BIOMOLECULES

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 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCY (MELC)
“Recognize the major categories of
biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids. “
*Describe: Uses and Functions, Sources,
Classification, Structure and its Elements, Tests,
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Recommended Value and Malnutrition

•Describe Prefix “Macro” means BIG
•Describe Prefix “Bio” means LIFE

•Define Molecules A molecule is a group of two or more

atoms held together by attractive forces
known as chemical bonds
•Describe Prefix “Macro” means BIG

•Describe Prefix “Bio”

•Define Molecules A molecule is a group of two or more
atoms held together by attractive forces
known as chemical bonds
•Describe Prefix “Macro” means BIG

•Describe Prefix “Bio” means LIFE

•Define Molecules A molecule is a group of two or more

atoms held together by attractive forces
known as chemical bonds
•Define Molecules
A molecule is a group of two
or more atoms held together
by attractive forces known as
chemical bonds
What are ?
- Complex organic molecules which make
up the living organism.
- These substances are also required for
their growth, maintenance and even for
survival in extreme environment
conditions.
What are ?
- Also known as Macromolecules
or Organic Compound
- It is made up of basic units or
smaller units called “Monomer”
The of
Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates (Sugars/Starches)
2. Lipids or Fats ( Oils, Waxes, Steroids)
3. Proteins (Amino acids, Hormones,
Enzymes)
4. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

1. Organic compound that is the

major component of cell
membranes.
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

1. Organic compound that is the

major component of cell
membranes.
LIPIDS
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

2. Use for long term energy

storage, protection and
insulation.
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

2. Use for long term energy

storage, protection and
insulation.
LIPIDS
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

3. Provides immediate energy

source.
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

3. Provides immediate energy

source.

CARBOHYDRATES
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

4. Use for growth and tissue

repair, provide immunity and
and catalyze reactions.
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

4. Use for growth and tissue

repair, provide immunity and
and catalyze reactions.
PROTEINS
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

5. Stores genetic information

that carries traits.
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 Let’s “Identify the Category of
Recall: Biomolecule being described.”

5. Stores genetic information

that carries traits.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
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 Biomolecules:
Structure and
Elements
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 Monomer
- Basic unit structure or
building blocks of
biomolecules
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 Polymer
- Basic unit structure or
building blocks of
biomolecules that is
joined together
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(repeated units)
 Elements
- Organic Molecules
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Carbohydrates
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Uses and Functions
•the major and instant source or
energy for the body, “fast fuels”
• The most abundant
biomolecules
• Energy storage and transport
• Structural Support
Classification “Saccharides”
•1. Monosaccharide
•2. Disaccharide
•3. Polysaccharide
•Classification:
1. Monosaccharide
•Basic building blocks or unit
of carbohydrates (monomer)
•Classification: 1. Monosaccharide
Examples:
1. Glucose “Dextrose” (blood sugar) -
simplest sugar
2. Fructose (fruit sugar) - sweetest naturally
occurring sugars
3. Galactose
 Carbohydrates
Monomer:
Monosaccharide

Ring
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Chemical Structure
Fructose
 Carbohydrates
Monomer:
Monosaccharide
“C6H12O6”

Long Chain
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Chemical Structure
•Classification:
2. Disaccharide
-two (2) units of sugar or
2 monosaccharide units
bond to each other
•Classification: 2. Disaccharide
Examples:
1. Sucrose - table sugar (glucose + fructose)
2. Lactose -milk sugar (glucose + galactose)
3. Maltose – malt sugar (glucose + glucose)
 Carbohydrates

Disaccharide
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•Classification: 3. Polysaccharide
Examples:
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
 Carbohydrates
Polymer:
Polysaccharide
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Chitin
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 Carbohydrates: Monomer
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•Classification: 3. Polysaccharide
Starch
•major storage of carbohydrates in plants;
•serve as major source of energy for
humans and animals
•Use in baking
 Carbohydrates
Polymer:
Polysaccharide
(Starch)
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•Classification: 3. Polysaccharide

Cellulose
•material that make
up plant cell walls;
•insoluble in water and cannot be
digested by humans
 Carbohydrates
Polymer:
Polysaccharide
(Cellulose)
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•Classification: 3. Polysaccharide
Glycogen –
•storage of carbohydrates in
animals and humans; found in
the muscles and liver
•Classification: 3.
Polysaccharide

Chitin
•found in exoskeleton of
insects and crustaceans
 Carbohydrates
- Instant source of energy
- Monomer: Monosaccharides
- Classification:
Monosaccharide,Disaccharide and
Polysaccharide
- Elements present:
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Uses and Functions
•stored energy for later use
•for structure (cell membranes),
protection and insulation
•important to utilize Vitamin ADEK
•fats and oils (triglycerides) are the
most abundant lipids
•Classification
1.Simple: (Saturated and
Unsaturated)
2.Complex
•Classification: 1. Simple
•Saturated Fats
•- hydrocarbons contain single bonds;
produce only by animals and
•solid in room temperature

•Example: lard and butter

•Classification: 1. Simple
•Unsaturated Fats
•- hydrocarbons contain one or
more double bonds; (omega)
•- liquid in room temperature
•Example: vegetable oil, corn oil
and olive oil from plants
 Lipids
Monomer:
Fatty Acids
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 Lipids
Monomer:
Glycerol +
Fatty Acids
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LIPIDS
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 Lipids
Monomer:
Glycerol +
Fatty Acids

Triglyceride
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•Classification: 1. Simple
•Waxes
•- ear wax, beeswax,
cuticle in leaves of
•plants
Lipids
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 Lipids
Polymer:
Complex
Lipids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
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•Classification: 1. Complex
Examples:
•Phospholipids
•Steroids: Cholesterol and Sex Hormones
•Classification: 1. Complex
1.Phospholipids
•form part of the cell membrane
and needed in the transport of
lipids in the body;
•semi-permeable
•Classification: 1. Complex
1.Phospholipids
•form part of the cell membrane
and needed in the transport of
lipids in the body;
•semi-permeable
 Lipids
Polymer:
Complex Lipids
- Phospholipid
•Classification: 1. Complex
•2. Steroids (Sterols)
•found in vitamins and hormones,
and bile acids
•forms the cholesterol and estrogen
and testosterone
 Lipids
(Steroids)
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•Classification: 1. Complex
Cholesterol-
- found in brain, nerve and blood tissue
•Good Cholesterol
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
•Bad Cholesterol
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
 Lipids
- Long term source of energy
- Monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol
- Classification: Simple and Complex
- Elements present:
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Proteins
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•Uses and Functions
•growth and repair of tissues
•catalyze reactions (enzymes), transport
oxygen, serve as hormones and act as
antibodies and blood clotting agents
•Examples: form enzymes, antibodies,
hormones, hemoglobin, muscles, found in hair
and nails
 Proteins

Glucagon
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 Proteins
Monomer:
Amino Acids
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 Proteins
Monomer:
Amino Acids
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Proteins
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 Proteins
Dipeptide
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 Polymer: Proteins
Polypeptide
- Hormones
- Hemoglobin
- Enzymes
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 Polymer: Proteins
Polypeptide
(INSULIN)
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 Proteins
- Growth and repair of tissues, immune
response, enzyme and hormone
formation, oxygenation and blood
clotting
- Monomer: Amino Acids
- Polymer: Polypeptide
- Elements present:
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(S only in Methionine and Cysteine)

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Nucleic Acids
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•Uses and Functions
•molecules that codes for hereditary
traits by controlling the production of
protein
Classification: DNA and RNA
Source:
 Nucleic
Acids

RNA
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 Nucleic
Acids

RNA
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 Nucleic Acids
MONOMER:
Nucleotide
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 Nucleic Acids
Polymer:
DNA and
RNA
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 Nucleic Acid
- molecules that codes for
hereditary traits by controlling the
production of protein
- Monomer: Nucleotide
- Polymer: DNA and RNA

- Elements present:
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Assignment
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 Why do we need to
study BIOMOLECLES?
What is its
importance to us?
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Evaluation
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 1. Which of the following statement is
CORRECT?
A. Fats is made up of disaccharides
B. DNA is made up of glycerol
C. Proteins are made up of glucose
D. Cellulose are made up of
monosaccharides.
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 2. The main difference between
unsaturated and saturated fatty acid is
A. The amount of energy.
B. Saturated fats are liquids.
C. Unsaturated fats can be packed
together very tightly.
D. The number of hydrogen atoms to
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the carbon atoms.

 3. The main element of organic
compound is
A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Nitrogen
D.Carbon
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 4. The cell wall of plant is made
out of
A. Starch
B. Glycogen
C. Cellulose
D.Chitin
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 5. The structure below is
what biomolecule?
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 THANK YOU for
listening!
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