TITLE PAGE

PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AMONG PEOPLE OF

POTISKUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF YOBE STATE

BY:
SHAYIBU MUHAMMAD USMAN
ND/EHT/23/030

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT

OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, GALTIMA MAI
KYARI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
NGURU, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGY (EHT).

FEBRUARY, 2025

i
 DECLARATION
I have declared on that project titled “Prevalence of typhoid fever among
people of Potiskum Local Government Area, Yobe State.

Name Registration No Sign/Date

SHAYIBU MUHD USMAN ND/EHT/23/030
_______________

ii
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been read and approved as meeting the requirement
of the department of Environmental Health Sciences for the award of
National Diploma in Environmental Health Technology.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR
__________________________

MAL. KABIRU GARBA Sign and Date

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
__________________________

MAL. ADAMU YA'U ABDULLAHI Sign and Date

DEEN OF HEALTH SCIENCES.

__________________________

SAN. MUSTAPHA MOHAMMED Sign and Date

iii
 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my parents, brothers and sisters whose
contribution and help this programme a success such as my father Busary is
Muhammad Shayibu Hausari, Hajara Muhammad, Fatsuma Muh,d, Adamu
Shayibu (Adoji), Abubakar Shayibu and Hadiza Gambo (Gsk).

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the most gracious and merciful. All praise be to
Almighty Allah (S.W.T) Lord of the world, Master of the universe and the
Day of Judgment that enable me to complete my two (2) years study in
Environmental Health Technology with this project research.
Simultaneously peace and blessing of Allah be upon his messenger prophet
Muhammad (S.A.W).
Therefore, my special appreciation goes to my project supervisor Malam
Jamilu Muhammad, who assisted me and enforce me to learn clearly and try
to change any negative behaviour about health to positive throughout the
course of my study and correcting my research project, may Almighty Allah
bless him and rewarded him with Jannatul Firdaus, ameen.
Also, my special gratitude goes to my parent; Muhammad Shayibu, Hausari
and Hajara Muhammad, Fatsuma Muh,d (Women Leader) who gave me all
the necessary support and encouragement monthly and financially
throughout my academic years, may Almighty Allah bless them and reward
them with Jannatul Firdaus, ameen.
Also, my special gratitude goes to my brothers and sisters; umar
Muhammad, Ibrahim Muh’d (Driver), Yusuf (Dabo), Haruna Audu, Ahmed
(Odita), Ibrahim (Gayee), Baballe (O2),Hadiza (Gombi), Aisha Ummy
babale, Hauwakulu umar, Ladiyo (Gsk), Anty Pkm, Hauwawu Adamu and
my younger brothers Bula (Hamidu), Abdullahi Muh,d(Kabiru),Abdul

v
Muh,d, Abdulrahaman(Likita), Adamu (kwaya), fatsuma (nanan baba) and
Kadaja Umar. Furthermore, my special thanks goes to my lovely girl Aisha
Haruna (Mai koseey).
Therefore, my special thanks goes to my friends; Ibrahim Shayibu, Dr
capsule, Sulaiman Ytt, hussaini Haladu (official), m.Isah (Afoyu), Aminu
bulakos, M.Sani, Adamu Abubakar (Bayani), Muh,d (Kwakkwa), Abba
Ahmadi (Jass), Abdullahi (Takkwal Fillit), khalifa Nguru,mamud Pkm,
Lamba Krm, Bulama Krm, Abba(Reimeres), Adamu(Ytt),Abba Headyboy
(Gsk), Mamud (Gsk) ,Adahama Jchew, Hamisu Dentist, Adamu (malecson,
Babalele (Babson), Abba (tagwa), mato G zomo, Ababa Kdy, Muh,d
(Alawus),Abba Ytt, Alaji profen, muh,d Record, best friends Ibrahim Mai
Boza, Dr capsule, m.Isa Afoyu, my cardio, dream Aisphat (Yatiti) and also
those that I did not mention their names may Allah reward them with
Jannatul Firdaus, ameen.

vi
 ABSTRACT
This research was conducted on the prevalence of typhoid fever among
people of Potiskum local government area of Yobe State. This is because
typhoid fever is serious problem in the study area which leads to increase in
high rate of mortality and morbidity rate. A survey research design was
adopted for the purpose of the study where a medical record from General
Hospital were selected as the source for the data. The data obtain was
analyze using frequency count and percentage. The findings revealed that
from January 2016 – January 2017 there are about 100 cases of typhoid
fever in Potiskum , which among from 20 – 30 years were 55% cases and
above 35% cases is among 30 years and above while the remaining 15%
cases below 20 years. And also the finding revealed that the case of
prevalence among male of about 55% cases and 45% cases in female. Based
on the findings some recommendations were made that portable water
should be provided by the government and educate the people on sanitary
water storage. Health workers should be embarked on enlightenment
campaign on environmental and personal hygiene not only depends on
treatment, latrine in the area should be reconstructed 30 meters or (100ft)
away from water source.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval Page - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - vii
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study - - - - - 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem - - - - - 2
1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study - - - - 3
1.3 Research Questions - - - - - - 3
1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - 4
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study - - - - 4
1.6 Definition of the Terms - - - - - - 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 6
2.1 Meaning of Typhoid Fever - - - - - 6
2.2 Causes of Typhoid Fever - - - - - 6
2.3 Mode of Transmission - - - - - - 7
2.4 Treatment of Typhoid Fever - - - - - 7
2.5 Prevention - - - - - - - - 8
2.6 Risk Factors Associate with Prevalence of Typhoid Fever 8

viii
2.7 Health Carriers of Typhoid Fever - - - - 9
2.8 Sanitation - - - - - - - 9
2.9 Lack of Hygiene - - - - - - - 9
2.10 Causes of Typhoid Fever - - - - - 10
2.11 Clinical Manifestation (Sign and Symptoms) - - 10
2.12 Epidemiology - - - - - - - 10
2.13 Diagnosis - - - - - - - - 11
2.14 Preventive Measures in Places for Typhoid Fever - - 12
2.15 Hand Washing Practices - - - - - - 12
2.16 Immunization and Treatment - - - - - 12
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area - - - - - - - - 13
3.2 Design of Study - - - - - - - 13
3.3 The Study Population - - - - - - 14
3.4 Sampling Techniques - - - - - - 14
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection - - - - - 14
3.6 Method of Data Collection - - - - - 14
3.7 Plan for Data Analysis - - - - - - 14
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - 15
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 24
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - 24
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 25
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - 26
References - - - - - - - - 27

ix
Appendix I - - - - - - - - 30
Appendix II - - - - - - - - 31

x
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study

Salmonella is a type of bacteria that exist in several forms, some of which

live in food and make people who eat it will (James, M. 1908). The term

salmonella is refers to group of bacteria that caused salmonella infection, or

salmonellosis in the intestinal track last updated Wednesday 2017).

Salmonella infections are usually spread by the faecal oral route through

contaminated water, food and poor sanitation. These infections include

mainly typhoid fever (Wood, 1992).

In the past, water contaminated by human sewage was responsible for many

outbreak of typhoid fever. Water borne disease, have become rare, following

the improvement in water supply through in countries with primitive

sanitation and water supply (Twart, et al., 1990) leading to high treatment

cost and death (Winfred, 2005). Typhoid fever is an illness caused by

bacterium salmonella. It is common worldwide transmitted by ingestion of

water of food contaminated with feaces from an infected person, without

treatment the illness last for 3 or 4 weeks and death rates range, between

12% and 30% (C.D.C. 2000). Following ingestion, the bacteria spread from

the intestinal lymph note, live and spleen via the bloodstream where they

1
multiply. Salmonella may directly infect the gall bladder through the hepatic

duct or spread to other areas of the body through the bloodstream. Early

symptoms are generalized and include fever physical discomfort or malaise

and abdominal pain. As the disease progresses, the fever become higher and

diarrhea become prominent, weakness profound fatigue, delirium and

acutely illness appearance develop a rash, characteristic of typhoid which is

called “rose sports” appear in some cases of typhoid. The rose sports are

(1/4 indices) ret spots and appear most often on the abdomen and chest,

typically children have mild disease and fever complication than adult. Few

people can be infected with salmonella typhi and continue to shed the

bacteria in feaces for a years, the complication of typhoid fever include

intestinal perforation, kidney failure, intestinal hemorrhage (gastro intestinal

bleeding) and peritonitis (Poweish, et al., 2003). An estimated 17 million

cases of typhoid fever and 600, 000 death occur worldwide annually

(W.H.O. 2005).

1.1 Statement of the Problem

Typhoid outbreaks do occur if control and prevention measures are not taken

in a timely manner. Poor disposal and hygiene of workers in food handling

and preparation activities would provide an obvious infection routes. Since

residents of Potiskum , continues to suffer from typhoid fever to date, the

2
risk factors behind it include; poor sanitation condition, poor hygiene habits,

proximity of flying insect, feeding on feces, travel to endemic areas,

consumption of raw fruit and vegetable, contaminated with sewage. The

study will look out the method of diagnosis and the knowledge of the

resident about the disease it also seeks to know the condition that are

conducive to high prevalence of typhoid in Potiskum .

1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study

The aims of this research work are:

i. To determine various ways of controlling the typhoid fever in the

study area.

ii. To examine the causes of typhoid fever in the study area.

iii. To find out the effects of typhoid fever in the study area.

1.3 Research Questions

The following questions were structured to guide the research in the

prevalence of typhoid fever on academic performances among the people of

Potiskum local government area, Yobe State.

i. What are the methods use for prevention and control of typhoid fever

in Potiskum local government area?

ii. What are the causes of typhoid fever among the people in Potiskum ?

iii. What are the effects of typhoid fever among the people in Potiskum ?

3
1.4 Significance of the Study

- It is hope that this study will remind authorities of the need for more

attention to the ward.

- Health authorities and others may be motivated to educate the

community and make provision that will promote health in the community.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study is limited to people of Potiskum local government area of Yobe

State. It is not extends other part of Nguru due to limited availability of

resources during conduction of the research.

1.6 Definition of the Terms

 Typhoid:- Is a serious bacterial infection that easily spreads through

contaminated water and food.

 Disinfection:- Addition of chemical to water in order to destroy

disease causing pathogen.

 Environment:- Is all the physical, chemical and biological factors

external to a person, and all the related behaviours.

 Health:- A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

4
 Health Promotion:- A movement in which knowledge practices and

value are transmitted to people for use in lengthening their live, reducing the

incidence of illness and feeding better.

 Sanitation:- The disposal of general waste from the environment with

an aim of keeping the human environment clean free from disease causing

agents.

 Hygiene:- The degree of cleanliness expressed by an individual or

humanity. This involves food and community cleanliness.

 Household Head:- The person who is fully in charge of his own

household.

 Outbreak:- Unusual cases of typhoid exceeding the normal cases.

 Prevalence:- The number of cases at a given place on time.

 Water Borne Disease:- These diseases whose pathogens thrives in

water such as typhoid etc.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

In this chapter, related literature were reviewed particularly those concerned

with the topic typhoid fever. Typhoid fever found affecting all ages, but

most frequently in an unhygienic environment, Nursing News and Skill

6
(2003). Visiting or living in an area where the disease occur is a risk (Miran,

2005). An estimated 17 million cases of typhoid fever and 600, 000 death

occur worldwide annually (WHO, 2005).

2.1 Meaning of Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever, an acute illness characterized by fever caused by infection

with the bacterium salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever has an insidious onset,

with fever, headache, constipation, malaise chills and muscle pain. Diarrhea

is uncommon and vomiting is not usually severe. Confusion, delirium,

intestinal perforation and death may occur in severe cases. The disease is

transmitted through contaminated drinking water and food or contact with

faeces of an infected person.

2.2 Causes of Typhoid Fever

Bacteria the gram-negative bacterium that cause typhoid is salmonella

intrica subspecies. The two main types of subspecies entirica are ST1 and

ST2, based on MLST sub typing scheme, which are currently widespread

globally.

2.3 Mode of Transmission

Oral transmission via food or beverages handled by an often asymptomatic

individual a carrier who chronically shed the bacteria through stool or less

commonly, urine hand to mouth transmission after using a contaminated

7
toilet and neglecting hand hygiene. Oral transmission via sewage

contaminated water or shellfish (especially in the developing world).

2.4 Treatment of Typhoid Fever

- Oral Dehydration Therapy:- The rediscovery of oral dehydration

therapy in the 1960 provided a simple way to prevent many of the death of

diarrhea disease in general.

- Antibiotics:- Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice

is a fluroquine, such as ciprofloxacin. Otherwise, a third generation

cephalosporin such as ceftriazone or cefotaxine is the first choice, cefexime

is a suitable oral alternative. Typhoid fever, when properly treated is not

fatal in most cases, antibiotic, such as ampicillin chloramphenical,

trimethoprin sulfamothoxazote, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin have been

commonly used to treat typhoid fever (WHO, 2005).

2.5 Prevention

Doctor administering a typhoid vaccination at a school in San Augustine

country, Texas 1943. Sanitation and hygiene are important to prevent

typhoid. It can only spread in environment, where human faces are able to

come into contact with food or drinking water careful food preparation and

washing of hands are crucial to prevent typhoid (WHO, 2005).

8
Vaccination

Two typhoid are licensed for use for the prevention of typhoid, the live oral

tyzia vaccine (sold as vivotif by crucell Switzerland AG) and the injectable

typhin Vi by sanofi, Pasteur and typhorix by Glaxosmith kline) both are

efficacious and recommended for traveler to area where typhoid is endemic

brooters are recommended over five years to the oral vaccine and every two

years for the injectable form.

2.6 Risk Factors Associate with Prevalence of Typhoid Fever

1. Water Contamination:- The bacterium salmonella typhi lives inside

human. The bacterium lives and multiplies in the bloodstream and digestive

tract of infected person. Transmission is through contaminated faces in water

or food (Ray, 2002) fecal pathogens, are frequently transferred to the water

borne sewage system, through flush toilet and pit latrine subsequently

contaminating surface and ground water (Pruses, et al., 2006). In region with

poor sanitation the bacteria often spread after water supplies are

contaminated by human waste (WHO, 2000). Increase in urban population

may lead to an increased risk in food and water contamination (WHO,

1992).

2.7 Health Carriers of Typhoid Fever

9
Since salmonella typhi bacteria’s lives in human who can be carriers person

with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract.

In addition a small number of people called carriers recover from typhoid

fever but continue to carry the bacteria in stool. When people who are carrier

to typhoid fail to wash their hands thoroughly with soap and clean water

after defecation they risk passing the causative organism to others (WHO,

2005).

2.8 Sanitation

Sanitation refers to the safe collection, storage and disposal of various

wastes resulting from human activities. Poor sanitation practices are a cause

of bacteria, viral protozoa and helmintic infection (Freachen, 1997).

2.9 Lack of Hygiene

Transmission is by contact with contaminated water and food through food

handle, sewage, contamination of drinking water or food. Typhoid fever can

also be spread through irrigation of crop using sewage contaminated with

salmonella typhi. Human are the only hosts of salmonella typhi (Donald,

2002).

2.10 Causes of Typhoid Fever

10
Typhoid fever is caused by dissemination of salmonella typhi. Transmitted

only through close contact with acutely infected individual or chronic carrier

from ingestion of contaminated food or water (Charles, 1995).

2.11 Clinical Manifestation (Sign and Symptoms)

After an average 10 – 14 days incubation period. The early symptoms of

typhoid appear headache, malaise, generalized aching, fever and restlessness

that may interfere with sleep. There may be loss of appetite, nose bleeds,

cough, and diarrhea or constipation. Persistent fever develops and gradually

rises, usually in a stepwise fashion, reaching a peak of 39 or 40 oc (103 or

104) after 7 – 10 days; left untreated, the fever continues with only slight

moving remission for another 10 – 14 days, sometimes longer. Anorexia,

weakness and abdominal pain. Relative bradyeardia and rash rose spot

(Lucas and Gills, 1999).

2.12 Epidemiology

According to Lucas and Gills (1984) typhoid fever represent one of the

classical example of water borne disease. All ages and both sexes are

susceptible, man is the only reservoir of infection. About 24% of the typhoid

fever patients become chronic carriers urinary also occur and producing

more heat. This cause the continues step lead to fever, the salmonella typhi

toxin irritates the muscular and the nerve all over the body causing body

11
pain severe frontal headache and general weakness of the body. This

irritation and depression of appetite the poisoning of the bundle of his toxin

(WHO, 2005). Impair of normal condition of impulse of arterial myocardial

from the arteriole ventricular node through the bundle of his parking fiber in

the ventricular myocardial causing low pulse rate. When typhoid bacilli

spread into the bloodstream it cause the formation of small clothing in blood

capillaries the body surface. The present of salmonella typhi and toxin in the

gastrointestinal mucosa lead to increase peristals is the perforation of the

intestinal cause bleeding to anemia, the escaper of infected intestinal contact

through the perforation in the peritoneum lead to peritonitis with and their

toxin causes the typhoid psychosis manifestation as delirium and prostration.

2.13 Diagnosis

The typhoid fever is not always possible to diagnosis when the patient is

first seen the condition may be mistake for malaria, septicemia and

meningitis. Therefore, recognition depends up on the following history taken

by knowing the sign and symptoms of the condition. Bacteria logical

examination, stool taken from patient stool culture (this method afford the

earliest proof of the disease). Serological examination bloodstream of the

patient for present of antibiotic of typhoid fever (widal test) with blood cell

count shows leucopoenia, Davidson, (1999).

12
2.14 Preventive Measures in Places for Typhoid Fever

Food and Personal Hygiene:- Hygienic practice include food and personal

hygiene in concerned with all measures necessary for ensuring the safety.

Wholesome and soundness of food at all stages of production, preparation

marketing and distribution (Wood, et al., 1992).

2.15 Hand Washing Practices

People should wash their hand after visiting toilet, before and after eating

food in order to prevent typhoid fever since hygiene is the best method of

preventing it (typhoid fever) and many other bacteria (WHO, 1994).

2.16 Immunization and Treatment

Vaccination of high risk population is considered the most promising

strategy for the control of typhoid fever (Wood, et al., 1992). Usually, the

prevention and control of enteric disease water delivery and sewage control,

supplying hand washing facilities, construction and used of latrines

supervising of food handlers (WHO, 1998).

13
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area
This study carried out in Potiskum , Nguru, Nguru is a local government

area in Yobe State Nigeria, its headquarter is in the town of Nguru near

Hadejia-River at 12052,4 north and 10027,09 east. Nguru has an area of

916km2 and a population of 150,632 at 2006 census.

The town of Nguru dates from 15th century, there is a variety of landscape

types in the area, including the protected Hadejia-Nguru, wetlands of Nguru

lake and the “Sand Dunes”. A semi desert area (NIPOST, 2009-10-20).

As one of the 17th local government area in Yobe State, Nguru local

government area shares boundary with Jigawa State to the west, Karasuwa

local government to the next.

According to the census provisional figures most of the people are farmers,

rearer, businessmen, fishermen and a few civil servants. They grow crops in

the aera such as guinea corn, millet, corn, rice, beans and animals such as

cow, rams, goats etc.

14
Nguru is one the major towns in Yobe State and it is first becoming an
educational center with institutions like; College of Educational and Legal
Studies, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Distance Learning
Studies and more than ten to fifteen secondary as well as pivotal teachers,
training centers and fifty two (52) UBE/Primary schools. The health
institutions in Nguru township are the comprehensive health centers such as
Maternity Clinic, Maternal & Child Health and Federal Medical Center.
3.2 Design of Study

This was a descriptive cross sectional study. The design was appropriate to

this study which was on risk factors to the prevalence of typhoid fever

occurrence in Potiskum local government area of Yobe State because it was

descriptive in nature. The study sought to describe the state affairs as they

existed in the study area (Orodho, 2003).

3.3 The Study Population

The study population consisted of 100 adults aged range 18 years and above.

3.4 Sampling Techniques

The samples are one hundred (100) conveniently taken from the ward due to

the limited resources at the disposal of research. The subjects were identified

and serve with the questionnaires on the basic of first seen first served.

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection

15
These instruments include structured and semi-structured questionnaire, key

informant interview schedule and observation checklist. Key informant

interview were administered to the respondent.

3.6 Method of Data Collection

One hundred (100) copies of questionnaires were distributed to target

population, randomly on the basic of first serve. Ninety six (96) copies were

filled correctly and returned for analysis.

3.7 Plan for Data Analysis

The data collected are presented in tabular form and percentage in chapter

four (4).

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

16
This chapter deal with the analysis and presentation of the result of study,

about 100 copies of questionnaires were distributed to different

people/respondents and 96 copies were duly completed and retrieved for

further analysis and the raw data were analysed in tabular form and

percentage of bio data of the respondents as shown in the table below.

Table 4.1: Age of the Respondents

Description by Age Frequency Percentage

18 – 25 years 43 44.8%

26 – 30 years 27 28.1%

31 – 35 years 14 14.6%

36 and above 12 12.5%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.1 shows that (44.8%) of the respondents were of the age

between 18 – 25, (28.1%) of 26 – 30 and (14.6%) of respondents were age

of 31 – 35 and (12.5%) were 36 and above. This shows that the respondents

are matured and responsible enough to provide necessary information on the

prevalence of typhoid fever in the ward.

Table 4.2: Respondents by Sex/Gender

Description by Sex Frequency Percentage

17
 Male 49 51%

Female 47 49%

Total 96 100%

This table 4.2 show that (51%) of the respondents are male, (49%) are

female. Therefore, male have higher percentage. This is because, majority of

the people in the ward were Muslims and it is prohibited for a woman to be

outside every time.

Table 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

Description by Frequency Percentage

Marital Status
Single 45 46.9%

Married 51 53.1%

Total 96 100%

The table 4.3 above shows that (53.1%) of the respondents were married and

(46.9%) were single. This means that, the majority of the respondents have

families.

Table 4.4: Respondents Level of Education

Description by Frequency Percentage

Education

18
 Primary School 11 11.4%

Secondary School 60 62.5%

Post Secondary School 12 12.5%

Non Formal 13 13.6%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.4 shows that (62.5%) of the respondents are secondary

level in education, (13.6%) were non formal and (12.5%) have attended post

secondary school. This means that majority of the respondents attended

secondary schools.

Table 4.5: Respondents by Occupation

Description by Frequency Percentage

Occupation
Farmer 12 12.5%

Business 7 7.3%

Student 55 57.3%

Civil Servant 22 22.9%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.5 above shows that (57.3%) of the respondents were

students, (22.9%) were civil servants, (12.5%) were farmers and (7.3%)

were businessmen.

19
Table 4.6: Respondents Awareness of Typhoid Fever

Description Typhoid Frequency Percentage

Awareness
Yes 89 92.7%

No 6 7.3%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.6 shows that (92.7%) of the respondents were aware of the

existence of typhoid fever in Potiskum while (7.3%) of the respondents

have no idea about the existence of the disease. This shows that, majority of

the respondents are aware of the disease in the ward.

Table 4.7: Factors Responsible for Typhoid Fever

Description Responsible Frequency Percentage

for Typhoid Fever
Poor sources of water 18 18.8%

Poor disposal of excreta 3 3.1%

Poor refuse disposal 4 4.2%

All of the above 71 73.9%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.7 above shows that, respondents’ views that typhoid

fever can be brought about by poor sources of water, poor disposal excreta

and poor refused disposal.

20
Table 4.8: Sources of Water Used

Description Sources of Frequency Percentage

Water Used
Wall 54 56.3%
Rain Water - -
Stream/River 28 29.3%
Boreholes/Mono Pump 14 14.5%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.8 above shows that, (56.3%) of the respondents are getting

their water from well, (29.2%) from running tap while (14.5%) of the

respondents are getting their water from stream/river. This means that

majority of the people are not getting clean water, this source of water could

exposed them to many water borne diseases or infection in which typhoid

fever is included.

Table 4.9: History of Infection with Typhoid Fever

Description History of Frequency Percentage

Infection Typhoid Fever
Yes 70 76.1%

No 26 23.9%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.9 shows that (76.1%) of the respondents have suffered

from typhoid fever while (23.9%) did not suffer from the disease. This

shows that, majority of the respondents have suffered from typhoid fever.

21
Table 4.10: Method of Treatment

Description Place of Frequency Percentage

Treatment
Hospital 70 72.9%

Chemist 16 16.7%

Home/Traditional 10 10.4%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.10 shows that (72.9%) of the respondents are treated in

hospital, (16.7%) were treated in chemist while (10.4%) of the respondents

were treated at home. This means that, majority of the respondents sought

orthodox medical treatment.

Table 4.11: Method of Refuse Disposal

Description Method of Frequency Percentage
Refuse Disposal
Dustbin 20 20.8%

Local dumping ground 59 61.5%

Incineration 17 17.7%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.11 shows that (20.8%) of the respondents disposed their

refused in dustbin and (61.5%) disposed their refuse in the local dumping

22
ground while (17.7%) by incineration. This indicated that there is a high

possibility of prevalence of typhoid fever in the ward.

Table 4.12: Community has Role to Play

Description Community Frequency Percentage

has role to Play
Yes 81 84.4%

No 15 15.6%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.12 shows that (84.4%) of the respondents agreed that

community has role to play in order to prevent typhoid fever while only

(15.6%) of the respondents disagreed.

Table 4.13: Suggested Measures to Prevent Typhoid Fever

Description (To Prevent Typhoid Fever ) Frequency Percentage

Avoid indiscrimination disposal of excreta 40 41.7%

Purification of water before use 20 20.8%

Report to hospital as soon as one is affected 19 19.8%

Wash vegetable fruits thoroughly before use 17 17.7%

Total 96 100%

The table 4.13 above shows that (41.7%) of the respondents were of the

view that avoiding indiscrimination disposal of refuse and excreta will help

23
in the control and prevention of typhoid fever in Potiskum , (20.8%) of the

respondents suggested that purifying water before use would help in the

reduction of percentage and control of disease, (19.8%) of the respondents

are of the view that reporting to the hospital would help in the prevention

and control of the disease and (17.7%) of the respondents suggested washing

of vegetables and fruits before use/eating.

Table 4.14: Government have Role to Play

Description (Government Frequency Percentage

have role to play)
Yes 87 90.6%

No 9 9.4%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.14 shows that (90.6%) of the respondents were of the

view that government have role to play in the prevention and control of

typhoid fever in Potiskum , while 9 respondents representing (9.4%) said no

government did not have any role to play in the prevention and control of

typhoid fever in the ward.

Table 4.15: Method Use in Purifying Water

Description (Method Use in Frequency Percentage

24
 Purifying Water)
Sedimentation 42 43.8%

Filtration 43 44.8%

Chlorination 6 6.3%

Boiling 5 5.1%

Total 96 100%

The above table 4.15 shows that 42 respondents representing (43.8%) of the

respondents used sedimentation method, 43 representing (44.8%) of the

respondents used filtration method, 6 respondents representing (6.3%) used

chlorination method while 5 respondents representing (5.1%) used boiling

method.

25
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation based

on the finding of the study.

5.1 Summary

This research work is on the prevalence of typhoid fever among people of

Potiskum local government area, Yobe State. Therefore, chapter one deals with

the general emphasis on the prevalence of typhoid fever among people and

consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, aim and

objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope and

limitation of the study and operational definition of the terms.

The second chapter also consist of the following subheadings; the related

literature review, meaning of typhoid fever, causes of typhoid fever, mode of

transmission, treatment of typhoid fever, prevention, risk factors associated

with the prevalence of typhoid fever, health carried of typhoid fever,

sanitation practices, lack of hygiene, causes of typhoid fever, clinical

26
manifestation (sign and symptoms), epidemiology, diagnosis, preventive

measures in place for typhoid fever, hand washing practice, immunization

and treatment.

The following which is chapter three was done under research design,

population of the study, sampling technique and sampling size, research

instrument, research methodology, study design, the study population,

instrument for data collection, method of data collection and plan for data

analysis. Chapter four includes data presentation and analysis and

interpretation of data based on the research questions and objectives of the

study. The last chapter which is chapter five deals with summary, conclusion

and recommendation.

5.2 Conclusion

Based on the finding of this research work, the researcher concluded that the

factors that are responsible for the prevalence of typhoid fever in Potiskum

local government area of Yobe State.

- Poor sanitation, knowledge deficit and lack of government effort in

providing good sources of water supply and other sanitary materials.

- Poor sanitation is one of the factors that are responsible for the prevalence

of typhoid fever.

27
- The people need to improve their personal and environmental hygiene so

that they will be free from the diseases.

Another factor is knowledge deficit about the benefit of the positive health

behaviours to solve this problem, it is the responsibility of the government to

train health educators, nurses and public health workers etc. to health

educate the people of the ward on how to improve their health. Lack of

government effort on providing basic amenities such as good sources of

water supply to the community.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on this research finding, the researcher recommended the following:

1. Indiscriminate disposal of refused and excreta should be avoided.

2. Government should provide enlightenment campaign about the diseases.

3. Government should provide portable sources of water supply.

28
References

Asa, B. (1989). Collier’s Encyclopedia 22 William Publishers Ltd, United

Kingdom Baridalyne N. Anand K. Pandau CS., Typhoid Fever
Vaccines National Medical Journal of India 13(2): 79 – 80, 2000
March – April.

Berth, P.A., Vechk, S. Meroilgk, K., Lindil, L., Weapons of Mass

Destruction New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 234 – 242,
(1990).

Centre for Disease Control (2006). Rural and Regional Health Aged Care
Services. Victorian State Government, Australia Central Bureau of
Statistics (1999). The 1999 Population and Housing Census
Population Report. Government Printers, Nairobi.

Charles, K. (1995). Community Health and Sanitation, Intermediate

Technology Publications, London, United Kingdom.

David, W., Carol, T. and Jane, M. (1993). Where there is no Doctor.

Macmillan Education Limited, Nairobi, Kenya.

District Medical Officer of Health (2005). Integrated Disease Surveillance

Report. Laikipia, Nanyuki.

Donald, K. (2004). Deadly Disease and Epidemic Typhoid Fever. Chelsea

House Publishers, Philadelphia. Government of Kenya (1999)
National Health Sector Strategic Plan (1999 – 2004). Government
Printers, Nairobi Government of Kenya (2002). National Information
System. National Typhoid Summary Report for Years 1998, 1999 and
2003.

29
James, N. and Philip, M. (2002). The Official Patients Source book on
Typhoid Fever and Health Care, Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry of Health (1999). National Sanitation Guideline Majestic Printing

Work. Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry of Health (2004). Health Management Information System Report.

Government Printers, Nairobi.

Miriam, S. (2005). Family Health Guide. A Darling Kindersley Ltd. London,

United Kingdom.

Nyamwaya, D., Munguti, K., and Akuma, P. (1999). A Guide to Health

Promotion through Water and Sanitation. Amref, Nairobi, Kenya.

Notter, J., and Firth, R. (1994). 4 Hygiene Studies. Darling Kindersley Ltd.
London, United Kingdom.

Olopoenia, L.A., King, A.L. (2010). Widal Agglutination Test 100 Years
Late: Still Plagued, Frank, J. Mahoney: Epidemiological and Risk
Factors for Endemic Typhoid Fever.

Pruss, U., and Corralan, C. (2006). Preventing Diseases through Healthy

Environment Towards an Estimate of the Environmental Burden of
Diseases. World Health Organization, France.

Ray, C. (2002). Epidemic Deadly Disease through History Typhoid Fever.

The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. New York.

Rukunga, G. (2001). Environmental Health for East Africa. Amref, Nairobi,

Kenya.

Twort, A., Law, F., and Crawley, W. (1990). Water Supply Third edition.
Holder and Stonington Limited, London.

W.H.O. (1987). Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing

Countries. Report of a WHO Study Group Technical Report Serial
742 WHO, Geneva.

W.H.O. (1992). World Health Organization Commission of Health and

30
 Environment. Report of the Panel on Food and Agriculture, Geneva,
Switzerland.

W.H.O. (1994). Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation. World Health

Organization, Geneva Switzerland.

W.H.O. (1996). World Health Report on Reducing Health Risk and

Promoting Health Lives, Oxford University, Oxford, United
Kingdom.
W.H.O. (1998). Vaccination against Typhoid Fever, Present Status. World
Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
W.H.O. (1999). World Health Report. Reducing Health Risk and Promoting
Health Lives, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

W.H.O. (2000). Global Water Supply and Sanitation. Assessment Report

World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.

W.H.O/UNICEF (2005). Global Water Supply and Sanitation. Assessment

2000 Report World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Winfred, W., and Julia, M. (2005). Comprehensive Geography. Longhor

Publishers Limited, Nairobi, Kenya.

Wood, H., Vaughan, P., Glanville, H. (1992). Community Health Nairobi,

Kenya.

31
 Appendix I

Department of Environmental Health

Sciences,
Galtima Mai kyari College of Health
Sciences and Technology,
P.M.B. 1028,
Nguru,
Yobe State.
Dear Respondent,
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

32
I, SHAYIBU MUHAMMAD USMAN ND/EHT/23/030 final year student
of the above named institution conducting a research work (project) on
prevalence of typhoid fever among people of Potiskum local government
area of Yobe State. Please, assist me in reading questionnaire carefully and
answer the question by ticking (√) or filling the space provided with the
most appropriate answer.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,
Shayibu Muhd Usman
ND/EHT/23/030

Appendix II
Questionnaire Form
This questionnaire is on prevalence of typhoid fever among people of
Potiskum local government area of Yobe State.
Instruction: This questionnaire is a tool for data collection only. The
information given by the respondents will be treated with utmost
confidentiality of that not victimization whatsoever.

Section A: Demographic Information of Respondents

1. Age of the Respondents

33
 a. 20 – 25 ( ) b. 26 – 30 ( )
c. 31 – 35 ( )
2. Sex/gender of respondents
a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )
3. Marital status of respondents
a. Single ( ) b. Married ( )
4. Level of education
a. Primary ( ) b. Secondary ( )
c. Post Secondary ( ) d. Non formal ( )
5. Occupational of respondents
a. Farming ( ) b. Business ( )
c. Civil Servant ( )

Section B: Awareness of people in existence of typhoid fever in

Potiskum
6. Are you aware of existence of typhoid fever in dogoogo abare ward?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
7. Which of the following are responsible for causing typhoid fever in
Potiskum ?
a. Poor sources of water ( )
b. Poor disposal of excreta ( )
c. Poor refuse disposal ( )
d. All of the above ( )
8. Have you ever suffered from typhoid fever?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
9. If yes, where have you been receiving treatment?
a. Hospital ( ) b. Chemist ( )

34
 c. Home ( )
10. What sources of water do you use?
a. Stream/River ( )
b. Rain water ( )
c. Running Tap ( )
11. What method of refuse disposal do you use?
a. Dustbin ( )
b. Local dumping ground ( )
c. Incineration ( )

Section C: Preventive measures in place for typhoid fever

12. Is there any measured you think the community can take to prevent
typhoid fever?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
13. If yes, state those measures?

...
14. Do you think government have role to play in prevention and control
of typhoid fever?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
15. If yes, state the possible role that the government can play in the
prevention and control of typhoid fever?

.
16. Do you purify your water before drinking?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

35
17. If yes, state the method used in purifying?

18. State the method of food preservation used by your family?

36