Contraception and FAMs

Contraception: An Overview

Introduction

Human population grows at a geometric rate, while resources and economies expand more slowly, in an
arithmetic pattern. If left unchecked, population growth can outstrip available resources, leading to
poverty, reduced access to healthcare and education, environmental degradation, and social instability.
To prevent this imbalance and improve quality of life, it is essential to adopt effective, affordable, and
sustainable methods of population control.

Fertility Awareness Methods (Natural Family Planning)

Fertility awareness methods (FAMs) rely on understanding the menstrual cycle to identify fertile and
non-fertile days. Since an ovum survives for only 24 hours after ovulation, but sperm can live for 3–7
days in the reproductive tract, conception is only possible during a limited window each cycle.

Key Features of Fertility Awareness Methods:

Require monitoring of the menstrual cycle to determine fertile days.

Involve abstinence or use of barrier methods during the fertile period.
Offer low and variable effectiveness, with a higher risk of unintended pregnancy.
Do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Would you like a breakdown of specific fertility awareness methods, such as the calendar method, basal
body temperature method, or cervical mucus method?

Fertility Awareness Methods

Fertility awareness methods (FAMs) are natural family planning techniques that help individuals track
their menstrual cycles to determine fertile and non-fertile days. These methods require commitment,
careful monitoring, and often involve periods of abstinence or alternative contraceptive measures
during fertile days.

1. Cycle (Rhythm) Method

This method involves tracking menstrual cycles for at least six months to predict fertile days.

Formula for Calculating Fertile Days:

First fertile day = Shortest cycle length − 20

Last fertile day = Longest cycle length − 10

Since cycles can vary, this method requires consistent tracking to improve accuracy.

2. Temperature Method

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 1/15
This method is based on the slight increase in basal body temperature after ovulation, caused by the
thermogenic effect of progesterone.
How It Works:

After ovulation, body temperature rises by 0.2–0.4°C and remains elevated until menstruation.
The fertile phase ends after recording three consecutive high temperatures (≥0.2°C above the
previous six readings).
Abstinence or alternative contraception is needed from the start of menstruation until the third
consecutive high-temperature reading.
After this point, intercourse is considered safe until the next period.

Limitations:

Illness, infections, and medications can affect temperature readings.

Requires daily temperature tracking for accuracy.
Failure rate: 2 pregnancies per 100 women per year.

Would you like details on other fertility awareness methods, such as the cervical mucus or
symptothermal method?

Fertility Awareness Methods

Fertility awareness methods (FAMs) help individuals identify fertile and non-fertile days based on
physiological changes during the menstrual cycle. These methods require careful tracking and discipline
to be effective.

3. Cervical Mucus Method (Billings Method)

This method relies on observing changes in cervical mucus throughout the menstrual cycle to
determine fertility.

How It Works:

During the follicular phase, cervical mucus becomes clear, slippery, and stretchy, resembling
raw egg whites (Spinnbarkeit phenomenon). This type of mucus indicates high fertility, and the
last day of fertile mucus is considered the peak of ovulation.
Abstinence is required from the first day fertile mucus appears until three days after the peak
day.
The end of the fertile period is marked by mucus becoming scanty, thick, and sticky.

Limitations:

Factors such as semen, sexual arousal, spermicides, lubricants, vaginal infections, and
bleeding can make mucus assessment difficult.
Requires daily observation and consistency in tracking.
Failure rate: 22 pregnancies per 100 women per year, making it one of the less reliable FAMs.

Would you like to explore the Symptothermal Method, which combines temperature and mucus
tracking for better accuracy?

Fertility Awareness Methods (FAMs)

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 2/15
Fertility awareness methods help individuals track their natural reproductive cycles to determine the
most and least fertile days. These methods vary in effectiveness and require commitment for proper
use.

4. Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)

This method relies on exclusive breastfeeding as a natural contraceptive.

Criteria for Effectiveness:

Exclusive breastfeeding (no formula or solid food).

Amenorrhea (no menstrual periods).
Infant is under six months old.

Failure Rate: 2 pregnancies per 100 women per year.

5. Personal Fertility Monitors

Devices like Persona (Unipath) detect hormonal changes in urine to estimate fertile and non-fertile
days.
Failure Rate: 6 pregnancies per 100 women per year.

6. Cervical Palpation Method

This involves manually checking the cervix for changes in firmness, height, and openness, which
correspond to different phases of the cycle.

7. Minor Clinical Indicators

Mid-cycle pain (Mittelschmerz): Some women experience ovulation pain, which can signal peak
fertility.

8. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal Method)

This involves withdrawing the penis before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the vagina.
Failure Rate: 10 pregnancies per 100 women per year due to pre-ejaculate fluid containing sperm
and the difficulty of perfect timing.

Would you like a comparison of these methods in a table format for easy reference?

Barrier Methods of Contraception

Barrier methods prevent pregnancy by physically blocking sperm from reaching the egg. These
methods vary in effectiveness and are often used with spermicides for better protection.

1. Male Condom

A thin sheath worn over the penis to prevent sperm from entering the vagina.

Effectiveness: 77%–97% (depending on correct use).

Failure Rate: 23 pregnancies per 100 women per year.

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 3/15
 Advantages: Protects against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), widely available, and easy
to use.
Disadvantages: Can break or slip if not used properly.

2. Female Condom (Femidom)

A polyurethane sheath inserted into the vagina before intercourse.

Effectiveness: 77%–97%.
Failure Rate: 3–23 pregnancies per 100 women per year.
Advantages: Protects against STIs, gives women more control over contraception.
Disadvantages: Can be difficult to insert and may cause discomfort.

3. Occlusive Caps (Diaphragm and Cervical Caps)

Flexible silicone or latex domes placed over the cervix to block sperm entry.

Must be used with spermicide for better effectiveness.

Inserted before intercourse and left in place for at least 6 hours after sex.
Requires fitting by a healthcare provider.

4. Vaginal Sponges

Soft, spermicide-infused sponges placed in the vagina before intercourse.

Blocks sperm entry and releases spermicide.

Left in place for at least 6 hours after sex.
Less effective in women who have given birth.

5. Spermicides

Chemical agents (e.g., Nonoxynol-9) that kill sperm before they reach the egg.

Available as gels, creams, foams, suppositories, and films.

Used alone or with barrier methods like condoms or diaphragms.
Frequent use may irritate vaginal tissues, increasing STI risk.

Would you like a comparison table summarizing their effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages?

Hormonal Contraception: Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs)

Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) contain both estrogen and progestin in a sequential
combination. Common examples include Levofem, Combination-3, and Dianette.

How It Works:

1. Prevents ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins (FSH & LH).

2. Thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to penetrate.
3. Induces endometrial changes, making implantation less likely.

Usage:

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 4/15
 Taken daily for 28 days, starting from the first day of the menstrual cycle.

Failure Rate:

0.1 pregnancies per 100 women per year (highly effective).

Benefits:

✔ Highly effective with correct use.

✔ Regulates menstrual cycles and reduces dysmenorrhea & menorrhagia.
✔ Lowers the risk of ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancers.
✔ Improves premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms.
Side Effects & Risks:

⚠ Nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness (mastalgia), weight gain.

⚠ Amenorrhea, reduced libido, mood changes (depression).
⚠ Increased risk of thromboembolism (DVT, PE).
⚠ Slightly increased risk of cervical cancer with long-term use.
Would you like a comparison with progestin-only pills (mini-pills) or other hormonal methods like
injectables and implants?

Hormonal Contraception: Progestin-Only Pill (Mini-Pill)

The mini-pill is a progestin-only contraceptive, meaning it contains no estrogen. Common examples

include Microgynon.

Mechanism of Action:

1. Thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to penetrate.

2. Induces endometrial atrophy, reducing the likelihood of implantation.

Usage:

The first pill is taken on day 1 of menstruation.

Must be taken at the same time every day for effectiveness.

Failure Rate:

0.5–2 pregnancies per 100 women per year.

Advantages:

✔ Safe for breastfeeding mothers (does not affect lactation).

✔ Suitable for women with hypertension, diabetes, epilepsy, and thromboembolism.
✔ Reduces risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and endometrial cancer.
Disadvantages & Side Effects:

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 5/15
⚠ Breakthrough bleeding and amenorrhea.
⚠ Headaches, acne, breast tenderness (mastalgia).
Would you like a comparison chart summarizing combined pills vs. mini-pills? Or would you like
information on injectables, implants, or IUDs?

Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC)

LARC methods provide effective, long-term contraception with minimal user effort, as they require
administration less than once per cycle or month.

1. Hormonal LARC

These methods release progestin to prevent pregnancy.

Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS) – e.g., Mirena

Effective for 3–5 years.
Mechanism: Thickens cervical mucus, inhibits sperm movement, and thins the endometrium.
Progestogen-Only Injectables – e.g., Norigynon, Noristerat, Depo-Provera
Given every 2–3 months.
Mechanism: Suppresses ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.
Progestogen-Only Implants – e.g., Implanon, Jadelle, Nexplanon, Capronor, Norplant
Inserted under the skin, effective for 3–5 years.
Mechanism: Suppresses ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and alters endometrial lining.

2. Non-Hormonal LARC

These methods do not contain hormones and provide long-term contraception.

Copper Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (Copper T IUD, etc.)

Effective for 5–10 years.
Mechanism: Creates an inflammatory reaction toxic to sperm and prevents fertilization.

Advantages of LARC:

✔ Highly effective (failure rate <1 pregnancy per 100 women per year).
✔ Long-term protection without daily effort.
✔ Reversible (fertility returns after removal).
Disadvantages:

⚠ Possible irregular bleeding or spotting.

⚠ Some methods (e.g., implants, injections) may cause weight gain or mood changes.
⚠ IUDs may cause heavier periods and cramping.
Would you like a table comparing hormonal vs. non-hormonal LARC for easier reference?

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs): Intrauterine Systems (IUS)

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 6/15
LARCs provide highly effective, long-term contraception with minimal user intervention. Below are
two commonly used hormonal intrauterine systems (IUS).

1. Mirena

Structure: T-shaped device with a polydimethylsiloxane membrane acting as a steroid reservoir.

Hormone Content: 52 mg levonorgestrel, releasing 20 µg daily.
Duration: 5 years.
Efficacy: Comparable to sterilization (very low failure rate).
Additional Benefits:
✔ Significantly reduces menstrual blood loss.
✔ Can be used to treat heavy menstrual bleeding and endometriosis.

2. Progestasert

Structure: T-shaped device made of ethylene vinyl acetate, a semi-permeable membrane.

Hormone Content: 38 mg progesterone, releasing 65 µg daily.
Duration: 1 year.
Effectiveness: Provides reliable contraception but requires yearly replacement.

Would you like a comparison between IUS (Mirena, Progestasert) and non-hormonal IUDs (Copper
T, etc.)?

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs): Hormonal Injectables

Hormonal injectables provide long-term contraception by preventing ovulation (anovulation). They are
administered at specific intervals, reducing the need for daily contraception.

Types of Hormonal Injectables

1. Norigynon
Active Ingredient: Estradiol cypionate (combined hormonal injectable).
Administration: Monthly injection.
2. Noristerat
Active Ingredient: 200 mg norethisterone enantate (progestin-only).
Duration: 2 months per injection.
3. Depo-Provera
Active Ingredient: 150 mg depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).
Duration: 3 months per injection.
4. New Generation Depo-Provera
Active Ingredient: 104 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate in a prefilled syringe.
Duration: 3 months per injection.

Mechanism of Action

Suppresses ovulation (prevents egg release).

Thickens cervical mucus, making sperm penetration difficult.
Thins the endometrial lining, preventing implantation.

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 7/15
Side Effects

⚠ Menstrual irregularities (spotting, amenorrhea).

⚠ Delayed return to fertility after discontinuation.
⚠ Possible weight gain, mood changes, and bone density loss with long-term use.
Would you like a comparison between injectables, implants, and IUDs for better decision-making?

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs): Implants

Implants are small, flexible rods inserted under the skin of the upper arm, providing long-term
contraception by releasing progestins gradually.

Types of Implants

1. Norplant (No longer manufactured)

Contains: 36 mg levonorgestrel in six silastic tubes.
Duration: 5 years.
2. Implanon
Contains: 68 mg etonogestrel, releasing 30 µg per day.
Converted to: Desogestrel (active form).
Structure: Single 4 cm silastic tube.
Duration: 3 years.
3. Jadelle
Contains: Two silastic tubes with 75 mg levonorgestrel each.
Duration: 5 years.
4. Nexplanon
Contains: Etonogestrel, similar to Implanon.
Feature: Radiopaque (visible on X-rays for easy detection).
Duration: 3 years.
5. Capronor
Contains: Biodegradable levonorgestrel implant.
Releases hormone 10x faster than silastic tubes.
Fully absorbed within 1 year.
6. Annuelle
Contains: Four biodegradable pellets (90% norethisterone, 10% cholesterol).
Effective for: 1 year.

Mechanism of Action

Prevents ovulation.
Thickens cervical mucus, blocking sperm entry.
Thins endometrial lining, reducing implantation likelihood.

Advantages:

✔ Long-term, highly effective contraception.

✔ No need for daily or monthly compliance.
Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 8/15
✔ Rapid return to fertility after removal (except injectables).
Disadvantages:

⚠ Irregular bleeding and spotting.

⚠ Insertion/removal requires a minor procedure.
⚠ Some implants (e.g., Capronor, Annuelle) degrade over time.
Would you like a comparison table summarizing injectables, implants, and IUDs?

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs): Copper Intrauterine Contraceptive

Devices (Cu-IUCDs)

Copper IUCDs are non-hormonal, long-acting contraceptives that provide effective protection by
creating a hostile environment for sperm and implantation.

Generations of Copper IUCDs

1. First Generation:
Examples: Lippes Loop, M-Device, Y-Device, Copper 7 (Gravigard), Copper T 200.
2. Second Generation:
Examples: Nova T, Multiload 250.
3. Third Generation:
Examples: Copper T 380A, Copper T 380S, Copper T 380Ag, Copper Safe 300, Copper Fix 330.

Mechanism of Action

Biochemical and histological changes in the endometrium prevent implantation.

Copper ions impair sperm motility, preventing fertilization.
Enzymatic interference disrupts sperm function.

Duration of Effectiveness

Copper T 380A – 10 years.

Multiload Cu 250 – 3 years.
Multiload Cu 375 – 5 years.

Advantages:

✔ Highly effective and long-lasting.

✔ No hormonal side effects.
✔ Can be used as emergency contraception if inserted within 5 days of unprotected sex.
Disadvantages:

⚠ May cause heavier, longer, or more painful periods.

⚠ Risk of expulsion or perforation (rare).
⚠ Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 9/15
Would you like a comparison between hormonal IUS (e.g., Mirena) and non-hormonal IUCDs (e.g.,
Copper T)?

Contraindications to Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCDs)

IUCDs are generally safe but are contraindicated in certain medical conditions that may increase risks or
reduce effectiveness.

General Contraindications (Applies to All IUCDs)

1. Pelvic infection (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - PID).

2. Undiagnosed genital tract bleeding.
3. Suspected or confirmed pregnancy.
4. Distorted uterine anatomy (e.g., fibroids, congenital malformations).
5. Severe dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).
6. Past history of ectopic pregnancy.
7. HIV-positive women (if poorly controlled or with AIDS).
8. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
9. Within 6 weeks postpartum following cesarean section (risk of uterine perforation).

Additional Contraindications for Copper IUCD (e.g., Copper T 380A)

10. Wilson’s disease (copper metabolism disorder).

11. Copper allergy.

Additional Contraindications for Levonorgestrel-Releasing IUCD (LNG-IUS, e.g., Mirena)

12. Hepatic tumors or severe liver disease.

13. Current breast cancer (hormonal influence may worsen prognosis).

Would you like a comparison chart summarizing IUCD types, benefits, and risks?

Complications of Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCDs)

While IUCDs are effective and widely used, they can be associated with certain complications:

1. Cramp-like pain – Common after insertion but usually resolves within a few days.
2. Uterine perforation – Rare but can occur during insertion, requiring surgical intervention.
3. Spontaneous expulsion – The device may be expelled, especially within the first few months.
4. Failure of contraception – Though rare, pregnancy can occur, and if it does, there's a higher risk
of complications.
5. Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy – If pregnancy occurs, it is more likely to be ectopic.
6. Pelvic infections (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - PID) – Higher risk in the first few weeks after
insertion, especially in women with multiple sexual partners or untreated STIs.

Would you like a detailed risk-benefit analysis of IUCDs compared to other contraceptive methods?

Emergency Contraception (Plan B)

Emergency contraception (EC) refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected
penetrative vaginal intercourse. It is most effective when taken as soon as possible after
intercourse.
Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 10/15
Methods of Emergency Contraception

1. Yuzpe Regimen
Contains 200 mcg ethinyl estradiol + 1 mg levonorgestrel.
Take half the dose within 72 hours, then the remaining 12 hours later.
Less effective and more side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting) compared to newer options.
2. Levonorgestrel-Only Pills (Postinor-2, Levonelle 1500)
Two tablets of 0.75 mg levonorgestrel, taken 12 hours apart OR 1.5 mg single dose.
Must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex.
Can be used more than once in a cycle, but frequent use is not recommended.
3. High-Dose Progestin Regimen
0.75 mg levonorgestrel taken twice, 12 hours apart.
Works similarly to Postinor-2.
4. Ulipristal Acetate (ellaOne)
30 mg Ulipristal acetate (a selective progesterone receptor modulator).
More effective than levonorgestrel, especially between 72-120 hours (3-5 days) after
intercourse.
Repeat dosing within the same cycle is not advised due to possible hormonal disruption.
5. Copper T IUCD
Can be inserted within 5 days after unprotected intercourse.
Most effective (99%) method of EC.
Also provides long-term contraception if left in place.

Effectiveness and Considerations

Most effective: Copper T IUCD (99%).

Best oral option: Ulipristal acetate (effective up to 120 hours).
Easiest to access: Levonorgestrel pills (but must be taken within 72 hours).
Frequent use is not recommended due to potential cycle disruption.

Would you like a flowchart summarizing emergency contraception options and their effectiveness?

Sterilization – Permanent Contraception

Sterilization is a permanent and usually irreversible method of contraception. It is suitable for

individuals who are certain they do not want future pregnancies.

Female Sterilization

1. Tubal Occlusion Methods

These methods block or close the fallopian tubes to prevent sperm from meeting the egg.

i. Essure Method

Micro-inserts made from nickel-titanium and stainless steel are inserted hysteroscopically into
the cornual ends of both fallopian tubes.
This causes fibrosis, leading to tubal occlusion after 3 months.
Failure rate: 1 in 200.

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 11/15
ii. Adiana Procedure

Uses controlled thermal damage to the tubal lining, followed by insertion of a non-absorbable
silicone elastomer matrix into the tube.
The body forms scar tissue, blocking the tubes.
Failure rate: <2%.

iii. Laparoscopic Tubal Occlusion

The fallopian tubes are blocked using:

Falope rings
Filshie clips
Hulka clips
This method is minimally invasive and widely used.

Would you like a comparison table summarizing different sterilization methods, their pros, and
cons?

Tubal Ligation – Permanent Female Sterilization

Tubal ligation is a surgical method of female sterilization that involves cutting, tying, or sealing the
fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization. Over 200 techniques have been described, but the most
recognized include:

1. Pomeroy’s Method

A loop of the fallopian tube is tied with a suture.

The loop is cut and the ends are allowed to retract, forming fibrotic closure.
Most commonly performed method due to its simplicity and effectiveness.

2. Uchida Method

A segment of the fallopian tube is removed, and the proximal end is buried within the
myometrium.
Reduces the risk of tubal recanalization (rejoining).

3. Irving Method

Similar to the Uchida method but involves two separate suturing steps.
Ensures complete occlusion and is highly effective.

4. Kroener’s Fimbriectomy

The fimbrial end of the tube (near the ovary) is removed, preventing egg pickup.
Less commonly used today due to higher failure rates compared to other methods.

Would you like a diagram illustrating these tubal ligation techniques?

Male Sterilization – Vasectomy

Vasectomy is a permanent method of male contraception that involves cutting and sealing the vas
deferens, preventing sperm from mixing with semen.
Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 12/15
Procedure

Done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia.

The vas deferens is cut, tied, or sealed using heat, clips, or sutures.
Takes about 15–30 minutes to complete.

Confirmation of Sterility

The patient must have two azoospermic (zero sperm) semen analyses done 4 weeks apart or
after at least 20 ejaculations.
Until confirmed, alternative contraception should be used.

Effectiveness

Failure rate: 1 in 2000 (very rare).

Advantages

Highly effective and permanent.

Lower risk of complications compared to female sterilization.
No impact on sexual function (erections, ejaculation, or testosterone levels remain unchanged).

Disadvantages

Irreversible in most cases.

Requires a few months for complete sterility.
Rare complications include pain, swelling, or infection.

Would you like a comparison between tubal ligation and vasectomy?

Conclusion

Controlling human population growth is essential to prevent socioeconomic crises and ensure a
sustainable future.

Contraception and family planning empower individuals and couples to make informed decisions
about the number of children they can care for and support.
Developed nations have demonstrated the positive impact of contraception on economic stability,
quality of life, and overall longevity. By adopting effective family planning strategies, societies can
promote better healthcare, education, and economic growth, leading to a more balanced and
progressive world.

Male Hormonal Contraception

Male hormonal contraception has been under research for nearly 20 years, aiming to provide a
reliable and reversible alternative to vasectomy and condoms.

Mechanism of Action

Uses testosterone alone or in combination with a progestin to suppress sperm production.

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 13/15
 Works by inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reducing FSH and LH secretion,
which are essential for sperm production.

Current Development

Injected formulations appear to be the most effective.

China was expected to introduce a version by 2006, with global availability projected in later years.
Other forms, including implants, gels, and oral pills, are also being explored.

Challenges

Requires frequent injections, making compliance difficult.

Does not uniformly suppress sperm production in all users.
Potential side effects, including weight gain, mood changes, and altered libido.

Would you like a comparison between male and female hormonal contraception?

Male Hormonal Contraception – Advances in Research

Benefits of Combining Testosterone and Progestin

Enhances sperm suppression, making it more effective.

Reduces testosterone-induced side effects such as:
Weight gain
Acne
Lower HDL (good) cholesterol levels

Current Research and Development

Small-scale clinical trials are ongoing worldwide.

Various delivery systems are being tested, including:
Pills
Patches
Injections
Implants

Although promising, male hormonal contraception still faces challenges in consistency and long-term
effects.

Would you like an overview of non-hormonal male contraceptive methods?

Summary of Contraceptive Failure Rates (Pregnancy Rate per 100 Woman-Years)

Serial No Method Pregnancy Rate per 100 W/Y

1 No Method 80
2 Rhythm (Calendar) Method 24
3 Coitus Interruptus 19

4 Lactational Amenorrhea (LAM) 2

5 Male Condom 14
6 Diaphragm 20

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 14/15
 Serial No Method Pregnancy Rate per 100 W/Y
7 Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) 0.1–3
8 Combined Oral Pill 0.1

9 Progestin-Only Pill 1
10 DMPA & NET Injections 0.3
11 Norplant (Implant) 0.1

12 Vasectomy 0.15
13 Tubectomy 0.5

Would you like me to present this information as a chart or flow diagram for better visualization?

Printed using ChatGPT to PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 15/15