Q1)Discuss in detail the various Q3) Short note on World Environment Q7) Distinguish between Conservative Q.

n Conservative Q. 1 Write short notes on Q2) Write Short Note on the Objective Q5)Limitation of EIA?
components of Environment? Day? and Non-conservative pollutants? (a) Environmental Protection Act, 1986 of EIA? While Environmental Impact
The main components of the World Environment Day, celebrated on Conservative pollutants and non- The Environmental Protection Act of The primary objective of Assessment (EIA) is a valuable tool for
environment are the atmosphere, June 5 each year, is the United Nations' conservative pollutants are 1986 is a comprehensive law enacted Environmental Impact Assessment sustainable development, it has
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and principal platform for encouraging distinguished based on their behavior by the Government of India in (EIA) is to assess the potential several limitations that can affect its
biosphere: global awareness and action for and persistence in the environment. response to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It environmental impacts of a proposed effectiveness.One major limitation is
•Atmosphere The gaseous layer that environmental protection. Established Conservative Pollutants: provides a framework for the project or development activity before time and cost constraints. Conducting
surrounds the Earth, made up of in 1972 during the United Nations O These pollutants remain in the protection and improvement of the it is implemented. It aims to ensure a thorough EIA often requires
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and Conference on the Human environment for long periods without environment. The Act grants the that decision-makers consider significant resources, expertise, and
other gases. Environment, it aims to inspire people undergoing significant degradation or central government wide-ranging environmental consequences time, which can lead to rushed
•Hydrosphere The water that covers and governments to take positive steps transformation. powers to regulate industries, set alongside economic and social assessments or reduced scope due to
most of the Earth's surface, including toward conserving nature and O They do not break down easily and environmental standards, and enforce factors.Key objectives include: budget limitations. Additionally, EIAs
water, ice, and water vapor. combating environmental challenges. accumulate in ecosystems over time. pollution control measures. Key Environmental Protection: Minimize may focus more on short-term
•Lithosphere The solid outer section of Each year, the event focuses on a O Examples include heavy metals (like provisions include: adverse impacts on the environment impacts, potentially overlooking long-
the Earth, including the Earth's crust specific theme, addressing critical lead, mercury, and cadmium) and • The authority to close or regulate by identifying, predicting, and term or cumulative environmental
and the upper part of the upper issues like climate change, biodiversity radioactive substances. industries causing pollution. evaluating potential issues. effects.Another challenge is data
mantle. The main component of the loss, plastic pollution, and sustainable O Conservative pollutants tend to • Rules for handling hazardous Sustainable Development: Promote availability and quality. EIAs rely on
lithosphere is the Earth's tectonic living. The day is marked by activities cause long-term environmental substances. development that balances economic accurate and comprehensive data for
plates. such as tree planting, clean-up damage and are difficult to remove or • Penalties for non-compliance with growth with environmental meaningful analysis, but such data may
•Biosphere The zone of life, or the sum campaigns, and policy discussions, neutralize. environmental norms. sustainability. be incomplete, outdated, or
of all ecosystems on Earth. encouraging collective responsibility to Non-conservative Pollutants: (b)Strategic Environmental Informed Decision-Making: Provide unavailable, especially in developing
The non-living parts of the safeguard the planet for future O These pollutants are reactive and Assessment (SEA) policymakers with scientific and regions. This can lead to flawed
environment are called abiotic factors, generations. tend to degrade, transform, or break SEA is a systematic process to evaluate technical data to make well-informed predictions and inadequate mitigation
and include air, water, soil, and climate. down over time due to natural the environmental impacts of decisions. measures.Stakeholder involvement
Q4) Write a detailed note on processes or chemical reactions. proposed policies, plans, or programs Public Participation: Facilitate also poses a limitation. While public
Q2) Describe the different elements of Environment Movements in India? O They do not persist in the at a strategic level. Unlike stakeholder engagement, ensuring participation is a crucial part of the EIA
Environment? Environmental movements in India environment for long periods and are Environmental Impact Assessments transparency and inclusivity in project process, it may be limited due to lack
The environment consists of several have played a key role in raising often removed through processes like (EIA), which focus on individual planning. of awareness, insufficient access to
elements that can be broadly classified awareness about ecological issues and dilution, chemical transformation, or projects, SEA addresses broader Mitigation Strategies: Propose information, or deliberate exclusion of
into natural and man- made advocating for sustainable biological degradation. environmental concerns and integrates measures to avoid, reduce, or marginalized communities. This can
components. Below are the key development. One of the earliest and O Examples include organic pollutants sustainability into decision-making compensate for environmental harm. undermine the transparency and
elements: most significant was the Chipko (such as food waste, biodegradable processes. SEA aids in reducing ecosystems. inclusivity of the process.Furthermore,
Abiotic Components: Movement sewage) and certain industrial cumulative impacts, promoting EIAs are often criticized for their lack of
O These are non-living elements like (1973), in which villagers, especially chemicals. sustainable development, and Q3) Immediate Objective of enforcement. Even if an EIA identifies
air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, women, hugged trees to prevent O non-conservative pollutants may still considering alternatives at an early Environmental Impact Assessment significant environmental impacts,
and minerals. deforestation in the Himalayan region. cause short-term environmental issues stage of planning. (EIA)? weak regulatory frameworks or
O They provide the physical and This movement highlighted the crucial but are generally less harmful in the (c) Atmospheric pollutants considered The immediate objective of corruption can result in poor
chemical foundation for all life. role of forests in sustaining ecosystems long term due to their degradability. for National Ambient Air Quality Environmental Impact Assessment implementation of mitigation
Biotic Components: and livelihoods. Standards (NAAQS) set by the CPCB (EIA) is to identify, predict, and measures. Lastly, sectoral biases may
O These include all living organisms, Another important movement was Q8) What is Light Pollution? Explain The Central Pollution Control Board evaluate the direct and indirect arise when the process prioritizes
such as plants, animals, and the Narmada Bachao Andolan (1985), its effects on creatures? (CPCB) in India has set standards for environmental impacts of a proposed economic interests over
microorganisms. led by Medha Patkar, which Light pollution refers to the excessive key pollutants to protect public health project at the earliest stages of environmental or social concerns,
O These elements interact with abiotic opposed large dams on the Narmada or misdirected artificial light that and the environment. Pollutants planning. It ensures that potential reducing the effectiveness of the
components to sustain ecosystems. River that threatened to displace local interferes with the natural night include: adverse effects are addressed before assessment in achieving sustainable
Atmosphere: communities and cause environment. It occurs in urban and • Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) implementation to avoid costly outcomes.
O This is the layer of gases surrounding environmental damage. Similarly, the industrial areas where artificial lights, • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) modifications later.
the Earth, including oxygen, nitrogen, Silent Valley Movement in Kerala such as streetlights, advertisements, • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Specific immediate goals include: Q)Write Short note on-
carbon dioxide, and water vapor. (1973–1985) aimed to protect the and building lights, illuminate the sky • Ozone (O3) • Impact Identification: Detect a)Reasons for using EIA :-
O It is essential for weather, climate, Silent Valley forest from being and surroundings. This excess light • Carbon Monoxide (CO) potential environmental, social, and Environmental Impact Assessment
and life processes. submerged by a hydroelectric project, disrupts the natural patterns of • Ammonia (NH3) economic impacts of the project. (EIA) is used to assess and mitigate
Hydrosphere: resulting in the area being declared a darkness and affects both humans and • Lead (Pb) • Risk Prevention: Highlight potential potential environmental impacts
O Comprises all water bodies, national park. wildlife. • Benzene, Benzo[a]pyrene, and other risks to natural ecosystems, human before the implementation of
including oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, The Appiko Movement in Karnataka Effects of Light Pollution on Creatures: toxic hydrocarbons. health, and resources. development projects. The main
and groundwater. (1983) was inspired by Chipko and Disruption of Migration Patterns: (d) Biophysical Environmental Impact • Mitigation Measures: Recommend reasons for using EIA are to protect the
O It is vital for supporting aquatic life focused on saving the Western Ghats Many species of birds, insects, and This refers to the effects of human immediate strategies to minimize or environment by identifying and
and providing water resources. from deforestation. The Bishnoi marine animals use natural light cues activities or natural events on physical prevent adverse impacts. addressing negative impacts, promote
Lithosphere: Movement, dating back to the 18th for navigation during and biological components of the • Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that sustainable development by balancing
O Refers to the Earth's solid crust, century, is another historic example of migration.Artificial light can disorient environment. Examples include: the project aligns with environmental economic growth with environmental
including rocks, minerals, and soil. environmental activism, where the them, leading to collisions with • Deforestation, leading to soil erosion laws and standards. conservation, and support informed
O It provides nutrients and a habitat Bishnoi community in Rajasthan buildings, incorrect migration routes, and habitat loss. decision-making with data and
for terrestrial organisms. sacrificed their lives to protect trees. or getting trapped in light sources. • Pollution, affecting air, water, and soil Q4) Long term objective of EIA? analyses that guide responsible
Biosphere: These movements have not only Impact on Nocturnal Animals: quality. The long-term objectives of planning. EIA ensures legal compliance
O The part of the Earth where life focused on environmental protection Nocturnal creatures, such as bats, • Climate change, causing shifts in Environmental Impact Assessment with environmental regulations, while
exists, integrating all living beings with but also on social justice, highlighting insects (especially moths), and ecosystems and species distributions. (EIA) are centered around promoting also encouraging public participation
their physical environment. the need for development that predators like owls, rely on darkness Biophysical impacts are crucial for sustainable development and ensuring and transparency in the decision-
O It is a dynamic system of interactions respects both nature and the rights of for hunting and foraging. Light assessing sustainability and the preservation of the environment making process. By doing so, EIA helps
among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, local communities. Together, they pollution disrupts their hunting environmental health. for future generations. EIA aims to prevent long-term environmental
and lithosphere. have contributed to India's ongoing behavior, as bright lights attract or (e) Mandatory law/ policies/ guidelines integrate environmental damage and fosters more sustainable
These elements together form the efforts toward sustainable repel certain species, affecting their on air quality for a country considerations into the decision- practices.
ecosystem, maintaining a balance development. food sources and survival. Countries enforce air quality standards making process, ensuring that b)Evaluation Indicators in EIA?
crucial for the sustainability of life. Breeding and Reproductive Disruption: through laws, policies, and guidelines development activities do not Evaluation indicators in EIA are used to
Q5) What is purpose of Rajiv Gandhi Some species, such as sea turtles, rely to control pollution. Examples include: compromise the natural resources and measure the significance of a project's
Q3) Short note on World Water Day? Environmental Award for Clean on natural light from the moon to find • India: The Air (Prevention and ecosystems that society depends environmental impacts and the
World Water Day is celebrated Technology? their way to the ocean after hatching. Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; on.One of its primary goals is to effectiveness of mitigation strategies.
annually on March 22 to emphasize The Rajiv Gandhi Environmental Artificial lights on beaches can lead National Clean Air Program (NCAP). encourage sustainable use of natural These indicators typically focus on air,
the importance of freshwater and Award for Clean Technology was hatchlings to become disoriented and • USA: Clean Air Act (CAA), 1970, resources, preventing their depletion water, and soil quality, as well as
advocate for the sustainable established with the aim of recognizing move toward dangerous areas like managed by the Environmental or degradation over time. By biodiversity, public health, and social
management of water resources. It and encouraging innovative roads instead of the sea, reducing their Protection Agency (EPA). identifying potential cumulative and factors. Indicators like pollutant levels
was first observed in 1993 after being contributions in the field of chances of survival. • EuropeanUnion:Ambient Air Quality irreversible impacts, EIA helps protect in air or water, soil erosion rates, and
designated by the United Nations environmental protection and Disruption of Circadian Rhythms: Directive (2008/50/EC). biodiversity and maintain ecological biodiversity changes help assess
General Assembly. The day serves as a sustainable Artificial light can interfere with the These laws establish permissible balance. Furthermore, EIA contributes environmental health. Social and
global platform to raise development. The award specifically circadian rhythms of both humans and pollutant levels, monitoring to the development of robust economic indicators, such as
awareness about water-related honors individuals, organizations, or animals. These natural biological cycles mechanisms, and penalties for environmental policies by providing community well-being and economic
issues, including water scarcity, companies that have govern sleep patterns, feeding violations, fostering public health and data and insights that can inform long- displacement, also play a role. These
pollution, and lack of access to clean demonstrated excellence in the behaviors, and reproductive cycles. For environmental sustainability term strategies for environmental indicators provide crucial insights for
drinking water. Each year, World application of clean technologies and example, exposure to light at night can Q2)What are the Environmental protection.In addition to safeguarding decision-makers, ensuring that both
Water Day focuses on a specific theme solutions that help in reducing cause stress, reduced reproduction, problem in land conservation using the environment, EIA fosters a culture immediate and long-term
that highlights a critical aspect of environmental pollution, conserving and behavioral changes in wildlife. system analysis techniques? Explain of environmental responsibility among environmental impacts are considered
water management, such as resources, and promoting sustainable the methods of Impact prediction on stakeholders. Over time, this builds and addressed effectively.
sanitation, water conservation, or the practices.The primary purpose of Q6) Discuss pollution and its types? soil and groundwater. greater environmental awareness, C)Mention Six management based
impact of climate change on water the award is to highlight the Pollution is the introduction of Land conservation faces challenges encouraging industries and tools?
resources. The initiative aligns with importance of integrating harmful substances into the such as soil erosion, driven by governments to adopt more Environmental Management Plan
Sustainable Development Goal 6, environmental considerations into environment, causing adverse effects deforestation and poor agricultural sustainable practices. It also supports (EMP): Outlines mitigation measures
which aims to ensure the availability industrial and on living organisms and ecosystems. It practices, and urbanization, which resilience to climate change and other and monitoring actions to manage
and sustainable management of technological advancements. By is primarily caused by human activities leads to habitat loss and soil emerging challenges by promoting environmental impacts.
water and sanitation for all by promoting clean technology, the such as industrialization, compaction. Other issues include adaptive and forward-thinking project Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA): Compares
2030.World Water Day encourages award aims to inspire further research transportation, and agriculture. pollution, where excessive use of designs. Ultimately, the long-term goal the costs of environmental impacts
individuals, communities, and and Types of Pollution: fertilizers and industrial waste of EIA is to create a sustainable balance with the benefits of development.
governments to take action to protect development in areas such as Air Pollution: Caused by emissions contaminates soil and groundwater, between economic development, Environmental Monitoring: Tracks
water resources, highlighting their renewable energy, waste from vehicles, factories, and burning and desertification, caused by societal well-being, and environmental environmental parameters to ensure
role in ensuring a sustainable management, water conservation, and fossil fuels, it includes pollutants overgrazing and resource health. compliance with mitigation strategies.
future. It is a reminder of the essential pollution like carbon monoxide and sulfur overexploitation in arid regions.System Risk Assessment: Identifies potential
nature of water for human survival, control, ultimately fostering a cleaner, dioxide. It harms human health and analysis techniques like GIS, remote risks to health and the environment,
environmental health, and greener future for the country. contributes to global warming. sensing, and mathematical models are guiding mitigation efforts.
economic development. Additionally, it serves to acknowledge Water Pollution: Occurs when widely used to monitor land-use Adaptive Management: Adjusts
efforts that align with national contaminants such as industrial waste, changes, predict degradation, and project strategies based on new
environmental goals and contribute to sewage, and chemicals enter water develop strategies for sustainable land environmental data or changing
the well-being of both the bodies. It harms aquatic life and poses management. conditions.
environment and society. risks to human health through polluted Methods-Impact prediction involves Stakeholder Engagement: Involves
drinking water. assessing how activities affect soil and communities and other stakeholders in
Soil Pollution: Involves the groundwater. Qualitative methods the decision-making process to
contamination of soil by toxic such as checklists identify potential address concerns
chemicals, pesticides, and industrial impacts like erosion or contamination.
waste, which Quantitative techniques, including
reduces soil fertility and affects models like SWAT and MODFLOW,
agriculture. simulate soil erosion and groundwater
Noise Pollution: Results from loud flow, respectively.
sounds, especially in urban areas, such Field studies analyze soil fertility and
as traffic and industrial activities. groundwater pollutants through
It can cause hearing loss, stress, and sampling and monitoring. Scenario
disturbed sleep. analysis explores various development
Light Pollution: Excessive artificial options to predict outcomes and guide
light, especially in cities, interferes with decision-making. These methods
natural ecosystems and disrupts enable effective planning to protect
human sleep patterns. soil and groundwater resources.
 Q)What are the steps of public
Q)EIA process in India? participation in decision making
The Environmental Impact Assessment processes? Mention the
(EIA) process in India evaluates the responsibilities of Authorities and
potential environmental impacts of Proponents?
projects. It begins with screening to Public participation in decision-making
determine if an EIA is required, based involves several steps to ensure
on the project’s category (A or B). transparency and inclusivity. Initially,
Afterward, scoping defines the the public is informed about the
environmental aspects to be studied. proposed project and its potential
Baseline studies assess the current impacts through various
environment, followed by impact communication channels. Then,
predictions. The findings are compiled consultation takes place, where
into an EIA report, which includes stakeholders are engaged via public
mitigation measures. A public hearing hearings, workshops, or surveys to
allows stakeholder input, and the gather feedback and concerns. The
appraisal stage reviews the report and feedback is carefully incorporated into
feedback to make a decision. If the decision-making process, with
approved, the project receives relevant suggestions considered for
Environmental Clearance and the project. After considering public
undergoes post-clearance monitoring input, a final decision is made, which
to ensure compliance with may include adjustments or mitigation
environmental conditions. measures. Finally, post-decision
Q)Broad Variations in life cycle stages communication ensures the public is
between different types of project? informed about the outcomes and how
The life cycle stages of a project vary their feedback was integrated.
based on the project type. The authorities are responsible for
1.Infrastructure Projects (e.g., roads, ensuring meaningful participation,
bridges) typically involve extensive providing accurate information, and
planning, design, and construction incorporating public concerns into the
phases, followed by a long operation final decision. On the other hand,
phase and eventual decommissioning proponents must offer clear, accessible
or rehabilitation. information, actively engage with the
2.Industrial Projects (e.g., factories, public, and make necessary changes
power plants) include feasibility based on the feedback received. This
studies, construction, and operation collaborative process ensures that
phases, with a focus on regulatory decision-making is transparent,
compliance, and end with accountable, and reflective of public
decommissioning after the facility’s interests.
useful life.
3.Agricultural Projects focus on short- Q)Write short Note on-
term planning and implementation, a)Environmental Acts in pollution
like crop cycles and irrigation setup, preservation:- Environmental Acts
followed by operation (farming) and aimed at pollution preservation play a
sustainability management. crucial role in controlling pollution and
4.Technology Projects (e.g., software safeguarding ecosystems. The Water
development) include (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
conceptualization, design, and Act, 1974 focuses on preventing water
development, followed by launch, and pollution by regulating the discharge of
ongoing maintenance, with frequent pollutants into water bodies and
updates. establishing pollution control boards at
5.Urban Development Projects (e.g., both the central and state levels.
housing) involve planning, Similarly, the Air (Prevention and
construction, and operation, with a Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
focus on community engagement and addresses air pollution by regulating
social impact, followed by possible emissions from industries and vehicles,
redevelopment. setting air quality standards to ensure
6.Environmental Projects focus on cleaner air. The Environment
evaluation, monitoring, and Protection Act, 1986 provides the
restoration, with ongoing adaptation government with broad powers to
and community engagement, ending establish environmental standards for
with closure when goals are achieved. air, water, and soil quality, and to take
action against polluting activities.
Q) What are the powers conferred to Additionally, the Hazardous Waste
MOEFCC by EPA act of 1986? (Management and Handling) Rules,
The Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1989 govern the management and
of 1986 confers several powers to the disposal of hazardous waste to
Ministry of Environment, Forest and minimize environmental
Climate Change (MOEFCC), including: contamination. These Acts collectively
1.Rule-making: Authority to set work to control pollution and ensure
environmental standards for air, water, the preservation of the environment.
and soil quality.
2.Environmental Clearance: Power to b)Baseline Data Generation:- Baseline
grant or deny clearances for projects data generation refers to the process
based on Environmental Impact of collecting and establishing
Assessments (EIA). environmental, social, and economic
3.Monitoring and Enforcement: Ability data before a project or activity begins.
to monitor compliance with This data provides a reference point to
environmental norms and take action assess the potential impacts of the
against violators. project over time. It typically includes
4.Issuing Directions: Authority to direct information on air, water, soil quality,
government bodies and industries to biodiversity, and socio-economic
prevent environmental harm. conditions in the project area. Baseline
5.Penalties: Power to impose fines and data is crucial for conducting
take legal action against environmental Environmental Impact Assessments
offenders. (EIA), as it helps in identifying existing
conditions, predicting future impacts,
Q)What do u mean by Environmental and planning mitigation measures.
Audit? Mention the objective of Accurate baseline data ensures that
Auditing? the effects of the project can be
An Environmental Audit is a systematic effectively monitored and managed
evaluation of an organization's throughout its lifecycle.
environmental performance, focusing c)Initial environmental Evaluation:-
on compliance with regulations, Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) is
impact assessment, and identifying a preliminary assessment conducted to
areas for improvement.Objectives of identify the potential environmental
Environmental Auditing: impacts of a proposed project before a
1.Compliance: Ensures adherence to detailed Environmental Impact
environmental laws and regulations. Assessment (EIA) is carried out. The
2.Impact Evaluation: Assesses purpose of IEE is to determine whether
environmental impacts and identifies a project may cause significant
areas for reduction. environmental harm and if a full EIA is
3.Cost Savings: Identifies opportunities necessary. It involves a review of the
for resource conservation and waste project’s scope, location, and activities,
reduction. along with the potential environmental
4.Performance Improvement: effects. IEE helps in early decision-
Evaluates and suggests improvements making by highlighting potential risks
to environmental management and suggesting mitigation measures to
systems. minimize negative impacts on the
5.Risk Management: Identifies environment.
potential environmental risks to
prevent legal or financial issues.
6.Transparency: Demonstrates
commitment to sustainability to
stakeholders.