system
pipelines, distribution pipelines, open cut tunnels, sanitary main and trunk gravity
lines, wastewater intake lines, etc.
● Polypropylene Random Copolymer Pipe (PPR Pipe)

- Also known as Polypropylene Random Copolymer, PPR pipe is a cylindrical and rigid
pipe made from PPR. The pipe is produced through a continuous process known as
extrusion. These pipes are usually white or green.
- have lower thermal conductivity - means that external temperatures don’t get to the
liquid inside the pipe; increased longevity - can handle the pressure and strain of hot
water without breaking, can serve you for more than 50 years under varying
environmental conditions and a wide range of fluids; Ecological and Economic
Efficiency - PPR pipes are easy to transport, cut, and join. These pipes are also easy to
use and do not need additional chemicals and materials.
- usually used in the construction of cold and hot water systems, go-to option for
discharging chemical fluids, including industrial waste, also used as purified water supply
systems, perfect for a building’s heating system.
● Cross-linked Polyethylene Pipe (PEX Pipe)

- a plastic material made from medium- or high-density polyethylene that is modified to

have improved properties such as enhanced heat resistance and long term strength and
stability that make it an excellent choice for use in service lines, hot- and cold-potable
water distribution systems, residential fire-sprinkler systems and hydronic heating
applications.
- can be used in service lines or potable water distribution systems, also widely used for
heat transfer applications - both low-temperature (radiant floor heating and/or cooling,
snow melting, turf conditioning and permafrost protection), as well as distribution piping
for temperatures up to 200°F (hot-water baseboard, convectors, radiators, etc.) and some
is approved for use in residential fire-sprinkler systems.
Pipe Color Code Standards
This standard identifies the color of the labels and what those colors mean.

● Yellow with Black Lettering - This option is used for any pipe that contains flammable and
oxidizing liquids and gasses. This could include gasoline, oils, and many others.
● Green with White Lettering - Using a green label with white lettering means that the pipe
contains potable water. It could be used for cooling, feeding boilers, or even going to
drinking fountains or sinks.
● Blue with White Lettering - Blue labels with white lettering are used for pipes that
transport compressed air.
● Red with White Lettering - Red labels with white lettering are used for all fire quenching
fluids. This could include water, but only if the pipe is used just for fire quenching.
● Orange with Black Lettering - Orange labels with black lettering are for toxic or corrosive
fluids. Most acids will need to use this type of pipe marking.
● Brown with White Lettering - This option is for all combustible fluids.

The user defined color options are:

● Purple with White Lettering

● White with Black Lettering
● Gray with White Lettering
● Black with White Lettering

Sizes for pipe

Types of Pipe Fittings used in Plumbing System

Standard Pipe Fittings Chart

● Elbow

- Generally used to change the direction of flow of liquid between two pipes.
- Available in two angles: 90 degree elbow and 45 degree elbow
- Usually threaded to the pipes (female threads) or else they are welded
● Tee

- A tee fitting is used to connect three pipes either of same or different diameters
- They serve the purpose of distributing the flow from one pipe to two other pipes in
different directions, sometimes flow from two pipes is combined to flow into one.
- In other words, tee serves for one inlet with two outlets or two inlets with one outlet.
- Available in perpendicular directions or inclined directions (Y).
● Cross

- Used to connect four pipelines together.

- Since the number of pipes connected is more this point will be subjected to more stress
thus cross fittings are to be made strong and durable to resist stress.
- They are usually used in fire sprinkling systems when a large amount of water is required
in all directions since it can serve three outlets with one inlet.
● Plug and Cap

- Used to stop the flow in the pipe that is to close the pipe during repair works.
- They both serve the same purpose but the difference is in their structure from which the
plug is provided with male threads while the cap is provided with female threads.
● Reducer

- If the two pipes are of different diameters then the elbow is called a reducer.
- Used to connect two pipes of varying diameters, their main purpose is to regulate the
flow (slowdown in most cases).
- The reducers can be of two types:
- Concentric reducer- it is a cone shaped reducer;in this type of reducer there is a
risk of air accumulation which in turn will increase the pressure on the pipe.
- Eccentric reducer- it is a reducer with one side parallel; since only one side is
curved the risk of air accumulation is eliminated in this type of fittings
● Coupling

- Used to connect two pipes in a straight line

- The two pipes connected by a coupling should be of the same diameter. They are
soldered, welded or glued to the pipe ends to be connected.
- Generally used when a long plumbing line is to be laid and one pipe length is not
sufficient, but mainly couplings are used when leakage occurs in the pipeline.
 ● Adapters

Bushing - This fitting allows a pipe or fitting to be reduced to a smaller size and are made to be inserted
into a pipe, inside slip, or female thread.
- Bushings outside diameter can be male thread or male slip with the inside diameter being of
the same style (slip or thread) as the outside, dictating the size the piping system is reduced to.

Union - It is a fitting that serves a similar purpose to that of a coupling, the only difference is that the
couplings are fixed and cannot be removed after installation.
- Unions are usually threaded to the pipes and can be removed if necessary.
- In some unions, one end is male threaded and one end is female threaded.

How to Identify a Pipe