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VOCABULARY
Advertising The publicity produced by companies to inform people of their
products and/or services.
Automaton A machine able to move via a hidden power source or motor.
Count me in! Expression to say that one would like to be included.
Critical Expressing negativity about something, finding fault with.
Diagram A representation of a particular set of information in pictorial
form.
Education The process of teaching, training, being taught and learning at
schools and universities.
Fellow student Another person who is studying with you.
Fluent Without hesitation or problems.
Especially used when talking about languages.
E.g.: I studied French for ten years, so I'm fluent now.
Gesture A form of non-verbal communication.
A movement of the face or body used to express oneself without
words.
Group A collection, a number of things or people that are put together
because they have something in common.
Guidance Help, advice, often by someone older and more experienced.
In a rut A static way of life, usually negative.
Inspired Creative or inventive.
Key A very important part of aspect. Vital.
Knowledge The total of the things one learns.
Lecturer A person, especially at a university, who speaks to a large
number of students on a topic which he or she is an expert in.
On the contrary A phrase to express an opposing point of view.
On the dole Unemployed and receiving money from the government.
Penfriend A friend, often in another country, who we communicate with via
letters of the written word.
Performance A show. The presentation of a play for the public.
Promotion The rise in level of an employee.
Reference Regarding work or job applications, a recommendation about a
potential employee from a previous employer.
In academic writing, information stating where something comes
from, usually mentioning another author and book.
Reliable Dependable. Consistent and unchanging.
Self-discipline A person's ability to limit themselves or alter their behaviour.
Skill Ability, talent.
Source The starting point.
The place where we get something.

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Teacher's pet A name for a person who may or may not be the teacher's
favourite student.
To contribute To add or give one's time, opinion or money to a certain matter.
To disagree To have a different opinion about something.
To disturb To interrupt or cause someone to lose concentration.
To encourage To support someone. To tell someone something positive to
motivate them to continue.
To express oneself To say what one thinks in a clear way.
To fetch To go and get or collect.
To get over To recover from something like an illness or stressful situation.
To get rid of To eliminate, to throw away.
To get the gist To understand in a general sense.
To lead to To cause, to result in.
To look up Phrasal Verb.
To search in a book or on the internet to find information.
To manipulate To alter or change something.
To memorise To learn something by heart.
To recommend To say that something is good.
E.g.: It was a brilliant film, I recommend it.
To rephrase To say the same thing but with different words.
To reproduce To copy, show or play something.
To research To try and find information about something specific.
To revise To read something in order to learn it or check it for errors.
To split up To end a relationship.
To start out To begin a particular activity or job.
Traditional Being part of a community's past or history.
Translator A person or machine that can change words from one language
to another.
Variety A range of options to choose from.
Widespread Affecting a large area or a lot of people.

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 Starting out the theatre group / Studying must be learned / Body language

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

Advertising is essential for the sale of a product.

You can use these books for reference.
She didn't stop until she got a promotion and she could look down on the rest of us. She
was ruthless to say the least.
I'd love to see how people celebrate traditional birthdays in different countries of the
world.
My German is not as fluent as my English.
Which country do you think has the best education system?
Our teacher always makes us work in small groups or pairs, rather than individually. She
says it gives us the chance to exchange ideas.
Tonight's performance will start at 8:00 p.m.
He is researching into Native American culture.
If you do not look after your health now, this will lead to problems later.
I don't remember his telephone number. I'll have to look it up.
He drew a diagram to show me what he meant.
What a variety of ice-creams!
Riding a bicycle is a skill which one never forgets.
He has a great deal of knowledge about butterflies.
What is the source of your information?
I found it on the Internet.
A good education is the key to success.
We are looking for somebody reliable to look after our children, a person we can trust
absolutely.
How are you getting on with your fellow students? How many people are on your course?
My son was inspired to try harder at school by the new teacher. I've never seen him so
motivated.
Do you remember Jane? She was such a good student she couldn't help it if she was the
teacher's pet.
I can see why you disagree with the mark but you didn't answer the question; so even
though the essay was excellent, it wasn't what I wanted you to explain.
I don't mean to disturb you but isn't this your photo in today's paper?

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He tried to reproduce the original painting, but added a few touches of his own.
When we were starting out as a young couple we rented a tiny flat to save up for a place of
our own, as well as to avoid spending lots of time cleaning.
Shh! Don't speak to him; he's trying to memorise the periodic table for an exam.
Now, Charlie, I'd like you to rephrase the sentences from page 31 of your text book.
We saw a presentation by a scientist who had created an amazing automaton that could do
simple household tasks.
Couples with problems go to her for guidance.
He is very critical of modern art: he only likes traditional painting.
The idea that money solves all difficulties is widespread in our society.
Would you like to contribute?
Would you like me to fetch the children from school?
Children of different nationalities are encouraged to play together.
You can leave the hospital tomorrow, but I recommend that you take it easy for a while
until you get over the side effects of the treatment.
I'll be aching tomorrow after doing all those strange movements. How on earth do people
manipulate their bodies so easily?
You should go to this exhibition if you like contemporary sculpture. I went last week and I
can thoroughly recommend it.
John always manages to express himself very clearly, it's a real talent.
I'm reading a book about how to improve one's self-discipline because I want to be more
focused on achieving my goals and less easily distracted.
They spent the morning revising all the plans for their wedding and honeymoon.
He made a gesture to indicate that he was going to bed.
Thank goodness there was a translator who knew sign language; I'd have been lost without
him.
A university teacher is called a lecturer.
It's strange how we've been penfriends for years but we've never met. I suppose it's even
stranger when you consider we could use videophones.

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USEFUL PHRASES

No, I've been on the dole for nearly a year now.

My job's so boring; I think I'm in a rut.
Do you get the gist of what I'm saying?
I want to get rid of some of these old clothes.
Have you seen this?
The Rollers have split up.
Why don't we go to the cinema?
It'll take your mind off it.
Count me in!
On the contrary, we think he's a very pleasant boy.

CONSOLIDATION - BODY LANGUAGE: EXPRESSIONS

I'm going to go out with you.

We're going to be late.
I feel happy to see you.
I want to leave this party.
I think you are very interesting.
I am lying.
I'm not buying it.

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 Starting out the theatre group / Studying must be learned / Body language

GRAMMAR

Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

a) Forms:

PRESENT SIMPLE

Subj. + V (-s) + Compl.

Affirmative I work for that company.
form
She lives in New York.

Subj. + DO/DOES +
not + V + Compl.
Negative form I don’t believe in aliens.
She doesn’t know your address.
DO/DOES + Subj.
+ V + Compl.?
Interrogative
form Do you like my new hairstyle?
Does it often rain here?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Subj. + To be
+ V-ing + Compl.
Affirmative
form I am reading a magazine.
This girl is asking for you, Tom.
Subj. + To be + not
+ V-ing + Compl.
Negative form They aren’t enjoying this party.
He isn’t talking on the phone.
To be + Subj. + V-ing
+ Compl. ?
Interrogative Are you learning Japanese?
form
Is Jerry coming to the party
tonight?

b) Use:

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PRESENT SIMPLE
Actions that happen again and again,
routines and habits:
- I get up at 8 o’clock everyday.
- It rains a lot in Ireland.
Facts that are always true and never change,
or that stay the same for a long time:
- The world is round.
- He works as a university lecturer.
Verbs that are not used in continuous forms:
- Jim doesn’t want to study French.
* (See list below)
To refer to the future according to a schedule
or a calendar:
- The course finishes on June 20th.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Actions that are happening at the moment of
speaking:
- Don’t forget the umbrella! It’s raining.
Activities that are happening this week, this
month, this year, although they are not
happening in the moment of speaking:
- I’m reading a very interesting book this
month.
To express a planned future arrangement:
- I’m visiting my penfriend in Paris next
Spring.

Verbs that usually are not used in progressive or continuous forms:

- Verbs of the senses:
HEAR, TASTE, SMELL, SEE
- Verbs of thinking and opinions:
KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, UNDERSTAND,
RECOGNISE, REMEMBER, MEAN

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- Verbs of having and being:

POSSESS, OWN, HAVE, BELONG
- Verbs of emotions and feelings:
WANT, PREFER, NEED, APPRECIATE,
LOVE, LIKE, HATE, DISLIKE
- Verbs that express appearance:
SEEM, LOOK, APPEAR

Immediate future
In English, there is a number of expressions that refer to something that is going to happen at
once, immediately. They indicate the immediate future and are related to the surroundings or
present circumstances. These expressions are:
On the point of + gerund
We know that because she is already standing near the door, with her bag in her hand and she
has already said goodbye to everyone.
She is on the point of leaving.
To be going to + infinitive
We see that he is going to stumble because there is some obstacle in his way.
He is going to fall.
To be about to + infinitive
We see in her face that she is trying hard not to cry, but she is not able to hold it any longer.
She is about to cry.

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The verb “To get”

The verb “to get” is a frequently used verb in English, especially in spoken English, because it
has a lot of possible uses depending on the context and the preposition or structure it goes
with.
A) In some cases “get” is synonymous for other verbs, like in the following sentences:
To buy:
I think I’ll go to the supermarket and get something for dinner.
To catch:
I hope to get the 10:15 train.
To receive:
I got a postcard from Carol.
To fetch:
I’ll go home and get my books.
To go:
How can I get to the public library?
B) Ocasionally, it appears in more particular structures, like:
To get the gist (of):
I think I’ve got the gist of what he’s planning.
To get rid of:
I don’t know how to get rid of this terrible headache.
C) “To get” + Adjective
This structure indicates a “progress”, opposite to the structure “to be”+ adjective, which
indicates a “state”.
To be married:
He is very young. However, he is already married.
To get married:
I’m still single, but I’m getting married in two months.
To be old being old
To get old becoming old
In some languages, these expressions are translated departing from an adjective:
To get old To get fat
But usually they are reflexive verbs in the other languages:

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To get dressed To get tired To get lost

To get angry To get used to To get old
D) “To” get” as “phrasal verb”
A “phrasal verb” is a very frequent structure. We modify the verb by adding an adverb or a
prepostion which results in a new meaning. By doing so, one verb can have many different
meanings. We only have to change the particle (adverb or preposition) which goes with it.
The verb “to get” is one of the most common verbs we see in “phrasal verbs”. See some
examples below:
To get at è reach, imply
To get away with è escape without being punished for sth.
To get by è manage on sth.
To get back è return to
To get sb. down è depress sb.
To get on (with) è have good relationship with
To get out of è escape, avoid
To get over è recover from
To get round è overcome
To get round to è find the time to do sth.
To get through (to) è get in contact (telephone)
Examples:
One of the witnesses had been got at.
One of the witnesses had been corrupted.
If I cheat in the examination, do you think I might get away with it?
If I cheat in the examination, do you think I might go unpunished for it?
We will get by.
We will manage.
We should get back.
We should return.
Rainy days get me down.
Rainy days depress me.
He gets on well with his boss.

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He is on friendly terms with his boss.

He always gets out of doing the washing-up.
He always avoids doing the washing-up.
I heard he had a heart attack; do you know if he got over it?
I heard he had a heart attack; do you know if he recovered from it?
The children got round their parents to let them go to the dance.
The children persuaded their parents to let them go to the dance.
I never seem to get round to it.
I never seem to find time for it.
I can't get through to customer service.
I can't make contact with customer service.

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VOCABULARY
Absorbing Very interesting and enjoyable.
Account A written version of past events.
Amongst Also "among". Included in, one of.
Audition A chance for people to show their talent.
The way directors of a play or film choose the actors.
Background 1. The environment a person grew up in. Family history.
2. Not the direct focus of a picture or issue. Something behind the
main focal point.
Better late than An expression used to say that although something happened
never. later than expected, it is good that it finally happened.
Biography The story of a person's life written by someone other than the
person himself.
Chairman A position of great responsibility in a company.
The person who is in control of a meeting.
Civil service The group of people who work for the Government.
Communism A political belief system where all property is owned by the
people. Karl Marx was a famous defender of this concept.
Crisis A very serious or critical situation.
Description Definition, explanation, detail of something.
Doubt An uncertainty about something.
Drive Motivation and energy.
Referring to a house, a place to park a car in front of the house
and off the road.
Exhausted Very tired.
Explorer A person who tries to find new countries or places.
Fiction Not a fact, imaginary.
Freelance journalist Someone who writes for various newspapers and magazines but
is self-employed.
Fulfilling Satisfying, rewarding.
Hardship Financial difficulty, bad luck, unfortunate circumstances.
Horrified Feeling especially disturbed or horrific.
Journalism The industry associated with people who write for newspapers
and magazines.
Lamppost A tall light on the street.
Legendary Famous, very well known.
Masseur A person who gives massages as their job.
Matter Topic, theme or problem.
Motorist Someone who is driving a motor vehicle.
Obsessed Overly preoccupied, unable to think about something else.

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Pleasure Enjoyment, happiness.

Prospects Hope for the future, opportunities.
Qualified Having official certificates to prove a certain skill.
Remarkable Surprising, incredible.
Revolution A radical political or social change.
Satirical Using a type of humour where the objects of criticism are
portrayed in a negative light.
Straight Without delay; immediately.
In a direct way or by a direct route.
The former The previous, the one before.
The latter The one after.
Theme Topic or general idea (often linked to art and literature).
To chase To follow someone or something to catch it.
To deal with To manage a situation effectively.
To found To establish or start.
To get up to To do something that is not right.
To introduce To cause one person to meet another.
To manage to To do and achieve something difficult.
To meet To have a first encounter with someone.
To pursue To go after, to follow.
To recall To remember.
To reply To respond or to answer a question, letter, email etc.
To run into To meet by chance, without previous arrangement.
To specialise To focus on one particular area of study, medicine or other field
of knowledge.
To witness To see something with one's own eyes.
Valid Legal or correct.
Vivid Producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind.
Without Opposite of "with".
Youth The period of life when we are young.

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VOCABULARY SENTENCES

The theme of tonight's debate is, "Does science have all the answers?"
He comes from a rural background.
If all the protests and demonstrations keep up, the next step could be a revolution. People
are getting really angry about the current situation.
I don't recommend visiting this country as there is a political crisis.
In some countries, it's considered an honour to work in the civil service.
I'm looking for a job with prospects of promotion.
I think I did OK in the audition, but there were hundreds of us up for the part, so I'm not
getting my hopes up too high.
I'm going to book you an appointment with the masseur. You look as if your back's playing
up again.
Now ladies and gentlemen, we're here today to discuss the role of journalism in the modern
world. Should we forget about traditional newspapers and all start writing for internet
editions, or should we fight to keep papers in print?
He is a freelance journalist who contributes to various magazines.
I was horrified when I saw the bill.
She is a qualified nurse.
She's absolutely obsessed with that pop star.
I hate driving on long, straight roads, it's so boring.
He must be reading a very absorbing story.
In my opinion, it's more important that work should be fulfilling than well-paid.
Dr Martin specialised in tropical diseases.
I'll pass your call through to the manager as he's the person who deals with complaints
about service.
We founded this company ten years ago today so I think I speak for myself and Liz when I
say that we're very happy to be opening our newest and biggest branch here in London.
You look guilty about something. What have you been getting up to while I was away?
Your exam was remarkable; the best in the class, in fact.
Don Quixote is legendary among lovers of Spanish literature.
And now a few words from the chairman of our society.
He pursued fame in the cinema, but without much success.

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She wrote an account of her experiences in South America.

She and her family have suffered great hardship.
Do you think you have the necessary drive to run a school in a poor area?
I'm not usually a big fan of biographies, but this one is particularly interesting as it's about
our last president. I didn't realise what a sports enthusiast he was.
Our publishing house is one of the most respected fiction publishers in Europe; you won't
regret signing up with us.
Have you got any good books on communism? I need to brush up on my political history.
The stand up comedy show was fantastic. The comedian was really satirical and was
making fun of public figures.
It was a very vivid dream; I can remember every detail.
I try to buy food that doesn't have too many artificial ingredients and always without lots of
added salt and sugar.
Amongst my friends there are several artists.
He speaks German and Italian; in the former he is fluent but in the latter he needs more
practice.
You can chase me as long as you like, you'll never catch me!
Look! Read the description. It says this is a light cake that is ideal for people who are
watching their weight.
The police want to ask you a few questions about what you witnessed when you
interrupted the robbers.
A motorist is a person who drives a vehicle.
What do you think of the new lampposts? Personally, I reckon they're too modern for the
old part of town.
He travelled widely in his youth.
The test was very difficult, but she managed to pass it.
I'm afraid I don't recall your name.
I think that many children dream of being explorers when they grow up, but few like the
idea when they are older.
You look exhausted. What have you been doing?
This coin isn't valid, it's a fake. Who gave it to you?
Hi there, I'm calling to reply to the message you left on my phone. You said that you need
to cancel my dentist's appointment. When can I make another one?

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USEFUL PHRASES

Mrs Jones, I'd like you to meet Dr. Reinhold.

Let me introduce you to Fr. Peter.
It's been a pleasure meeting you, Professor Harris.
Well, better late than never.
Shall we discuss the matter in hand?
This is, without a doubt, the best holiday I've ever had.
I ran into Miss Pearson this morning.
Well, I'm afraid I ran into a tree.

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GRAMMAR

Preposiciones de tiempo: at, on, in

AT
USO EJEMPLOS
- Horas at three o’clock, at
- Periodos lunchtime, at sunset,
festivos at 13:45
(excepto: on at Christmas, at
holiday) weekends, at Easter
ON
USO EJEMPLOS
- Días on Monday, on
- Fechas Sunday
concretas on 4th April, on
New Year’s Eve, on
my birthday
IN
USO EJEMPLOS
- Partes del día in the afternoon, in
(excepto: at the morning, in the
night) evening
- Meses, estaciones, in March, in spring,
años, décadas y in 1945, in the 60s,
siglos in the 19th century,
in the Middle Ages

Nota: No utilizamos preposiciones delante de “last”, “next”, “this” o “every”.

We met last Friday.
They are getting married next September.
We are leaving this summer.
I get up at eight every morning.

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Writing and saying the date

A continuación presentamos las características que hay que tener en cuenta para escribir
y decir la fecha en inglés.
El día: siempre se lee el número ordinal (aunque a veces no se escriba así). Ejemplo: the
fifth of September.
El mes: se puede escribir como un número o con su correspondiente palabra. Esta última
se puede escribir completa o abreviada. Los meses se abrevian con las tres primeras
letras de la palabra (Ejemplo: January: Jan; February: Feb, etc.). Los únicos meses que no
tienen abreviatura son: May, June y July. La primera letra de los meses siempre se escribe
en mayúscula, incluso cuando se escribe la abreviatura.
El año: El año solo se añade cuando escribimos o decimos la fecha completa; además,
por norma general se escriben únicamente los dos últimos números pero se lee el año al
completo. Ejemplo:
3/10/76 -> 1676 Nineteen seventy-six
Los años hasta 1999 se dividen en dos partes, como si fueran dos números de dos cifras cada
uno. Ejemplos:
1745 -> 17 – 45 Seventeen forty-five
1268 -> 12 – 68 Twelve sixty-eight
1929 -> 19 – 29 Nineteen twenty-nine
El año 2000 se lee: the year two thousand.
Escribir y decir la fecha en inglés británico
Cuando escribimos o decimos la fecha en inglés británico es importante seguir el orden
que presentamos a continuación:
Día de la semana (se puede omitir) – Día (núm. ordinal) – Mes – Año
Ejemplos:
1/10/2018
Día de la semana + Mes Año
Día
Se escribe: Monday 1 st October, 2018
Se dice: Monday the first of October twenty
eighteen

4/10/2018
Día de la semana + Mes Año
Día
Se escribe: Thursday 4 th October, 2018
Se dice: Thursday the fourth October twenty
of eighteen

A continuación presentamos otras formas de escribir y decir la fecha en inglés británico:

4th January / 4th Jan
the fourth of January / January the fourth
Jan 4, 1948

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January the fourth nineteen forty-eight

Escribir y decir la fecha en inglés americano

Cuando escribimos o decimos la fecha en inglés americano es importante seguir el orden
que presentamos a continuación:
Mes – Día (en números ordinales) – Año
Nótese que en inglés británico el día aparece primero y después el mes, mientras que en
inglés americano es al contrario: primero aparece el mes y a continuación el día.
10/1/2018
Mes Día Año
Se escribe: October 1 st, 2018
Se dice: October (the)* first, twenty
eighteen

10/4/2018
Mes Día Año
Se escribe: October 4 th, 2018
Se dice: October (the)* fourth, twenty
eighteen
*El artículo definido (the) se puede omitir.

Las preposiciones en las fechas

+ AÑO I was born in 1978.
IN
+ MES I was born in July.
+ FECHA Inglés británico:
COMPLETA I was born on the 23 rd of July,
1978.
I was born on the 23 rd of July.
ON
Inglés americano:
I was born on July the 23 rd,
1978.
I was born on July the 23 rd.

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Past simple vs. Past continuous

a) Forms:

PAST SIMPLE
Subj. + V -ed (regular verbs)
+ Compl.
Affirmative
form I talked to him yesterday.
She asked him about his age.
* (See list of irregular verbs at
the end of this manual)
Subj. + DID + not
+ V + Compl.
Negative form
I didn’t believe him then.
She didn’t answer my question.
DID + Subj.
Interrogative + V + Compl.?
form Did you enjoy the party?
Did you take the train yesterday?

PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Subj. + was/were

form + V-ing + Compl.
They were reading a magazine.
A girl was asking for you, Tom.

Subj. + was/were + not

+ V-ing + Compl.
Negative form
They weren’t watching that film.
She wasn’t studying for her test.

Was/were + Subj.
Interrogative + V-ing + Compl. ?
form Oh, sorry. Were you sleeping?
Was Jerry talking to Jenny in the
lounge?

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b) Use: These tenses are used to express...

PAST SIMPLE
Actions and situations that started and
finished at a particular moment in the past.
I bought a new house last year.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Actions that were in progress at a determined
moment in the past, although they started
before and finished afterwards.
At ten o’clock last night, I was watching a
film.

When two past tenses appear in one sentence:

Past simple + Past simple:
We talk about two consecutive actions, one happened (usually introduced by “when”) and
then the other happened.
When it started to rain I ran to my house.
Past continuous + Past simple:
We talk about two actions happening at the same time.
While I was having a bath the phone rang.
I was having a bath when the phone rang.
We use the Past simple to denote a short action and refer to a specific point in time. In
contrast, the Past continuous stands for a long action that lasted a certain amount of time.
In the example shown, the phone will have rung for no more than a minute, whereas a bath
may take an hour or more. So the bath started before and ended after the phone rang and,
thus, is a longer action than the ringing of the phone.

Past continuous + Past continuous:

We talk about two simultaneous actions in the past. Both happening at the same moment.
While I was trying to study, he was making a terrible noise.

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Past perfect simple vs. Past perfect continuous

a) Forms:

PAST PERFECT
Subj. + HAD
+ Participle + Compl.
Affirmative
form He had already accepted the
conditions when the lawyer
arrived.
Subj. + HAD + not / never
+ Participle + Compl.
Negative form He had never been to Italy
before we went together last
year.
HAD + Subj.
Interrogative + Participle + Compl.?
form Had the concert started when
you arrived?
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Subj. + HAD + BEEN
Affirmative + V-ing + Compl.
form They had been discussing for
two hours when we arrived.
Subj. + HAD + not BEEN
+ V-ing + Compl.
Negative form She had not been studying for
half an hour when her friend
phoned.
HAD + Subj. + BEEN
Interrogative + V-ing + Compl.?
form How long had they been going
out when they got married?

b) Use:

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PAST PERFECT
Expresses an action in the past that is
previous to another which also takes place in
the past:
The car was stolen because he had forgotten to
lock it.
When we use temporal adverbs like ”before”
or “after”, there is no need to use the “Past
Perfect” to indicate that one action takes
place before the other. For both actions we
can use the “Past Simple”:
After I had bought a new house she came to
live with me. = After I bought a new house
she came to live with me.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Expresses an action that has been in
progress during some time previous to the
action in the past:
His eyes were red because he had been
crying.
In some cases we use this tense to highlight
the duration of the activity in progress.
Often, there is a time expression introduced
by “for”:
I had been waiting for twenty minutes when
he came.

“Used to / would + verb” to express past

Used to
Use: We use the form “used to” to express:
An action that was a habit in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present:
He smokes just a couple of cigarettes a day, but he used to smoke a lot.
A situation that was true in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present.
This souvenir shop used to be a greengrocer’s.
Compare:

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Particular action in the past:

Last night, I watched the film you recommended.
Action in progress at a particular moment in the past:
I was watching a film when my brother came in.
Habit in the past:
I used to watch a lot of films.
Form: “Used to” only has the past form and cannot be used in the present tense.
Compare:
I usually go to the cinema on Sunday. (Present)
I used to go to the cinema on Sunday. (Past)
They live in the country. (Present)
They used to live in the country. (Past)

Affirmative
I used to do
I used to live with my parents.
Negative
I didn’t use to do
I used not to do
I didn’t use to eat sweets.
He used not to smoke.
Interrogative
Did you use to ...?
Did you use to like milk?

Would
Use: We can use either the form “would” or “used to” to express:
That an action was repeated regularly in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present:
My granny used to take me to the park every Saturday morning.
My granny would take me to the park every Saturday morning.

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Nevertheless, we cannot use the form “would”:

To indicate a situation which was true in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present:
I used to live in L.A.
I used to have a Mercedes.

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Abbreviations for academic and formal titles

The polite form of address, which is put in front of the persons name, serves to indicate the sex,
and sometimes the marital status:
Mr Goes before the surname of a man
Ms Goes before the surname of a woman
Mrs Goes before the surname of a married woman
Miss Goes before the surname of a
single woman
Ms Johnson
Other frequently used abbreviations for forms of adress that go before the surname are:
Dr Doctor
Prof Professor
Fr Father
Dr Cook
Some special forms of adress and academic titles go after the surname and are spelled letter by
letter:
MP Member of Parliament
BA Bachelor of Arts
BSc Bachelor of Science
PhD Doctor of Philosophy
Miss R. Carston BSc
A very frequent abbreviation in the USA goes after the surname of a person whose father has
the same name, so they can be distinguished:
Jr Junior
Phil Morris Jr.

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IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle

be was/were been
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got gotten (or got in British English)
give gave given
go went gone
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
know knew known
leave left left
light lit lit
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
run ran run
say said said

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IRREGULAR VERBS

see saw seen

sell sold sold
send sent sent
shake shook shaken
show showed shown or showed
shrink shrank shrunk
sit sat sat
slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spit spat spat
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

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VOCABULARY
Absorbing Very interesting and enjoyable.
Account A written version of past events.
Amongst Also "among". Included in, one of.
Audition A chance for people to show their talent.
The way directors of a play or film choose the actors.
Background 1. The environment a person grew up in. Family history.
2. Not the direct focus of a picture or issue. Something behind the
main focal point.
Better late than An expression used to say that although something happened
never. later than expected, it is good that it finally happened.
Biography The story of a person's life written by someone other than the
person himself.
Chairman A position of great responsibility in a company.
The person who is in control of a meeting.
Civil service The group of people who work for the Government.
Communism A political belief system where all property is owned by the
people. Karl Marx was a famous defender of this concept.
Crisis A very serious or critical situation.
Description Definition, explanation, detail of something.
Doubt An uncertainty about something.
Drive Motivation and energy.
Referring to a house, a place to park a car in front of the house
and off the road.
Exhausted Very tired.
Explorer A person who tries to find new countries or places.
Fiction Not a fact, imaginary.
Freelance journalist Someone who writes for various newspapers and magazines but
is self-employed.
Fulfilling Satisfying, rewarding.
Hardship Financial difficulty, bad luck, unfortunate circumstances.
Horrified Feeling especially disturbed or horrific.
Journalism The industry associated with people who write for newspapers
and magazines.
Lamppost A tall light on the street.
Legendary Famous, very well known.
Masseur A person who gives massages as their job.
Matter Topic, theme or problem.
Motorist Someone who is driving a motor vehicle.
Obsessed Overly preoccupied, unable to think about something else.

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Pleasure Enjoyment, happiness.

Prospects Hope for the future, opportunities.
Qualified Having official certificates to prove a certain skill.
Remarkable Surprising, incredible.
Revolution A radical political or social change.
Satirical Using a type of humour where the objects of criticism are
portrayed in a negative light.
Straight Without delay; immediately.
In a direct way or by a direct route.
The former The previous, the one before.
The latter The one after.
Theme Topic or general idea (often linked to art and literature).
To chase To follow someone or something to catch it.
To deal with To manage a situation effectively.
To found To establish or start.
To get up to To do something that is not right.
To introduce To cause one person to meet another.
To manage to To do and achieve something difficult.
To meet To have a first encounter with someone.
To pursue To go after, to follow.
To recall To remember.
To reply To respond or to answer a question, letter, email etc.
To run into To meet by chance, without previous arrangement.
To specialise To focus on one particular area of study, medicine or other field
of knowledge.
To witness To see something with one's own eyes.
Valid Legal or correct.
Vivid Producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind.
Without Opposite of "with".
Youth The period of life when we are young.

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VOCABULARY SENTENCES

The theme of tonight's debate is, "Does science have all the answers?"
He comes from a rural background.
If all the protests and demonstrations keep up, the next step could be a revolution. People
are getting really angry about the current situation.
I don't recommend visiting this country as there is a political crisis.
In some countries, it's considered an honour to work in the civil service.
I'm looking for a job with prospects of promotion.
I think I did OK in the audition, but there were hundreds of us up for the part, so I'm not
getting my hopes up too high.
I'm going to book you an appointment with the masseur. You look as if your back's playing
up again.
Now ladies and gentlemen, we're here today to discuss the role of journalism in the modern
world. Should we forget about traditional newspapers and all start writing for internet
editions, or should we fight to keep papers in print?
He is a freelance journalist who contributes to various magazines.
I was horrified when I saw the bill.
She is a qualified nurse.
She's absolutely obsessed with that pop star.
I hate driving on long, straight roads, it's so boring.
He must be reading a very absorbing story.
In my opinion, it's more important that work should be fulfilling than well-paid.
Dr Martin specialised in tropical diseases.
I'll pass your call through to the manager as he's the person who deals with complaints
about service.
We founded this company ten years ago today so I think I speak for myself and Liz when I
say that we're very happy to be opening our newest and biggest branch here in London.
You look guilty about something. What have you been getting up to while I was away?
Your exam was remarkable; the best in the class, in fact.
Don Quixote is legendary among lovers of Spanish literature.
And now a few words from the chairman of our society.
He pursued fame in the cinema, but without much success.

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She wrote an account of her experiences in South America.

She and her family have suffered great hardship.
Do you think you have the necessary drive to run a school in a poor area?
I'm not usually a big fan of biographies, but this one is particularly interesting as it's about
our last president. I didn't realise what a sports enthusiast he was.
Our publishing house is one of the most respected fiction publishers in Europe; you won't
regret signing up with us.
Have you got any good books on communism? I need to brush up on my political history.
The stand up comedy show was fantastic. The comedian was really satirical and was
making fun of public figures.
It was a very vivid dream; I can remember every detail.
I try to buy food that doesn't have too many artificial ingredients and always without lots of
added salt and sugar.
Amongst my friends there are several artists.
He speaks German and Italian; in the former he is fluent but in the latter he needs more
practice.
You can chase me as long as you like, you'll never catch me!
Look! Read the description. It says this is a light cake that is ideal for people who are
watching their weight.
The police want to ask you a few questions about what you witnessed when you
interrupted the robbers.
A motorist is a person who drives a vehicle.
What do you think of the new lampposts? Personally, I reckon they're too modern for the
old part of town.
He travelled widely in his youth.
The test was very difficult, but she managed to pass it.
I'm afraid I don't recall your name.
I think that many children dream of being explorers when they grow up, but few like the
idea when they are older.
You look exhausted. What have you been doing?
This coin isn't valid, it's a fake. Who gave it to you?
Hi there, I'm calling to reply to the message you left on my phone. You said that you need
to cancel my dentist's appointment. When can I make another one?

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USEFUL PHRASES

Mrs Jones, I'd like you to meet Dr. Reinhold.

Let me introduce you to Fr. Peter.
It's been a pleasure meeting you, Professor Harris.
Well, better late than never.
Shall we discuss the matter in hand?
This is, without a doubt, the best holiday I've ever had.
I ran into Miss Pearson this morning.
Well, I'm afraid I ran into a tree.

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GRAMMAR

Preposiciones de tiempo: at, on, in

AT
USO EJEMPLOS
- Horas at three o’clock, at
- Periodos lunchtime, at sunset,
festivos at 13:45
(excepto: on at Christmas, at
holiday) weekends, at Easter
ON
USO EJEMPLOS
- Días on Monday, on
- Fechas Sunday
concretas on 4th April, on
New Year’s Eve, on
my birthday
IN
USO EJEMPLOS
- Partes del día in the afternoon, in
(excepto: at the morning, in the
night) evening
- Meses, estaciones, in March, in spring,
años, décadas y in 1945, in the 60s,
siglos in the 19th century,
in the Middle Ages

Nota: No utilizamos preposiciones delante de “last”, “next”, “this” o “every”.

We met last Friday.
They are getting married next September.
We are leaving this summer.
I get up at eight every morning.

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Writing and saying the date

A continuación presentamos las características que hay que tener en cuenta para escribir
y decir la fecha en inglés.
El día: siempre se lee el número ordinal (aunque a veces no se escriba así). Ejemplo: the
fifth of September.
El mes: se puede escribir como un número o con su correspondiente palabra. Esta última
se puede escribir completa o abreviada. Los meses se abrevian con las tres primeras
letras de la palabra (Ejemplo: January: Jan; February: Feb, etc.). Los únicos meses que no
tienen abreviatura son: May, June y July. La primera letra de los meses siempre se escribe
en mayúscula, incluso cuando se escribe la abreviatura.
El año: El año solo se añade cuando escribimos o decimos la fecha completa; además,
por norma general se escriben únicamente los dos últimos números pero se lee el año al
completo. Ejemplo:
3/10/76 -> 1676 Nineteen seventy-six
Los años hasta 1999 se dividen en dos partes, como si fueran dos números de dos cifras cada
uno. Ejemplos:
1745 -> 17 – 45 Seventeen forty-five
1268 -> 12 – 68 Twelve sixty-eight
1929 -> 19 – 29 Nineteen twenty-nine
El año 2000 se lee: the year two thousand.
Escribir y decir la fecha en inglés británico
Cuando escribimos o decimos la fecha en inglés británico es importante seguir el orden
que presentamos a continuación:
Día de la semana (se puede omitir) – Día (núm. ordinal) – Mes – Año
Ejemplos:
1/10/2018
Día de la semana + Mes Año
Día
Se escribe: Monday 1 st October, 2018
Se dice: Monday the first of October twenty
eighteen

4/10/2018
Día de la semana + Mes Año
Día
Se escribe: Thursday 4 th October, 2018
Se dice: Thursday the fourth October twenty
of eighteen

A continuación presentamos otras formas de escribir y decir la fecha en inglés británico:

4th January / 4th Jan
the fourth of January / January the fourth
Jan 4, 1948

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January the fourth nineteen forty-eight

Escribir y decir la fecha en inglés americano

Cuando escribimos o decimos la fecha en inglés americano es importante seguir el orden
que presentamos a continuación:
Mes – Día (en números ordinales) – Año
Nótese que en inglés británico el día aparece primero y después el mes, mientras que en
inglés americano es al contrario: primero aparece el mes y a continuación el día.
10/1/2018
Mes Día Año
Se escribe: October 1 st, 2018
Se dice: October (the)* first, twenty
eighteen

10/4/2018
Mes Día Año
Se escribe: October 4 th, 2018
Se dice: October (the)* fourth, twenty
eighteen
*El artículo definido (the) se puede omitir.

Las preposiciones en las fechas

+ AÑO I was born in 1978.
IN
+ MES I was born in July.
+ FECHA Inglés británico:
COMPLETA I was born on the 23 rd of July,
1978.
I was born on the 23 rd of July.
ON
Inglés americano:
I was born on July the 23 rd,
1978.
I was born on July the 23 rd.

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Past simple vs. Past continuous

a) Forms:

PAST SIMPLE
Subj. + V -ed (regular verbs)
+ Compl.
Affirmative
form I talked to him yesterday.
She asked him about his age.
* (See list of irregular verbs at
the end of this manual)
Subj. + DID + not
+ V + Compl.
Negative form
I didn’t believe him then.
She didn’t answer my question.
DID + Subj.
Interrogative + V + Compl.?
form Did you enjoy the party?
Did you take the train yesterday?

PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Subj. + was/were

form + V-ing + Compl.
They were reading a magazine.
A girl was asking for you, Tom.

Subj. + was/were + not

+ V-ing + Compl.
Negative form
They weren’t watching that film.
She wasn’t studying for her test.

Was/were + Subj.
Interrogative + V-ing + Compl. ?
form Oh, sorry. Were you sleeping?
Was Jerry talking to Jenny in the
lounge?

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b) Use: These tenses are used to express...

PAST SIMPLE
Actions and situations that started and
finished at a particular moment in the past.
I bought a new house last year.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Actions that were in progress at a determined
moment in the past, although they started
before and finished afterwards.
At ten o’clock last night, I was watching a
film.

When two past tenses appear in one sentence:

Past simple + Past simple:
We talk about two consecutive actions, one happened (usually introduced by “when”) and
then the other happened.
When it started to rain I ran to my house.
Past continuous + Past simple:
We talk about two actions happening at the same time.
While I was having a bath the phone rang.
I was having a bath when the phone rang.
We use the Past simple to denote a short action and refer to a specific point in time. In
contrast, the Past continuous stands for a long action that lasted a certain amount of time.
In the example shown, the phone will have rung for no more than a minute, whereas a bath
may take an hour or more. So the bath started before and ended after the phone rang and,
thus, is a longer action than the ringing of the phone.

Past continuous + Past continuous:

We talk about two simultaneous actions in the past. Both happening at the same moment.
While I was trying to study, he was making a terrible noise.

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Past perfect simple vs. Past perfect continuous

a) Forms:

PAST PERFECT
Subj. + HAD
+ Participle + Compl.
Affirmative
form He had already accepted the
conditions when the lawyer
arrived.
Subj. + HAD + not / never
+ Participle + Compl.
Negative form He had never been to Italy
before we went together last
year.
HAD + Subj.
Interrogative + Participle + Compl.?
form Had the concert started when
you arrived?
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Subj. + HAD + BEEN
Affirmative + V-ing + Compl.
form They had been discussing for
two hours when we arrived.
Subj. + HAD + not BEEN
+ V-ing + Compl.
Negative form She had not been studying for
half an hour when her friend
phoned.
HAD + Subj. + BEEN
Interrogative + V-ing + Compl.?
form How long had they been going
out when they got married?

b) Use:

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PAST PERFECT
Expresses an action in the past that is
previous to another which also takes place in
the past:
The car was stolen because he had forgotten to
lock it.
When we use temporal adverbs like ”before”
or “after”, there is no need to use the “Past
Perfect” to indicate that one action takes
place before the other. For both actions we
can use the “Past Simple”:
After I had bought a new house she came to
live with me. = After I bought a new house
she came to live with me.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Expresses an action that has been in
progress during some time previous to the
action in the past:
His eyes were red because he had been
crying.
In some cases we use this tense to highlight
the duration of the activity in progress.
Often, there is a time expression introduced
by “for”:
I had been waiting for twenty minutes when
he came.

“Used to / would + verb” to express past

Used to
Use: We use the form “used to” to express:
An action that was a habit in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present:
He smokes just a couple of cigarettes a day, but he used to smoke a lot.
A situation that was true in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present.
This souvenir shop used to be a greengrocer’s.
Compare:

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Particular action in the past:

Last night, I watched the film you recommended.
Action in progress at a particular moment in the past:
I was watching a film when my brother came in.
Habit in the past:
I used to watch a lot of films.
Form: “Used to” only has the past form and cannot be used in the present tense.
Compare:
I usually go to the cinema on Sunday. (Present)
I used to go to the cinema on Sunday. (Past)
They live in the country. (Present)
They used to live in the country. (Past)

Affirmative
I used to do
I used to live with my parents.
Negative
I didn’t use to do
I used not to do
I didn’t use to eat sweets.
He used not to smoke.
Interrogative
Did you use to ...?
Did you use to like milk?

Would
Use: We can use either the form “would” or “used to” to express:
That an action was repeated regularly in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present:
My granny used to take me to the park every Saturday morning.
My granny would take me to the park every Saturday morning.

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Nevertheless, we cannot use the form “would”:

To indicate a situation which was true in the past, but isn’t anymore in the present:
I used to live in L.A.
I used to have a Mercedes.

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Abbreviations for academic and formal titles

The polite form of address, which is put in front of the persons name, serves to indicate the sex,
and sometimes the marital status:
Mr Goes before the surname of a man
Ms Goes before the surname of a woman
Mrs Goes before the surname of a married woman
Miss Goes before the surname of a
single woman
Ms Johnson
Other frequently used abbreviations for forms of adress that go before the surname are:
Dr Doctor
Prof Professor
Fr Father
Dr Cook
Some special forms of adress and academic titles go after the surname and are spelled letter by
letter:
MP Member of Parliament
BA Bachelor of Arts
BSc Bachelor of Science
PhD Doctor of Philosophy
Miss R. Carston BSc
A very frequent abbreviation in the USA goes after the surname of a person whose father has
the same name, so they can be distinguished:
Jr Junior
Phil Morris Jr.

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IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle

be was/were been
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got gotten (or got in British English)
give gave given
go went gone
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
know knew known
leave left left
light lit lit
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
run ran run
say said said

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IRREGULAR VERBS

see saw seen

sell sold sold
send sent sent
shake shook shaken
show showed shown or showed
shrink shrank shrunk
sit sat sat
slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spit spat spat
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

VOCABULARY
Aware Conscious, alert.
Brain The organ inside our skull.
Responsible for our thoughts and reactions.
Capability Talent, skill, ability to do something.
Cell A tiny part of an organism which can be seen under a
microscope.
Certainly Of course, without any problem, definitely.
Characteristic A feature or typical part of something.
Common Easy to find, typical.
Conclusion The end to a presentation or study, what was learnt or
discovered.
Costume Clothes worn when performing a play.
Also the typical clothes worn to celebrate traditional events.
Disease Illness or sickness.
Dominant Strongest, superior in a group.
Dress rehearsal The final practice before a show in the theatre when everyone is
dressed in a costume.
First performance The initial showing of a play or a concert in front of an
audience.
Fraction A part or piece of a whole.
Galaxy A collection of stars and planets.
Genius A person who is very intelligent, who has a very high IQ.
Human being A person, not a plant or an animal.
Infinite Without end.
Invention Something that has not existed before, a new way of doing
something.
Investigation Research or study in a particular area.
Also used in detective work when police are trying to solve a
crime.
Laboratory A place where scientists carry out experiments.
Life expectancy The number of years on average that people in a specific
population live.
Logic Reasonable, a rational way of thinking.
Perhaps Possibly, maybe.
Potential The promising possibility to do a certain task very well.
Principally Mainly, for the large part.
Probably Likely to happen.
Quality of life To refer to the way one lives, the standard of one's life.
Ready for use Prepared, to be used immediately if necessary.

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Representative 1. (noun) A person who acts on somebody's behalf.

2. (adjective) Typical for a portion or a group.
Rhythm The beat or pace of music or speech.
Screen The glass on the monitor of a computer.
In the cinema, where the film is shown.
Also a flat piece of wood or other material to separate a space.
Security The feeling of stability and safety.
Settlement A small collection of houses or dwellings where people are living.
Simultaneously At the same time.
To aim To set a target and try to reach it.
To bear in mind To consider or think about something.
To carry out To make a plan a physical reality.
To follow orders.
To contain To hold something.
To estimate To give an approximation.
To fall (into the To accidentally be in the possession of the wrong person.
wrong hands) E.g.: The secret documents fell into the wrong hands after the
secretary accidentally left them in a café.
To gather To collect objects together.
To get hold of To obtain or find.
To contact or reach someone, often by telephone.
To get the feel of To begin to understand something new.
To go ahead To start or keep doing something.
To limit To stop something from exceeding a particular point, amount or
level.
To possess To own.
To prompt To give help to actors in order to help them remember their
words whilst they are acting.
To stand in for To substitute on a temporary basis.
To take time off To have some days away from work or a routine.
To transplant To put something, for example a heart, into another body.
Trial A period of time where one can try a product or service.
A legal proceeding in a court house.
Understanding Comprehension.
Adjective to describe a person who is sympathetic.
Vast Enormous, huge, very big.
Wildlife The animals that live in a non-domestic environment.
Animals that live in the forests and natural areas of a country.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

He is working in a chemistry laboratory.

The television is one of the inventions that has had the greatest impact on our lives.
This team is carrying out an investigation into the effects of certain chemicals on the
immune system.
The chemistry students always have to set out the conclusions to their projects in a certain
way.
This is a maximum security prison.
We shall employ you for a trial period of three months.
The dress rehearsal went terribly. The costumes weren't even completely ready, so we
couldn't get an idea of how we'd look on the opening night.
Don't be nervous about your first performance with the band, you'll be great.
This is my costume for the party. What do you think?
Admittedly, the quality of life is better here in terms of the climate, cost of living and work
opportunities, but I still miss my hometown, despite the problems there.
Let's watch the documentary on African wildlife.
I haven't won in ages, so I'll probably win tonight.
Don't be stupid; it's a game of chance so you can never predict when you're going to win.
When they offered me the post of park keeper, I said certainly straight away. It's the perfect
way to combine my love of gardening with a job.
I'm getting used to doing quite a few things simultaneously, but I hope my secretary comes
back to work soon.
I've highlighted the parts that are important for us all in blue, but the notes at the side are
principally for me.
Perhaps they'll get married, you never know.
The pyramids are possibly the most characteristic feature of Egypt.
Repairs are being carried out on the building.
A small crowd had gathered at the scene of the crime.
Thank you so much for prompting me when I forgot my lines. My mind went blank.
This CD-ROM contains all the information you'll need.
She aims to play professionally.
It is impossible to estimate the damage at this moment.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

The local council has decided to limit the maximum speed on this road to 60 mph after
having had complaints about dangerous driving.
Sports science has demonstrated that elite team-sport players also possess the analytical
mind of a chess master.
Don't worry. Although this is a big operation, we are used to transplanting hearts
nowadays after having done it so many times.
When I was young, I had a glow in the dark model of the biggest planets in our galaxy
hanging from my ceiling.
Despite our relatively similar physical appearance, human beings are all unique.
Nowadays, life expectancy is about seventy years.
My poor daughter has been in hospital for tests. We don't know what's wrong with her but
the doctors have ruled out some of the most serious diseases.
Regardless of being invisible to the human eye, cells are incredibly fascinating to scientists.
I've bought a new computer with a 16 inch screen.
No man-made machine can compare with the brain.
I work as a sales representative for an office equipment firm.
He had a university degree when he was 14 years old, so I think it's safe to say he's a genius.
He thinks he's got the potential to win the arm wrestling competition, but I'm not so sure.
This multi-tasking fad is stretching my capabilities to the limit.
It's our understanding that humans evolved more or less as you see represented in this
picture.
I love the rhythm of native African music.
He won the race by a fraction of a second.
There used to be a Roman settlement here.
The desert is vast and lonely; I'd hate to get lost out there.
He has a very dominant personality.
People today are aware that smoking damages health.
This butterfly used to be very common in the British countryside.
In the field of science you have to apply logic rather than instinct to your work.
You can do anything you want with your life, the possibilities are infinite.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

USEFUL PHRASES

If this information falls into the wrong hands, the consequences will be tragic.
Why don't you take a week off work?
Do you want to go ahead with this?
I still haven't got the feel of this new car.
No, I'm just standing in for a friend who's unwell.
Can you get hold of this book for me?
You must bear in mind that her parents separated recently.
Yes, it's very practical.
You just put the card in here and it's ready for use!

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

GRAMMAR

“Will” & “Shall” as modal auxiliaries

A) WILL
“Will” is an auxiliary modal verb which is usually used to indicate the future tense, but, being
a modal verb, it is not totally neutral. It gives certain meanings to the sentence in which it
appears:
PROMISE
I’ll never forget you!
PREDICTION
I’m certain she will find a good job.
OFFER
I’ll help you to wash the car.
DECISION
I don’t know which shirt to buy. OK, I’ll take both.
B) SHALL
In the past, the auxiliary modal verb “shall” was also used to indicate the future, but with “I”
and not with “we”. Nowadays, it is not used in that way anymore, but it still is used as a modal
verb to express:
OFFERS
Shall I get you an aspirin?
SUGGESTIONS
Shall we go to the cinema?
As you can see, it is always used for questions and only with “I” and “we”.

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Future continuous
a) Use: We use the Future Continuous to express an action in progress at a particular moment
in the future.
At ten o’clock I will be driving to the station.
b) Form: compare Future Simple and Future Continuous.

FUTURE SIMPLE

Subj. + will
+ V + Compl
Don’t worry. You will pass the exam.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ V + Compl.
It’s too late. He will not come today.
Will + Subj. + V + Compl.?
Will they be at the meeting?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Subj. + will + Be
+ V-ing + Compl.
At this time tomorrow, I’ll be sunbathing.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ Be + V-ing + Compl.
Don’t be late! I won’t be waiting for long.
Will + Subj. + Be + V-ing + Compl.?
What costume will you be wearing at the party?

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Future perfect: simple vs. continuous

Use of the Future Perfect Simple: To express that an action, which hasn’t happened yet, will
be finished in a particular moment in the future.
By next January I will have moved house.
Use of the Future Perfect Continuous: to express that an action will have been in progress
during some time previous to a particular moment in the future.
You will have been working there for a year before being offered a promotion.
Form of the Future Perfect Simple and Continuous: Pay attention to the following schema:

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

Subj. + will + have
+ Participle + Compl.
I will have finished this by ten.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ have + Participle + Compl.
I will not have finished by that date.
Will + Subj. + have
+ Participle + Compl.?
Will they have arrived in London by this
afternoon?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Subj. + will + have + Been
+ V-ing + Compl.
If you go so early, you will have been waiting for
two hours by the time he arrives.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ have + Been + V-ing + Compl.
When Professor Smith retires next month, he
won’t have been teaching for less than forty years.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

Will + Subj. + have + Been

+ V-ing + Compl.?
How long will we have been driving by the time
we arrive in Rome?

Preposition “By” with time reference

As you may have observed, the preposition “by” appears very often with the future perfect
(simple and continuous). It indicates until when the action will have taken place.
“By” in combination with this tense means “at this moment or before, but not afterwards”.
I will have finished this by 11.00 a.m. on Friday.
By the time I am sixty-five I will have retired.
By the year 2050 fuel cars will have disappeared.
With Future Simple, “by” means “ at this moment, not before and not after it”.
He will be too old by then.
With Future Continuous, “by” means that the action will start any moment before the
indicated time and will be in progress then.
By this time tomorrow I will be doing the exam.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

VOCABULARY
Aware Conscious, alert.
Brain The organ inside our skull.
Responsible for our thoughts and reactions.
Capability Talent, skill, ability to do something.
Cell A tiny part of an organism which can be seen under a
microscope.
Certainly Of course, without any problem, definitely.
Characteristic A feature or typical part of something.
Common Easy to find, typical.
Conclusion The end to a presentation or study, what was learnt or
discovered.
Costume Clothes worn when performing a play.
Also the typical clothes worn to celebrate traditional events.
Disease Illness or sickness.
Dominant Strongest, superior in a group.
Dress rehearsal The final practice before a show in the theatre when everyone is
dressed in a costume.
First performance The initial showing of a play or a concert in front of an
audience.
Fraction A part or piece of a whole.
Galaxy A collection of stars and planets.
Genius A person who is very intelligent, who has a very high IQ.
Human being A person, not a plant or an animal.
Infinite Without end.
Invention Something that has not existed before, a new way of doing
something.
Investigation Research or study in a particular area.
Also used in detective work when police are trying to solve a
crime.
Laboratory A place where scientists carry out experiments.
Life expectancy The number of years on average that people in a specific
population live.
Logic Reasonable, a rational way of thinking.
Perhaps Possibly, maybe.
Potential The promising possibility to do a certain task very well.
Principally Mainly, for the large part.
Probably Likely to happen.
Quality of life To refer to the way one lives, the standard of one's life.
Ready for use Prepared, to be used immediately if necessary.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

Representative 1. (noun) A person who acts on somebody's behalf.

2. (adjective) Typical for a portion or a group.
Rhythm The beat or pace of music or speech.
Screen The glass on the monitor of a computer.
In the cinema, where the film is shown.
Also a flat piece of wood or other material to separate a space.
Security The feeling of stability and safety.
Settlement A small collection of houses or dwellings where people are living.
Simultaneously At the same time.
To aim To set a target and try to reach it.
To bear in mind To consider or think about something.
To carry out To make a plan a physical reality.
To follow orders.
To contain To hold something.
To estimate To give an approximation.
To fall (into the To accidentally be in the possession of the wrong person.
wrong hands) E.g.: The secret documents fell into the wrong hands after the
secretary accidentally left them in a café.
To gather To collect objects together.
To get hold of To obtain or find.
To contact or reach someone, often by telephone.
To get the feel of To begin to understand something new.
To go ahead To start or keep doing something.
To limit To stop something from exceeding a particular point, amount or
level.
To possess To own.
To prompt To give help to actors in order to help them remember their
words whilst they are acting.
To stand in for To substitute on a temporary basis.
To take time off To have some days away from work or a routine.
To transplant To put something, for example a heart, into another body.
Trial A period of time where one can try a product or service.
A legal proceeding in a court house.
Understanding Comprehension.
Adjective to describe a person who is sympathetic.
Vast Enormous, huge, very big.
Wildlife The animals that live in a non-domestic environment.
Animals that live in the forests and natural areas of a country.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

VOCABULARY SENTENCES

He is working in a chemistry laboratory.

The television is one of the inventions that has had the greatest impact on our lives.
This team is carrying out an investigation into the effects of certain chemicals on the
immune system.
The chemistry students always have to set out the conclusions to their projects in a certain
way.
This is a maximum security prison.
We shall employ you for a trial period of three months.
The dress rehearsal went terribly. The costumes weren't even completely ready, so we
couldn't get an idea of how we'd look on the opening night.
Don't be nervous about your first performance with the band, you'll be great.
This is my costume for the party. What do you think?
Admittedly, the quality of life is better here in terms of the climate, cost of living and work
opportunities, but I still miss my hometown, despite the problems there.
Let's watch the documentary on African wildlife.
I haven't won in ages, so I'll probably win tonight.
Don't be stupid; it's a game of chance so you can never predict when you're going to win.
When they offered me the post of park keeper, I said certainly straight away. It's the perfect
way to combine my love of gardening with a job.
I'm getting used to doing quite a few things simultaneously, but I hope my secretary comes
back to work soon.
I've highlighted the parts that are important for us all in blue, but the notes at the side are
principally for me.
Perhaps they'll get married, you never know.
The pyramids are possibly the most characteristic feature of Egypt.
Repairs are being carried out on the building.
A small crowd had gathered at the scene of the crime.
Thank you so much for prompting me when I forgot my lines. My mind went blank.
This CD-ROM contains all the information you'll need.
She aims to play professionally.
It is impossible to estimate the damage at this moment.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

The local council has decided to limit the maximum speed on this road to 60 mph after
having had complaints about dangerous driving.
Sports science has demonstrated that elite team-sport players also possess the analytical
mind of a chess master.
Don't worry. Although this is a big operation, we are used to transplanting hearts
nowadays after having done it so many times.
When I was young, I had a glow in the dark model of the biggest planets in our galaxy
hanging from my ceiling.
Despite our relatively similar physical appearance, human beings are all unique.
Nowadays, life expectancy is about seventy years.
My poor daughter has been in hospital for tests. We don't know what's wrong with her but
the doctors have ruled out some of the most serious diseases.
Regardless of being invisible to the human eye, cells are incredibly fascinating to scientists.
I've bought a new computer with a 16 inch screen.
No man-made machine can compare with the brain.
I work as a sales representative for an office equipment firm.
He had a university degree when he was 14 years old, so I think it's safe to say he's a genius.
He thinks he's got the potential to win the arm wrestling competition, but I'm not so sure.
This multi-tasking fad is stretching my capabilities to the limit.
It's our understanding that humans evolved more or less as you see represented in this
picture.
I love the rhythm of native African music.
He won the race by a fraction of a second.
There used to be a Roman settlement here.
The desert is vast and lonely; I'd hate to get lost out there.
He has a very dominant personality.
People today are aware that smoking damages health.
This butterfly used to be very common in the British countryside.
In the field of science you have to apply logic rather than instinct to your work.
You can do anything you want with your life, the possibilities are infinite.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

USEFUL PHRASES

If this information falls into the wrong hands, the consequences will be tragic.
Why don't you take a week off work?
Do you want to go ahead with this?
I still haven't got the feel of this new car.
No, I'm just standing in for a friend who's unwell.
Can you get hold of this book for me?
You must bear in mind that her parents separated recently.
Yes, it's very practical.
You just put the card in here and it's ready for use!

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

GRAMMAR

“Will” & “Shall” as modal auxiliaries

A) WILL
“Will” is an auxiliary modal verb which is usually used to indicate the future tense, but, being
a modal verb, it is not totally neutral. It gives certain meanings to the sentence in which it
appears:
PROMISE
I’ll never forget you!
PREDICTION
I’m certain she will find a good job.
OFFER
I’ll help you to wash the car.
DECISION
I don’t know which shirt to buy. OK, I’ll take both.
B) SHALL
In the past, the auxiliary modal verb “shall” was also used to indicate the future, but with “I”
and not with “we”. Nowadays, it is not used in that way anymore, but it still is used as a modal
verb to express:
OFFERS
Shall I get you an aspirin?
SUGGESTIONS
Shall we go to the cinema?
As you can see, it is always used for questions and only with “I” and “we”.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

Future continuous
a) Use: We use the Future Continuous to express an action in progress at a particular moment
in the future.
At ten o’clock I will be driving to the station.
b) Form: compare Future Simple and Future Continuous.

FUTURE SIMPLE

Subj. + will
+ V + Compl
Don’t worry. You will pass the exam.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ V + Compl.
It’s too late. He will not come today.
Will + Subj. + V + Compl.?
Will they be at the meeting?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Subj. + will + Be
+ V-ing + Compl.
At this time tomorrow, I’ll be sunbathing.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ Be + V-ing + Compl.
Don’t be late! I won’t be waiting for long.
Will + Subj. + Be + V-ing + Compl.?
What costume will you be wearing at the party?

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

Future perfect: simple vs. continuous

Use of the Future Perfect Simple: To express that an action, which hasn’t happened yet, will
be finished in a particular moment in the future.
By next January I will have moved house.
Use of the Future Perfect Continuous: to express that an action will have been in progress
during some time previous to a particular moment in the future.
You will have been working there for a year before being offered a promotion.
Form of the Future Perfect Simple and Continuous: Pay attention to the following schema:

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

Subj. + will + have
+ Participle + Compl.
I will have finished this by ten.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ have + Participle + Compl.
I will not have finished by that date.
Will + Subj. + have
+ Participle + Compl.?
Will they have arrived in London by this
afternoon?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Subj. + will + have + Been
+ V-ing + Compl.
If you go so early, you will have been waiting for
two hours by the time he arrives.
Subj. + will + not / won’t
+ have + Been + V-ing + Compl.
When Professor Smith retires next month, he
won’t have been teaching for less than forty years.

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 Rehearsing in a hired hall / Our brain's potential / By the year 2050...

Will + Subj. + have + Been

+ V-ing + Compl.?
How long will we have been driving by the time
we arrive in Rome?

Preposition “By” with time reference

As you may have observed, the preposition “by” appears very often with the future perfect
(simple and continuous). It indicates until when the action will have taken place.
“By” in combination with this tense means “at this moment or before, but not afterwards”.
I will have finished this by 11.00 a.m. on Friday.
By the time I am sixty-five I will have retired.
By the year 2050 fuel cars will have disappeared.
With Future Simple, “by” means “ at this moment, not before and not after it”.
He will be too old by then.
With Future Continuous, “by” means that the action will start any moment before the
indicated time and will be in progress then.
By this time tomorrow I will be doing the exam.

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 The first performance

EMPHASISING ADVERBS
Emphasising adverbs
These adverbs tend to go with adjectives in order to modify the degree or emphasise them.
From the highest to the lowest degree, they are:
extremely
He is extremely short. He’s only 1.52m tall.
very
He’s very nice. I really enjoy his visits.
pretty
It’s pretty expensive. I don’t know whether to buy it or not.
quite
It’s quite a good party, isn’t it?
rather
He is rather handsome for his age.
fairly
Your new friend is fairly nice, but I prefer Robert.
slightly
This article is slightly damaged. Can I get a discount?
Note: These adverbs go before the word they modify. If an article is needed, it should go before
the adverb:
This article is slightly damaged.
This is the slightly damaged article.
He is rather attractive.
He is a rather attractive man.
Exception: in the case of the adverb “quite”, the article goes before the adjective:
Today is quite nice.
It’s quite a nice day today.

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 The first performance

EXPRESSING RESEMBLANCE
To express physical resemblance we often use the following expressions:
To look like = refers to the physical appearance
He looks like his mother. (He has her eyes and her nose.)
To look alike = to look the same as each other (no object)
They look alike. (They must be twins.)
To take after = to inherit characteristics of appearance or personality.
She so stubborn. She takes after her father. (Both her and her father are stubborn.)
I take after my grandfather. He has red hair too. (My grandfather and I have red hair.)
Note: The following verbs / expressions usually describe our impression of something /
someone, and do not indicate resemblance to another person or thing:
To seem
He seems angry about something.
To look
She looks ill.
To look as if
You look as if you are hungry.

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 The first performance

PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are verbs that are followed by one or more small adverbs. These "adverb
particles" can drastically alter the meaning of the verb. In the following examples, we see how
the meaning of the verb "to go" can be affected:
Go away. I don't want to speak to you. (leave)
I think we should go back. It's getting late. (return)
The number of petrol cars will go down in the future. (reduce / get smaller)
Are you ready? Let's go in. (enter)
The bomb didn't go off. (explode)
Please go on. I'm listening. (continue)
She doesn't want to go out tonight. (leave the house)
We'll go over the homework together in the next class. (review / check)
He's going through a difficult time at the moment. (experiencing)
The price of petrol has gone up again. (increased)
Phrasal (and prepositional) verbs can be difficult for learners of English because they often
need a context to be able to understand their meaning. Compare:
Can you turn up the radio? (increase the volume of)
She turned up ten minutes late. (arrived)
However, some adverb particles have a general idea or concept attached to them, which can
help to understand them better:
Particle Concept / idea
away leaving, getting further from speaker
back moving backwards, returning
down moving downwards, reducing, getting smaller
in entering
off removing
on continuing
out removing, exiting
over finishing, crossing
through passing
up moving upwards, increasing

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 The first performance

With some multi-word verbs, the object can go before or after the particle:
He picked the rubbish up.
OR
He picked up the rubbish.
However, if the object is a pronoun, it can only go before the particle.
He picked it up. (NOT He picked up it.)

WILL VS. SHALL / SHOULD

WILL / WON'T
“Will” is a modal verb which is usually used to indicate the future. However, it has other uses,
including:
PROMISES / REFUSALS
I’ll never forget you.
I won't go back there again. I promise.
She won't take her medicine.
PREDICTIONS
I’m certain she will find a good job.
They say it'll be sunny next week.
OFFERS
I’ll help you wash the car.
DECISIONS
I don’t know which shirt to buy. OK, I’ll take both.
SHALL / SHOULD
In the past, the auxiliary modal verb “shall” was also used similarly to "will" in the first
person. In modern English, this usage is reserved for very formal situations e.g. legal
documentation. With suggestions and offers which are also questions in the first person, we
use "shall" in British English and "should" in American English:
OFFERS
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 The first performance

Shall I get you an aspirin? (Br.E)

Should I get you an aspirin? (Am.E)
SUGGESTIONS
Shall we go to the cinema? (Br.E)
Should we go to the cinema? (Am.E)

● DIALOGUE LISTENING AND READING

You are going to watch the video again and read the subtitles. Pay attention since then you will
have to answer a series of questions.
Well, this is it - our first performance.
Is everybody here? Where's Andrea?
She's still getting changed... here she comes.
This outfit is slightly big, but never mind.
Alec, I'm worried about Lucy...
What's the problem?
She looks extremely pale; perhaps you could talk to her, encourage her a bit.
Lucy!
I'm sorry, I don't feel very well.
Shall I tell you a secret? I always used to get first night nerves; I've never got over it.
But once I was on the stage I would begin to enjoy myself.
We're about to start, Mr Swann.
You're going to be fine.
Will you prompt me?
Of course I will. But don't ask me to stand in for you, as I don't look very much like a teenage
girl!

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 The first performance

● DIALOGUE UNDERSTANDING
Read the following statements and choose the correct answer to finish the sentences.
1 Everything is alright before the performance except that...
A) Andrea still hasn't arrived.
B) Julia has got the wrong costume.
C) Lucy is feeling very nervous.
2 Alec tells Lucy...
A) actors and actresses are always nervous.
B) he knows just how she feels.
C) she should forget about her nerves.
3 She asks him...
A) to help her if she forgets her lines.
B) to stand in for her.
C) not to leave her.

● DIALOGUE LISTENING AND READING

You are going to watch the video again and read the subtitles. Pay attention since then you will
have to answer a series of questions.
I think we all did pretty well...
You've done extremely well!
Well, we certainly couldn't have done it without you.
Thanks. So, now we all deserve a celebration.
Count me in!
Me and Simon too.
Right. When and where shall we meet?
Shall we say 9:30 at the King's Head?
We can have a drink and then decide where to have dinner.

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 The first performance

Fine. By the way, where's Lucy?

I don't know. She looked as if she might faint before we started, but then she seemed to be
having a good time.
I'll have a look for her.
It's alright, everyone. She's just been talking to her fans.

● DIALOGUE UNDERSTANDING
Read the following statements and choose the correct answer to finish the sentences.
1 After the performance they feel...
A) rather exhausted.
B) extremely contented.
C) fairly satisfied.
2 They decide to go out...
A) to have a few drinks.
B) for a meal.
C) to a disco.
3 At the end, Lucy...
A) did not seem to be shy.
B) was deep in thought.
C) ran away.

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 The first performance

● LANGUAGE USE PRACTICE

Listen and repeat. Click on the arrow to continue.
Variety
Reliable
Journalism
Certainly
Advertising
Laboratory
Gesture
Fashionable
Revolution
Performance

● DUB THE CHARACTERS 1

You will watch and listen to the video again. Dub the video and record your own voice. You
can disable characters by clicking on their pictures.
Well, this is it - our first performance.
Is everybody here? Where's Andrea?
She's still getting changed... here she comes.
This outfit is slightly big, but never mind.
Alec, I'm worried about Lucy...
What's the problem?
She looks extremely pale; perhaps you could talk to her, encourage her a bit.
Lucy!
I'm sorry, I don't feel very well.
Shall I tell you a secret?
I always used to get first night nerves; I've never got over it.

Copyright © CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.
 The first performance

But once I was on the stage I would begin to enjoy myself.

We're about to start, Mr Swann.
You're going to be fine.
Will you prompt me?
Of course I will. But don't ask me to stand in for you,...
...as I don't look very much like a teenage girl!

● DUB THE CHARACTERS 2

You will watch and listen to the second part of the video again. Dub the video and record your
own voice. You can disable characters by clicking on their pictures.
I think we all did pretty well...
You've done extremely well!
Well, we certainly couldn't have done it without you.
Thanks. So, now we all deserve a celebration.
Count me in!
Me and Simon too.
Right. When and where shall we meet?
Shall we say 9:30 at the King's Head?
We can have a drink and then decide where to have dinner.
Fine. By the way, where's Lucy?
I don't know. She looked as if she might faint before we started,...
...but then she seemed to be having a good time.
I'll have a look for her.
It's alright, everyone. She's just been talking to her fans.

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 Travelling - Dialogue

DIALOGUE

Hi there. How are you today?

I'm doing really well today. Tomorrow at this time, I will be going to the beach with my
best friend. We're going to be getting some fresh air and sun. What will you be doing this
weekend?
That sounds like it could be interesting. Also, I'm planning on going to Wales next summer,
probably around the middle of August. Do you have any future plans?
Cool. I love travelling and seeing new places. I'll tell you about my favourite place and let's
see if you can guess where it is.
It's in the northern hemisphere. It's on the continent of North America. It's on the East coast,
and it has a big statue of a woman holding a torch. Can you guess where it is yet?
Yes! I love New York. It's a great city and I always have so much fun there. Well, describe
your favourite place to me now!
Hmmm... I'm not sure where it is! You're going to have to tell me the answer!
Oh right. I didn't think of that! Yeah, travelling is just great. I used to be able to travel more
in the past, but now I'm usually busy with work, so I try to get away whenever I can.
In the past, did you use to travel more or less than you do now?
I see. I think it's important to make time to travel. It's so exciting and enriching to see new
places and learn about new cultures. Hmm, now that I am thinking about it, I used to have
much more free time to do things I enjoy.
Work keeps me really busy. I used to go to the theatre more often than I do now. I used to
be more informed about politics than I am now. It seems like most politicians are just
clowns these days!
What are some things you used to do, but you don't do very often anymore?
Yeah, it's difficult to make time for everything, isn't it? So, do you like going to the
theatre? What's the last play you saw?
Oh interesting, I've never seen that. I love going to see performances, though. I love seeing
the red curtain and the actors performing live. It's great.
I saw The Nutcracker ballet recently, but I haven't seen any other theatre performances
lately. When do you think you'll be going to the theatre again?
Right. And how do you feel about politics these days? Do you keep yourself updated? Or
are you like me in that you know the basics but don't follow politics too closely?
I think it's important to know what's going on, but I prefer not to get so involved.
So anyway, after I finish work today I'm going to visit my parents. You should see my
mum, we look just alike. People always comment on that fact.
Do you look similar to anyone in your family?
In what ways are you similar to that person?

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 Travelling - Dialogue

Right. Well I guess these things just happen naturally, right?

I don't know an awful lot about science; I've always been more interested in humanities.
What do you know about science?
Well, that's definitely more than me! What sort of scientific issues do you stay updated on?
I try to stay informed about medicinal breakthroughs and health issues. I find those topics
interesting. Maybe I'm becoming more mature in my adulthood.
Speaking of adulthood, can you explain what that means?
Can you also explain "middle-aged", "teenager" and "elderly"?
Not bad! You're good with vocabulary. Do you know much about synonyms and antonyms
though? Define each one.
Yeah, more or less. Synonyms are words that have a similar meaning, antonyms are the
opposite, they have opposite meanings. Give me an example of two synonyms and two
antonyms.
Great examples. You're really getting the hang of things! Speaking of getting... we've been
practicing phrasal verbs. Which phrasal verbs can you think of that use "get"?
Good. I'm sure there are many more that we're forgetting.
Well, I have talked a lot today. I'll let you get back to the rest of your day now. What will
you be doing for the rest of the day?
Sounds interesting. I will just finish my work here and have a relaxing evening at home.
Hope you do the same! Talk to you soon. Bye for now!

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