CHAPTER I 5. Intelligent Transport System.

-offers be er mobility, efficiency, and safety with

Transporta on engineering is the applica on of
the help of the state-of-the-art-technology.
technology and scien fic principles to the planning,
func onal design, opera on, and management of
facili es for any mode of transporta on in order to Objec ves of Transporta on and Traffic Engineering
provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
1. Speed
economical, and environmentally compa ble movement
2. Comfort
of people and goods.
- involves the physical characteris cs of vehicles and
roadways, and is influenced by our percep on of safety
The Nature of Transporta on Engineering
3. Environmental Capability
It is a mul disciplinary area which requires the fields of:
Harmony
1. Economics
-is achieved when transporta on systems are designed
2. Geography
to minimize nega ve environmental impacts, and where
3. Opera onal Research
system architecture provides for aesthe cally pleasing
4. Regional Planning
facili es that “fit in” with their surroundings
5. Sociology
6. Psychology Phases of Transporta on System
7. Probability
8. Sta s cs 1. Transporta on Planning

Major Disciplines of Transporta on Engineering - involves the process of developing plans and programs
that improve present travel condi ons
Transporta on Engineering consists of four major parts.
- planning should be methodical rather than poli cal
1. Transporta on Planning
2. Geometric Design Elements of Transporta on Planning:
3. Pavement Design a) Statement of Goals and Objec ves
4. Traffic Engineering b) Iden fica on of Needs
Other important Disciplines c) Genera on of Alterna ves
d) Evalua on of Alterna ves
1. Public Transporta on e) Implementa on of Alterna ves
- deals with study of the transporta on system
that meets the travel need of several people by
sharing a vehicle. 2. Transporta on Design
2. Financial and Economic Analysis 3. Transporta on Construc on
-Transporta on facili es require large capital 4. Transporta on Opera on and Management
investments. Therefore, it is impera ve that 5. Transporta on Infrastructure Maintenance
whoever invests money should get the returns.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment - involves the control of vehicles in real me to ensure
-a empts in quan fying the environmental that they are traveling in paths that are secured from
impacts and tries to evolve strategies for the interference with other vehicles or pedestrians
mi ga on and reduc on of the impact due to
both construc on and opera on.
4. Accident Analysis and Reduc on
-This discipline of transporta on looks at the
causes of accidents, from the perspec ve of
human, road, and vehicle and formulate plans for
the reduc on
 Chapter 2 Visual Recep on

Transporta on System The principal characteris cs of the eye are visual acuity,
peripheral vision, color vision, glare vision and recovery,
A system is defined as a set of interrelated components
and depth percep on.
that perform several func ons in order to achieve a
common goal and is therefore an en ty that maintains its PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EYE
existence and func ons as a whole through the
a) Visual Acuity - It is the ability of an observer to
interac on of its parts.
resolve fine details of an object.
Components of Transporta on System:
Two Types of Visual Acuity
1. Physical Elements
1. Sta c Acuity - the ability of a person to resolve fine
a) Infrastructures
details of an object when both the person and the
 Travel ways
object are sta onary.
 Terminals
2. Dynamic Visual Acuity - the ability of individuals to
 Sta ons
resolve fine details of an object that has a rela ve
b) Vehicles - are the elements of a transporta on
angular movement depends.
system that move along the travel way
c) Equipment - refers to physical components whose
b) Peripheral Vision - It is the ability of an individual to
main func on is to facilitate the transporta on
see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision.
process.
c) Color Vision - It is the ability of an individual to
d) Control - involves the elements required to allocate
differen ate one color from another, and deficiency
right-of-way, air traffic control centers, traffic signals,
in this ability is usually referred to as color
and travel way signs.
blindness.
e) Communica ons system - link traffic control centers
d) Glare Vision and Recovery –
to travel way equipment such as variable message
1. Direct glare occurs when rela vely bright light
signs, traffic signals, transit vehicles, air traffic
appears in the individual’s field of vision.
controllers, and pilots.
2. Specular glare occurs as a result of a reflected
f) Loca on System - - iden fy individual vehicles in real
image by a rela vely bright light appearing in an
me, using global posi oning systems (GPSs)
individual’s field of vision.

2. Human Resources The sensi vity to glare increases as we age, with a

significant change at about age 40.
Human resources, essen al to the opera on of
transporta on systems, include vehicle operators such as Glare Recovery
automobile truck and bus drivers, railroad engineers,
- recovery from the effects of glare occurs some me
airline pilots, maintenance and construc on workers,
a er an individual passes the light source that causes
transporta on managers, and professionals who use
the glare
knowledge and informa on to advance the
transporta on enterprise. e) Depth Percep on - It is the ability of an individual to
es mate speed and distance.
f) Hearing Percep on - It occurs when the ear receives
Human Response Process sound s muli; hearing percep on is important when
warning sounds are given.
Ac ons taken by operators and users of transporta on
g) Walking Speeds - walking speeds vary from 0.9 to
systems result from their evalua on of, and reac on to,
1.8m/s. In an intersec on, mean male walking
informa on they obtain from certain s muli that they see
speed is 1.5m/s. For female pedestrians, it is 1.4m/s.
or hear.
xsuggests that walking speeds should be 1.2m/s for
design
h) Percep on Reac on Time - It is the period of me Con ngency Plan - are implemented when something
between the me a driver perceives an obstruc on goes wrong with the transporta on system.
and the me ac on is taken to avoid the object.
CONCEPTS OF MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY
Factors affec ng Percep on Reac on Time

 Distance of the object

 Driver’s Visual Acuity
 Ability of the driver to react
 Type of Obstruc on
 Age
 Fa gue

3. Opera ng Rules

These include schedules, crew assignment, connec on

pa erns, cost/level of service tradeoff, and con ngency
plans.

Schedules - define the arrival and departure mes of

transporta on vehicles at the different transporta on
terminals and sta ons.

Crew Assignment - involves assigning operators to the

different vehicles

Connec on Pa erns - refer to how service is organized

over the transporta on system or network. An example
is the “hub- and-spoke” system (Figure 2.1)
 Rail Transport

Rail transporta on in the Philippines includes services

provided by three rapid transit lines and one commuter
rail line:

Manila Light Rail Transit (Lines 1 and 2)

Manila Metro Rail Transit (MRT)

Philippine Na onal Railways (PNR)

Water Transport

 Boats

Motorcycles Motorized and non-motorized boats are the primary

mode of water transporta on between islands and
These are the most dominant form of private
across inland and coastal waters. The na ve bangka is
transporta on in the country, accoun ng for 49 percent
also typically used for fishing, transpor ng goods, and
of all registered motor vehicles as of May 2022.
island-hopping tours.
Limousines
 Ferries
These are used by the president and vice-president of the
There are numerous shipping companies in the
Philippines, as well as wedding services for wealthy
Philippines. Notable companies include 2GO Travel (the
families. Otherwise, they are seldom seen on Philippine
successor to Superferry and Negros Naviga on) and
roads due to considera ons like cost and road traffic
Trans- Asia Shipping Lines.
condi ons but if used, they are u lized for bridal events
or limo services.  Balanacan to Talao-talao Port (vice versa)
 River Ferries
Jeepneys
 Ports and Harbors
Jeepneys are the most popular means of public
transporta on in the Philippines. They were originally
made from US military jeeps le over from World War II Other ci es with bustling ports and piers include Bacolod,
and are known for their flamboyant decora on and Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Davao City,
crowded sea ng. Butuan, Iligan, Iloilo City, Jolo, Legazpi City, Lucena City,
Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga City,
Motorized Tricycles
Cotabato City, General Santos City, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz,
Non-motorized land transport Surigao and Tagbilaran.

Human-powered and animal-powered transport exist in

the Philippines in the form of walking, cycling,[19]
pedicabs (also known as traysikad or padyak), and
horse- or ca le-drawn kalesas.

In Marikina, the local government constructed a network

of bikeways to help reduce air pollu on, greenhouse gas
emissions, fuel consump on, and traffic conges on in
the city. The bikeways project was awarded by the World
Health Organiza on in 2008 in the category of climate
change and health.
 CHAPTER III 2. Public Par cipa on in the Planning Process
Public par cipa on is very important in any type of
URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING is the process that
planning process as it increases the likelihoods that
leads to decisions on transporta on policies and
ac ons that are taken or services that are provided by
programs. It also involves the evalua on and selec on
public agencies more adequately reflect the needs of
of highway or transit facili es to serve present and
general public.
future land uses.

Objec ves

To provide the informa on necessary for making

decisions on when and where improvements should be
made in the transporta on system.

ORGANIZATION

1. Department of Transporta on (DOTr)

2. Land Transporta on and Franchising Board (LTFRB)
3. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
4. Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
5. City Officials
6. NGOs (e.g. group of drivers, partylist)
7. Public
8. Land Transporta on Office (LTO)
9. Others

Planning Work Program

1. PROSPECTUS
It summarizes the planning procedures, discusses the
important issues that will be addressed during planning,
describes the responsibili es of each agency that is
par cipa ng in planning, and describes the status of all
elements in the planning process.
2. UNIFIED PLANNING WORK PROGRAM
It describes all urban transporta on and transporta on-
related planning ac vi es that are an cipated over the
next year or two as well as documen ng the work to be
performed with government planning assistance.

ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION

1. Capacity of the Transport Authority

The transporta on authority should have the necessary

capacity and resources to es mate the present and
future transporta on demands, and consider the
appropriate policy decisions that may be taken to meet
the exis ng and future demands.

Possible ac on to be undertaken:
Avail the required number of professional and other staff.
8. Sidewalks, Pedestrian Ways and Bike Lanes