MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A
MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON
LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY
Pawar Jivan Balu (2209920041)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. Patole D. P.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

S. R. E. I’s
SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC, BELHE
TAL-JUNNER, DIST-PUNE 4124

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

S. R. E. I’s
SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC, BELHE
TAL-JUNNER, DIST-PUNE 412410

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Pawar Jivan Balu
Have satisfactorily completed Micro Project on
LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

As a part of Syllabus of SWM (22605)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai For the partial
fulfillment of
Diploma in Civil Engineering
In the academic year 2024-25

SUBJECT TEACHER H.O.D

(Mrs. Patole D. P.) (Mr.Vighe S.T)

PRINCIPAL
(Prof. Kapile A.S)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project is done as a semester project, as a part course titled LEGAL
ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT. We are
really thankful to our course the Principal Prof. Kapile A.S and The HOD Prof.
Vighe S.T.Civil Department, Samarth Polytechnic, Belhe for his invaluable
guidance and assistance,without which the accomplishment of the task would
have never been possible.We also thanks Mrs. Patole madam For giving this
opportunity to explore into the real world and realize the interrelation without
which a Project can never progress.In my present project I have chosen the topic
LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
I also thankful to parents, friend and all staff of Civil engineering department, for
providing me relevant information and Necessary clarifications and great support.

Name of student- Pawar Jivan Balu

Enrollment No - 2209920041

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 ABSTRACT
Biomedical waste is any kind of waste either solid or liquid containing
infectious, potentially infectiousmaterials of medical, laboratory or research origin
from activities such as diagnosis, prevention & treatmentof diseases. Bio-medical
waste has a higher potential of infection and injury to the healthcare worker,
patientand the surrounding community. It consists of human anatomical waste, animal
waste, microbiology &biotechnology waste, waste sharps, discarded medicines &
cytotoxic drugs, soiled waste, liquid waste,incineration ash & chemical wastes.
Common generators of biomedical waste include hospitals, clinics,medical &
veterinary colleges, blood banks, mortuaries, autopsy centers, biotechnology
institutions, researchlaboratories, home health care & funeral homes. Hazardous
chemicals & radioactive waste though noninfectious require proper disposal. World
Health Organization states that 10% of hospital waste are infectious& 5% are non-
infectious but hazardous waste. World Health Organisation has classified medical
waste into8 categories which include general, pathological, radioactive, chemical,
infectious, sharps, pharmaceuticals& pressurized wastes. In India, Biomedical waste
(Management & Handling) Rules 1998 along with furtheramendments regulate
biomedical waste management. It consists of 6 schedules which includes Categoryof
Biomedical waste, Colour coding & type of container, Label for Biomedical waste
containers or bagswhich should be non-washable & prominently visible, Label for
transport of Biomedical waste containers orbags, Standard for treatment & disposal,
Schedule for waste treatment facilities like Incinerator, Autoclave,Microwave
System. Operating Standards like combustion efficiency & Emission Standards are
defined.The present review article focused on basic issues as definition, categories,
problems relating to biomedicalwaste and procedure of handling and disposal method
of Biomedical Waste Management.

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page

Certificate i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Index iv

1 Chapter No 1- Introduction 1

2 Chapter No 2- Biomedical Waste 2-4

3 Chapter No 3- Legal Aspects Of Biomedical Medical Waste 5-11

Management
4 Chapter No 4- Conclusion 12

5 Chapter No 5- Reference 13

6 Actual procedure Followed 14

7 Teacher Evaluation Sheet 15

8 Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro 16

Project
9 Micro – Project Evaluation Sheet 17

10 Micro project proposal 18

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 Chapter No: - 1
INTRODUCTION
Bio Medical Waste (BMW) means any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings, animals etc. This medical waste management concept has
recently emerged as an important issue and concern to the hospitals, Governments, individuals
and to the Environment. The proper management of medical waste has become a worldwide
topic. The Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) rules, 1998 says “Any waste which
is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human or in research activities
pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological”. It also says that it is a part of
hospital hygiene and maintenance activity. Bio medical waste poses hazards due to two
important reasons one is infectivity and other is toxicity. World Health Organization (WHO)
says, 85% of hospital wastes are non hazardous, and 10% are infectious, other 5% are non
infectious. Biomedical waste consist of human anatomical waste like tissues, organs and body
parts, animal wastes from veterinary hospitals, microbiology and biotechnology wastes, sharps
like needles, syringes, and broken glass, Discarded medicines, solid waste items, liquid wastes.
Biomedical waste management plays an important role in safe guarding environment and
human health. Many hospital and small nursing home ignores this very important aspect. This
article deals with legal aspects of the biomedical waste management, starts from Environment
protection act, 1986, followed by biomedical waste (management & handling) rules, 1998. The
other part of the article deals with the process and composition of the BMW.
Management of bio-medical waste has an influential role in taking safeguarding
measures for the protection of the environment and in general, public health. However, this
aspect has not received enough focus from many healthcare service facilities like hospitals and
small nursing homes. Day by day, the potential irresistible and harmful waste production has
been moderately expanding, thereby creating an immediate impact on the environment. Thus,
in this article, we identify the essential legal implications and issues with biomedical waste,
production and strategies for better disposal techniques.

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 Chapter No: - 2
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
➢ What is biomedical waste?
Management of bio-medical waste has an influential role in taking safeguarding measures
for the protection of the environment and in general, public health. However, this aspect has
not received enough focus from many healthcare service facilities like hospitals and small
nursing homes. Day by day, the potential irresistible and harmful waste production has been
moderately expanding, thereby creating an immediate impact on the environment. Thus, in this
article, we identify the essential legal implications and issues with biomedical waste,
production and strategies for better disposal techniques.

There are three basic principles for developing a sustainable practice of BMW –
reduced, reuse, and recycle. The best management measures focus on avoiding the
production of waste or recovering and reusing as much as possible, keeping disposal as a
last resort. Thus according to their requirement, various methods can be put to use like
prevent, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose of, which is what is known
as being managed at its source rather than opting for the end of pipe approach.

➢ Sources of Biomedical waste

Primary source of biomedical waste are Hospital, nursing homes, veterinary hospitals,
clinics, dispensaries, blood banks and research institutions. Other sources include
households industries, education institutions and research institutions.

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➢ Classification of Biomedical Waste:
The World Health Organization (WHO) classified this into eight categories like
1) General waste
Waste that does not pose any particular biological, chemical, radioactive or physical
hazard.

2) Pathological waste
Human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and contaminated animal carcasses.

3) Radioactive waste
Such as products contaminated by radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic
material or radio therapeutic materials.

4) Chemical waste
For example solvents and reagents used for laboratory preparations, disinfectants,
sterilants and heavy metals contained in medical devices (e.g. mercury in broken
thermometers) and batteries.

5) Infectious waste:
Waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids (e.g. from discarded
diagnostic samples), cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work
(e.g. waste from autopsies and infected animals from laboratories), or waste from
patients with infections (e.g. swabs, bandages and disposable medical devices);

6) Sharps
Syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades, etc.

7) Pharmaceutical waste: expired, unused and contaminated drugs and vaccines.

8) Cytotoxic waste:
Waste containing substances with genotoxic properties (i.e. highly hazardous
substances that are, mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic), such as cytotoxic drugs
used in cancer treatment and their metabolites.

➢ Effects of Biomedical Waste

✓ Exposure to hazardous biomedical waste can cause disease or injury to human health.
HIV, hepatitis B, and C are the three most commonly spread viruses worldwide due to
improper treatment of medical wastes. They are transmitted through injuries from
contaminated syringes and needles.
✓ Doctors, nurses, and sanitation workers are amongst the most vulnerable to the harmful
effects of biomedical waste.
✓ At a time of rapid emergence of new strains of the novel coronavirus, the importance
of appropriate treatment of medical wastes cannot be more emphasized. The various
technologies that can be used for treatment include:

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• Incineration
• Chemical Disinfection
• Wet Thermal Treatment
• Microwave Irradiation
• Land Disposal
• Inertization

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 Chapter No: - 3
LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT

➢ Legal Aspect of BMW

• The Environment Protection Act, 1986
This act made various rules and guidelines under sections 6, 8 & 25. Based on this
the Biomedical wastes (management & handling) Rules, 1998 was formulated. Of
this,
Sec. 3: Facilitates Government authority to undertake various steps for protection
and
improvement of environment
Sec. 5: Provides for issuance of direction in writing
Sec. 6: empowers the governments to make rules
Sec. 8: Education of individuals dealing with hazardous waste regarding safety
measures
Sec. 10: Permits authorities to enter the premises and inspect
Sec. 15: Government can take steps against defaulters
Sec. 17: Punishment in case of violations by government departments

• Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998

In accordance with this rules, it is the duty of every “occupier” i.e., a person who
has the control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that
waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and
environment.
The hospitals have to set up their own facilities within the time frame (Schedule VI)
or ensure the medical waste treatment at a common waste treatment facility. The
state governments shall require establishing a prescribed authority for this purpose.
The respective governments would also constitute advisory committees to advise
the governments in this matter. This rules amended in 2000 & 2003. This consists
of Six schedules.

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Table: Six Schedules:
SCHEDULE CONSIST

Schedule I Categories of biomedical waste

Schedule II Colour coding, type of container for BMW
Schedule III Label for transport of biomedical waste bags/containers
Schedule IV Bill for transport of biomedical waste bags/containers
Schedule V Standards for treatment and disposal of BMW
Schedule VI Schedule for BMW treatment facilities

SCHEDULE I

Categories of Biomedical Waste

Waste Waste Category Treatment and
Category Disposal
No
Category Human Anatomical Waste (human tissues, Incineration/deep
No.1 organs, body parts) burial
Category Animal Waste (animal tissues, organs, body Incineration/deep
No.2 parts carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and burial
experimental animals used in research, waste
generated by veterinary hospitals, colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal houses
Category Microbiology & Biotechnology Wastes (wastes local autoclaving /
No.3 from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-waving/
micro-organisms live or attenuated vaccines, incineration
human and animal cell culture used in research
and infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from production
of biologicals, toxins, dishses and devices used
for transfer of cultures
Category Waste sharps (needles, syringes, scalpels, disinfection
No.4 blades, (chemical
glass etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This treatment/auto
includes both used and unused sharps) claving/
microwaving and
multilation
/shredding
Category Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs incineration/destruction and
No.5 (wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated drugs disposal in
and discarded medicines secured landfills
Category Soiled Waste incineration /
No.6 (Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids autoclaving/micro
including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, waving
lines beddings, other material contaminated with
blood

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 Category Solid Waste (wastes generated from disposable disinfection by
No.7 items other than the waste sharps such as chemical
tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc treatment/autoclaving/
microwaving
and
mutilation/shredding
Category Liquid Waste (waste generated from laboratory Disinfection by
No.8 and washing, cleaning, house-keeping and chemical
disinfecting activities) treatment and
discharge into
drains
Category Incineration Ash (ash from incineration of any disposal in
No.9 bio-medical waste) municipal landfill
Category Chemical Waste (chemicals used in production Chemical
No.10 of treatment and
biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as discharge into
insecticides etc) drains for liquids
and secured
landfill for solids

SCHEDULE II
Colour Coding and Type of Container for Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes
Colour Type of Waste Treatment options
Coding Container Category as per Schedule I
Yellow Plastic Cat.1, Incineration/deep
bag Cat.2, burial
Cat.3,
Cat. 6
Red Disinfected Cat.3, Autoclaving/Microwaving/
container/plastic bag Cat.6, Chemical
Cat.7 Treatment
Blue/White Plastic Cat.4, Autoclaving/Microwaving/
translucent bag/puncture proof Cat.7 Chemcial Treatment and
container destruction/shredding
Black Plastic Cat.5 Disposal in secured
bag/puncture proof and landfill
container Cat.9
and
Cat10
(Soli)

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SCHEDULE III
Label for Bio-Medical Waste Containers/Bags Biohazard Symbol

Cytotoxic Hazard Symbol

SCHEDULE IV
Label for Transport of Bio-Medical Waste Containers
Day………… Month……………….
Year ……………………….. Date of generation……………………
Waste category No………………
Waste Class
Waste description
Sender's Name & Address
Receiver's Name & Address
Phone No…………………
Phone No……………………..
Telex No………………….
Telex No………………………
Fax No……………………
Fax No………………………..
Contact Person……………..

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Contact Person………………..
In case of emergency please contact: Name & Address Phone No………….
SCHEDULE V
Standards for Treatment and Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes
All incinerators shall meet the following operating and emission standards:
A. Operating Standards
1. Combustion efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00%.
2. The Combustion efficiency is computed as follows:
%CO2
C.E. = _____________________ 100
% CO2+ % CO
3. The temperature of the primary chamber shall be 800 ± 50co.
4. The secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least 1 (one) second at 1050
± 50co, with minimum 3% Oxygen in the stack gas.
B. Emission Standards
Parameters Concentration mg/Nm3 at (12% CO2 correction)
(1) Particulate matter 150
(2) Nitrogen Oxides 450
(3) HCl 50
(4) Minimum stack height shall be 30 metres above ground.
(5) Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%.

Note:

not be chemically treated with any chlorinated

ash shall be limited within the regulatory quantities as

defined under the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989. Only
low sulphur fuel like L.D.O./L.S.H.S./Diesel shall be used as fuel in the incinerator &
etc.

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SCHEDULE VI
Schedule for Waste Management Facilities like Incinerator/Autoclave/Microwave
System
A. Hospitals and nursing homes in towns By 30th June, 2000 or earlier
with population of 30 lakhs and above
B. Hospitals and nursing homes in By 30th June, 2000 or earlier
towns with population of below 30 lakhs By 31st December, 2000 or earlier
- By 31st December, 2001 or earlier
(a) with 500 beds and above By 31st December, 2002 or earlier
(b) with 200 beds and above but less than
500 beds.
(c) With 50 beds and above but less than
200
beds
(d) With less than 50 beds
C. All other institutions generating By 31st December, 2002 or earlier
biomedical
waste not included in A and B
above.

Process of Biomedical waste management

The hospital industry is one of the growing industries in India. The hospital wastes like body
parts, organs, tissues, blood and body fluids, cottons, bandage are very important and essential
items to be properly collected, segregated, stored, transported, treated and disposed of in proper
manner. The process includes waste collection, segregation, transportation and storage,
treatment & disposal.

Composition of Biomedical Waste

Segregation
Segregation refers to the basic separation of different categories of waste generated at source,
which leads to reducing the cost of handling and disposal. This is most important step in bio
medical waste management process. The effective segregation helps to prevent the mixture of
medical waste & municipal waste. It also provides an opportunity for recycling certain items.

Collection
It involves use of different types of container from various sources like operation theatre,
laboratory, hospital wards, kitchen, etc. The bins colour coded are in table.

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Table: Colour Coding of bins
Colour Coding Waste

Yellow Human Anatomical waste, Animal waste, Micro biology &

biotechnology waste, item contaminated with blood & body
fluids
Red Micro biology & biotechnology waste, item contaminated with blood
& body fluids
Blue/White Sharps, solid wastes
Black Discarded medicines & drugs, Incineration ash, chemical waste

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 Chapter No: - 4
CONCLUSION
We must have proper guidelines and it is even more necessary for us to follow them as
proper adherence to the management system will lead to a better environment and help us have
control over the generation of waste and its disposal. This in turn will aid in preventing the
spread of various harmful diseases and keep the environment healthy for living. Keeping these
valuable factors in mind, hospitals, as well as us as responsible citizens, have to follow the legal
aspects. All of us have to contribute towards the protection of the environment. For the times
ahead of us, we all need to unite and adapt to the progressive changes to handle the waste more
effectively and efficiently. All the institutions need to handle the dynamic rules for systematic
treatment and disposal of the waste to avoid any of its adverse effects on the environment and
human life. The proper bio medical waste management system will lead to the better
environment and the control of spread of disease in the environment. Keeping these valuable
factors in mind, hospitals have to follow the legal aspects.

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 Chapter No: - 5
REFERENCE
➢ C P R Environmental Education Centre – Notes Hem Chandra, Hospital waste : an
environmental hazard and its management, 1991 Govt. of India, Ministry of
environment and forest, Gazette notification No 460 dated July 27, New Delhi: 1998:
10-20.
➢ Government Of India Ministry Of Environment, Forest And Climate Change
Notification, [Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-
section (i)], New Delhi, the 28th March, 2016
➢ https://blog.ipleaders.in/biomedical-waste-management-rules-2016/
➢ https://www.cureus.com/articles/117274-biomedical-waste-management-and-its-
importance-a-systematic-review

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Actual Procedure Followed

Activity Sign of
Sr. Activity
Start Finish Subject
No. Details of Activity
Date date Teacher
Select a project name with the help of a
1 subject teacher. Teacher guide the how to
make a project.
Discuss the Micro project subject with
2 group members and how to collect the
information.
Collect the information with the help of
textbook , reference books. Note down
3 the main points with the help of group
members.

Collect information and diagram to

saw the teacher. Teacher guide to
4 how to prepare a report of micro
Project.

Made the micro project report with the

help of group members and printout the
5
pages and made a file of micro project

Check the project with the help of teacher

6 and submit the micro project report.

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 Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Pawar Jivan Balu

Enrollment No: 2209920041
Course Title: SWM

Code: 22605

Title of the Micro-Project: LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Course Outcomes Achieved:

In this micro project I will studies for different water pollution factor and other
gases,liquid and various solids chemical mixture in their.The water pollution is
directly effect to the human life and other living things. The polluted water is
dangerous to the health.And water pollution effect for various sources i indicated in
this project.

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 Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
✓ (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)

S Characterist Poor Average Good Excellent

. ic to be ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
N assessed 10 )
o
.
1 Relevance to Relate to very few Related to some Take care of Take care of
the course LOs Los atleast one CO more than
one CO

2 Literature Not more than two At-least 5 relevant At –least 7 About 10

Survey sources (primary sources, at least 2 relevant sources, relevant
/information and secondary), latest most latest sources,
collection very old reference most latest

3 Completion Completed less Completed 50 to Completed 60 to Completed

of the than 50% 60% 80% more than
Target as 80 %
per project
proposal
4 Analysis of Sample Size small, Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough data
Data and data neither appropriate appropriate collected by
representati organized nor sample, enough sample, enough sufficient
on presented well data generated but data generated and
not organized and which is organized appropriate
not presented well. and presented well sample size.
No or poor but poor Proper
inferences drawn inferences drawn inferences
drawn by
organising
and
presenting
data through

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S Characterist Poor Average Good Excellent
r. ic to be ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9-
N assessed 10 )
o
.
5 Quality of Incomplete Just Well Well
Prototype/ fabrication/assem Assembled/fabric assembled/fabrica assembled/f
Model bly. ated and parts are ted with proper abricated
not functioning functioning parts. with proper
well. Not in In proper shape, functioning
proper shape, parts. In
within tolerance
Dimensions proper
dimensions and
beyond tolerance shape,
good
limit. within
finish/appearance.
Appearance/finish tolerance
But no creativity
is shabby. dimensions
in design and use and good
of material finish/appe
ar ance.
Creativity
in design
and use of
material

7 Presentatio Major information Includes major Includes major Well

n is not included, information but information and organized,
information is not not well well organized includes
well organized. organized and not but not presented major
presented well well information
,well
presented
Defense Could not reply to Replied to Replied properly Replied
8 considerable Considerable to considerable most
number of number of number of of the
question. questions but not question. questions
very properly properly

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 Micro – Project Evaluation Sheet

(A) (B)
Process and Product Individual Total Marks
Name Of Studant Assessment Presentation/Viva 10
(6 Marks ) (4 Marks )

Pawar Jivan Balu

Comment/Suggestion about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

……………………….……………………….……………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………….…………………………………………………………………….

Name and Designation of the Teacher: -Mrs.Patole D.P

Dated Signature………………………………………………………………………………

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 Micro-Project Proposal

1.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

2.0 ActionPlan(sequence and time required for major activities for 8 Weeks)

Planned Start Planned

S. No. Details of activity
Date Finish date
1 Search micro project topics related
To subject.
2 Selection of micro project title
3 Search & collect information
related to selected topic
4 Completion of micro project topic
Proposal
5 Analyze & finalize collected data
For micro-Project report.
6 Finalize Design
7 Implementation of micro project
8 Report preparation, finalization,
Submission

3. Resources Required

Internet

Wikipedia, You tube

MS office

Names of member

Pawar Jivan Balu

( Mrs. Patole D.P)

**************************

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