Concept of Biology
Presentation final
Group name list here: Harpreet Kaur (2433161)
Taranjit Singh (2433219)
Nishtha Wadhera (2433190)
Hitin Kumar (2433322)
Amritpal Singh (2433407)
Harjot Singh (2320004)
Course ID: 33331
Date of the presentation: 16th December 2024
BIO100
Introduction to Biology
LEILI GHAZI ZADEH
2024-12-13 1
Introduction
What are vaccines?
Vaccines are antigens that are
administered into the human system to
prepare the body’s immune system to
fight the disease causing pathogens,
viruses or bacteria, in a manner that is
harmless to the human system.
Vaccines introduce a weakened or inactivated form of
the pathogen into the body, prompting an immune
How response without causing disease.
vaccine
work? • Introduction: The vaccine contains a
weakened or inactivated form of the
pathogen.
• Immune Response: The body recognizes the
pathogen and begins to produce antibodies
and immune cells.
• Memory: The immune system remembers the
pathogen, allowing for a quick response in
the future.
Types of vaccine
Vaccines are of different types: each employs a different method in order to bring about an
immune response.
LIVE-ATTENUATED- THESE CONTAIN A NONVIRULENT FORM OF
THE VIRUS OR BACTERIUM THAT CAUSES THE DISEASE.
INACTIVATED - THESE CONTAIN THE FORMALIN INACTIVATED
VIRUS OR BACTERIA.
SUBUNIT - THESE CONTAIN ONLY SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE
PATHOGEN.
MRNA - THESE USE MRNA TO INSTRUCT THE BODY TO
PRODUCE SPECIFIC PROTEINS FROM THE PATHOGEN.
History of Vaccination
• Edward Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine:
- In 1796, Edward Jenner created the first
vaccine using cowpox to protect against
smallpox.
• Key Milestones in Vaccine Development:
- 1885: Louis Pasteur developed the rabies
vaccine.
- 1920s: Vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus,
and whooping cough (DTP).
- 1950s: Polio vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk.
- Modern vaccines: mRNA vaccines for
COVID-19.
Eradicated and
Controlled
Diseases
• Smallpox Eradication:
- Declared eradicated by the WHO
in 1980 due to global vaccination
efforts.
• Polio Control:
- Global vaccination programs
reduced polio cases by over 99%.
- Only a few cases remain in some
regions.
• Other Controlled Diseases:
- Measles, Rubella, and Hepatitis B.
Importance of
Vaccines
• Prevention of Diseases:
- Protect against severe illnesses like measles,
polio, and influenza.
• Herd Immunity:
- Protects even unvaccinated individuals by
stopping the spread of disease.
• Saving Lives:
- Vaccines save millions of lives worldwide
every year.
• Reduced Mortality Rates:
- Vaccines have greatly reduced deaths from diseases like measles
and tetanus.
Global Impact of • Improved Public Health:
- Healthier populations lead to stronger economies.
Vaccines • Economic Benefits:
- Saves money by preventing hospitalizations and reducing
healthcare costs.
Economic benefits
$ 10 B
Savings
Vaccines save the US economy an
estimated $10 billion annually
1.4 M
20,000
Cases Prevented Deaths Prevented
Vaccines prevent 1.4 million cases of Vaccines prevent 20,000 deaths each
serious illness each year. year.
Vaccine hesitancy
Tendency of people to avoid vaccination, or vaccine hesitancy, is multifaceted and has
multiple reasons and results.
Misinformation
The spread of false information about vaccines can lead
to skepticism.
Fear of side effects
Concerns about potential side effects can deter
people from getting vaccinated
Lack of Trust
A lack of trust in healthcare systems or authorities
can contribute to hesitancy.
Ethical concerns
1
• Equitable distribution
• Ensuring that vaccines reach all populations, regardless
of location or socioeconomic status, is crucial.
2
• Informed consent
• Individuals should have access to accurate information to
make informed decisions about vaccination.
3
• Transparency
• Open communication about vaccine development,
safety, and efficacy is essential to foster trust.
Accessibility issues
Transportation Insurance Outreach
• Street connectivity • Lack of or • Lack or inadequate
issues contributes inadequate health promotion in
to this barrier insurance for the populous
considering that vaccines poses decreases information
potential vaccines financial hurdles as dissemination on
candidates may not every intending vaccine and their
be able to get to vaccinated patient adjacency, vaccine
the vaccination is reluctant to bear provision and
sites due to the the cost of services.
inadequacy of vaccines.
adequate transport.
Addressing Myths
and Misconceptions
• Myth 1:Vaccines are meant to prevent diseases, but they can
also cause them to occur.
Fact: Vaccines contain inactivated or weakened virus particles
that cannot cause illness (CDC, 2021).
• Myth 2: mRNA vaccines alter DNA
Fact: mRNA vaccines instruct cells to produce a protein, but
they do not interact with or alter human DNA (CDC, 2021).
• Myth 3: Natural immunity is better than vaccine-induced
immunity.
Fact: Vaccines offer a safer and controlled way to build immunity
without the risk of severe disease (CDC, 2021).
Trusted sources and public health campaigns are crucial in
countering misinformation and boosting vaccine confidence
(Graham & Slaoui, 2020).
Vaccination During
Pandemics
• Role of Vaccines in Fighting Pandemics:
Vaccines are crucial in preventing the spread of
infectious diseases during pandemics, controlling
outbreaks, and saving lives (Polack et al., 2020).
Historical examples like smallpox and polio show the
effectiveness of vaccines in reducing pandemics (Polack
et al., 2020).
• Lessons from COVID-19:
Highlights rapid development and global cooperation.
Underlines need for robust public health infrastructure.
Addresses public concerns.
mRNA Vaccine
Revolution
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines:
• Use mRNA technology to instruct cells to create
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
• Aim to elicit protective immune reaction, not live virus.
Advantages of mRNA Technology:
• Faster development and manufacturing than traditional
vaccines.
• Flexibility in adapting to emerging virus variants.
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines
• High efficacy in preventing severe illness.
• Proven safety through rigorous clinical trials and post-
marketing surveillance.
Vaccine Development Process
Pre-clinical Trials Overview
• Animal-based tests for vaccine safety, immune response, efficacy.
• Determines dosage and formulation for human clinical trials.
Clinical Trials Overview
• Phase 1: Focuses on safety, dosage, and initial immune responses in healthy volunteers.
• Phase 2: Expands trial to more participants for evaluation.
• Phase 3: Large-scale testing on thousands of participants for vaccine efficacy and safety.
Regulatory Approvals for Vaccines
• FDA and EMA review vaccines for safety, efficacy, quality.
• Emergency Use Authorization granted for urgent public health needs.
Monitoring
Side Effects
• Common Side Effects:
Mild fever, fatigue, and localized pain or swelling.
Typically resolve within a few days.
• Rare Side Effects:
Severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis).
Extremely rare but monitored closely.
• Safety Systems:
Programs like VAERS help track and investigate side
effects.
Ongoing checks ensure vaccines stay safe for everyone.
Innovative Technologies
• DNA Vaccines:
Teach your body to fight germs using DNA.
They are easy to make and store.
• Universal Flu Vaccine:
Scientists are working on a single flu shot to protect
against all types of flu.
• Future Innovations:
New delivery methods like patches or sprays.
Vaccines that don’t need cold storage for better access
worldwide.
• Why It Matters:
Everyone deserves vaccines, no matter where they live.
Fair Vaccine Vaccines protect the world by stopping the spread of
Access diseases.
• Programs Like COVAX:
Help poorer countries get vaccines at low or no cost.
• Challenges:
Not enough vaccines for everyone yet.
Hard to deliver vaccines to remote areas.
• What’s Being Done:
Building more factories to produce vaccines.
Training healthcare workers to reach more people.
Building Trust in
Vaccines
• Listen to Communities:
Understand people’s fears and answer their questions.
• Be Honest:
Share how vaccines are tested and approved.
Explain both benefits and risks clearly.
• Spread the Truth:
Use social media and community leaders to fight false information.
• Work with Local Leaders:
Build trust by involving trusted figures in the community.
• Show Success Stories:
Share examples of how vaccines have saved lives and stopped diseases.
Strengthening Healthcare Systems
Importance of Cold Storage and Logistics:
• Vaccines’ effectiveness is sustained by effective refrigeration chain
processes from the production point to the administration sites.
Logistical issues must also be closely considered as distribution will
be an issue in areas that might be overcome the world.
Training Healthcare Professionals:
• Professional healthcare staff is crucial to administer vaccines
properly and safely. CCE also guarantees that service delivery on
vaccine storage, handling and administration are standard.
Role of Governments and Organizations
• Contributions of WHO, CDC, and GAVI:
These organizations provide critical support in global
health:
WHO: Setting up the global benchmarks on health and
monitoring.
CDC: Fostering the progress of disease control measures
and of health promotion interventions.
GAVI: Making sure that the vaccines are distributed in
the low-income nations.
❖Policy Development for Global Health:
Policy makers thereby have a central role of providing
funding for vaccines and cooperation for collaborations
vaccines as well as research and development for the new
diseases as they emerge.
Summary of Key Points
Vaccines play a role in enhancing
healthcare of the world and
eliminating illnesses.
This fight cannot be won without
tackling some common issues,
such as misinformation, access to
distribution, and storage.
Equal and fair immunizations
require cooperation between the
governments, the organizations,
and the communities.
Call To Action
• Promote Vaccination:
Promote the need for vaccines in your communities and fight fake news.
❖Support Equitable Access:
Support programs that enhance Health Systems and equitable methods of vaccine
distribution.
• Collaborate for Global Health:
Collaborate with other non-governmental bodies together with policy-makers with a view
of developing workable solutions to the inequitable provision of vaccines and other health
enhancing amenities.
References
• CDC. (2024, August 10). Explaining how vaccines work. Vaccines & Immunizations.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/explaining-how-vaccines-work.html
• Bonanni, P., Picazo, J. J., & Rémy, V. (2015). The intangible benefits of vaccination – what is the true
economic value of vaccination? Journal of Market Access & Health Policy, 3, 10.3402/jmahp.v3.26964.
https://doi.org/10.3402/jmahp.v3.26964
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Myths and facts about COVID-19 vaccines.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html
• Graham, B. S., & Slaoui, M. (2020). mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine,
383(18), 1770-1772. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2024672
• Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., & Kitchin, N. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19
vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(27), 2603-2615. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
