CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Health education builds people’s skills, knowledge and positive attitude about
Health. Health Education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and
social Health. It motivates peoples to improve and maintain their health,
prevent disease and reduce risk behaviors.

Health Education is the profession of educating people about health Areas this
profession encompasses environmental health, social health, intellectual and
spiritual health.

Health education is therefore responsible for educating people for the purpose
of promoting, maintaining and improving individual, family and community
health.

The joint committee on health education and promotion terminology of

(2001) defined health education as any combination of planned learning
individuals, group and communities. The opportunity to acquire information
and the skills needed to make quality health.

However the world health organization defined Health education as

comprising of consciously constructed opportunities for learning, involving
some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including
improving knowledge and developing life skills which are conducive to
individual and community health.

1
Furthermore (Abbas, 2001) defined health education as a persuading people
to accept measures which will improve their health and reject those which
will have adverse effect on them.

There has been a great deal of attention given by individuals, the media and
by the government to health education. There is no doubt that a population
which is significant for the sake of the public health as a whole consequently
for public finances.

Significance of health education in promoting exclusive breastfeeding to

children are but not limited to:

1. To educate mothers role played by exclusive breastfeeding in children

survival, growth and development.
2. To educate the mother optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
3. To increase the effort of mothers
4. To educate mothers about the health benefit of exclusive breastfeeding.
5. To educate the mother the importance of breastfeeding itself and breast
milk etc.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Health workers are sometimes upset and can feel frustrated when they find
out that people do not immediately accept their advice, especially in matters
affecting personal behaviors and emotional issues like pregnancy and child
care, people are reluctant to have their ideas changed or even challenged.

Also people are unlikely to listen to those things which are not their interest.
Therefore Health education should relate to the interest of the people. Health
workers should therefore explore strategies that have work well.

2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out the importance of Health education toward improving

exclusive breastfeeding.
2. To determine the role of Health educators toward promoting exclusive
breastfeeding at the area of the study.
3. To find out the strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive
breastfeeding..
4. To explore the factors that affect Health education toward promoting
exclusive breastfeeding.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the importance of Health Education towards improving

exclusive breastfeeding?
2. What are the role of Health rducators toward promoting exclusive
breast feeding at the study area?
3. What are the strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive breastfeeding at
the study area?
4. What are the factors that affect Health education toward promoting
exclusive breastfeeding at the study area?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is designed on the significance of health education in the

promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children there by providing the
strategies to be adopted in promotion of exclusive breast feeding, as well as
educating mother about the major factors contributing in promotion of
exclusive Breastfeeding in the Area of the study.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

3
1.6.1 Scope of the Study

1. The study covers only one local government in Katsina state which is
Kusada Local Government
2. The study will only covers the significance of Health education in
promotion exclusive Breastfeeding to children.

1.6.2 Limitation of the Study

The study is limited only at Kusada Local Government. Financial problem

limitation or restrain on movement for generation of data during the study.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. HEALTH: according to WHO, is defined as a state of complete

physical, mental and social well-being and not the mere absence of
disease or infirmity.
2. HEALTH EDUCATION: Health education is defined as any
combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and
communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or
influencing their attitudes (WHO,2008; Johnson, 2010).
3. EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)
means that an infant receives only breast milk, without any additional
foods or liquids, except for vitamins or medications when necessary.
This practice is recommended by the World Health Organization
(WHO) for the first six months of life.
4. HEALTH PROMOTION: according to Green & Kreuter, is defined
as any combination of educational, political, regulatory and
organizational supports for action and condition of living conducive to
health of individuals, groups & communities
4
5. PEER EDUCATION: Peer education is an educational approach
where individuals from similar backgrounds, age groups, or social
statuses educate and influence one another. In this approach, peers
learn from and teach each other, often with the guidance of a trained
educator or facilitator.
6. MOTIVATION: Motivation is the driving force that initiates and
sustains an individual's behavior, direction, and persistence towards
achieving a goal or set of goals. It is a psychological process that
influences an individual's choices, effort, and persistence.
7. SIGNIFICANT: Significant refers to something that is important,
notable, or consequential. It can also refer to a statistical term used to
describe a result that is unlikely to occur by chance.
8. STRATEGY: Strategy refers to a long-term plan of action designed to
achieve a particular goal or set of goals.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 CONCEPT OF HEALTH EDUCATION

Although there is no single acceptable definition of health education, a variety

of definition exists. Concept of health education as process or an activity for
inducing behavioral changes are emphasized in the following definitions:
Green and Kreuter (2005) defined health education as any combination of
learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to
health.

Health education is the process by which people learn about their health and
more specifically, how to improve their health. Health education attempts to
increase knowledge on the subject that leads to change attitudes about healthy

6
and unhealthy behaviors. This change in attitude ideally leads to a change in
behaviors from unhealthy to healthy, leading to an improvement in health,
which is the ultimate goal of health education. (By Jacqueline Matazu, an
Eltow contributing writing)

However, Admin (2013) defined health education as process of getting people

to increase control and improve the health of individuals, planned
opportunities for individuals, groups, or communities to learn about health
amendment and make changes voluntarily in the behavior of individual. Also
is a rewarding experience that influences habits, attitudes, and knowledge that
has to do with health of individuals, society and the nation. All of the
prepared in order to facilitate voluntary behavior of receipt will improve and
maintain health. (Blood quoted Effendi).

Also (Notoatmodji’o, 2003) Defined health education as an activity to provide

or improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community in
maintaining and improving their own health.

Abbas (2001) defined health education as a process of persuading people to

accept measure which will improve their health and to reject those which will
have adverse effect on them.

The joint committee in health education and promotion terminology of (2001)

Defined health education as any combination of planned learning experiences
based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities
the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality
health.

The world health organization defined health education as ‘’comprising of

consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of
7
communication designed to improve health literacy. Including; improving
knowledge and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and
community health.

The health education pioneer defined health education as an attempt to close

the gap between what is known about optimum health practice and that which
is actually practice.(Modeste, Naomi, Teri TamayoseItelen H. Marshak.
2004).

2.2 STRATEGIES TO ADOPT IN PROMOTION OF EXCLUSIVE

BREASTFEEDING

The strategies are as follows:-

1. EFFECTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION: Grass root development is

seen by many as the means by which underserved communities can
‘’have a voice invested, and ownership in the development of their land,
economy, education, rights, and values. Some times as seen in the
following case study even those involved in development work on the
ground can be in effective if the right questions are not asked. Before a
strong stance on HIV education was adopted by governmental leadership
in Thailand in the early 2001. HIV/AID severely stability. Even after the
implementation of a pervasive public information campaign and condom
distribution plan, the country still battles to keep its prevalence rate low.
It was in this environment Peace Corps volunteers tried try to
demonstrate to the villages how to use condom in an effort to contribute
to the national goals of HIV-transmission reduction (Declaration of
commitment on HIV/AID 2001).

8
2.3 SOCIAL MEDIA AS AN EDUCATIONAL TOOL TO IMPROVE
EXCLUSIVE BREAST

1. FEEDING: mass media campaigns are used to expose high proportions

of a population to health promotion messages. Using the media as an
educational tool mass media campaigns are favorable because they are
capable of communicating information, increasing awareness among a
large number of people. Mass media intervention can provide positive
health behaviors among individual. Social media campaigns take a
variety of forms in their efforts to communicate health messages, these
method include print media, television, and radio broadcast.
In addition to digital and print media, there are a number of other
creative avenues for disseminating health information, like theater
dramas and puppetry for instance, are gaining popularity as ways to
deliver health-care messages to specific target audience. Each medium
offers advantages and draw backs that must be considered in the contact
of programme goals for improving health education when designing an
effective mass media campaign, its importance to consider how
information will be interpreted by a particular audience (Nwaerondu N.
Thompson G.)
2. TEACHING MOTHERS ABOUT HEALTH EDUCATION:
Researchevidencesindicate that an individual’s own schooling is the
most important correlation with his or her health, and parents schooling,
especially the mothers education, is the most important correlation with
child health. The positive correlation between mothers schooling and
child health in numerous studies was a driving factor behind world banks
campaigns in the 1990s to encourage increased maternal education in

9
 developing countries. In the late 1970s, a study is conducted to Kenyan
family in which the mother had no formal schooling. The study found
that educated mothers maintain better domestic hygiene, provide better
food, have higher rates of immunization, and wiser use of medical
services. Educated mothers can apply the information to educate their
children as well. (Shinyichou, Tanhu, MichadGross man and Theodore j.
Yoyce, 2007).
3. PEER EDUCATION: Is an effective means of disseminating health
information throughout the community, individuals act as a messenger
spreading acquired information and practice to children, friends, and
other community members. Several key programs have been developed
to address issues about HIV, including peer education, medley et’al
conducted a systematic review of peer education intervention in
developing countries over a period of 17years. Peer to peer intervention
selected individuals who share demographic characteristics, and the
major programs train them to increase awareness, impart knowledge, and
encourage behavior change among members of that same group. Peer
education programs are based on the idea that peers have a strong
influence on each other’s behavior (Campbell, 2009)
4. AVOIDING PITFALLS IN EDUCATION: in resource limited settings
where there is high demand of for health education programs, the
designers play important role in delivery, guidance, and information to
the people. However, it’s imperative that those providing the information
are knowledgeable, and it is essential that they are trained sufficiently to
deliver care. Pitfalls in education delivery can regularly arise if
volunteers or educators are informally recruited, insufficiently trained, or

10
 if a minimal focus is placed on effective educational strategies. (Siuige
and Uhyte, S.R_Uganda, Health Education Research, 2006).
5. MICROFINANCE AND EDUCATION: Microfinance intervention
provide low interest loan to people living in poverty, in order to
encourage entrepreneurship and promote economic growth. The
microfinance institutions have extensive network of community
members who can both disseminate and receive health care information.
Education and training are crucial components in the success of
microfinance borrowers. Microfinance schemes can provide households
with steady incomes, enabling them to afford health care and medicine,
and consequently increasing food security the additional financial
resources. (Gray, Sebstad, Cohen and Stack K, 2009) (Reinseh, M.
Dunford, C. and Metcalfe, M. 2011)

2.4 OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

The ultimate aim of health education is positive behavioral modification .The

aims and objectives of health education are, but not limited to;

1. TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT HEALTH AND

HYGIENE: It aims at acquainting the pupils and teachers with the
functioning of the body, the roles of health and hygiene and
precautionary measures forwarding off diseases. It’s to be noticed by the
pupils how bad habits, unhygienic, ways of living, addiction to
smoking, and liquor and such unhealthy practices, result in evil
consequences.
2. TO MAINTAIN NORMS OF GOOD HEALTH: It helps school
authorities to keep certain norms of health in school. A number of

11
 programs of good health develop in the pupil sufficient habits of
hygienic living, hygienic surroundings such as cleanliness etc.
3. TO TAKE PRECAUTION AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Its
aims are to take adequate precaution against contamination and spread
of diseases. So good sanitary arrangements were made. Urinals and
toilets are kept clean, sweeping is done daily and rooms.
4. TO TAKE CURATIVE MEASURES: Remedial action against
diseases is also taken. A physio-medical checkup is made so that the
deformities, disabilities, and diseases are detected and remedial
measures suggested.
5. TO DEVELOP AND PROMOTE MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL
HEALTH: mental and emotional health is also equally. Necessary
school health programs while physical health makes a pupil physically
fit; mental and happy disposition. (Sinuiju, 2010)

2.5 METHOD OF HEALTH EDUCATION

There are several methods available in delivering health messages. But it

should be noted that they are not in themselves learning opportunities but
their effective use in health education. A health educator must make careful
selection of the method, bearing in mind the topic and characteristics of the
target audience. These are some methods used:

 Lecture method
 Drama and role play
 Group discussion
 Demonstration
 Printed materials

12
  Audio and Audio visual materials
 Health learning material (Asimet al)

2.6 ROLE OF HEALTH EDUCATORS IN PROMOTION OF

EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING TO CHILDREN

Health educators work to promote better overall health on individual,

community and policy levels. So, the health educators play a vital role in
promoting exclusive breastfeeding some of the roles are, but not limited to;

1. MOTIVATION

Education for health begins with people, it hopes to motivate them with
whatever interest they may have in improving their living conditions, its aim
is to develop in them a sense of responsibility for health conditions for
themselves as individual, as members of families, and communities.(Mark J)

2. TEACHING

A comprehensive health education curriculum consists of plan learning

experiences which will help students achieve desirable attitudes and practices
related to critical health issues.

Some of these are emotional health and positive self-image, appreciation,

respect, and care of the human body, physical fitness, health issues of drug
abuse, others include health misconceptions and myths, effect of exercise on
the body system, and on general wellbeing, nutrition and weight control,
sexual relationship etc. (DaudaD.Dyek)

3. PLAN HEALTH/PROMOTION

13
Once you have identified the health need of your community and how best to
communicate health knowledge you have to put together a plan. You will
have to consider budgets, the attitude of stake holders, timelines, government
regulations, overall feasibility. Your goal is to overcome existing obstacles to
reach as many people in your community as possible.

2.7 THE VITAL ROLE PLAYED BY EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING

IN CHILDREN SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT

Breastfeeding has many medical benefits for both the mother and infant.
Breast milk contains all the nutrients an infant needs in the first six month of
life. Breastfeeding protects against diarrhea and common childhood illness
such as pneumonia, and may also have longer-term health benefits to the
mother and the child, such as reducing the risk of overweight and obesity in
childhood and adolescence.

Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk no
other liquids or solid are given not even water with exception of oral
rehydration solution, drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals, or medicine.

 Babies who are exclusively breastfed recover quicker from colds and
infection.
 Breast milk also prevents babies from becoming sick.
 If you are exclusively breastfeeding , you won’t need to buy expensive
supplements or bottles.( Cottrell et al 2009 )

2.8 FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEALTH EDUCATION IN

PROMOTION OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING TO CHILDREN

14
As you plan and carry out your health education sessions you should be aware
of the factors that affect learning process. These may be classified into four
categories:

1. Physiological factors
2. Psychological factors
3. Environmental factors
4. Teaching methodology
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS: The physiological factor include how
people feel, Their physical health, and their level of fatigue at the time of
learning, the quality of food and drink they have consumed, their age etc.
Think if some physiological factors that is important when you try to study
or learn something new for yourself.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: You will know from your own study
that if you are anxious or worried you will not be able to learn very
efficiently. Psychological factors such as mental ill health or mental
tension and conflict all hamper learning. A related psychological factor is
motivation no learning can take place in absence of motivation.
Purposeless learning is not learning at all. Motivation can energize, select,
and direct positive behavior.
Can you think of a time when you had a lot of motivation to study?
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: The key environmental factors when
delivering your health education messages are the conditions where the
learners have to sit to do their learning. Learning is hampered by
environmental conditions such as distraction, noise, poor illumination, bad
ventilation, overcrowding, and inconvenient seating arrangements.

15
 Can you think of a time when you had to endure poor conditions to do
learning?
4. TEACHING METHODOLOGY: Your health education materials
should be properly planned and organized. They should suit the mental
level of the audience. For example if you are planning to educate a rural
family about personal hygiene, a poster or picture could be good health
learning material if it’s supported by talk. But leaflet with lot of text would
not be a good teaching aid because a large number of rural people are
unable to read.
All your teaching should be presented a meaning full and interesting
manner. It’s also important to encourage learning by doing is one very
good of active learning. Learning can be reinforcing by simple testing,
which is informal, but include feedback. In this way, the audience would
know how well they are doing and they will also be encouraged to learn
new skills. (Mc Kenzie 2009)

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

16
This research project was carried out in order to find out the significance of
health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children and
various ways that exclusive breastfeeding could promote children health as
well as various methods that will promote exclusive breastfeeding among
children and to educate general public about the significance of exclusive
breastfeeding to their children.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher targeted population were women of childbearing age in

Potiskum local government, and specifically those lactating mothers.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Three communities were selected to be the sample size of my research work

among the communities within Kusada. The sampling technique adopted in
sample selection is random sampling method so as to compile the work
successfully.

3.4 INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION

The instrument used for data collection in this project work is questionnaire,
in which questions related to the topic of the project were asked, so that the
respondent will respond to the questions by ticking on the appropriate answer
of their choice.

3.5 VALIDITY AND RIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

The instrument to be valid and reliable, the questionnaires design and

prepared was thoroughly read and screened by the project supervisor who
authorized the distribution of the questionnaire appropriately at the time 90

17
questionnaires were prepared and distributed to the public, and 20
questionnaires were used as pretest and 70 questionnaires were fill correctly
and return to me successfully.

3.6 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The manner through which the instrument was administered to the

appropriate people is through direct hand to hand message, so as to ensure
that the message was not disrupted as a result all the seventy questionnaires
were return to me in order.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:

By sought the permission of parents/guardians of the respondents to allow

him to fill the questionnaire as well as assisting them, that the information
obtained from them should be treated with strick confidentiality and it will be
used for the research project only. The administered of the questionnaire and
retrieval last for four days.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS:

Frequency distribution table and percentage was used by the researcher to

analyze, in line with the objective of the study.

3.9 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The study was carried out in Potiskum local government area of Yobe State.
The LGA shared boundaries with Nangere, Fika, Fune and Azare local
government of Bauchi state. This is one of the populated/largest local
government area situated at Western part of Yobe state on the highway at
11°43'N 11°04'E, its headquarters are within Potiskum town and enjoys
social amenities like electricity, roads, water supply, hospitals with numerous
18
Government agencies and the private companies. The local government
occupies the total land area of 830 square kilometer and population of
483,346 at 2022 census postal code of the area is 730 (Wikipedia, 2022). The
emir holds the title "Mai"

The Original inhabitants of Potiskum Local Government are Hausa, Ngizim,

Bolawa, Kare-kare and Fulani and main Occupation are farming, fishing,
trading, rearing of animal and civil Servants. The students play a vital role in
the socio-economic activity of the area especially during their holiday. Their
Religious is mostly Islam (Wikipedia, 2020).

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

Below is a result of data collected from the questionnaires, ninety

questionnaires were printed, twenty questionnaires were used as pretest, while

19
seventy questionnaires were filled correctly and return to in order, therefore
the analysis is based on seventy questionnaires.

TABLE 4:1

AGE NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

15_25 Years 25 30 %
26_36 Years 30 50 %
37_ Above 15 20 %
Total 70 100 %

The table above discussed the age of respondents, 25 respondents

representing 30% are between the age of 15 25years, those that at age 26 36
years are 30 respondents representing 50%, and those at age of 37 above are
15 respondents representing 20% this shows the majority of respondents are
adult.

TABLE 4:2

SEX NO.OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Male 2O 31%
Female 50 69%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed the sex distribution of respondents, 20 respondents

representing31% are males, while 50 respondents representing 69% are
females.This shows the majority of respondents are females.

TABLE 4:3

20
 MARITAL STATUS NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Single 9 13%
Married 61 87%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed the marital status of the respondents, 9 respondents
representing 13% are single, and 61 respondents representing 87% are
married & are majority.

TABLE4:4

EDUCATIONAL NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

BACKGROUND
Formal 63 90%
Informal 7 10%
Total 70 100%

The above table discuss the educational background of the respondents, 63

respondents representing 90% has formal education, 7 respondents
representing 10% has informal education. This shows the majority of the
respondents have formal education.

TABLE 4:5

OCCUPATION NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Civil servant 17 24%
Student 21 30%

21
Business 20 29%
Others 12 17%
Total 70 100%

This table clearly discussed the occupation of the respondents, 17 respondents

representing 24% are civil servant, and 21 respondents representing 30% are
students, 20 respondents representing are business men/women, 12
respondents representing 17% have different occupations.

TABLE 4:6

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 40 60%
No 30 40%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents on, if they know anything about
health education, 40 respondents representing 60% know something about
health education, while 30 respondents representing 40% they don’t know
anything about health education. This shows majority of the respondents
know something about health education.

TABLE 4:7

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 48 80%
No 12 20%
Total 70 100%

22
This table clearly discussed the view of respondents if they attend ante natal
care, 48 respondents representing 80% are attending ante natal care, 12
respondents representing 20% don’t attend ante natal care.

TABLE4:8

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 40 60%
No 30 40%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed on does health personnel tells about the significance of
health education 40 respondents representing 60% of the total respondent say
yes ,while 30respondents representing 40% say no. The majority of
respondents their health personnel tells them the significance of health
education

TABLE 4:9

ANSWER NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 64 91%
No 6 9%
Total 70 100%
The table above discussed, Does health educating mothers about the
significance of exclusive promote the practice of exclusive breast feeding? 64
respondents representing 91% believe health educating mothers can promote
the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, 6 respondents representing 9% does
not agree.

TABLE 4:10

23
 ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Yes 61 90%
No 9 10%
Total 70 100%

From the above table discussed the view of respondent on do you think
effective health education can promote exclusive breast feeding in your
community? 61 respondent representing 90% which indicate effective health
education can promote exclusive breastfeeding while 9 respondent
representing 10% does not believe effective health education can promote
exclusive breastfeeding in their community.

TABLE 4:11

What factor do you think plays an important role toward poor practice
of exclusive breast feeding in your community?

ANSWER NO RESPONDENT PERCENTEAGE

a- Ignorance 61 87%

b- Advertisement 3 4%

c- Poor health education 6 9%

Total 70 100%

This table clearly show that factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding in
which 61respondent representing 87% believe ignorance is the factor that
affect exclusive breastfeeding, 3 respondents representing 4% believe
Advertisements of baby formula is the factor that affect exclusive
breastfeeding and 6 respondent breast feeding in their community.

24
TABLE 4:12

ANSWER NO. OF RESPOSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 66 96%
No 4 4%
Total 70 100%
The above discussed the view of respondents on, does social media serve as
an educational tool for promotion of exclusive breastfeeding? 66 respondents
representing 96% believe social media can serve an educational tool for
promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, 4 respondents representing 4%does not
believe social media can serve as an educational tool for promotion of
exclusive breastfeeding.

TABLE 4:13

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Lecture method 16 20%
Drama &role play 50 70%
Printed materials 4 10%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed on the view of respondents on which method

should be adopted in health education, 16 respondents 20% chooses lecture
methods, 50 respondents representing 70% selected drama & role play as the
best method, 4 respondents representing 10% select printed materials as the
method to be adopted. The majority of respondents chooses drama & role
play as the method to adopt in health education.

TABLE 4:14

25
 ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Through health education 61 87%
Through media 3 4%
Through ANC services 6 9%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents, in which way exclusive

breastfeeding can be promoted in the study area. 61 respondents representing
87% believe health education can be promoted through health education, 3
respondents representing 4% through media, exclusive breastfeeding can be
promoted while 6 respondents representing 9% believe through and services
exclusive breastfeeding can be promoted.

TABLE 4:15

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 23 33%
No 47 67%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents on, does health educators
motivate People about exclusive breastfeeding, 23 respondents representing
33% indicate health educators motivate people, while 47 respondents
representing 67% indicate, health educators does not motivate people about
exclusive breast feeding and are the majority.

TABLE 4:16

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 11 16%

26
No 59 84%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents; does health educators provide
new Techniques or ideas and practice that promote exclusive breastfeeding in
your community? 11 respondents representing 16% indicate that health
educators provide new techniques and ideas that promote exclusive
breastfeeding, while 59 respondents representing 84% indicate health
educators does not provide new techniques and ideas that promote exclusive
breastfeeding and they are the majority.

TABLE 4:17

ANSWER NO.OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 23 33%
No 47 67%
Total 70 100%
The above table discussed the view of respondents on, as a result of health
education you heard, do you practice exclusive? 23 respondents representing
33% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, while 47 respondents representing
67% does not practiced and they are the majority.

TABLE 4:18

Do you believe the following factors can affect health education?

1. Physiological factors 2. Psychological factors

3. Environmental factors 4. Teaching methodology

27
 ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Yes 59 85 %
No 11 15%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed the view of respondents on factors that affect
health education, 59 respondents representing 85% believe the above factors
can affect health education, 11 respondents representing 15% does not believe
those factors can affect health education.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The entire project research was aim at in depth analysis of significance of

health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children, a case
study of Kusada Local Government. The purpose of the study is to found out
the importance of health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to
children and various effects associated with poor practice of exclusive
breastfeeding. Various issues were discussed at different portion of this
project.

In chapter one, background of the study, objectives of the study, statement of

problem, significance of the study, historical background of the study area,
was clearly pointed out in order to call the attention of readers to focus and
understand were the project is leading to various questions and hypotheses

28
that were formulated to enable the researcher to identify factors responsible
for the problem.

Chapter two contain literature review, various information concerning the

topic of research which include concept of health education, strategies to
adopt in health education, method of health education, role of health
educators in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children and factors that
affect health education were discussed. Likewise in chapter three consist of
study design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument design for data
collection, method of data collection. In chapter four, presentation and
analysis of data were discussed.

Finally in chapter five, summary and conclusion, recommendations and

references were discussed.

Conclusively, the research concluded that health education has significance

role in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children and also there are
strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive breastfeeding to children in the
study area.

29
RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of the research the following recommendations are

made:

 Government can make use of this data and information gathered through
the effort of health educators to know the strategies to adopt in promoting
exclusive breastfeeding.
 The international agencies together with Non-Governmental Organization
(NGOs) should put hands together in organizing seminars, workshops and
extra training to the health educators on the techniques of health education,
and the strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive breastfeeding.
 Public health education especially during ante natal care on the importance
of exclusive breastfeeding should be carrying out effectively in our clinics.
 Non-governmental organization interesting in exclusive breastfeeding
should involve.
 Public health officials should educate the public especially husbands and
relatives on the possible ways to assist mothers on the importance of
proper exclusive breastfeeding.
 Parents especially mothers should not accept free baby sample formula.
 The people should give their maximum support and corporation in all
program meant for their own support.
 The public should appreciate the facts on the importance of exclusive
breastfeeding to their children.
 Proper personal and environmental hygiene be given priority in all houses.
 All pregnant mothers should be advised to attend ante natal care.

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

30
These are abbreviation used in the project given in full to guide the readers
and satisfy casual academic needs.

e.g. Example

HOD Head of Department

i.e. that is

LGA Local Government Area

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

CHT College of Health Technology

% Percentage

REFERENCES

 Admin (2013) Health education and health promotion. Planning,

implementing and evaluating health promotion programs. (Pp.3_4) 5 th
edition.
 Cottrell et-al(2009)e- library of evidence for nutrition action ( Elena)
retrieved march 14, 2018.
 Mc Kenzie (2009). Health education .Advocacy. Ol create: HEAT –
HEACM-ET-1.0 from open.edu retrieved march14,2018
 Nwaerundu N. et al (2000, march 7).Health education code of ethics, 3,
Article 001 a retrieved march 14, 2018. From
http//journals.apa.org./prevention/volume 3/pre 001 AHTML.

31
 Joint committee on terminology (2001)’’Report of 2000 joint committee
on health education and promotion terminology’’ American journal of
health education 32(2): 89-103
 World Health Organization (1998). List of basic terms, health promotion
Glossary. (pp.4). Retrieved March 14, 2018. Progymoyohttp: www.who.
int/hpr/NPHj/ddoocs/hp-glossary-en. Pdf.

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

Department of Environmental Health,

Kankia Iro School of health

Technology Kankia.

Dear Respondent,

I am a student of the above named institution, studying Diploma in Health

Education and Promotion conducting a research project on “The Significance
of Health Education in Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding to Children” A
case study of Kusada Local Government

Section A

1. Age
a. 15-25years ( ) b. 26-36 years ( ) c. 37-above ( )
2. Sex
a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )
32
3. Marital Status
a. Single ( ) b. Married ( )
4. Educational Background
a. Formal ( ) b. Informal ( )
5. Occupation
a. Civil Servant ( ) b. Student ( ) c. Business ( ) d. Others ( )

Section B

Please select the answer by ticking in the box provided

1. Do you know anything about health education?

Yes ( ) No ( )
2. Does your health personnel educate you about exclusive breastfeeding?
Yes ( ) No ( )
3. Does health educating mothers about the significance of exclusive
breastfeeding promote the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in your
community?
Yes ( ) No ( )
4. Do you think effective health education can promote exclusive
breastfeeding in your community?
Yes ( ) No ( )
5. What factor do you think plays an important role toward poor practice of
exclusive breastfeeding in your community?
a. Ignorance ( ) b. Advertisement of baby formula ( ) c. Poor health
education
6. Does social media serve as educational tool for promotion of exclusive
breastfeeding?
Yes ( ) No ( )
33
7. Which method do you think should be adopted in health educating
mothers?
a. Lecture Method ( ) b. Drama and role play ( ) c. Printed Materials
( )
8. In your understanding in which among the following ways that exclusive
breastfeeding could be promoted in your community?
a. Through health education ( ) b. Through media ( ) c. Through ANC
services
9. Does health educators motivate people about exclusive breastfeeding?
Yes ( ) No ( )
10.Does health educators provide new techniques or ideas and practice that
promote exclusive breastfeeding in your community?
Yes ( ) No ( )
11.As a result of health education you heard do you practice exclusive
breastfeeding?
Yes ( ) No ( )
12.If yes, to the above question, do you experience any significance of health
to your children
Yes ( ) No ( )
13.Do you believe the following can affect health education in your
community?
1. Physiological factor 2. Psychological factor 3. Environmental factor 4.
Teaching methodology

Yes ( ) No ( )

34