UNIVERSITY KASDI MERBAH OUARGLA

Faculty of Letters and Languages

Department of English Language
and Letters

Dissertation:

ACADEMIC MASTER

Domain: Letters and Foreign Languages

Major: Translation and Translation Studies

Submitted by: Chaima Hadji

Salem Yesli

Title:

Translation of Aeronautics terms into Arabic

Case study of Yacer Hanan’s book “Fundamentals of Aviation”.

Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Obtention of Master Degree in Translation Studies

Publically defended

On: 03/05/2017

Before the jury:

President: Bourahla Dalila UKM-Ouargla

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamed Koudded UKM-Ouargla

Examiner: Yahiaoui Leila UKM-Ouargla

Academic year: 2016-2017

 ‫‪UNIVERSITY KASDI MERBAH OUARGLA‬‬
‫‪Faculty of Letters and Languages‬‬
‫‪Department of English Language‬‬
‫‪and Letters‬‬
‫جامعة قاصدي مرباح‪ -‬ورقلة‬

‫كلية اآلداب واللغات‬

‫قسم اللغة االنجليزية‬

‫مذكرة‪:‬‬
‫ماستر أكاديمي‬
‫ميدان‪ :‬اآلداب واللغات‬
‫إختصاص‪ :‬الترجمة وعلم الترجمة‬
‫من إعداد‪ :‬شيماء حاجي‬
‫سالم يسلي‬
‫بعنوان‪:‬‬

‫ترجمة مصطلحات مجال الطيران الى اللغة العربية‬

‫دراسة تطبيقية على مصطلحات الطيران في كتاب "مدخل في الطيران" لياسر حنان‬

‫مذكرة مقدمة الستكمال متطلبات نيل شهادة الماستر في الترجمة وعلم الترجمة‬

‫تمت مناقشتها علنيا‬

‫بتاريخ ‪1327/30/30 :‬‬

‫امام اللجنة المكونة من‬
‫جامعة قاصدي مرباح ورقلة‬ ‫رئيس اللجنة ‪ :‬بورحلة دليلة‬
‫جامعة قاصدي مرباح ورقلة‬ ‫المشرف ‪ :‬الدكتور محمد كوداد‬
‫جامعة قاصدي مرباح ورقلة‬ ‫المناقش ‪:‬يحياوي ليلى‬
‫الموسم الدراسي‪1327-1326:‬‬
 Dedication
I dedicate my dissertation work to my beloved family members and to
my loyal friend special feeling of gratitude to my loving Mother, who
has raised me to be what I am now,

To: Oum el khire, and Mr.Belarbi.

I also dedicate this dissertation to Meriem Angar who has supported

me throughout the process. I will always appreciate all she has done,

I dedicate this work to my teachers, and my partner in this thesis

Hadji Chaima, for being motivated to finish and perfect this humble
work.

Salem Fethi Yesli

I
 Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated with love and affection to;

MY Mother and my Father, who always encourage me to go

further on my study and my life, for their continuous efforts to

provide me a permanent support to reach my achievements.

My beloved sisters: Olfa, and Radja

All my aunts and uncles

My cousins

My precious friends

Thanks to all, for their sympathy, and encouragement

A final heart full of sincere gratitude to:

My teachers, and colleagues, especially my partner in this thesis:

Salem Yessli, for being motivated to finish and perfect this work

Air Algérie staff in HMD, who supported us throughout the

internship period.

Chaima Hadji

II
 Acknowledgements

Firstly, all praise is to Allah who facilitates the path

for us to realize this work and for giving us the

courage and guidance in conducting this research,

despite the difficulties.

We give a special thank to our supervisor

Dr.Mohamed Kouded for his guidance, Pieces of

advices, and encouragement.

We would like to express our faithful thanks to

Mr.Ahmed Noureddine Belarbi for helping,

advising, and giving us part of their precious time.

Our sincere gratitude also goes to our academic

home, the department of English, and its entire staff.

Finally, we take this opportunity to thank to our

parents, families, and friends who assisted,

encouraged, and supported us during this research.

Chaima & Salem

III
List of abbreviations
LSP: language for specific purposes

SL: source language

TL: target language

IV
 Table of content
Dedication…………………………………………………………………….….I
Acknowledgments………………………………………………………….…. V
List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………V
Table of contents……………………………………………………………... V

Introduction……………………………………………………………………...1

Chapter one

Theoretical part

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..4

1- Specialized translation……………………………………………………….4

2- Technical translation …………………………………………………...……5

2-1-Translating technical texts……………………………………………….…5

2-2-The function of technical texts ……………………………………………..5

3- Terminology………………………………………………………………….6

3-1-Types of English technical terminology…………………………….....….6

3-2-Terminological equivalent…………………………………………….….6

4-Procedures of translating technical terms...……………………………..….7

4-1- Borrowing………………….…………………………………………..….7

4-1-1-Transliteration…………………………………………………………..7

4-2- Calque…………………………………………………………………..…8

4-3-Transposition………………………………………………………............8

V
4-4-Equivalence at word level ……………………………………………….....8

4-4-1-Functional equivalent…………………………………………………..…8

4-4-2-Descriptive equivalent…………………………………………………….9

4-5- Arabization…………………………………………………………….…...9

4-5-1-Arabiation methodology………………………………………………....10

5-difficulties of translating aeronautics into Arabic ………………………….11

6- Methods of setting English-Arabic terminology……………….………...….12

6-1-Transcription…………………………………………………….……........12

6-2- Naturalization …………………………………………………………....12

6-3- Translation ….…………………………………………………………….12

6-4-Coinage …….…………………………………………………..…………13

6-4-1-Revival……………………………...........................................................13

6-4-2-Derivation………………………………………………………….....….13

6-4-3-Neologisms…………………………………………………………..…13

II –Aeronautics industry…………………………….……………………...…14

1- An overview on Aeronautics industry………..………………………......14

2- Aeronautics Vs Aviation……………………………………………...........14
3- Conclusion………………………………………………………………….15

VI
 Chapter two

Practical part

1-Introduction………………………………….……………………….............17

2-A brief account of the Corpus………………….…………………….………17

3-Methodology…………………………………….…………………….…......17

4-Analysis of the corpus…………………………….……………….…............17

Pattern 01…………………………………………….……………….….…......18

Analysis of pattern 01..........................................................................................18

Pattern 02...…………………………………………………………….…........19

Analysis of pattern 02.................................................................................….....19

Pattern 03……………………………………………………………….…........19

Analysis of pattern 03…………………………....……………………..…........20

Pattern 04……………………………………….…………………….…...……20

Analysis of pattern 04………………………………………………...…….…..20

Pattern 05………………………………………………………...……..………21

Translation of pattern 05…...........................................................................…..22

Analysis of pattern 05………………………………………………………......22

Pattern 06………………………………………………………...……….…….22

Translation of pattern 06…………………………………………………….....23

Analysis of pattern 06……………………………………………….………….23

VII
Pattern 07………………………………………………………………….……24

Translation of pattern 07…………………………………………….…….…...24

Analysis of pattern 07…………………………………………….…………….24

Pattern 08……………………………………………………………….………25

Translation of pattern 08…………………………………….…………….…...25

Analysis of pattern 08..........................................................................................26

5- Findings……………………………………………………………….….….26

6-Conclusion………………………………………………………………...….26

General conclusion …………………………………………………….............27

English & Arabic appendices…………………………….…………………….28

Bibliography……………………………………………………………............34
Summary in Arabic……………………………………………….….................37

VIII
Introduction:

Aeronautics industry always has been a multinational type of industry; its translation has
been existed, since international airlines were introduced in the global market. The contact
between the Arab communities and the rest of the world in various fields urges the need for
translation, especially when it comes to science and technology.

Understanding and interacting with the technical texts concepts requires knowledge about
the idea behind its technical terminology.

Aim of the study:

The aim of this study is to achieve an understanding of the methodologies and

procedures used to translate the aeronautics terminology into Arabic.

Also, intend to define the difficulties that face translators when translating aeronautics
technical terms and to discuss solutions.

It Attempts to shed light on the lexical and functional meaning dimensions of

aeronautics terminology through analyzing and examining some selected patterns from Yacer
Hanan’s book “Fundamentals of Aviation”.

Statement of the problem:

Despite the fact that the translators, who deal with the technical translation, should be
experts in the field, and have a reasonable knowledge of the SL and TL at all levels, this study
will try to explore the difficulties that translators encounter when translating aeronautics
technical terms into Arabic.

Research question(s):

This study is centered on the following research questions:

1. Is English Aeronautics terminology translatable into Arabic?

2. What are the difficulties that translators encounter in translating aeronautics
terminology from English into Arabic?
3. What are the procedures adopted to translate this specific Terminology?

1
The hypothesis:
To answer this research questions, it is hypothesized that:
 English Aeronautics terminology was borrowed into Arabic.
 The difficulties lie in finding the appropriate equivalent word of technical terminology.
 Most of the terms have been literally translated.

Corpus &Methods:

Investigating the translatability of aeronautics industry into Arabic, and identifying the
main procedures used in translating technical terminology can be achieved through analytical
method. We randomly selected some terms in books related to the aeronautics field; Yacer
Hanan’s book “Fundamentals of Aaviation”, and P.R.G. Collinson’s book “Introduction to
Avionics systems”, and its translated version “‫ ”مدخل الى انظمة الكترونيات الطيران‬by Dr.
Abdelbasset Kerman, a comparative method has been adopted to identify the problems and/or
difficulties encountered in translating aeronautics terminology.

Structure of the study:

This study is divided into two chapters. The first part is theoretical and the second is
practical.

Firstly, the part one is divided into two chapters, the first chapter deals with the
technical translation definitions, and the function of technical texts, then we discussed
terminology, and the procedures of translating technical terminology; focusing on arabization,
with analyzing methods of arabizing technical terminology, finally, we shed light on the main
issues faced translating technical terminology, and the main strategies to solve those
problems.

In the second chapter, we discuss the different aspects of aeronautics, starting with an
overview on of aeronautics industry, followed by a demonstration of the differences between
aeronautics and aviation.

Secondly, the practical part, this part which is devoted to the application of the
previous theoretical procedures, and the analysis of the data which was selected from the
corpus “Fundamentals of Aviation” by Yasser Hanan, and the English and Arabic versions of

2
the book “Introduction to Avionics systems” by P.R.G. Collinson, and its Arabic
version “‫ ”مدخل الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬by Dr Abd Elbasset Kerman.

3
 Chapter one

Theoretical part
Specialized translation and Aeronautics
terminology
Introduction:

Nowadays, English language is considered as a language of globalization and

technological development in the world due to its rank occupation in all domains, as an
official language in the international exchange, and technology, Arab world like others is
affected by this technological development which has an important role in the widespread of
technical terminology , hence, Arab world resorted to the use of translation process as a
means of communication and a contribution in various technical and scientific fields; aiming
to language enrichment, referring to the dependency of the Arab countries in several fields ,
focusing on the Arabic language alienation, and the use of English language more broadly,
since the creation of science and knowledge in evolutionary process, thus ,most important
issue in translating technical terms into Arabic is the misunderstanding of terms, because of
its linguistic ambiguity ( hyponyms, and synonyms) ,as well as its cultural boundaries.

I. Challenges of translating technical terminology in aeronautics industry

1. Specialized translation:
According to Scarpa (2008) as cited in Palumbo (2009) “In English often referred to as
LSP – language for special purposes” (2009, p.108). In general it can be defined as the
translation of very specific text in a specific environment, which involve a pre- knowledge
about the professional field, it deals with translation of scientific, medical, and technical
areas, according to Ioana (2014) specialized translation requires deep knowledge about the
specialized concepts and terms to the field or the environment to which it belongs, therefore
language of that specialized field play an important role in determining its translation.

The specialized translation in the present study about aeronautics industry involves; flight
safety manuals, aircraft systems and airport instructions, which are technically designed to
provide information for the users, and learners of that field.

Specialized texts differ from literary texts, in which they have specific features, according
to Hussein Ali (2007, p. 5) the specialized texts Comprise:
 numerical items, symbols, and schemes
 Short sentences
 Contain no humour
 Use specialized terminologies

4
 2. Technical translation:
As a type of specialized translation, it involves the translation of documents, produced by
technical writers, and experts ,Williams and Chester man (2002, p.12-13) as cited in Singh
(2016) argued that “Technical translation is a form of specialized translation involving
documents typically produced by technical writers (owner’s manuals, user guides, etc.), or
more broadly , texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts that deal with the
practical application of scientific and technological information”.

In the same sense, Stoian, and Dejica (2016) explained “The terms technical and
technical translation are used to refer to different genres translated or used in various branches
of engineering, for a general or specialized audience, Including; products descriptions, user’s
manuals, technical brochures, technical drawings, technical forms, and technical projects”.

Technical and specialized translation both are concerned with translation of professional
documents and texts in technical and scientific fields. However, Alaoui (2015) has mentioned
that; “It should be differentiated from specialized translation in that it deals with the
application of the knowledge of exact sciences, rather than the scientific knowledge obtained
through experimentation” .

2.1. Translating technical texts:

As Byrne (2006) point out, scientific and technical texts are produced in a response to
demand for information of a scientific or technical nature; such texts are translated because
someone in a different language community wants to access or use the information which
these texts concern.

The translation of Technical texts is seen as a way to transfer written and oral messages,
which carry technical information despite its genres, as a means of communication among
people.

2.2. The function of technical texts:

As what is mentioned by Fontanet (2006) the purpose of technical texts is to transmit
objective information and ideas to readers or users in a specialized language field, which
creates a relationship between the user and the reality; requires a direct impact on the reader,
and on the other hand make this reflection possible to apply an immediate impact. (2006, p.
309-316).

5
 In this respect, technical texts translation deals not only with meaning of its individual
lexemes and terms; however it goes beyond the whole contextual meaning in order to achieve
an interaction between the human reasonable knowledge and the application of this
knowledge in reality.

3. Terminology:
Baker (2001) states that, “Terminology is the study of terms which refer deliberately to
specific concepts within a particular subject fields. In other words, terms are always studied in
relation to the conceptual system to which they belong and in which they function as
depositors of knowledge” (2001, p. 306). It is an essential unit in technical and scientific
writing, which belong to particular subject or professional field for specific purpose; and it
may vary according to its context, Elmgrab (2016) adds that, in Arabic the meaning of a term
is selected by specialized group and changed according to its purpose.

3.1. Types of English technical terminology:

According to Awawdeh, as cited in Al-Asal and Smadi (2012) technical terms are divided
into four main categories:

1. Terms derived from Latin and Greek, such as: ‘aviation’ derived from avis, which
means ‘bird’ in Latin.

2. Terms derived from proper names such as: Mach number, Euler angles.

3. Abbreviations and symbols, like C.G. (Center of Gravity), APT (Airport) used in
airway manual.

4. Terms derived from common linguistic roots, like ‘emission’ (from ‘emit’). (p.21)

3.2. Terminological equivalent:

Roger (2007) states that, “Terms make an important semantic contribution to lexically
dense texts, which is dealing with specialist subject matter, and hence to their translation, data
on terms and their equivalence”.

Forutanian, and Chalak (2013) explained “the quality of equivalence implies the term
with 3 three features as, TL system and structure, TL culture; and TL discourse, these makes
TL equivalence terminology correctly and accurately, especially technical terminology”.

6
 In other words the translated terms should made by the TL main characteristics in order
to achieve an accurate equivalence to the technical terminology.

4. Procedures of translating technical terminology into Arabic

4.1. Borrowing :
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1959) "Borrowing is the simplest of all translators
methods , it would be not even merit discussion in this context if translation did not
occasionally need to use it in order to create stylistics effects".

Example:

Internet "‫ "إنترنت‬technology "‫"تكنولوجيا‬

"It is the alternative transfer of ST expression verbatim into the TT" (Dickins et al.,
2002), i.e. it is a direct translation procedure used when the translator face a lexical gap in
translating from one language to another, translators tend to borrow words from SL to use it
in TL in order to overcome this lacuna.

4.1.1. Transliteration:
Mphahlele (2004) has defined Transliteration as the use of a SL word stem to in order to
coin a TL equivalent (p. 341), from information-theoretical point of view; it is the phonetic
transcription of SL word into TL word, Peetham adds that “transliteration is a mapping from
one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration
attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed reader should
be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words”. (2009, para.3)

Example:

New York ‫نيويورك‬

Wall Street ‫وال ستريت‬

Super market ‫سوبر ماركت‬

Here, the literal translation can’t express the same meaning of these words.

7
 4.2. Calque:

Vinay and Darbelnet (1959) mentioned calque in their book as "a special kind of
borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another language, but then
translates literally its terms".

Grassili (2016) said that: "More specifically, we use the verb to calque when speaking
about borrowing a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so
as to create a new lexeme in the target language".

4.3. Transposition
Or shift as Catford called it, Newmark (1988) argues that transposition consists of four
types of grammatical changes; the first type concerns the form and the position of words such
as: “furniture” in English translated into Arabic as ‫ أثاث‬here we notice that the singular form of
the word in English changed to plural in Arabic, concerning the position refers to changes
occurs in words order, which belongs to the TL structure; for instance: red car in Arabic ‫سيارة‬
‫ حمراء‬here the adjective changed its position after the noun from English to Arabic, The
second type concerns the urge for conveying the same meaning of a word in SL which doesn’t
have an equal grammatical structure in TL; the form “ing” in English .

For the third type, Newmark (1988) explained that the literal translation of the word is
available; however it may not accord with the TL usage, for instance; the adverb cruelly in
English shifted to an adverbial phrase ‫ بوحشية أو بطريقة قاسية‬in Arabic. In The last type, the
translator relies on expanding and clarifying by using a grammatical category in TT as a way
to replace a lexical gap in ST.

4.4. Equivalence at word level:

It is an indirect procedure in translation, according to Banjar (2011) here; the translator
should focuses on equivalence in meaning which is accord with the point of view of the TT
reader, thus he may sacrifice its form, and grammatical structure

Depending on what is mentioned in Newmark (1988) concerning procedures of

translation, he has proposed:

4.4.1. Functional Equivalent

According to Newmark (1988)”Functional equivalent requires the use of culture-neutral
word”, in other words, it is to find the equivalent meaning of a SL word, which carry the same

8
function in TL, according to the same source “A similar procedure is used when a SL
technical word has no equivalent in TL equivalent ” (p.83)

4.4.2. Descriptive Equivalent

In Translation, it refers to the process of describing the meaning of the SL word in TL words,
according to Newmark “it is a common procedure applied to translate both culture, and new
specific terms”. (1988, p.83)

4.5. Arabization:
According to Ghazala (2013) “Arabization is now a reference to all operations techniques
and methods involved in the process of rendering scientific and technical terms in particular
into Arabic, using generally Arabic and Arabized words and phrases”. (2013, p.26)

Mattlub (1983) defines arabization as “a process of formulating, and a naturalizing

foreign original term into Arabic, which requires correspondence with the Arabic language,
and culture properties, “as the writing of foreign words in Arabic or orthography” (1983, p.
29).

Based on the definitions of Hamed (2010) the term 'Arabization', generally is restricted
within 4 main definitions, according to its perspective from which it looked at:

Arabization of terminology and words: deals particularly with technical and

scientific, divided into 2 sub meanings; either to borrow the foreign language terminologies
as it is and introduce it into Arabic templates that go in same line with Arabic language
grammar, lexicon and pronunciation, or , to create a new Arabic word, equivalence in
meaning with the technical term.

Arabization of education: means the process of English in broader scope in teaching the
scientific and technological disciplines in Arab countries as a source language of the newest
terminologies in the scientific tests, and subjects. as meaning of translating: is to transfer
the text from language to another; keeping the same meaning of the source text, in this sense,
the arabization process is transferring or modulating the linguistic structures of a term, from a
foreign language to the Arabic language.

9
 4.5.1. Arabization Methodology:
Bureau of Coordination of Arabization (BCA), along with various national commissions,
devised a set of eighteen (18) ruling principles that cut across the various aspects of
terminology:

1. Establishing a suitable link between the linguistic meaning of the term and its
idiomatic significance, through it is not required in the term to accommodate or
capture the whole scientific meaning.
2. Developing a single term for a single scientific concept, carrying a single scientific
content in a scientific field.
3. Avoiding multiple connotations of the term in one single field, and preferring the
specialized term over the common one.
4. Extrapolating and reviving the Arab linguistic heritage, especially the previously
used and which remains usable to this day.
5. Keeping in line with the international approach in the selection of scientific terms,
which requires:
a. Taking into account the convergence of the terminology between the Arab
speaking world and the international terminology community, so as to facilitate
their use by the scientific and scholarly community.
b. Adopting the international decimal classification system of terms, according to
their fields and affiliations.
c. Dividing, updating, refining, defining, and rearranging of concepts in accordance
with related fields.
d. Actively involving professionals and users in the development of the terminology.
e. Conducting further research and studies to facilitate communication between the
makers and users of the terminology.
f. Using linguistic tools to generate new scientific terminology such as derivation
and localization.
6. Giving preference to initially classical Arabic terms over arabized ones.
7. Avoiding the use of colloquial and informal terminology, except when absolutely
appropriate or necessary. These can only be used if they are shared between many
Arabs dialects and if their dialectal nature is explicitly explained.

10
 5. Difficulties in translating aeronautics into Arabic:
As known, technical terminologies are familiar with experts and specialists with a
reasonable knowledge, in that sense Zethsen (1999) argued that there is no urge for a specific
translation strategy as long as the translator is familiar with a field terminology, and the
typical syntax of its texts. (p.69)

Concerning the technical translation problems, according to Zethsen (1999) terminology

is the greatest problem that follows the purpose of transmitting technical information
,undoubtedly terminology is considered as time- consuming area and a considerable challenge
for the translator (1999, P.73).

Aeronautics industry deals with technical terminology and Abbreviations;

Example:

RWY= runway  ‫ار دبليو واي =مدرج‬

Aerodynamic ‫آيروديناميكي‬

Translators in that field faced problems in finding lexical and conceptual equivalence of
the technical terminology , which is the main problem in translation into Arabic, according to
Badii ‫ بديع‬in his book ‫( فقه اللغة العربية‬1982) the main causes, which defines the problems of
translating terminology into Arabic; first is that the scientific term spreads in its origin
pronunciation (foreign) among people, before the linguists find the suitable equivalence in
Arabic , the second problem resulted from a colonization idea that had rooted in people’s
mind , which claims that Arabic is unable to be the language of any modern science”.

However, Arabic readers have difficulties in gasping this technical terms meaning. In the
same line Hijazi(1993) explained the role of Arabization in expanding and publicize
technical and scientific terms used by specialists and experts in particular field in the world to
be common among Arab speakers (p.149).

Therefore, translators are resorted to arabization methods to introduce new Arabic terms
as an ideal solution for the absence of the Arabic equivalence, and the use of terminology in
different areas and fields.

11
 6. Methods of setting English-Arabic technical terminology:
Depending on what is mentioned in Ghazala (2013), all types of language, text and
terminology has to be attended to arabization.

Ghazala (2008) tackled these methods and explain them in his book as solutions to the
problem of translating technical terminology into Arabic.

6.1. Transcription (‫الرسم اللفظي‬/‫ ) النسخ الصوتي‬:

It is the literal transference of English terms spelling, and pronunciation into Arabic
letters, however, Ghazala see this method as the poorest way of arabization.

Examples:

 Radar ‫رادار‬
 Fax ‫فاكس‬
 Cabin ‫الكابين‬
6.2. Naturalization(‫ )التطبيع‬:
It is the adoption of the English term to Arabic letters, and grammar, by modifying only
a partial of its pronunciation, and using it into various grammar forms (adjective, verb, plural,
feminine....etc).

Example:

 Technology : ‫تكنولوجيا‬
-Technological (adj) ‫تكنولوجية‬/‫تكنولوجي‬
-Technologies (n. /plural) ‫تكنولوجيات‬
-Technologist (n) )‫متخصصة في التكنولوجيا‬/‫تكنولوجية (متخصص‬/ ‫تكنولوجي‬
6.3. Translation:
It is the transmission of English technical terms into existing Arabic lexicon
(equivalence).

Example:

 Valve ‫صمام‬
 Airport ‫مطار‬
 Barrier ‫حاجز‬

12
 6.4. Coinage (‫النحت‬/‫ )السك‬:
It is method of coining new Arabic terminology that has not been in use in Arabic
language before.

There are three main ways for coining new Arabic terminology:

6.4.1. Revival ‫التوليد‬/‫االحياء‬

It is the way of using an old meaning of a word, referring to the new meaning and
ignoring the old one.

Example:

 Train ‫( قطار‬originally used to mean a line of camels)

6.4.2. Derivation ‫االشتقاق‬

Baker (1987), explained how the Arabic language is a language of derivation in which, it
produce new terms by using words roots, with adding suffixes, prefixes and vowels.

According to Ghazala (2008), This method played the role in presenting new Arabic
terms, it is based on measurement especially those deal with ‘instrument names’ such as:

‫ مفعالة‬, ‫ مفعال‬,‫مفعل‬, ‫مفعلة‬

Examples:

‫مفعل‬ steering wheel ‫مقود‬

‫مفعال‬ Balloon ‫منطاد‬

6.4.3. Neologisms ‫المستجدات‬

Are new terms, words, and phrases used in specific notions (technology, law, etc), which
are usually acquired to introduce a lack of terms in a language.

Example:

Astronaut )‫عالم فضاء‬/‫)رجل الفضاء‬

Fuselage ‫جسم الطائرة‬

13
II. Aeronautics Industry :
1. An overview on aeronautics industry:
Thousand years, people have dreamed of flying and always attempt to try, from Abbes
Ibn Farness to Leonardo Da Vinci, the invention of steam engine changed everything and
contributed to the development of flights.

According to what is mentioned in NASA spacelink (2002) the term aeronautics

originated in France, and was derived from the Greek words for “air”. It is the study of flight
and the operation of aircraft. This educator guide explains basic aeronautical concepts,
provides a background in the history of aviation, and sets them within the context of the flight
environment (atmosphere, airports, and navigation).

2. Aeronautics VS Aviation:
According to the same source in Vivian (1920) the history of aviation did not begin with
the Wright brothers, but their successful flight in 1903 in the first heavier-than-air ship was
the start of a revolution. Airports are in every large city and in many small towns. Airlines
schedule flights to cities and towns in America, as well as around the world. Aviation also
includes engineering,

Students majoring in aviation can train to be pilots or navigators. Aviation management

programs teach you the basics of airport operations that include applications such as aviation
law, security issues, aircraft design and weather issues. The Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) and other federal agencies, such as the armed forces, are venues for you to study to
become an air traffic controller.

Technical schools and community colleges offer programs that can train you to work in
the aviation industry as mechanics, technicians and in the service end of the business in jobs
such as flight attendant, service desk person, ticket agent or other personnel.

Aeronautics is generally taught as a subset or concentration in aerospace engineering,

Aeronautic industry focus on the details of manned flight. You would work on applications
such as manipulating an aircraft's design to be more aerodynamic and efficient, estimating an
aircraft's propulsion needs and testing and analysing these designs.

Aeronautic majors initially focus on mathematical and engineering principles. Some

advanced courses such as flight theory, air traffic control, aviation law and security are similar
14
to aviation majors. But you will also learn about aerospace propulsion, thermodynamics and
flight dynamics.

Aeronautic or aerospace can work for government agencies, such as the National
Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), as flight engineers, designers and members of
mission control. Aircraft or weapon manufacturers also hire aeronautic engineers to design
airplanes, helicopters, spacecraft, rockets, guidance systems and other defence systems.

3. Conclusion :
This chapter has highlighted the major issues in translating technical terms into Arabic,
through demonstrating the strategies of handling these difficulties, to sum up; technical
terminology is considered as a debated issue in both translation aspects; studies and practices.
Aeronautics translation is a high specialized field, Arabic translators in that field faced major
difficulties (equivalence at word level) which belong to specialised environment, hence the
translator in aeronautics should have a deep knowledge on the mastery of both languages,
combining technical knowledge and linguistic expertise, with respecting the field-specific
jargon, this enable to dissolve language barriers, and ensure learners benefits.

15
 Chapter two

Practical part
Analysis and critical study of the corpus
 1. Introduction:
After discussing the theoretical part, and gathering the important information about the
case study, the main concern of this chapter is to confirm or disclaim the aforementioned
hypotheses; this part attempted through analyzing and comparing the chosen fragments,
pieces of texts and terms that we have selected randomly from the corpus, and the book
“Introduction to Avionics systems” which is available in Arabic version “ ‫مدخل الى أنظمة‬
‫”الكترونيات الطيران‬.

2. A brief account of the corpus:

This corpus is a book entitled “Fundamentals of Aviation”, in Arabic "‫"مدخل في الطيران‬
which comprise Arabic and English terms used in aeronautics industry, we have chosen this
book because it serve our study.

This 78 pages book in Arabic was written at the University of Aleppo by DR Yasser
Hanan in 2003 as an attempt from mechanical engineering students to explain the structure of
airplanes. This book contains 6 chapters each chapter discuss a different technical and
mechanical aspects of the airplane.

The chosen pieces of texts are taken from the second edition book “Introduction to
Avionics systems” by P.R.G. Collinson 2003 which has a translated version into Arabic

“‫ ”مدخل الى أنظمة الكترونيات الطيران‬by Dr Abd Elbasset Kerman 2012, this book tackled the
principle systems of avionics and illustrate all the updated techniques to meet the world needs
in research and development field.

3. Methodology:
In order to investigate the translated terms from English into Arabic, The methodology
which is adopted in this practical part is a comparison between the chosen technical terms
which were taken from the book “Fundamentals of Aviation” patterns and the texts where
selected from both the English book “Introduction to Avionics systems” by P.R.G.Collinson
and its Arabic version “‫ ”مدخل الى انظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬by Dr.Abdelbasset Kerman.

4. Corpus Analysis:
Some instructions and information have been translated from English into Arabic
language for the Arabic users (learners, managers…etc), these followings are some of them in
their Source and Target languages.

17
 Pattern 01

(Fundamentals of Aviation, 2003, p.63)

Analysis of pattern 01:

The following expressions: combustion chamber, gear box, fuel injector were translated by
using calque, also literal translation compressor ‫ضاغط‬, also the use of paraphrasing in inlet
and turbo-prop in this, whereas he translated the terms; nozzle and turbine by using
Arabization revival technique, the translator referred to the term turbine into Arabic as ‫العنفة‬
rather than ‫ توربين‬focusing on translating the function of ST term, also we notice a shift in
register to translate prop in informal for propeller.

18
 Pattern 02:

(Fundamentals of Aviation, 2003, p.66)

Analysis of pattern 02:

Both turbine thrust reverser and fan thrust reverser were translated by using literal
translation ‫عاكس الدفع للعنفة و عاكس الدفع للمروحة‬

Pattern 03:

(Fundamentals of Aviation, 2003, p.38)

19
Analysis of pattern 03:

Translator used expansion in Landing Gear ‫ مجموعة عجالت الهبوط‬,the terms slat and flat
were translated into ‫ قالبات أمامية وقالبات خلفية‬here he paraphrase the terms in order to explain
their function , we notice that he used literal translation to translate ailerons by ‫ جنيحات‬.

Pattern 04:

(Fundamentals of Aviation, 2003, p.32)

(Fundamentals of Aviation, 2003, p.4)

Analysis of pattern 04:

This pattern consist of airplane parts,

20
The translator used the literal translation to translate into Arabic:

- The title: Airplane parts by  ‫أجزاء الطائرة‬

- Fuselage by  ‫ بدن الطائرة‬that would be inaccurate to use this expression but rather say ‫جسم‬
‫الطائرة‬

- Wing by ‫الجناح‬

Also, he used literal translation to render the meaning of the expression (5): Tail unit into
Arabic by ‫ مجموعة الذيل‬which is not appropriate to ensure its implicit meaning ‫ذيل الطائرة‬

While, in the expression (3) the translator focused on translating according to the function
of terms rather than the lexical meaning of the term itself in the two expressions, he translated
power unit by ‫ محركات الدفع‬where he used transposition procedure to translate the term unit
(singular) by the term ‫( محركات‬plural).

Regarding the expression (4) the translator referred to the term landing gear by using its
functional meaning ‫عجالت الهبوط‬, whereas, he translated the same expression differently by
‫مجموعة العجالت‬, for certain purpose.

Pattern 05:
• Flight control: Flight Control Systems exploit electronic system technology in two areas,
namely auto stabilisation (or stability augmentation) systems and FBW flight control
systems. Most swept wing jet aircraft exhibit a lightly damped short period oscillatory
motion about the yaw and roll axes at certain height and speed conditions, known as ‘Dutch
roll’, and require at least a yaw auto-stabilizer system to damp and suppress this motion; a
roll auto-stabilizer system may also be required.

(Introduction to Avionics systems, 2003, p.5)

21
 Translated version of pattern 05:

)32-31‫ ص‬.2012 ،‫)مدخل الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬

Analysis of pattern 05:

The following title “Flight control systems” was translated into Arabic by “ ‫أنظمة التحكم‬
‫ ”بالرحلة‬the translator used calque, the two expression “Dutch roll” was translated into Arabic
literally as ‫الدحرجة الهولندية‬.

Regarding to the translation of the expression “FBW control systems” into Arabic by
“‫ أنظمة التحكم برحلة الطيران بواسطة االسالك‬we noticed that he translates the abbreviation“FBW”
(Fly by Wire) by ‫ رحلة الطيران بواسطة االسالك‬here he used paraphrasing technique to explain the
meaning of the given abbreviation, also he used expanding technique, by which he add the
term ‫ رحلة‬to provide more explanation to the term “fly”.

The expression “oscillatory motion” was translated by ‫ حركة تذبذبية‬instead of ‫حركة متذبذبة‬
whereby the translator used transposition procedure to shift the adverb in SL to adjective in
TL.

Pattern 06:
• Housekeeping management: The term ‘House keeping’ management has been used to
cover the automation of the background tasks which are essential for the aircraft’s safe and
efficient operation. Such tasks include:

- Fuel management. This embraces fuel flow and fuel quantity measurement and control of
fuel transfer from the appropriate fuel tanks to minimize changes in the aircraft trim.

- Electrical power supply system management

22
- Hydraulic power supply system management

- Cabin/cockpit pressurization systems

- Environmental control system

- Warning systems

- Maintenance and monitoring systems.

(Introduction to Avionics systems, 2003, p.9)

Translated version of pattern 06:

)40-39 ‫ ص‬.2012 ،‫)مدخل الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬

Analysis of pattern 06:

The following title “House keeping management” was translated literally into Arabic by
‫ إدارة التدبير المنزلي‬,which refer to the same functional meaning as; ‫حراسة‬،‫حجز‬،‫حفظ مراعاة‬، ‫عناية‬

Also, He translates the sentence “Fuel tanks” into Arabic by ‫ خزانات الوقود‬here the
translator used calque procedure to translate fuel by ‫ وقود‬, and tanks by ‫ خزانات‬whereas, he
used equivalence as procedure to translate the term “Electric” into Arabic by ‫كهرباء‬.

Regarding the term “Hydraulic” the translator used borrowing as procedure to translate it
into Arabic by "‫ "الهيدروليكية‬because of the lack of its equivalent in Arabic language, moreover
he used full borrowing procedure to translate “cabin” into Arabic by “‫ ”الكابينة‬and here we

23
notice that translator applied transcription method to translate the term “cabin” On this basis it
is appropriate, to translate it into Arabic by ‫قمرة‬, while the term cockpit translated literally as
‫مقصورة‬

Pattern 07:
HUD accuracy is derived from a chain of elements comprising:-

• Input data

• Processing and symbol generation

• Analogue deflection and video

• Cathode ray tube

• Installation

(Introduction to Avionics systems, 2003, p.63)

Translated version of pattern 07:

)123 ‫ ص‬.2012 ،‫)مدخل الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬

Analysis of pattern 07:

The analysis of the two versions of pattern 07 above shows that; the following
abbreviation “HUD” which refers to (Head Up Display), was translated into Arabic by ‫شاشة‬
‫الرأس المرتفع‬, the translator applied paraphrasing procedure in order to add more explanation,
nevertheless, we notice that; the expression “Head Up Display” was translated literally as ‫شاشة‬
‫ الرأس المرتفع‬in other situation in the same reference. In addition, the term “symbol” was

24
translated as ‫الرموز‬, whereas, the translator used transposition procedure to convey the
meaning of SL word.

The term “cathode” was transliterated into Arabic ‫ الكاثود‬the translator used transcription
method in order to create new Arabic term ‫الكاثود‬, which is not appropriate; he would rather
used an alternative translation ‫ المهبط‬to avoid ambiguity in TL.

Pattern 08:

2.3.6 HMDs and the virtual cockpit

The concept of a ‘virtual cockpit’ where information is presented visually to the pilot by
means of computer generated 3D imagery is being very actively researched in a number of
establishments both in the USA and the UK.

(Introduction to Avionics systems, 2003, p.58)

Translated version of pattern 08:

)114 ‫ ص‬.2012 ،‫)مدخل الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬

25
Analysis of pattern 08:

In this pattern we find the word virtual cockpit translated into ‫المقصورة التقديرية‬and 3D
translated into ‫ ثالثي األبعاد‬and both the expression were translated using calque procedure , the
words visually ‫ مرئي‬and pilot ‫ طيار‬were literally translated.

5. Findings
Throughout the analysis and the comparison of the translated terminologies in Yasser
Hanan’s book “Fundamentals of Aviation”, and the collinson’s book “Introduction to
Avionics systems” in source language (English), and its Arabic version “ ‫مدخل الى أنظمة‬
‫”إلكترونيات الطيران‬, these following results were deduced from this practical part of the research,
which shows that literal translational is mostly used to translate technical terms of
aeronautics, however in some cases literal procedure failed to express the functional meaning
of the technical terminology, therefore the translator resorted to applied other translation
procedures, such as; borrowing, paraphrasing, transposition, calque, transliteration, and
sometimes descriptive equivalent.

Through the analysis of patterns, we have found that the translator of aeronautics technical
terminology, faced difficulties to find terms equivalents in Arabic, these leads him to
transcribe, and borrow the English terminology, another difficulty which is considered as
major problem in translating aeronautics terminology is acronyms and abbreviations, the
translator adopted paraphrasing as the appropriate procedure.

Finally, it was found that some English technical terms have more than one meaning
(polysemy), and terms shared the same meaning (synonymy) which hold a degree of
ambiguity and vagueness especially for those non-specialist readers.

6. Conclusion
This part was pointed out in order to answer the questions raised by this study, concerning
the translatability of aeronautics technical terminology into Arabic language, and the
appropriate procedures used, in order to reach the closest meaning of the technical
terminology.

26
 It can be concluded that, paraphrasing procedure is commonly used to translate non-
equivalents terminology in aeronautics, for the purpose of providing more explanation to the
implicit meaning of the abbreviated term.

27
 General conclusion
Translation is considered to be an important factor in transmitting information among
people whatever their language and culture. Even that translation started in common field of
communication, aeronautics in other hand spread widely, just like all the other fields
translation played an important role on its spread, Arab translators used different methods and
procedures to permit the Arab world to explore the aeronautics industry.

The translation of technical terminologies is a difficult task in scientific and technical

documents translation, this research attempt to investigate this problem and to discuss the
main procedures that applied to translate those terms into Arabic.

The practical part of this research has examined the common procedures that employed to
render the meaning of the specialized terminology; in aeronautics, moreover tackling the
problems that faced the translator in finding the understandable technical equivalent.

28
English & Arabic
Appendices
30
31
32
33
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Al-Asal, M. S., Smadi, O. M. (2012). Arabicization and Arabic Expanding Techniques Used
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traduction et d’interprétation (ETI) Genève, Suisse p. 309-316

Forutanian,S., Chalak, A. (2013), Equivalence in Technical Texts: The Case of Accounting

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Ghazala, H. (2008).Translation as problems and solutions: special edition, Lebanon: Dar.
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Palumbo, G. (2009). Key Terms in Translation Studies. London. New York: Continuum
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Vinay, J.P., Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative stylistics of French and English: A

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Vivian, E, Charles. (1920). A history of Aeronautics. United States. Book Jungle.

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‫ دار اآلثار‬:‫ صنعاء‬.‫ مدخل الى علم المصطلح‬.)7002( ‫ع‬،‫ أ‬،‫الرازحي‬
‫ جامعة حلب‬.‫ هندسة الطيران‬:‫كلية الهندسة الميكانيكية‬.‫مدخل في الطيران‬.)7002( ‫ي‬،‫حنان‬
‫ المنظمة العربية للترجمة‬:‫ بيروت‬.‫ نسخة مترجمة‬:‫مدخل الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬.)7007( ‫ ع‬،‫علي‬
‫ مجمع اللغة العربية الفلسطيني‬:‫ فلسطين‬.‫ آليات التعريب و صناعة المصطلحات الجديدة‬.)7002( ‫ ك‬،‫غنيم‬
‫دار العلم للماليين‬:‫ بيروت‬.‫ فقه اللغة العربية و خصائصها‬.)0897( ‫ ب‬،‫ إ‬،‫يعقوب‬
Webography
Ali, H. (2007).Translation Techniques and Text Types. Student Handbook. The American
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Retrieved from: http://www.arabterm.org/index.php?id=88&L=1

36
‫ملخص المذكرة باللغة العربية‬
 ‫المقدمة‪:‬‬

‫تعتبر اللغ ة اإلنجليزية في وقنتا الحالي لغة للعولمة والتطور التكنولوجي ‪ ,‬باعتبارها لغة رسمية في‬
‫التبادالت العالمية ‪ ,‬وفي مجال التكنولوجيا ‪,‬و العالم العربي كغيره من الدول تأثر بهذا التطور التكنولوجي‬
‫والذي بدوره يلعب دورا هاما في خلق و انتشار مفردات تقنية جديدة ‪.‬‬

‫باإلشارة الى اعتماد الدول العربية على غيرها من الدول في العديد من المجاالت و خاصة العلمية‬
‫و واقع تهميش اللغة العربية وتبني اللغة االنجليزية بشكل أوسع في شتى المجاالت العلمية‪.‬تسعى الدول‬
‫العربية الى الترجمة والتي لها السبق في المساهمة في إثراء اللغة العربية بالعديد من المصطلحات العلمية‬
‫الجديدة‬

‫تهدف هذه الدراسة الى التحقيق في إمكانية ترجمة المصطلحات التقنية في مجال الطيران‪،‬ومن ثم‬
‫توضح اهم الصعوبات التي تواجه المترجم في عملية الترجمة على مستوى الكلمات ‪ ،‬فيما يخص‬
‫ترجمة المصطلحات التقنية و المتخصصة‪.‬‬

‫الجزء األول‪:‬‬

‫يتناول الجزء النظري تعاريف كل من الترجمة المتخصصة ‪ ،‬متبوعة بالترجمة التقنية ثم المكافئ‬
‫في الترجمة باإلضافة الى المصطلحاتية والمكافئ المصطلحاتي ‪.‬‬
‫الترجمة المتخصصة‪:‬‬

‫وهي الترجمة التي تختص بالترجمة العلمية‪ ,‬والطبية‪ ,‬و الهندسة والمجاالت التقنية‪...‬الخ‪،‬حيث يقوم‬
‫المترجم بترجمة نص علمي او تقني في مجال معين مما يستوجب عليه ان يمتلك خبرة بمعاني و وظيفة‬
‫كل مصطلح في هذا المجال‪.‬‬

‫الترجمة التقنية ‪:‬‬

‫تعتبر كنوع من أنواع الترجمات المتخصصة والتي تتضمن ترجمة وثائق تحوي مصطلحات او‬
‫نصوص ذات طابع تقني من طرف كاتب في المجال التقني ومن قبل خبراء‪.‬‬

‫ترجمة النصوص التقنية‪:‬‬

‫ينظر الى ترجمة النصوص التقنية على أنها طريقة إليصال رسالة شفهية أو مكتوبة تحمل معلومات‬
‫تقنية بغض النظر عن نوعها‪ ،‬كوسيلة للتواصل بين الناس‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫كما يركزهذا الجزء على أهم التقنيات المستخدمة في ترجمة المصطلحات التقنية من اللغة االنجليزية‬
‫الى اللغة العربية ‪،‬أهمها‪:‬‬

‫اإلقتراض‪ ،‬والتكافؤ على مستوى الكلمة‪،‬و االستبدال‪،‬و التعريب‪،‬و النحل‬

‫يعتبر المشكل األهم في ترجمة المفردات التقنية الى اللغة العربية سوء فهم هته المفردات بسبب‬
‫الغموض اللغوي و العوائق الثقافية‪ ،‬وغياب المكافئ في اللغة العربية‪.‬‬

‫يوضح هذا الجزء ايضا ‪:‬‬

‫المصطلحية ‪:‬‬

‫وهوعلم دراسة المفردات المنطوية تحت موضوع متخصص وبدورها تحتوي على المفردات‬
‫التقنية‬

‫ترجمة المفردات التقنية في مجال الطيران‪:‬‬

‫لترجمة النص التقني يستعمل المترجمون العديد من الطرق من بينها االقتراض ‪ ,‬النحل ‪ ,‬االستبدال‬
‫‪ ,‬والمكافئ ‪ ,‬لتحقيق الغاية من الترجمة ‪ ،‬وهي نقل للمعلومات و المصطلحات من اللغة المصدر الى‬
‫اللغة الهدف دون اإلخالل بمعنى ووظيفة المصطلح األصلي‪.‬‬

‫التعريب‪:‬‬

‫هوعملية نقل أو تحويل مفردات تقنية أو علمية نحو اللغة العربية من أجل خلق أو إحياء مصطلحات‬
‫عربية علمية جديدة ‪ ,‬وهنا نذكر الطرق المتبعة في تعريب المصطلحات الى اللغة العربية‪:‬‬

‫النسخ الصوتي‪،‬التطبيع‪ ،‬الترجمة‪ ،‬النحت ويندرج تحته‪ :‬اإلحياء و االشتقاق و المستجدات‬

‫وقد إعتبرها حسن الغزالة (‪ )7009‬كحلول لمشاكل ترجمة المصطلحات العلمية و التقنية الى اللغة‬
‫العربية ‪.‬‬

‫مشاكل الترجمة في مجال الطيران نحو اللغة العربية‪:‬‬

‫في مايخص مشاكل الترجمة التقنية ‪ ،‬تعتبر ترجمة المصطلحات على إختالفها من أكبر المشاكل التي‬
‫تؤثر على نقل المعلومات التقنية من لغة الى اخرى وبنفس الوقت تعتبر تحدي للمترجم ‪.‬‬

‫يجد المترجم المتخصص في مجال الطيران نفسه يتعامل مع المفردات التقنية و االختصارات‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫أردبليو –مدرج‪.‬‬ ‫‪RUNWAY - RWY‬‬

‫الجزء الثاني‪:‬‬

‫نبذة عن مجال الطيران ‪:‬‬

‫حاول االنسان الطيران مند أالف السنين كانت اولى محاوالته منذ عباس ابن فرناس و ليوناردو‬
‫ديفنشي ‪ ,‬لكن باختراع المحرك البخاري تغيرت كل المفاهيم و ساهم ذلك في تطوير مجال الطيران ‪.‬‬

‫إستعمل المخترعون القماش و األسالك المعدنية لتطوير الطائرة تم جاء األخوان رايت وكانا‬
‫مهتمان بالطيران بتصميم طائرة بمواد قوية وخفيفة الوزن في نفس الوقت ‪ ,‬بعد اآلالف من التجارب‬
‫ومحاوالت البحت عن محرك خفيف الوزن‪ ،‬قام االخوان بصنع طائرة شراعية وقاموا برحلتهم التاريخية‬
‫في ‪ 02‬من ديسمبر ‪.0802‬‬

‫ظهرت أكثر الطائرات تطورا وحداثة مع اندالع الحرب العالمية األولى ‪ ،‬لكنها سرعان ما توقفت‬
‫صناعة الطيران مع إنتهاء الحرب بعد أن قام شارل ليندربرغ بالطيران من نيويورك الى باريس في رحلة‬
‫دامت ‪ 22‬ساعة هذا ما حفز مخيلة الناس الستكتشاف وبلوغ أفاق جديدة في مجال الطيران‪.‬‬

‫الطيران والمالحة الجوية‪:‬‬

‫يتضمن مجال الطيران عموما كل ما يتعلق بصناعة و هندسة الطائرات‪ ،‬وحتى المجال التجاري و‬
‫السياحي‪ .‬بينما يختص قطاع المالحة الجوية بالهندسة الفضائية‪ ،‬كما يهتم بدراسة و تصميم الطائرات و‬
‫اآلالت الجوية‪ ،‬وله دور هام في تسيير حركة الطائرات لضمان سالمتها‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the main procedures and methods used to achieve the equivalent terms in
aeronautics industry, and highlighted the difficulties faced translators in that field, this study seeks to investigate the
difficulties in achieving equivalence at word level in Aeronautics industry. It includes two parts; the theoretical and practical
parts. The first part tackles the translatability of aeronautics, and exposes the main procedures of translating its technical
terminology, moreover it discusses the difficulties faced the translator in rendering the meaning of aeronautics terms into
Arabic. In order to answer this study questions. The second part, attempted to apply the information of the first part on a set
of terms, selected from patterns and its translations, which has devoted to analysis and comparison study. The study focused
on analyzing the aeronautics terms used in Yacer Hanan’s book “Fundamentals of Aviation”, and a comparison between
selected terms and fragements in P.R.G. Collinson’s book “Introduction to Avionics systems”, and its Arabic version “ ‫مدخل‬
‫ ”الى أنظمة إلكترونيات الطيران‬by Abdelbasset Kerman, The study findings indicated that difficulties lie in finding the appropriate
term, and the effect of translating the function rather than the terms themselves.

For further researches, it is suggested to use a comparative method between the translation of a professional translator
in that field and beginners.

Keywords: specialized translation, terminology, arabization, aviation, aeronautics.

: ‫الملخص‬

‫ كما‬،‫هدفت هذه الدراسة الى التحقيق في أهم األساليب و الطرق المستخدمة لتحقيق التكافؤ على مستوى المصطلحات التقنية في مجال صناعة الطيران‬
‫ ويتناول الجزء األول قابلية ترجمة‬. ‫ وقد إشتملت هذه الدراسة على فصلين؛ جزء نظري وآخر تطبيقي‬،‫أبرزت الصعوبات التي تواجه المترجمين في هذا المجال‬
‫ أما الجزء الثاني فقد تم تطبيق‬،‫ كما يناقش الصعوبات التي واجهت المترجم في ترجمة المصطلحات التقنية إلى اللغة العربية‬،‫المصطلحات التقنية في مجال الطيران‬
‫ و كتاب "مدخل الى انظمة الكترونيات‬،‫دراسة التحليل والمقارنة على مجموعة من المصطلحات المختارة وترجماتها في كتاب "مدخل في الطيران" لياسر حنان‬
‫ أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن الصعوبات الي تواجه المترجم في‬.‫عبد الباسط كرمان‬.‫ ونسخته المترجمة الى العربية من قبل د‬،‫الطيران" باالنجليزية لكولينسون‬
‫ كما اوضحت مدى تأثير ترجمة وظيفة المصطلح بدال من ترجمته بحد ذاته‬،‫مجال ترجمة المصطلحات التقنية للطيران تكمن في العثور على المصطلح المناسب لها‬
.‫في ترجمة المصطلحات التقنية من اللغة االنجليزية الى العربية‬

.‫ الطيران‬،‫صناعة الطائرات‬، ،‫ التعريب‬،‫ المصطلح‬،‫ الترجمة المتخصصة‬:‫الكلمات المفتاحية‬

Résumé :
L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier les principales procédures et méthodes utilisées pour atteindre les termes
équivalents dans l'industrie aéronautique, Et a souligné les difficultés auxquelles sont confrontés les traducteurs dans ce
domaine. Cette étude à étudier les difficultés d'équivalence au niveau des termes technique dans l'industrie de l'aéronautique.
Il comprend deux parties; La partie théorique et le pratique, La première partie sont discutées à la traduction de l'aéronautique
et expose les principales procédures de la traduction de sa terminologie technique. De plus, elle traite les difficultés
rencontrées par le traducteur pour traduire les termes de l'aéronautique en arabes, La deuxième partie a été appliquée
l’analyse et la comparaison des termes sélectionnés dans le livre « Introduction à l'aviation » par Yasser Hanan, et un livre en
anglais par Collinson « Introduction aux systèmes avioniques » et sa version traduite en arabe par le Dr. Abd-Elbasit Kerman.
Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les difficultés dans la traduction des termes techniques de l'aviation consistent à
trouver l'équivalent approprié de terme en arabe, et a également démontré l'impact de traduise la fonction de terme plutôt que
de lui-même dans la traduction des termes techniques de l'anglais vers l'arabe.

Mots-clés: traduction spécialisée, terminologie, arabisation, aviation, aéronautique.