Journal of Content, Community & Communication Amity School of Communication

Vol. 12 Year 6, December - 2020 [ISSN: 2395-7514 (Print) ] Amity University, Madhya Pradesh [ISSN: 2456-9011 (Online)]

NEW EDUCATION POLICY: QUALITATIVE (CONTENTS) ANALYSIS AND

TWITTER MINING (SENTIMENT ANALYSIS)

Dr, Rahul Pratap Singh Kaurav

Assistant Professor, Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior

Prof. K.G. Suresh,

Vice Chancellor, Makhan Lal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism & Communication,
Bhopal, M.P.

Dr. Sumit Narula

Director, Amity School of Communication
Chairman, Centre for Detection of Fake News and Disinformation
Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, MP

Ruturaj Baber
Assistant Professor, Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior

ABSTRACT

The year 2020 has been an exceptional year for countries across the globe. In India, apart from Covid-
19, one of the important changes that took place was the development of the New Education Policy
(NEP) 2020. Time by time, various committees have recommended to increase the allocation of the
budget for education to 6% of the GDP, this has lead to the interests of researchers. This paper aims to
identify the concerns and focus of NEP 2020. The authors have utilized qualitative data analysis
techniques to understand critical areas of focus of policy documents and computer-assisted
qualitative data analysis software to address the issues. The research also uses data from Twitter. The
data (policy documents) was downloaded from the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) website. For a better understanding of the collected data, Word Cloud, TreeMap, Project
Map, and The Mind Map, along with the graphical representation of sentiments of stakeholders, is
presented in the paper. The paper identifies three crucial aspects of the policy – course, language, and
students, for the higher education sector. This paper also discusses the sentiment analysis, related to
NEP 2020. It was found that most of people consider the policy as a positive and welcoming step.

Keywords: New Education Policy (NEP), India, Qualitative Analysis, Thematic Analysis, Wordcloud,
Treemap, Project Map, Mind Map, Sentiment Analysis, NVivo

INTRODUCTION AND RELEVANT Historical Evolution of Education Policies of

LITERATURE India
Countries plan their education systems to After independence in 1947, the GOI faced many
progress further (Rizvi & Lingard, 2009). To challenges like illiteracy. For solving the
promote education at all economic classes and problems of illiteracy, the GOI floated and
for the inclusion of common/ordinary people in sponsored different types of programs, policies,
the mainstream the Government of India (GOI) and regulations. The first Education Minister of
has formulated the National Policy on Education India, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, envisaged the
(NPE). This policy has broader coverage, uniform education system through robust
starting from elementary school education central government control over the education
(literacy level) to colleges for higher education system and policies.
(focusing specialization) – in both the settings,
i.e. rural and urban. The first NPE was proposed The Union Government has founded the
and disseminated in 1968 by the GOI, the second University Education Commission (1948–1949),
policy was in 1986, and the third major the Secondary Education Commission (1952–
reformative policy was in 2020, by the 1953), Kothari Commission (1964–1966), and the
incumbent Prime Minister of India Narendra University Grants Commission (November
Modi (Govt. of India, 2020). 1956); to prepare the proposals to modernize the

DOI: 10.31620/JCCC.12.20/02 4
education systems of India. Jawaharlal Nehru, This NPE is known for the "child-centered
India's first Prime Minister, accepted the Science approach" especially for primary education, and,
Policy Resolution to promote the education of thus, initiated a very popular educational reform
sciences. The Nehru government has funded "Operation Blackboard." The objective was to
superior education institutions (for promoting develop primary schools across the country. The
engineering and science) such as the Indian policy extended the open and distance
Institute of Technology (IITs). The Union university system with the Indira Gandhi
Government formed the National Council for National Open University (IGNOU) founded in
Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in 1985 (IGNOU, 1985). This policy has followed
1961 as an autonomous body. The objective of the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi to promote
this mechanism is to advise the governments on development (both economic and social) at the
the formulation and implementation of policies bottom level in rural India (Govt. of India, 1986).
related to education.
Revisions in Second National Policy on
The First National Policy on Education, 1968 Education in1992 and 2005
Based on the report and recommendations of the In 1992, the former Prime Minister PV
Kothari Commission (1964–1966), the then Prime Narasimha Rao revised the NEP. This education
Minister Indira Gandhi's government declared policy is known for the adoption of the Common
the first NEP in 1968. The policy was considered Entrance Examination (CEE). The former Prime
with "radical reform" and recommending equal Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, introduced
opportunities (for both rural and urban sectors) a revised "Common Minimum Program" policy.
of education to achieve national integration and The Program of Action (PoA) 1992, under the
more excellent cultural and economic NEP, 1986, planned a common entrance
development. However, the decision to adopt examination for all India-based vocational and
Hindi as a national language proved technical training admissions.
controversial. The policy called for the use and
learning of Hindi to promote a common Third National Policy on Education, 2020
language throughout India. In 2019, the Ministry of Human Resource
Development (MHRD) released a Draft on NEP,
This specific policy also encouraged the teaching 2019, which was trailed by several ideas and
of the ancient Sanskrit language, which was consultations offered by the stakeholders and
considered to be an integral part of India's public. The Draft NEP discusses reducing
culture and heritage. This policy was also curriculum content to enhance essential learning
aligned to promote physical education to and critical thinking.
promote sports and games culture. The NPE of
1968 called for expenditure on education to rise The objective is to promote holistic experiential,
to 6% of the national income (Govt. of India, discussion-based, and analysis-based learning. It
1968). also talks about a revision of the curriculum for
the first time. The significant change is in
Second National Policy on Education, 1986 pedagogical structure from a 10 + 2 + 3 system
In 1986, Rajiv Gandhi, the former Prime to a 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 system. The is an effort to
Minister, launched a new National Policy for optimizes learning based on the cognitive
promoting education at all economic levels. The development of children. On July 29, 2020, the
adopted policy is known for "Special Emphasis cabinet (senate) approved a NEP intending to
on the Elimination of Inequalities and to introduce numerous changes to the prevailing
Sequalise the Educational Opportunity”, education system of India. Appropriate and
irrespective of the cast (scheduled caste, liberal, the NEP 2020 scripts a significant
scheduled tribes), gender (predominantly for advance in our education system.
females), and economic status. The policy called
for the expansion of scholarships, subsidies, RELATED POLICIES
allowances, adult education, and various other There are several concurrent policies and
methods to promote social integration. documents which will help the NEP 2020. Table
1 attempts to specify these policies and
documents.:

5
 Table 1: Relevant Policies and Concurrent Documents to NEP 2020

Sr. Policy Description

No.
1 Right to Education (RTE) To offer free and compulsory education to all children
belonging to any age group and economic class as a
Fundamental Right
2 National Programme for The objective was to reach the girls, where resources
Education of Girls at Elementary are “hardest to reach.”
Level (NPEGEL)
3 Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha To develop secondary education at the grassroots level
Abhiyan (RMSA)
4 Saakshar Bharat/Adult To create a literate society and the target is non-literate
Education and neo-literate of 15 years and older
5 Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha For multi-facet improvements in the system of higher
Abhiyan (RUSA) education and related procedure
6 Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) Predominant program for the school education to
safeguard equitable learning
7 Inclusive Education for the To get higher enrolments from disabled/differently-
Disabled at Secondary Stage abled students in secondary or higher education
(IEDSS)
8 District Primary Education The main initiative is to revitalize primary education
Program (DPEP) and uniformalisation of education at the primary level
9 Draft National Policy on For cognitive development and enable reflective
Education 2019  New procedural development of children
Education Policy 2020

It was essential to understand which timelines, prime ministers of India, and major
government or a political party has tried to educational reforms (Table 2).
foster a better education for developing the
Indian education system. This paper attempts to METHODOLOGY
collect the information based on different Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis

Table 2: Timeline, Prime Ministers, and Significant Educational Reforms at Policy Level

Education Policy Prime Ministers Education Policy Reforms

Timeline
1968 Indira Gandhi Promoting higher education among rural and urban
1986 Rajiv Gandhi Adult education and the empowerment of minorities
1992 PV Narasimha Rao Common entrance examination for professional and
technical education
2005 Manmohan Singh Common minimum program
2016 Narendra Modi Addressing the gender discrimination, formation of the
educational tribunal, the common curriculum for Science,
Mathematics, Environmental Studies, and English
2020 Narendra Modi Reimagining vocational education
Catalyzing quality academic research in all fields by
introducing the regulatory mechanism
Curbing commercialization of education
Effective governance and leadership for higher education
Internationalization of professional education
Promotion of Indian languages, arts, and culture

6
Software (CAQDAS) was employed to learn the
concerns and focus of NEP 2020 in India. The
qualitative method provides in-depth, socio-
contextual, and elaborate descriptions along
with insightful interpretations (Holloway &
Galvin, 2016; Smith, & Cheater, 2011). The
NVIVO 12 Plus was used for the analysis of this
paper.

Qualitative analysis research adopts a prevalent

form, which analyzes documents. The important
policy and other forms of documents were
analyzed and interpreted by the researcher to
give meaning to an assessment framework
(Bowen, 2009; Chima, 2020). There are two major Figure 1: An Approach of Using Natural
categories of documents, which could be Language Preprocessing for Understanding
analyzed. These are as follows (O’Leary, 2014): Textual Contents

 Public Records: The data was analyzed through the flexible tool
The documents which are available on of thematic analysis, which allows modifications
public platforms, like websites, newspaper, as per the need of the research contributing with
repositories, mission statements, annual detailed, trustworthy data (Nowell, et al., 2017);
reports, policy manuals, student handbooks, Braun & Clarke, 2006). The method of thematic
strategic plans, annual budget, syllabi, etc. analysis was adopted due to its innate ability to
 Personal Documents/Archives: felicitate the inquiry of the human experiences in
Documents related to an individual’s objective settings (Percy, et al., 2015). Thematic
actions, experiences, and beliefs. Examples analysis is a method that helps in recognizing,
include e-mails, blogs, posts on Facebook, examining, and reporting a pattern in the
and incident reports. detailed data and often helps in the
interpretation of various aspects of the research
Analyzing documents, policies, and archives are topic (Alhojailan, 2012).
a social and crucial research tool. It is an
invaluable part of most schemes of triangulation The data was analyzed in six steps as illustrated
(Bowen, 2009; Birt, et al., 2016). by Braun & Clarke (2006) which was initiated by
the process of familiarization with the data,
The policy document of NEP 2020 was creation of initial codes, and identifying the
downloaded from the website of the MHRD main themes and their sub-themes. Qualitative
(www.mhrd.gov.in). The English version of the data analysis software was employed for
document (66 pages) was used for analysis. For meticulous efficacy by adding rigor to the study
the specified purpose of this study, the higher (Alhojailan, 2012).
education section was separated from the whole
study, which is considered a separate document DATA ANALYSIS
of 18 pages. This policy document, along with To allow rigor and efficiency to the findings of
other Twitter sentiments, was analyzed to the research, NVivo software was extensively
achieve the research objectives. used throughout the data analysis process. The
data set (higher education policy and UGC
The second source of data was extracted from downloaded from Twitter) revealed that the
Twitter. NCapture, a utility offered by NVivio, GOI has well-analyzed the requirements from
was utilized to capture the tweets for analyzing higher education. The data indicated that public
the sentiments about the policy. The string used opinion was also considered and the
for the search was ((“new education policy” OR international education system is also well-taken
“NEP”) AND “2020”). In total, 3,117 tweets were care of by making this policy.
downloaded within one of the policy releases.
The extraction was based on language, i.e. WORDCLOUD AND TREEMAP
tweets that are not in English and abusive For better visualization of the results, Word
language were not considered (Figure 1). Cloud and TreeMap were generated, based on

7
frequency and percentage of words. Figure 2 A Treemap is a diagram that shows data in
shows a Wordcloud where the keywords are hierarchical order, as a set of nested rectangles of
represented according to their frequency in the different dimensions, sizes, and shapes. Size
dataset (Sinclair & Cardew-Hall, 2008). indicates the amount based on frequency and
percentage. The Treemap is scaled to fit the
Figure 2 indicates the standard words related to offered space best. The sizes of the rectangles
higher education. These are in the center, should be considered in-network relation to each
surrounded by the other preferential words other which results in more extensive areas
associated with the policy (institutions, display at the top left of the chart, vis-à-vis,
university, development), terms related to smaller rectangles display toward the bottom
research (research, multidisciplinary, right (NVivo Help, 2020).
vocational), the centricity (students, learning,
community), ethics (standard, integrity, quality, The Treemap resulted out of this analysis has
regulatory), and teaching aids (teacher, faculty, shown three different aspects of the NEP of
knowledge). India (Figure 3). Following are the aspects:
 Concerns
 Education
 Institution
 Research
 Students
 Focus
 Development
 Multidisciplinary
 Quality
 Learning
 Vocational
 University
 Anecdotes
 Teaching
 Integrity
 Policy
 Regulation
 Knowledge
Figure 2: Wordcloud Based on the Policy
 Innovative
Document of NEP 2020
 Enable

Figure 3: Treemap of Essential Concerns, Focus, and Anecdotes, Based on a Policy Document of
Higher Education

8
PROJECT MAP following are some concerns highlighted by
Project maps are a graphical illustration of the NEP 2020:
combinations of nodes and important themes in
one project. These themes combine  Less emphasis on the development of skills
homogeneous sub-themes in one theme.
 An unyielding separation of disciplines,
Whereas, the heterogeneous sub-themes are
early specialization lead students to narrow
grouped in different themes. A project map is
areas of study
created to explore and present the connections
among different essential themes. A project map  Limited access mainly in socio-economically
is built when identifying the connection in deprived areas, very few Higher Education
themes is very challenging. Project maps are Institutions (HEIs) teach into local and
made of round or rectangular shapes that regional languages
represent the different items in the project and
 Limited autonomy to teacher and
connectors that show links between items of
institutions
investigation. A project maps could be drawn to:
 Faulty mechanisms for merit-based career
 Explore, organizes, and classify the data management and lacking in the progression
of faculty and leader at the institutional level
 Develop ideas and building connecting
blocks of theory  Lesser emphasis on quality research at
universities and colleges and lack of
 Identify evolving patterns, theories, and
competitive and peer-reviewed research
their explanations, and
funding
 Visually represent the links between project
 Suboptimal governance and leadership of
items
HEIs
 An unproductive regulatory mechanism
With the help of the project map of policy
documents, three important themes could be  Large setup of affiliating universities
identified (Singh & Dey, 2020). The names of resulting in substandard of higher education
themes are course, language, and students
(Figure 4). Project Map in Figure 5 indicated the
connections of themes and subthemes. This
project map supports the previous map, which is
drawn on the basis of the policy document. After
combining all the tweets and policy documents,
the inferences lead to the themes and subthemes,
as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Identified Themes and Subthemes Based

on Policy Document and Tweets from Project
Map

Course Language Students

Basic course Regional International
Professional language students
course Indian Students
Figure 4: Project Map of Themes Based on Policy Vocational language exchange
Documents course Foreign Equipping
language students
The focus of NEP 2020 is to address the severely Natural Young
fragmented higher educational ecosystem. This language students
ecosystem is based on discipline, specificity, and processing Help students
technical ground. The boundaries are still not English
definite. The irony is that no system is trying to language
define the responsibility mechanism. The Third language

9
 down. It is normal to perceive the job and
commitment of independent schools in the
arrangement account and the time is ripe for the
government and free powers in instruction to
begin adjusting and working together towards
the country building. It is unreal to expect such
enormous expenses are coming exclusively from
the central government and simply for
humanitarian activities.

The National Education Policy 2020 is a step to

reform the existing education system of the
country. It primarily focuses on imparting high-
quality education to the students. It offers three
Figure 5: Project Map of Themes and Subthemes languages which could be learned by the
Based on Policy Document and Tweets student so that the employability also increases
across the country. It also focuses on offering
Table 3 elucidates the results on identifying the advanced learning mechanism, which includes
themes and subthemes, whereas Figure 5 can online courses and multidisciplinary approaches
make a connection between those themes and to the student. NEP 2020 not only focuses on the
sub-themes. Their connections are visible as development of the community, the stakeholder,
parent (theme) and child (subtheme) themes. and the education system but it also revamps the
current assessment criteria. It not only
qualitatively but quantitatively assesses skills
developed by the students and also gauges the
objective knowledge of the students.

Figure 6: Mind Map of Important Connotations

Based on Policy Document and Tweets

Figure 6 explains the mind map of essential

connotations, which are based on policy
documents examined and tweets studied. NEP
2020 focuses on the development of the
community. It has placed the contribution of
teachers and institutions for involving the
student so that they can develop themselves and Figure 7: Bar Chart of Sentiments of Stakeholder
contribute towards the growth and development About NEP 2020
of the country. Specifically, the objective of NEP
2020 is to involve engagement and the In Figure 7, the bar chart of tweets made either
community. It also focuses on the development positive or negative are presented. A small
of students, academicians, systems, and higher number of tweets during the period were
education as well as primary education extremely negative. The moderately negative
institutions. It is time the current Indian tweets were slightly higher than the extremely
government opens up Indian education to negative tweets. When combined, the NEP 2020
private investment that will bring the expenses seems to be having a less negative impact as
indicated by this histogram. It is also clear from

10
the histogram that the majority of the tweets are students. It also focuses on embedding
moderately positive. Moreover, a small number languages for the students so that students from
of trees were extremely positive. Overall, it is the most remote corners of the country can also
visible that the NEP 2020 is viewed positively by be part of the mainstream. As far as the
Twitter users. Positive sentiments indicate the development of course and curriculum is
welcome and acceptance of the NEP 2020. The concerned, it has been categorized into three
number of negative tweets made for NEP 2020 is major parts.
minimal in numbers, in comparison to the
positive tweets. The examination reveals that the policy
document focuses on the development of
DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS introductory courses, professional courses, and
The National Education Policy 2020 is meant to vocational courses for the students. The
rebuild school curricula and teaching method in objective of developing courses is to develop a
another 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 plan so that school can be student's attitude and aptitude. It also focuses
made applicable to the necessities and interests on creating industry-ready and entrepreneurial
of students at various formative stages, i.e. a orientation among the students. The NEP aims
“Foundational Stage” (5 years), a “Preparatory to increase the use of technology in education.
Stage” (3 years), a “Middle Stage” (3 years) and There is a provision in the policy, technology or
the “High Stage” (4 years, covering grades IX, X, e-learning is the need of the hour (Kaurav,
XI, and XII). The focus of NEP is to achieve Rajput, & Baber, 2019). The policy also mentions
“universal foundational literacy and numeracy” that a National Education Technology Forum
among students in primary schools by 2025. To needs to be formed so that it could act as a
ensure this government will be assessing and podium where there can be the exchange of
accrediting the schools on different criteria. The ideas on the use and development of technology.
primary aim of the policy is to increase the gross Previously, the education policies were offering
enrolment ratio. From the study, it is clear that exposure to the students which, in turn, would
the objective of NEP 2020 is to create a help the student to evolve. The current
conducive environment and institutions which education policy focuses on a student exchange
support research in the higher education program that provides students with multiple
institutes and strengthen the foundation of exit points. It is visible from the examination in
education in India by reinforcing holistic this study that the effort has been made to
development by offering vocational training to evolve the Indian education system and offer
students at the elementary and primary students international level pedagogy. Dr Bijaya
education level too. The result also indicated Kumar Sahoo, Founder, SAI International
that the central concern of the government is to Education Group; Advisor (Rank of Minister of
evolve the current education system. State), Govt. of Odisha, correctly stated in one of
the interview by India Today:
Along with developing institutions that are
focused on research, it was thus enabling logical “With the flexibility for the choice of
thinking and research aptitude among the the subject across streams, this move
students. The primary focus of the Indian in the National Education Policy is
government by introducing NEP 2020 is to aimed at building skills in the
develop the systems to ensure that quality students’ subjects of interest.”
education is imparted at both schools as well as
university level. It also focuses on improving the It is expected that it would help students to
quality of education and imparting integrity select the subject and career of their choice. One
among the students as well as the academicians of the most severe issues faced by students in
all across the country. India is the language. Many bright students are
not able to come to their full potential as they do
One of the great additions made in the NEP 2020 not have the option of studying in their regional
is to accredit the school education to ensure language. Under the NEP, various multiple exit
imparting quality learning to the student. The points will be offered to undergraduate
policy document focuses on various sub-themes. students. India is a country where the language
It addresses the concerns arising among the and dialect change every 20 miles. Furthermore,
higher education institutes, which primarily are because of its enormous size, it becomes
the development of courses, curriculum, and challenging for the government to ensure that

11
every student gets an opportunity. The great subjects in their native language. The NEP 2020
initiative taken by the government is to addresses the need to create professionals in
introduce languages for studying in school fields ranging from agriculture to artificial
education so that there is no break in the intelligence. India should be prepared for what's
education of the student, considering language to come.
as a barrier. The policy also focuses on the use of
local language as an instruction medium till The essence of this policy is the introduction of
grade V. However, if accepted, it could well go the multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, and
till grade VIII or beyond. The student will have trans-disciplinary approaches to humanise the
an option of regional languages as well as the education with an emphasis on humanities-
third language, which would be acting as a related subjects. Now, even a student taking a
bridging language. It is visible from the patterns professional degree can learn some subjects of
made through the Word Cloud base humanities, this freedom was not available in
examination, TreeMap, Project Map, and Mind earlier policies. Besides, this policy has got an
Map of the content in NEP 2020. emphasis on vocational skills to meet the
growing employment needs as also the focus on
This paper has also examined both the positive employability through skilling. The present
and negative tweets on Twitter for supporting policy is considering the training of teachers as
NEP 2020. The NEP 2020 is futuristic and an important ingredient.
focuses on the development of an age-old
education system based on Macaulayism and The flexibility is offered in the present policy, in
tries to infuse new two methods for upgrading education which would take care of high
and empowering students for their holistic dropout levels through transferable credit
development. It also focuses on the development banks. The emphasis is given to the mother
of the educational institutions both at school and tongue/ local language at the primary level,
higher education levels so that the country can would surely minimize the dropouts level and
leap forward and can become a world power in improvise the learning capacities of students at
the future. The NEP 2020 will focus on offering primary level. The most important part of this
the crucial skills to students that are required in new policy is the focus on Indianisation, which
the current scenario. The best thing about NEP will lead to developing better citizens for the
2020 is that there is extreme flexibility in the country.
subject choices available to the student. Subjects
offered are Arts, Humanities, Science, Sports, Furthermore, the NEP 2020 makes ready ahead
and various vocational subjects. The for some youthful, hopeful understudies to be
government’s focus is to start vocational furnished with the privilege skill set. Its
education from grade VI only. The policy also appropriate execution will be the way into its
includes various internship opportunities. prosperity. It will be carried out till grade V.
With NEP 2020, it is expected to revolutionize
CONCLUSIONS the education scenario in the coming future and
The NEP 2020 offers an elaborative framework this will certainly push India’s claim towards
so that there can be development in the becoming a superpower in the future.
educational system of a country. Generally, it
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