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AUTUMN TERM ENGLISH (MAIN) SCHEME OF WORK GRADE 7 2024/2025
WEEKS GENRES CONTENTS
1 -2 GRAMMAR  Sentence types
 powerful verbs,
 alliteration and sibilance,

 Contemporary Fiction: Summarise genre features;

 write a monologue,
WRITING  analyse a poem’s meaning
 write a story,

3-4 GRAMMAR  Sentence openings,

 compound -complex,
 formal and informal language,

 write a spoken drama,

WRITING  write informally,
 write about theme;
 write a story with unusual ending,
5 GRAMMAR  Types of noun/adjective-noun combination,
 direct speech,

 write a section of a story;

WRITING  write an article,
 write a film review,
 speech writing
6 Mid term examination
7 Mid term break
8 GRAMMAR  time connectives
 prefixes,

 Write flash fiction,

WRITING  analyse a poem,
 write poems,
 write an interview,
9 GRAMMAR  Connectives;
 colons,

WRITING  write an account about a school,

 write a script,
 formal letters; features, language and format
10 GRAMMAR  rhythm and rhyme,
 voice
 embedded clauses

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 justify poetry choices;
 write an account of family life; ,
WRITING  analyse a letter,
 analyse language,
 write a poem,
11. Revision
12 Examination
13 Closing

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar). Week 1
TOPICS:
 Sentence Types (According to structure – Simple, compound and complex).
 Nouns (common, abstract, concrete and proper)
 Powerful verbs
 Alliteration and sibilance,
 Synonyms
 Using a, an and the
CLASS: YEAR 7.
S.S.B.A.T. [Students Should Be Able To]
- define a sentence.
- state types of sentences according to structure.
- Use different sentence types to add interest to descriptive writing.
- define a noun
- explain the types of nouns
- define and identify powerful verbs
- understand the importance of using powerful verbs in writing.
- define alliteration and sibilance
-Understand the effect of alliteration and sibilance in language
- define synonyms.
- understand the purpose and importance of synonyms

LESSON 1: SENTENCE TYPES

Introduction
Combining different sentence types effectively can enhance the clarity, impact, and flow of your writing. Understanding
how to use simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences in various ways allows you to convey
information more effectively and engage your readers.
Sentence Types Overview
1. Simple Sentence
o Definition: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause with a single subject and predicate.
o Example: "The sun sets in the west."
2. Compound Sentence
o Definition: A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g., and,
but, or).
o Example: "The sun sets in the west, and the sky turns orange."
3. Complex Sentence
o Definition: A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The dependent
clause adds extra information or details to the main clause.
o Example: "Although the sun sets in the west, it can look different depending on the weather."
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
o Definition: A compound-complex sentence combines at least two independent clauses with at least one dependent
clause.
o Example: "Although the sun sets in the west, the sky can appear red or pink, and the stars begin to emerge."
Purpose and Effect of Combining Sentence Types

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Combining different sentence types can achieve various effects, such as:
1. Adding Detail: Use complex or compound-complex sentences to provide additional details or explanations.
o Example: "The sun sets in the west, creating a beautiful orange glow, which is often seen through the clouds that drift across
the sky."
2. Clarifying and Emphasizing Points: Use simple sentences to make clear, emphatic statements and compound sentences
to link related ideas.
o Example: "The sun sets in the west. This event marks the end of the day, and it is observed in many cultures."
3. Creating Flow and Cohesion: Use complex and compound-complex sentences to connect ideas smoothly and show
relationships between them.
o Example: "Although the sun sets in the west, the colors in the sky can vary widely depending on the atmosphere and time of
year, creating spectacular views that people enjoy."
Analyzing Sentence Type Usage
Example 1
 Text:
"Humans rely on others and they benefit from cooperation. Although humans can sometimes be selfish, working together is
essential for human survival."
 Analysis:
o Compound Sentence: "Humans rely on others and they benefit from cooperation." provides straightforward
information.
o Complex Sentence: "Although humans can sometimes be selfish, working together is essential for human survival." adds
depth and explains why cooperation is necessary.
Example 2
 Text:
"Although humans can sometimes be selfish, working together is important for human survival and also for social
well-being. Cooperation between humans is essential."
 Analysis:
o Compound-Complex Sentence: "Although humans can sometimes be selfish, working together is important for human
survival and also for social well-being." provides detailed information and context.
o Simple Sentence: "Cooperation between humans is essential." reinforces the main idea clearly and concisely.
Conclusion
Combining sentence types effectively helps you to convey information clearly, engage your audience, and create a well-
structured and compelling text. Practice using various sentence structures to enhance your writing and achieve your desired
effects.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Which of the following is a simple sentence?
a) The sun sets in the west, and the sky turns orange.
b) The sun sets in the west.
c) Although the sun sets in the west, the sky turns orange.
d) The sun sets in the west and the sky turns orange because of the weather.
2. What type of sentence is this? "Although the rain was heavy, we went for a walk, and we enjoyed it."
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
d) Compound-complex

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3. Which sentence type provides additional details or reasons?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
4. Identify the sentence type: "The teacher explained the lesson clearly, but the students still had questions."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
5. Which of the following sentences is a compound-complex sentence?
a) I went to the store because I needed groceries.
b) Although I was tired, I finished my homework, and then I watched TV.
c) The cat slept.
d) She sings beautifully.
6. What is the effect of combining simple sentences into a compound sentence?
a) Adds complexity
b) Provides clear, related ideas
c) Introduces additional information
d) Creates a sense of conclusion
7. Which conjunction is used in a compound sentence?
a) Because b) Although
c) And d) While
8. What does a complex sentence typically include?
a) Two independent clauses
b) Two dependent clauses
c) One independent clause and at least one dependent clause
d) Multiple independent clauses
9. Identify the sentence type: "We can go to the park if it stops raining, or we can stay indoors."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
10. Which sentence type is most likely to summarize the main point?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
11. What type of sentence is used to provide contrasting ideas?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
12. Which of the following sentences uses a compound-complex structure?
a) She went to the market.
b) She went to the market and bought vegetables.
c) Although it was raining, she went to the market, and she bought vegetables.
d) She bought vegetables and fruit.
13. What is the effect of using a compound sentence?
a) Introduces new ideas
b) Provides a detailed explanation
c) Links related ideas clearly
d) Summarizes the information
14. Which of the following is a complex sentence?
a) I read a book.

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b) I read a book, and then I went to bed.
c) Although I was tired, I read a book.
d) I read a book, so I went to bed.
15. Which sentence uses a coordinating conjunction?
a) She went to the store because she needed milk.
b) She went to the store, and she bought milk.
c) She went to the store, which was very crowded.
d) She went to the store where she bought milk.
16. What type of sentence is: "After the movie ended, we went for dinner, and we talked about the film."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
17. Which sentence type is most effective for showing cause and effect?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
18. Identify the sentence type: "The students finished their homework, but the teacher still gave them extra work because
she wanted to ensure they understood the material."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
19. Which of the following sentences is a compound sentence?
a) The car broke down because it was old.
b) The car broke down, and we had to call for help.
c) The car broke down before we reached home.
d) The car broke down, which caused a delay.
20. Which sentence type provides a main idea followed by supporting details?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
21. Identify the sentence type: "If you study hard, you will pass the exam, and you will feel proud of your achievement."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
22. Which of the following is a simple sentence?
a) She went to the store, and he stayed home.
b) She went to the store.
c) Because she needed groceries, she went to the store.
d) She went to the store where she bought groceries and met her friends.
23. What is the purpose of using a compound-complex sentence?
a) To state a single idea
b) To connect multiple ideas with additional detail
c) To summarize a topic
d) To present contrasting ideas
24. Identify the sentence type: "Although he was nervous, he delivered his speech confidently, and he received applause
from the audience."
a) Simple ) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
25. Which sentence type is useful for explaining the reasons behind an action?
a) Simple b) Compound

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c) Complex d) Compound-complex
26. Which of the following sentences is complex?
a) She likes chocolate.
b) She likes chocolate, but she does not like vanilla.
c) Although she likes chocolate, she prefers vanilla.
d) She likes chocolate, so she buys it often.
27. What type of sentence is: "We went to the museum, and we enjoyed the exhibits, which were fascinating."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
28. Which sentence uses a subordinating conjunction?
a) I am going to the store, or I will call you.
b) I am going to the store because I need milk.
c) I am going to the store, and I will buy milk.
d) I am going to the store; I need milk.
29. Identify the sentence type: "Since it was raining, we stayed indoors, and we played board games."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
30. Which sentence type is best for providing an explanation followed by an example?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
31. Which of the following is a compound sentence?
a) The sun was setting, and the sky turned orange.
b) The sun was setting because it was late.
c) When the sun sets, the sky turns orange.
d) The sun sets in the west, which makes the sky orange.
32. What effect does combining simple sentences into a compound-complex sentence have?
a) Simplifies the idea
b) Provides detailed context and multiple related ideas
c) Creates confusion
d) Reduces clarity
33. Identify the sentence type: "The dog barked loudly because it was excited, and the cat hid under the bed."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
34. Which sentence is a complex sentence?
a) She went to the market.
b) She went to the market, and she bought some fruit.
c) After she went to the market, she bought some fruit.
d) She went to the market because she needed fruit.
35. What type of sentence is used to connect two related independent clauses with a conjunction?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
36. Which of the following sentences provides a clear cause and effect relationship?
a) I was tired.
b) I was tired, so I went to bed early.

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c) I was tired, and I went to bed early.
d) I went to bed early, although I was tired.
37. Identify the sentence type: "Even though he studied hard, he didn't pass the exam, but he remained determined to try
again."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex
d) Compound-complex
38. Which sentence type uses a combination of dependent and independent clauses?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
39. Identify the sentence type: "I enjoy reading books, and I often go to the library where I find many interesting titles."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
40. What is the purpose of using a complex sentence?
a) To state a single idea
b) To add detail and depth by showing relationships between ideas
c) To join two unrelated ideas
d) To give a brief and straightforward explanation
41. Which of the following is a compound sentence?
a) She was tired after the race.
b) She was tired, but she kept running.
c) Although she was tired, she kept running.
d) Because she was tired, she stopped running.
42. What is a compound-complex sentence?
a) A sentence with one independent clause
b) A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
c) A sentence with multiple dependent clauses
d) A sentence with multiple unrelated ideas
43. Which of the following uses a subordinating conjunction to create a complex sentence?
a) She studied hard, and she passed the test.
b) She studied hard because she wanted to pass the test.
c) She studied hard, so she passed the test.
d) She studied hard; however, she did not pass the test.
44. What type of sentence is: "Because he was late, he missed the bus, and now he has to walk to school."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
45. What effect does combining a complex and compound structure in a sentence create?
a) It simplifies the message
b) It adds depth and shows relationships between multiple ideas
c) It shortens the explanation
d) It disconnects ideas
46. Which sentence type would you use to add contrast and highlight differences between ideas?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex

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47. Identify the sentence type: "The students listened carefully because they wanted to understand the topic, but the
explanation was difficult."
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
48. Which of the following sentences is a simple sentence?
a) The rain stopped, and we went outside.
b) The rain stopped because the clouds cleared.
c) The rain stopped, but the ground was still wet.
d) The rain stopped.
49. What sentence type is effective for summarizing a series of events in a narrative?
a) Simple b) Compound
c) Complex d) Compound-complex
50. Which of the following uses a coordinating conjunction to link two independent clauses?
a) I was tired, but I kept working.
b) Because I was tired, I stopped working.
c) When I was tired, I took a break.
d) I was tired because I worked all night.

Essay Questions (10)

1. Discuss how combining different sentence types can affect the overall tone of a narrative. Provide examples to support
your argument.
2. Write a short narrative using a combination of simple, compound, and complex sentences. Discuss how the variety of
sentence structures contributes to the effectiveness of the story.
3. Compare and contrast the use of compound and complex sentences in descriptive and argumentative writing. How do
these sentence types serve different purposes?
4. Analyze a passage from a book of your choice, focusing on how the author uses a combination of sentence types to
create tension or emphasize important moments.
5. Explain the importance of varying sentence structure in expository writing. Use examples to illustrate how combining
sentence types can clarify complex ideas.
6. Write a persuasive essay arguing for or against the use of short, simple sentences in formal writing. How does sentence
length impact clarity and engagement?
7. Choose a theme or topic of interest and write a paragraph that uses all four sentence types (simple, compound,
complex, and compound-complex). Reflect on how the sentence types contribute to the paragraph’s effectiveness.
8. Discuss the role of sentence variety in maintaining reader interest in longer pieces of writing. Why is it important to
avoid relying on one sentence type?
9. Write a letter to a friend using a variety of sentence types. Afterward, explain how combining different types of
sentences helped you communicate your ideas more effectively.
10. Evaluate the role of sentence structure in academic writing. How can mastering different sentence types improve a
student's ability to express complex ideas clearly?

LESSON 3: POWERFUL VERBS

Introduction to Powerful Verbs

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In storytelling, especially adventure and suspense stories, powerful verbs play an essential role in bringing excitement and
vivid imagery to the writing. Verbs are action words, and powerful verbs are those that convey movement, action, or
emotion in a way that makes the reader feel involved and enhances the intensity of the situation.
What Are Powerful Verbs?
Powerful verbs are words that go beyond simple actions. They convey more meaning, add intensity, and help readers
visualize or feel the action in a deeper way. For example, instead of saying "walked," using a more descriptive verb like
"staggered," "marched," or "sprinted" makes the action more vivid.
Importance of Powerful Verbs in Writing
1. Creates Suspense: In suspense writing, verbs like "struggled," "gripped," and "slid" create tension by describing the
protagonist's challenges in vivid detail.
2. Enhances Imagery: Powerful verbs help the reader imagine the action. Instead of just reading about something, the
reader can picture it as if they are watching it happen.
3. Builds Emotion: Verbs such as "trembled," "gasped," and "lunged" give insight into the character’s feelings, making the
reader experience the emotions of fear, excitement, or urgency.
4. Moves the Plot Forward: Effective verb choice keeps the story dynamic and engaging, driving the plot with purposeful
action.
Examples of Powerful Verbs
Here are some examples of simple verbs compared to more powerful alternatives:
 Simple Verb: walked
Powerful Verb: stomped, crept, dashed
 Simple Verb: said
Powerful Verb: shouted, whispered, exclaimed
 Simple Verb: looked
Powerful Verb: glared, gazed, peered
 Simple Verb: hit
Powerful Verb: slammed, smashed, pounded
Powerful Verbs in Context
Let’s explore how powerful verbs can change the tone and imagery in writing.
1. Weak sentence:
o He walked into the room.
This sentence doesn’t give much detail about how the character entered the room. Did he enter calmly or in a rush?
Was he excited, afraid, or angry?
2. Improved sentence:
o He stormed into the room.
The verb "stormed" gives the impression of urgency or anger, allowing readers to better understand the character's
feelings and attitude.
Powerful Verbs in Suspense Writing
In the passage from Silverfin, the verbs struggled, gripping, and slid effectively describe James’s movements as he tries to
navigate the dangerous situation of crossing the branch. These verbs help to build tension by focusing on his physical effort
and the precariousness of his position. They make the reader feel the danger along with the character.
Writing with Powerful Verbs
Try rewriting these simple sentences by replacing the underlined verbs with more powerful alternatives:
1. He ran down the street.
2. The door closed behind her.
3. The dog barked at the strangers.

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Conclusion
Powerful verbs are an essential tool for creating vivid, engaging, and intense writing. By choosing verbs that convey action,
movement, and emotion, you can add depth to your stories and make the reader feel more connected to the action.
Practice identifying and using powerful verbs in your writing to enhance your storytelling skills.

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Which of the following is a powerful verb?
A. Walked B. Ran
C. Sprinting D. Looked
2. In the sentence, "She crept silently across the room," what does the verb "crept" suggest about the character’s
movement?
A. Quick and hurried B. Slow and careful
C. Noisy and clumsy D. Confident and bold
3. Which of these verbs is the most powerful for creating tension in a suspense story?
A. Talked B. Shouted
C. Whispered D. Yelled
4. What does the verb lunged suggest in the sentence: "He lunged forward to grab the rope"?
A. He moved slowly.
B. He moved with caution.
C. He made a sudden and forceful movement.
D. He decided to stop.
5. Which of the following is NOT a powerful verb?
A. Jumped B. Slept
C. Dashed D. Pounced
6. "The cat pounced on the mouse." Which word could replace pounced to make the sentence more powerful?
A. Touched B. Looked
C. Leapt D. Stood
7. What type of verb is scrambled in the sentence: "He scrambled up the hill"?
A. Calm and controlled B. Quick and awkward
C. Slow and steady D. Smooth and graceful
8. Which verb would best replace "said" to show excitement?
A. Whispered B. Murmured
C. Exclaimed D. Stated
9. "She glared at him angrily." Which is the best description of the verb glared?
A. To look with love
B. To look with anger
C. To look with curiosity
D. To look with fear
10. Which of these verbs adds the most suspense to a scene?
A. Touched B. Gripped
C. Held D. Tapped
11. "The boat rocked violently in the storm." Which word could replace rocked to make the sentence stronger?
A. Tilted B. Swayed
C. Tossed D. Moved

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12. Which of these verbs best fits in a tense moment of a story?
A. Waited B. Jumped
C. Hesitated D. Ran
13. In the sentence, "The thief slipped into the dark alley," which word describes the thief’s movement?
A. Loud and obvious B. Quiet and sneaky
C. Slow and careful D. Strong and fast
14. Which verb is more powerful than "walked"?
A. Strolled B. Rushed
C. Went D. Moved
15. The verb "trembled" suggests what kind of action?
A. Confident and bold B. Careful and slow
C. Fearful and shaking D. Quick and sudden
16. "He darted across the street." What does the verb "darted" suggest?
A. Slow movement B. Cautious movement
C. Fast and sudden movement D. Loud movement
17. Which verb would you use to describe someone running very fast?
A. Strolled B. Jogged
C. Dashed D. Walked
18. What is the best powerful verb to describe how a bird flies through the sky?
A. Flew B. Soared
C. Went D. Passed
19. Which verb adds more intensity to the sentence: "The door slammed shut"?
A. Closed B. Pushed
C. Slammed D. Touched
20. "The boy hurled the ball across the field." What does "hurled" suggest?
A. He threw it lightly.
B. He threw it with great force.
C. He threw it carelessly.
D. He threw it with hesitation.
21. Which of the following sentences contains a powerful verb?
A. He opened the door.
B. She quickly entered the room.
C. He slammed the door shut.
D. She sat on the chair.
22. Which verb would best replace "moved" to show excitement?
A. Shifted B. Crawled
C. Bolted D. Stayed
23. Which verb fits the sentence: "She ___ to the finish line, her heart pounding"?
A. Walked B. Strolled
C. Jogged D. Sprinted
24. The verb "plunged" in the sentence "He plunged into the icy water" suggests:
A. A slow movement
B. A hesitant movement
C. A sudden and forceful movement
D. A casual movement

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25. What verb would add more intensity to this sentence: "The wind ___ through the trees"?
A. Went B. Blowed
C. Howled D. Whispered
26. Which of the following is a powerful verb?
A. Asked B. Wondered
C. Inquired D. Demanded
27. What does the verb sprinted suggest in the sentence: "She sprinted towards the goal"?
A. She walked. B. She moved slowly.
C. She ran very quickly. D. She stopped.
28. In which sentence is the verb most powerful?
A. He walked down the hill.
B. He wandered down the hill.
C. He ran down the hill.
D. He dashed down the hill.
29. The verb "slid" in the sentence "He slid down the slope" suggests:
A. A controlled movement
B. A sudden and uncontrolled movement
C. A slow movement
D. A fast movement
30. Which sentence uses a powerful verb?
A. She grabbed the ball and ran.
B. She touched the ball.
C. She looked at the ball.
D. She sat down after playing.
31. What verb would add more suspense to this sentence: "The detective slowly ___ into the dark room"?
A. Walked B. Tiptoed
C. Ran D. Moved
32. The verb "glanced" suggests:
A. A quick look B. A long look
C. A slow movement D. An angry look
33. Which sentence best uses a powerful verb to describe fear?
A. She ran away. B. She sprinted away.
C. She trembled and ran away.
D. She stood and looked around.
34. In which sentence does the verb suggest more urgency?
A. He strolled to the car. B. He dashed to the car.
C. He moved to the car. D. He walked to the car.
35. Which verb shows more strength in the sentence: "She ___ the box onto the table"?
A. Lifted B. Placed
C. Slammed D. Moved
36. "The door creaked open." What does "creaked" suggest?
A. The door opened silently.
B. The door opened noisily.
C. The door opened quickly.
D. The door opened smoothly.

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37. What verb best replaces "said" in the sentence: "He said angrily"?
A. Yelled B. Whispered
C. Mumbled D. Talked
38. Which verb is more powerful than "walked" in this sentence: "He ___ down the dark street"?
A. Ran B. Strolled
C. Tiptoed D. Wandered
39. Which verb suggests more effort in the sentence: "He ___ up the mountain"?
A. Walked B. Climbed
C. Stumbled D. Rushed
40. Which verb would best describe a suspenseful moment?
A. Moved B. Slid
C. Jumped D. Crept
41. What verb could replace "ran" to create more excitement?
A. Walked B. Sprinted
C. Moved D. Jogged
42. "She gripped the rope tightly." Which word describes her action?
A. Gently B. Firmly
C. Lightly D. Slowly
43. The verb "charged" in the sentence "He charged at the opponent" suggests:
A. A slow approach
B. A calm movement
C. A quick and aggressive movement
D. A hesitant movement
44. Which verb best replaces "jumped" to make the sentence more dramatic: "She jumped out of bed"?
A. Leaped B. Moved
C. Hopped D. Sat
45. What does the verb "lurched" suggest in the sentence: "The ship lurched forward in the storm"?
A. A gentle movement
B. A sudden, uncontrolled movement
C. A slow and steady movement
D. A peaceful movement
46. "The child sprinted across the park." Which is the best description of the verb "sprinted"?
A. Walked quickly B. Ran at top speed
C. Jogged slowly D. Moved without care
47. Which verb creates the most tension in a story?
A. Waited B. Hesitated
C. Pounced D. Touched
48. Which powerful verb best completes the sentence: "The car ____ down the highway"?
A. Drove B. Zoomed
C. Went D. Moved
49. In which sentence does the verb add the most suspense?
A. She walked up the stairs.
B. She crept up the stairs.
C. She went up the stairs.
D. She ran up the stairs.

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50. The verb "snatched" suggests what kind of action?
A. Gentle and careful B. Quick and forceful
C. Slow and deliberate D. Hesitant and unsure

Essay Questions (10)

1. Write a short suspense story using at least five powerful verbs. Explain why you chose each verb and how it contributes
to the suspense of the story.
2. Compare the impact of using weak verbs versus powerful verbs in storytelling. Use examples to support your answer.
3. Write a paragraph describing a character escaping a dangerous situation. Use powerful verbs to enhance the action and
tension.
4. Explain how powerful verbs can influence a reader’s emotions in a suspenseful scene. Provide examples from a story
you have read.
5. In your own words, explain why powerful verbs are more effective than adjectives in creating tension.
6. Describe a memorable scene from a book or movie where powerful verbs played a key role in building excitement.
7. Write a dialogue between two characters, and use powerful verbs to show how they feel and react during a conflict.
8. Analyze the role of powerful verbs in adventure writing. Use examples from stories you’ve read to support your points.
9. Discuss how changing weak verbs to powerful ones can alter the tone and mood of a piece of writing. Use specific
examples to illustrate your points.
10. Choose a passage from a book you’ve read recently and rewrite it using more powerful verbs. Explain how your
changes affect the mood and action of the scene.

LESSON 4: ALLITERATION AND SIBILANCE

Introduction
Poets often use different sound effects in their poems to create specific effects, especially when read aloud. Two common
sound patterns used in poetry are alliteration and sibilance. These literary techniques make poems more interesting and
engaging by influencing how the reader experiences the sounds of the words.
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession. It is often
used to create rhythm, mood, or emphasize a particular idea in a poem. Alliteration can help make a poem more
memorable and bring out certain feelings in the reader or listener.
 Definition: Repetition of the same consonant sound at the start of multiple words.
 Example: “The rifle’s rapid rattle”
In this example, the repeated r sound mimics the sharp, stuttering sound of a gun being fired. The harsh consonant
adds intensity and suggests quick, aggressive movement.
Effects of Alliteration:
1. Creates rhythm: By repeating consonant sounds, poets can establish a beat or flow in their poetry.
2. Enhances mood: Different sounds can evoke different feelings. For example, harsh consonants like 'r' and 't' can create
a sense of urgency, while softer sounds like 'm' and 'l' can convey calmness.
3. Emphasizes ideas: Repeating certain sounds draws attention to specific words and phrases, highlighting their
importance.
Sibilance

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Sibilance is the repetition of soft consonant sounds, especially the 's', 'sh', or 'z' sounds. These sounds often mimic natural
noises, like the sound of the wind, water, or the hissing of snakes. Sibilance is used to create a soothing, eerie, or calming
effect in poetry.
 Definition: The repetition of soft consonant sounds, often 's' or 'sh' sounds, in a sequence of words.
 Example: “The ship moved slowly through the sea”
The repeated s sound resembles the sound of a ship cutting through the water or the wind gently blowing, creating a
peaceful and serene atmosphere.
Effects of Sibilance:
1. Mimics natural sounds: The soft 's' or 'sh' sounds can evoke images of wind, water, or even snakes, helping the reader
imagine the scene more vividly.
2. Creates mood: Sibilance can create a calming or eerie atmosphere, depending on the context. For example, in a
peaceful scene, the soft sounds can make the reader feel at ease.
3. Emphasizes emotion: The repeated soft sounds can be used to convey a specific emotional tone, such as tranquility,
tension, or mystery.
Comparison of Alliteration and Sibilance

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. What is alliteration?
a) Repetition of vowel sounds
b) Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words
c) Repetition of soft consonant sounds
d) Repetition of the same word
2. Which of the following is an example of alliteration?
a) The tall trees whispered
b) The sun shone brightly
c) The dark clouds danced
d) The mighty moon moved
3. Sibilance involves the repetition of which sounds?
a) Hard consonants b) Soft consonants
c) Vowel sounds d) None of the above
4. Which line contains sibilance?
a) The fog rolled over the mountains
b) The river ran rapidly through the valley

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c) The wind whispered softly through the trees
d) The stars twinkled in the night sky
5. In the phrase "The rifle's rapid rattle," which sound is repeated?
a) 'r' b) 's'
c) 't' d) 'l'
6. Which effect is commonly associated with alliteration?
a) Calm and soothing atmosphere
b) Emphasis on certain words
c) Eerie and unsettling feeling
d) None of the above
7. What is the primary purpose of sibilance in poetry?
a) To create a rhythmic beat
b) To mimic natural sounds
c) To emphasize harsh sounds
d) To create a sense of urgency
8. Which sentence uses sibilance?
a) The lion roared loudly in the jungle
b) The swift snake slithered silently
c) The thunder crashed across the sky
d) The cat chased the mouse swiftly
9. Alliteration is often used to...
a) Change the mood of a poem
b) Create a repeating pattern
c) Increase the length of a poem
d) Emphasize the poem's setting
10. Which of the following is NOT a feature of sibilance?
a) Repetition of 's' sounds
b) Creates a calming effect
c) Repetition of consonants at the beginning of words
d) Mimics the sound of wind or water
11. Which line shows alliteration?
a) The sun set slowly behind the mountains
b) The flowers in the field swayed gently
c) The bubbling brook babbled softly
d) The birds sang sweetly in the morning
12. Sibilance is most commonly used to create...
a) A sense of urgency
b) A peaceful or eerie feeling
c) A rhythmic pattern
d) An explosive effect
13. Which sentence contains both alliteration and sibilance?
a) The moonlight danced on the water
b) The silver sea shimmered softly
c) The bright stars sparkled in the sky
d) The rolling thunder rattled the windows

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14. Which of the following lines best demonstrates sibilance?
a) The stars glittered brightly
b) The sun shone on the shimmering sea
c) The car raced past quickly
d) The fire crackled in the hearth
15. Alliteration can be used to...
a) Evoke a visual image
b) Create a rhythmic and musical quality
c) Change the poem’s structure
d) Increase the complexity of the language
16. Sibilance often uses which letters?
a) b, p, d b) l, m, n
c) s, sh, z d) k, t, v
17. Which line does NOT use alliteration?
a) The crisp, cool air blew gently
b) The waves crashed against the shore
c) The marvelous moonlight illuminated the night
d) The tiny toads hopped through the grass
18. How does sibilance affect the mood of a poem?
a) It can create tension or excitement
b) It can evoke a soothing or mysterious feeling
c) It can make the poem sound more complex
d) It can create a harsh or aggressive tone
19. Which of the following pairs of words shows alliteration?
a) Sun and sea b) Cat and coat
c) Bright and beautiful d) Friendly and fun
20. Which sound effect is used to mimic the sound of a snake slithering?
a) Alliteration b) Sibilance
c) Onomatopoeia d) Rhyme
21. Alliteration helps to...
a) Create visual imagery
b) Emphasize rhythm and sound
c) Change the theme of the poem
d) Alter the narrative perspective
22. Which of the following sentences contains alliteration and sibilance?
a) The sun shone on the shore
b) The bright stars sparkled softly
c) The breeze blew gently through the trees
d) The crisp leaves crunched underfoot
23. In poetry, alliteration is used to...
a) Mimic the sounds of nature
b) Create a memorable pattern of sound
c) Add complexity to the language
d) Change the tone of the poem

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24. Which of the following is an example of sibilance?
a) The cat sat on the mat
b) The fog crept in softly
c) The big bear roared loudly
d) The leaves fell from the trees
25. The line "The whispering winds wandered" contains...
a) Alliteration
b) Sibilance
c) Both alliteration and sibilance
d) Neither alliteration nor sibilance
26. Which effect does alliteration NOT create?
a) Emphasizes certain words
b) Creates a rhythmic flow
c) Mimics natural sounds
d) Enhances memorability
27. Which of the following best describes sibilance?
a) Repetition of hard consonant sounds
b) Repetition of soft consonant sounds
c) Repetition of vowel sounds
d) Repetition of end sounds
28. Sibilance is often used to enhance the effect of...
a) A harsh environment
b) A peaceful or gentle scene
c) An energetic action
d) A dramatic conflict
29. Which sentence demonstrates both alliteration and sibilance?
a) The sea shimmered in the moonlight
b) The moonlight softly touched the sea
c) The stars sparkled in the sky
d) The winds whispered softly through the trees
30. The phrase "the wild wind whistled" is an example of...
a) Sibilance b) Alliteration
c) Onomatopoeia d) Imagery
31. Which line demonstrates sibilance with a soft 's' sound?
a) The loud lions roared
b) The silent shadows slipped
c) The bright beams broke
d) The fast cars raced
32. In poetry, why might a poet use alliteration?
a) To change the poem’s subject
b) To create a musical quality
c) To alter the poem’s length
d) To introduce a new character
33. Which of the following lines best illustrates sibilance?
a) The wind howled through the night

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b) The leaves rustled in the breeze
c) The river roared loudly
d) The sun rose in the east
34. Which sound effect is used to create a soothing or eerie atmosphere?
a) Alliteration b) Sibilance
c) Onomatopoeia d) Rhyme
35. Which line is an example of alliteration?
a) The waves splashed against the rocks
b) The tiny turtles trudged through the sand
c) The bright sun shone on the field
d) The bright stars twinkled in the sky
36. What is the primary sound repeated in sibilance?
a) 'b' b) 't'
c) 's' d) 'r'
37. In poetry, sibilance can be used to...
a) Create tension
b) Evoke natural sounds
c) Increase the pace
d) Emphasize action
38. Which of the following sentences uses alliteration?
a) The fast fox ran through the forest
b) The bright sky stretched overhead
c) The water flowed gently down the stream
d) The leaves fell softly from the trees
39. Which sound effect involves repeating consonant sounds at the start of words?
a) Alliteration b) Sibilance
c) Assonance d) Onomatopoeia
40. Which example shows sibilance?
a) The cat caught the mouse
b) The moonlight made the sea sparkle
c) The soft shadows danced on the walls
d) The bright colors painted the sky
41. The phrase “the sound of the sea” primarily demonstrates which sound effect?
a) Alliteration b) Sibilance
c) Onomatopoeia d) Rhyme
42. What effect does alliteration typically create in a poem?
a) A sense of movement b) A melodic quality
c) A change in tone d) A visual image
43. Which sentence uses both alliteration and sibilance?
a) The crisp cold air was calming
b) The soft sound of the sea soothed
c) The bright stars shone brightly
d) The tiger’s tough fur was thick
44. Sibilance is used to...
a) Create visual imagery

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b) Emphasize a rhythm
c) Mimic soft, flowing sounds
d) Create harsh, jarring effects
45. Which line is an example of alliteration?
a) The dew-drops danced in the morning light
b) The flowers bloomed brightly in the garden
c) The rain pounded heavily on the roof
d) The moon rose silently over the horizon
46. Which sound effect is used to create a rhythmic and musical quality?
a) Sibilance b) Alliteration
c) Assonance d) Onomatopoeia
47. Which example demonstrates sibilance with the 'sh' sound?
a) The bright moon shone
b) The ship sailed swiftly
c) The shadows slipped silently
d) The leaves rustled quietly
48. Which of the following sentences does NOT use sibilance?
a) The soft breeze blew through the trees
b) The stars sparkled in the sky
c) The rain pattered on the window
d) The snake slithered silently
49. Which line best demonstrates sibilance?
a) The fire crackled and popped
b) The sun set over the hills
c) The stars sparkled softly in the night sky
d) The water gurgled in the stream
50. Which sound effect is typically used to mimic natural, soft sounds?
a) Alliteration b) Sibilance
c) Onomatopoeia d) Rhyme
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the role of alliteration in poetry. How does it affect the rhythm and mood of a poem? Provide examples to
support your answer.
2. Analyze the use of sibilance in a poem of your choice. How does it contribute to the overall atmosphere and meaning
of the poem?
3. Compare and contrast alliteration and sibilance. How are they similar, and how do they differ in their effects on poetry?
4. Explore how poets use alliteration to emphasize specific words or themes. Provide examples from different poems and
discuss their effectiveness.
5. Examine the use of sibilance in creating a particular mood or feeling in poetry. How does the repetition of soft
consonant sounds enhance the reader’s experience?
6. Write an essay on how sound patterns such as alliteration and sibilance can be used to create imagery in poetry.
Provide examples to illustrate your points.
7. Discuss how alliteration can be used to create a musical quality in poetry. How does this affect the reader’s perception
of the poem?
8. Evaluate the impact of sibilance on the auditory experience of poetry. How does it contribute to the effectiveness of
the poem’s language?

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9. Analyze a poem that uses both alliteration and sibilance. How do these sound effects work together to enhance the
poem’s meaning and impact?
10. Create a poem that utilizes both alliteration and sibilance. Explain how these techniques contribute to the overall
theme and mood of your poem

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Writing). Week 1 & 2
TOPIC
 Contemporary Fiction: Summarise genre features;
 write a monologue,
 analyse a poem’s meaning write a story,
 recount an anecdote,
 descriptive writing,
 summary writing

LESSON 1: CONTEMPORARY FICTION: SUMMARISE GENRE FEATURES;

What is a Genre?
A genre is a category of literature that shares specific characteristics. Understanding genre helps readers identify the type of
story and anticipate key elements like plot structure, character types, and settings.
Adventure Genre
Adventure stories are one of the most popular genres in literature. These stories are often exciting, action-packed, and
filled with challenges that the characters must overcome. Below, we’ll look at the key features of adventure stories.
Key Features of the Adventure Genre
1. Journey or Quest
o Adventure stories typically revolve around a character or group of characters embarking on a journey, quest, or
mission. The journey often takes them to unknown or dangerous locations.
o Example: In Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, the protagonist embarks on a journey to find hidden treasure
on a mysterious island.
2. Excitement and Action
o Adventure stories often involve high-stakes situations, where characters face dangerous or thrilling challenges. These
challenges can be physical, such as fighting an enemy, or environmental, such as surviving in extreme weather
conditions.
o Example: Odile in the provided text faces both physical and environmental challenges as she runs down the snowy
mountain and flies unexpectedly.
3. Courageous Protagonist
o The protagonist (main character) in adventure stories is typically brave, resourceful, and determined. They must show
courage as they face obstacles and dangers along the way.
o Example: Odile demonstrates bravery by venturing out alone in the cold, despite the harsh environment.
4. Exotic or Dangerous Setting
o The setting in adventure stories is often unfamiliar or dangerous. It could be a far-off land, a mysterious island, or an
extreme environment like a mountain or desert.
o Example: In the excerpt provided, the story takes place in a snowy mountain, a setting full of natural dangers like the
wind and snow.
5. Challenges and Obstacles
o The protagonist must face and overcome significant challenges, which could be natural obstacles (like weather or wild
animals), enemies, or their own fears.
o Example: Odile faces the challenge of controlling her flight and dealing with the unpredictable wind.
6. Imaginative or Extraordinary Events
o Many adventure stories include elements that stretch reality. These could be magical, supernatural, or fantastical
events that add to the excitement.

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o Example: In the excerpt, Odile experiences an extraordinary moment when she flies, which adds an imaginative
element to the story.
7. A Goal or Objective
o The protagonist is often pursuing a specific goal, such as finding treasure, rescuing someone, or solving a mystery.
o Example: Although Odile’s goal isn’t explicitly stated, her journey down the mountain and the experience of flying give
the impression she’s seeking adventure or testing her limits.

Story Structure in Adventure Genre

Adventure stories usually follow a clear structure, which helps to build suspense and excitement. Below is a common
structure used in adventure stories:
1. Introduction
o The protagonist and the setting are introduced. We learn about their life and the challenges they may face.
o Example: Odile’s introduction tells us about her home on the mountain, her family, and her relationship with her
grandfather.
2. The Call to Adventure
o Something happens that draws the protagonist into the adventure, whether it is a challenge, a mystery, or an urgent
task.
o Example: Odile decides to venture out into the cold and starts running down the mountain, where she experiences
flying for the first time.
3. Challenges and Obstacles
o The protagonist faces difficulties, dangers, or enemies that make the journey difficult.
o Example: Odile’s unexpected flight is both thrilling and terrifying, representing a key obstacle she must understand
and overcome.
4. Climax
o The point of highest tension in the story, where the protagonist faces the greatest challenge. This often involves an
intense moment of action or decision.
o Example: The climax in this part of Odile’s story could be her realization that she can fly, creating suspense and
excitement.
5. Resolution
o The protagonist either succeeds in their quest or learns a valuable lesson. The adventure may come to a close, or they
may prepare for further adventures.
o Example: After her flight, Odile reflects on her experience, suggesting this is just the start of her adventure.

Summarising Adventure Stories

When summarising an adventure story, focus on these key points:
1. Who is the protagonist?
o Identify the main character and their personality traits, such as bravery, curiosity, or resourcefulness.
2. What is the setting?
o Describe the environment where the story takes place. Is it dangerous or exotic?
3. What challenges or obstacles does the protagonist face?
o Summarise the main dangers or difficulties that make the journey exciting.
4. Is there an imaginative or extraordinary element?

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o Highlight any moments where something extraordinary or unexpected happens.
5. What is the goal or quest?
o Mention what the protagonist is trying to achieve during their adventure.
Conclusion
Understanding the adventure genre allows readers to better engage with stories filled with excitement and danger. Key
features such as a brave protagonist, a thrilling setting, and imaginative events are central to these stories, making them
popular across cultures and ages.

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Which of the following is a common feature of an adventure story?
o A. Romance B. Mystery
o C. Journey or quest D. Historical events
2. In an adventure story, what typically happens at the climax?
o A. The protagonist faces their greatest challenge
o B. The story ends
o C. The protagonist learns a lesson
o D. The setting is introduced
3. What is often used to describe the setting in an adventure story?
o A. Ordinary and familiar
o B. Exotic or dangerous
o C. Historical and factual
o D. Humorous and light
4. Who is usually the protagonist in an adventure story?
o A. A minor character
o B. An antagonist
o C. A brave and resourceful character
o D. A supporting character
5. What feature does not typically belong in an adventure story?
o A. High-stakes situations
o B. Detailed historical accounts
o C. Physical and emotional challenges
o D. Exciting and dangerous situations
6. Which element is often included to create suspense in an adventure story?
o A. Slow pacing B. Predictable plot
o C. Unexpected twists D. Mundane details
7. What is the main purpose of a journey or quest in an adventure story?
o A. To provide background information
o B. To introduce the setting
o C. To drive the plot and present challenges
o D. To describe the protagonist’s daily life
8. Which of the following best describes an adventure story's setting?
o A. A familiar and everyday environment
o B. An unfamiliar and challenging environment
o C. A historical event

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o D. A non-fictional account
9. What is a common characteristic of the protagonist in an adventure story?
o A. Passive and unadventurous
o B. Fearful and hesitant
o C. Brave and determined
o D. Indifferent and detached
10. Which of the following is an example of an extraordinary event in an adventure story?
o A. A character going to school
o B. A character cooking dinner
o C. A character discovering they can fly
o D. A character reading a book
11. What is typically resolved during the resolution of an adventure story?
o A. The setting
o B. The characters’ backgrounds
o C. The main conflict or quest
o D. The introduction of the protagonist
12. In the provided text about Odile, what feature demonstrates the adventure genre?
o A. Her daily routine
o B. Her flight down the mountain
o C. Her relationship with her grandfather
o D. The description of her coat
13. Which of the following is NOT a feature of adventure stories?
o A. A hero with special abilities
o B. A predictable plot
o C. A dangerous journey
o D. Exciting action sequences
14. What does the protagonist in an adventure story usually seek?
o A. Knowledge about history
o B. Personal growth
o C. Treasure or a goal
o D. A quiet life
15. Which element is essential to building tension in an adventure story?
o A. Slow and steady pace
o B. Predictable events
o C. High stakes and unexpected events
o D. Simple, everyday occurrences
16. What role do challenges play in an adventure story?
o A. They provide background information
o B. They create opportunities for character development
o C. They introduce new settings
o D. They explain the plot’s conclusion
17. Which type of setting is most common in adventure stories?
o A. Urban cityscapes
o B. Peaceful countryside

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o C. Remote or dangerous landscapes
o D. Familiar and comfortable locations
18. What usually happens after the protagonist overcomes a major challenge?
o A. The story ends immediately
o B. The protagonist faces another challenge
o C. The antagonist is introduced
o D. The setting changes
19. How does the setting contribute to the adventure genre?
o A. It provides a safe and familiar backdrop
o B. It creates obstacles and adds to the excitement
o C. It focuses on mundane details
o D. It limits the protagonist’s actions
20. Which of the following is an example of a physical challenge in an adventure story?
o A. Solving a riddle
o B. Navigating through a dangerous terrain
o C. Attending a meeting
o D. Writing a letter
21. In an adventure story, what is often used to highlight the protagonist’s bravery?
o A. Their ability to blend into their environment
o B. Their willingness to face dangers and challenges
o C. Their preference for staying at home
o D. Their lack of ambition
22. What kind of plot twist is common in adventure stories?
o A. Predictable and unchanging
o B. Slow and gradual
o C. Sudden and surprising
o D. Unrelated to the main conflict
23. What typically happens during the introduction of an adventure story?
o A. The conflict is resolved
o B. The protagonist and setting are introduced
o C. The journey is completed
o D. The climax occurs
24. What feature is least likely to be found in an adventure story?
o A. A complex plot with numerous twists
o B. A detailed description of a mundane task
o C. A protagonist who faces danger
o D. An exotic or challenging setting
25. Which of the following does NOT usually contribute to the excitement in an adventure story?
o A. Predictable outcomes
o B. Unexpected events
o C. High stakes
o D. Dangerous situations
26. What often marks the end of the adventure story’s journey?
o A. The protagonist returns home

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o B. The protagonist starts a new journey
o C. The antagonist is introduced
o D. The setting changes
27. Which of the following is an example of a challenge in an adventure story?
o A. Finding a lost item
o B. Completing a routine task
o C. Solving a puzzle
o D. Overcoming a significant obstacle
28. How does the protagonist typically change throughout an adventure story?
o A. They become more timid
o B. They gain new skills or knowledge
o C. They avoid facing challenges
o D. They remain unchanged
29. What is a common theme in adventure stories?
o A. Everyday routines
o B. Personal growth through challenges
o C. Simple domestic life
o D. Historical events
30. Which of the following is an element that adds to the suspense in an adventure story?
o A. A predictable outcome
o B. Detailed background information
o C. A sudden change in events
o D. A focus on mundane details
31. What kind of conflict is most commonly found in adventure stories?
o A. Internal conflicts
o B. Social conflicts
o C. External conflicts with nature or antagonists
o D. Conflicts with historical events
32. What aspect of the protagonist is often emphasized in adventure stories?
o A. Their weaknesses
o B. Their everyday activities
o C. Their bravery and resourcefulness
o D. Their background information
33. Which of the following settings would be least appropriate for an adventure story?
o A. A deserted island
o B. A bustling city
o C. A serene countryside
o D. A hazardous mountain
34. What role does the antagonist typically play in an adventure story?
o A. To provide support to the protagonist
o B. To present obstacles and challenges
o C. To offer a humorous subplot
o D. To maintain peace
35. How do adventure stories often end?

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o A. With unresolved conflicts
o B. With a return to normalcy and reflection on the journey
o C. With the introduction of a new antagonist
o D. With a focus on mundane details
36. What kind of journey is most commonly found in adventure stories?
o A. A journey to discover personal identity
o B. A journey through historical events
o C. A physical journey with dangers and challenges
o D. A journey to complete a routine task
37. Which of the following is an example of a setting that adds excitement to an adventure story?
o A. A school classroom
o B. A peaceful garden
o C. A dark, mysterious forest
o D. A well-organized library
38. How does the protagonist’s goal typically affect the plot of an adventure story?
 A. It adds routine elements
 B. It drives the action and creates challenges
 C. It slows down the pacing
 D. It introduces historical facts
39. Which of the following best describes the pacing in an adventure story?
 A. Slow and steady
 B. Fast-paced with moments of suspense
 C. Consistent and predictable
 D. Gradual with minimal surprises
40. In adventure stories, how is danger typically presented?
 A. Through natural disasters or villains
 B. Through personal relationships
 C. Through flashbacks to past events
 D. Through discussions and dialogue
41. What is the primary purpose of an antagonist in an adventure story?
 A. To provide comic relief
 B. To create obstacles and challenges for the protagonist
 C. To act as a mentor
 D. To support the protagonist in their quest
42. What type of character arc is common in adventure stories?
 A. Static, with little change
 B. Transformative, with growth and development
 C. Regressive, with the protagonist losing skills
 D. Circular, ending where they started
43. What role do secondary characters often play in adventure stories?
 A. To support or guide the protagonist
 B. To take over the main role
 C. To slow down the action
 D. To distract from the main plot
44. Which feature is most important in building excitement in an adventure story?

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 A. Detailed character backstories
 B. Unexpected and thrilling events
 C. Detailed descriptions of settings
 D. Prolonged introductions
45. How does an adventure story typically start?
 A. With the protagonist in a calm, everyday situation
 B. With the resolution of the conflict
 C. At the climax of the story
 D. With a focus on secondary characters
46. What kind of resolution is common in adventure stories?
 A. The protagonist achieving their goal and reflecting on their journey
 B. The protagonist failing and giving up
 C. The introduction of new problems
 D. An open ending with no resolution
47. Which of the following would NOT be found in an adventure story?
 A. A conflict with nature or villains
 B. A peaceful, quiet life
 C. A quest for treasure or personal growth
 D. A dangerous or exciting journey
48. In an adventure story, what typically follows a major setback for the protagonist?
 A. The end of the story
 B. A moment of reflection and renewed determination
 C. The protagonist quitting the quest
 D. A shift to another character's perspective
49. What is one way that adventure stories create tension?
 A. By having predictable plot points
 B. By introducing challenges that the protagonist must overcome
 C. By focusing on everyday activities
 D. By resolving conflicts early in the story
50. Which feature is most important to the plot of an adventure story?
 A. A slow-moving setting
 B. The protagonist's quest or mission
 C. Minor character relationships
 D. Detailed background information

Short Answer Questions

1. Define the adventure genre and explain its key features.
2. Describe how the setting of an adventure story contributes to its plot.
3. What types of characters are typically found in an adventure story?
4. Explain the role of the antagonist in an adventure story.
5. How does the protagonist typically change throughout an adventure story?
6. Why are high stakes and challenges important in adventure stories?
7. What makes the climax of an adventure story exciting?
8. How do authors create tension in adventure stories?
9. Describe the typical resolution of an adventure story.

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10. What role do secondary characters play in adventure stories?

Essay Questions
1. Discuss how the setting in adventure stories enhances the challenges faced by the protagonist. Provide examples from
a known adventure story.
2. Compare the characteristics of adventure stories with another genre, such as mystery or fantasy. How do their plots
and character arcs differ?
3. How does the use of unexpected plot twists contribute to the suspense and excitement in an adventure story? Provide
examples.
4. Examine the role of danger in adventure stories. How does it shape the development of both the plot and the
protagonist?
5. Write an essay on how the protagonist’s quest or mission drives the story’s events in an adventure genre.
6. Analyze the character arc of a protagonist in a well-known adventure story. How do their challenges help them grow?
7. Describe how the antagonist’s role in an adventure story adds complexity to the plot. Use examples to support your
analysis.
8. Explain how secondary characters in an adventure story either support or hinder the protagonist's progress.
9. How does the resolution of an adventure story typically tie together the main themes and challenges faced by the
protagonist?
10. Compare and contrast the use of setting in adventure stories versus historical fiction. How does each genre use setting
to influence the story’s action?

LESSON 2: WRITE A MONOLOGUE

What is a Monologue?
A monologue is a speech delivered by a single character, expressing their thoughts and emotions. It provides a deep insight
into the character's feelings, motivations, and actions. Monologues are often used in plays, movies, and literature to give
the audience a glimpse into a character's inner world. Unlike dialogue (a conversation between two or more characters), a
monologue focuses entirely on one character speaking either to themselves, another character, or the audience.
How Do Stories Develop Through a Monologue?
In a monologue, the story develops from the perspective of the character speaking. The monologue allows:
 Character Development: We learn more about the character’s background, personality, emotions, and conflicts.
 Plot Progression: Monologues can reveal important details about the story’s events, explain a character’s motivations,
or foreshadow upcoming actions.
 Emotional Insight: The audience or reader gains a deeper understanding of the character’s thoughts, feelings, and
decisions, which helps create empathy.
Features of a Monologue
1. First-Person Narrative:

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o A monologue is always delivered in the first person because the character is speaking about their own experiences and
feelings.
o Example: "I can't believe this is happening to me..."
2. Emotion and Thought:
o The monologue reveals the character’s emotions, inner conflicts, or strong desires.
o Example: "I'm terrified of what's going to happen next, but I have no choice."
3. Purpose:
o A monologue serves to provide the audience or reader with crucial insight into a character's mindset. It can reveal
something the character has not said to others or explain why they act the way they do.
4. Structure:
o Monologues are longer speeches, often uninterrupted by other characters. They are focused on the character's
thoughts or feelings about a particular event or moment.
o Example: A character might be reflecting on a big decision, expressing regret or hope, or thinking through a problem.
Steps to Write a Monologue
1. Choose a Character:
Pick a character from a book, movie, or even a real person. Think about what is happening in their life and why they
might need to express their feelings.
2. Identify a Key Moment or Event:
Focus on a specific event or turning point in the character’s story. The monologue should revolve around this moment,
showing how the character feels or what they are thinking.
3. Consider the Character’s Feelings:
Ask yourself:
o What is the character feeling at this moment?
o Why are they feeling this way?
o How does this emotion drive their actions?
4. Use First-Person Voice:
Write from the perspective of the character, using “I” to make it personal. This helps the audience or reader connect
more deeply with the character.
5. Express Emotions:
Make sure the character’s emotions are clear. Use descriptive language to show the depth of their feelings.
Example of a Monologue
Imagine a character named Sarah, who is about to move to a new city and is nervous about leaving her friends behind.
Sarah’s Monologue:
"I can't believe I'm really leaving. Everything I've ever known is here—my friends, my school, my favorite park... How am I
supposed to start over? I keep telling myself it'll be okay, but deep down, I'm scared. What if no one likes me at the new
school? What if I never feel at home? Mom says it's a fresh start, but why do I feel like I'm losing everything? I just wish I
could stay here, where things make sense. But I know I can't. I have to be brave, even if I don’t feel like it."
Performance of a Monologue
Performing a monologue involves acting out the character’s emotions. When delivering a monologue:
 Use Body Language: Your movements should match the character’s feelings—if they are sad, you might hunch over or
speak softly; if they are excited, you might speak quickly and use expressive gestures.
 Speak with Emotion: The way you say the words should reflect how the character feels. Emphasize certain words to
show anger, sadness, joy, or fear.
 Engage with the Audience: Even if the character is speaking to themselves, make sure you connect with the audience,
as they need to understand the character’s emotions and thoughts.

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Why Are Monologues Important?
Monologues are a powerful tool in storytelling. They allow:
 Character Expression: A monologue helps characters express their innermost thoughts and emotions, giving depth
to their personalities.
 Emotional Connection: By sharing personal experiences or feelings, the audience or reader connects more deeply
with the character.
 Story Development: Monologues often reveal critical details that move the story forward or explain a character’s
actions.
Practice Activity
Write a monologue from the perspective of one of the following:
 A student who is nervous about their first day at a new school.
 A person who is about to make a difficult decision.
 A character from a book you recently read, reflecting on a major event in the story.
Remember:
 Write in the first person.
 Focus on the character's emotions and thoughts.
 Make sure the monologue reveals something about the character's inner world.
CLASS WORK
1. What is the key feature of a monologue?
A) Dialogue between two characters
B) Speech by one character
C) A series of short conversations
D) A narrative from multiple characters
2. In which point of view is a monologue typically written?
A) First person B) Third person
C) Second person D) Third-person omniscient
3. What is the primary purpose of a monologue?
A) To introduce a new character
B) To provide insight into the speaker's thoughts and feelings
C) To reveal the thoughts of multiple characters
D) To provide comic relief
4. Which of the following best describes the structure of a monologue?
A) Short sentences and quick exchanges
B) Continuous speech from one character
C) Multiple conversations happening at once
D) Brief internal thoughts
5. A monologue is most likely found in which type of literary work?
A) Short stories B) Plays
C) Novels D) Essays
6. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a monologue?
A) It involves multiple characters speaking.
B) It reveals inner thoughts and feelings.
C) It is written in the first person.
D) It often reflects on important events or decisions.

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7. In a monologue, the character is usually addressing:
A) A group of people
B) Another character
C) Themselves or the audience
D) The narrator
8. What is an important element of writing a good monologue?
A) Describing the setting in detail
B) Revealing the character’s emotions and inner conflicts
C) Giving equal time to all characters
D) Avoiding any emotional expression
9. Which of the following would be most appropriate for a monologue topic?
A) A casual conversation between two friends
B) A character reflecting on a difficult decision they must make
C) A group discussion about a holiday plan
D) A news reporter narrating an event
10. Monologues are often used to:
A) Fill in time between scenes
B) Provide backstory for the audience
C) Transition to a new setting
D) End the play abruptly
11. What is a dramatic monologue?
A) A speech that ends a story
B) A speech delivered by a character that reveals their emotions or secrets
C) A short dialogue with another character
D) A reflection on the past
12. A monologue is mostly concerned with:
A) External action
B) Internal thoughts and emotions
C) Physical movements
D) Descriptions of other characters
13. Monologues are usually used to:
A) Introduce new characters
B) Entertain the audience with humour
C) Allow a character to express their innermost thoughts
D) Change the setting
14. What is the key difference between a monologue and a dialogue?
A) Monologue involves one person speaking; dialogue involves two or more.
B) Monologue is always humorous; dialogue is always serious.
C) Monologue includes narration, while dialogue does not.
D) Monologue is for short scenes, dialogue for longer ones.
15. Which of the following is an example of a monologue?
A) A conversation between two characters in a cafe
B) A character speaking aloud to themselves, revealing their emotions
C) Two people arguing about a decision
D) A narrator describing a scene

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16. What is the most important aspect of a successful monologue?
A) Complex dialogue
B) Expressing the character’s true feelings
C) Describing the setting
D) Using a variety of characters
17. In a monologue, how can a writer show the character's emotions?
A) By describing the weather
B) By using descriptive and emotional language
C) By introducing a new character
D) By writing in the third person
18. Which of these is NOT typically found in a monologue?
A) The character’s thoughts
B) A focus on one character
C) Detailed interactions with other characters
D) Emotional reflection
19. In a monologue, a character is likely to:
A) Share their plans for the future
B) Argue with another character
C) Provide exposition for the plot
D) Deliver a speech in a court
20. What is the tone of a monologue typically based on?
A) The setting of the scene
B) The character's emotions
C) The length of the play
D) The actions of the audience
21. Which point of view should a monologue be written in?
A) First-person B) Second-person
C) Third-person limited D) Third-person omniscient
22. Monologues are often used to:
A) Introduce a new setting
B) Reveal a character's deep feelings and thoughts
C) Create suspense
D) Make the audience laugh
23. What is the primary emotion conveyed in most monologues?
A) Anger
B) Joy
C) Fear
D) It varies depending on the character
24. Which of the following is a good starting point for writing a monologue?
A) A character feeling conflicted about a decision
B) A character narrating a series of actions
C) A description of a busy marketplace
D) A list of a character's favorite things
25. When performing a monologue, the speaker should focus on:
A) Interacting with other characters

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B) Expressing the character’s emotions clearly
C) Moving around the stage
D) Making the audience laugh
26. What is one major advantage of using a monologue in storytelling?
A) It reduces the number of characters in a scene.
B) It helps to convey a character’s inner thoughts directly to the audience.
C) It increases the dialogue between characters.
D) It speeds up the pacing of the story.
27. Which of the following is most important when writing a monologue?
A) Detailed descriptions of other characters
B) Consistent dialogue between characters
C) Clear expression of the speaker’s inner feelings
D) A complex plot with multiple scenes
28. In a monologue, how should a character's emotions be revealed?
A) Through direct conversation with another character
B) Through facial expressions and body language
C) Through the character’s internal thoughts and speech
D) Through narration by a third person
29. Which of the following statements is true about monologues?
A) They are only used in comedy performances.
B) They involve two characters speaking at the same time.
C) They focus on the internal feelings of one character.
D) They are never used in plays.
30. A soliloquy is a type of monologue where:
A) A character speaks to another character.
B) A character speaks their thoughts aloud to themselves.
C) A character gives a speech to a group of people.
D) Two characters exchange thoughts in a conversation.
31. What element is most important in delivering a monologue effectively on stage?
A) Facial expressions
B) Quick dialogue exchanges
C) The interaction with other characters
D) The character’s clear emotional journey
32. A monologue in a play often:
A) Shifts the focus to a new character
B) Happens in a group conversation
C) Highlights the main character's internal conflict
D) Interrupts the storyline
33. Which of the following best describes a soliloquy?
A) A brief scene with dialogue
B) A private reflection delivered aloud
C) A conversation between two characters
D) A description of a setting
34. When writing a monologue, it is important to:
A) Include multiple characters in the scene

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B) Keep the speech short and unimportant
C) Show the character’s thoughts and emotions
D) Focus only on action and events
35. What is one reason a playwright might use a monologue?
A) To develop the character’s background
B) To describe the setting in detail
C) To introduce a new character
D) To showcase a scene change
36. What kind of language is typically used in a monologue?
A) Objective and factual
B) Personal and emotional
C) Persuasive and argumentative
D) Impersonal and detached
37. In a monologue, what does the speaker primarily talk about?
A) Their internal thoughts and feelings
B) The opinions of other characters
C) Details of their surroundings
D) The actions of other characters
38. When delivering a monologue, the speaker’s focus is usually on:
A) Engaging in conversation with others
B) Speaking to the audience or themselves
C) Changing the setting
D) Describing what others are doing
39. Which of the following statements about monologues is false?
A) They can be used to express personal feelings.
B) They usually involve only one speaker.
C) They are only used in comedies.
D) They often reveal the character’s inner struggles.
40. Monologues are often written in the first person to:
A) Show the speaker's perspective and thoughts directly
B) Describe other characters’ thoughts
C) Provide an omniscient view of the story
D) Shift between different characters
41. In a monologue, how does a character typically express their feelings?
A) By interacting with others
B) By narrating a sequence of events
C) Through a long speech that reveals their inner thoughts
D) By giving instructions to other characters
42. What is the difference between a monologue and an aside?
A) A monologue is longer and more detailed; an aside is brief and to the point.
B) A monologue is spoken to other characters; an aside is spoken to the audience.
C) A monologue is humorous; an aside is always serious.
D) An aside involves multiple characters; a monologue does not.
43. When writing a monologue, the most important element to consider is:
A) The emotions the character is expressing

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B) The actions of the surrounding characters
C) The length of the speech
D) The setting description
44. What is the purpose of using a monologue in a drama?
A) To speed up the action
B) To reveal a character’s internal thoughts and feelings
C) To introduce new characters
D) To distract the audience from the plot
45. Which of the following best defines a monologue in literature?
A) A conversation between two or more characters
B) A long speech delivered by a single character
C) A short comment made to another character
D) A dialogue between multiple speakers
46. Monologues are usually used to:
A) Provide background information about the setting
B) Give the audience insight into the character’s mind
C) Create fast-paced action sequences
D) Resolve conflicts between characters
47. What is the tone of most monologues?
A) Formal and detached
B) Personal and introspective
C) Humorous and light-hearted
D) Angry and confrontational
48. Which of these sentences is an example of a monologue?
A) "I’m going to leave now."
B) "You won’t believe what I’ve been through. Let me tell you everything…"
C) "Where did you say you’re going?"
D) "She’s gone, and I feel nothing but regret."
49. How does a monologue differ from a narrative?
A) A narrative is a long story told by multiple characters, while a monologue is a speech by one character.
B) A narrative is always fictional, but a monologue can be based on real events.
C) A monologue is always dramatic, while a narrative is always humorous.
D) A narrative describes events, while a monologue focuses on one character's internal thoughts.
50. Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective monologue?
A) Describing multiple characters' perspectives
B) Focusing on one character’s internal struggles
C) Avoiding emotional expressions
D) Shifting between different locations in the scene
Essay Questions (10)
1. Write a monologue from the perspective of a character who is about to move to a new city and is nervous about
leaving their old life behind. Explore their inner thoughts and emotions.
2. Describe the structure of a monologue and explain why it is effective in revealing a character’s thoughts and feelings.
Use examples from literature or plays to support your answer.
3. Choose a character from a book you have read and write a monologue that they might deliver during a critical moment
in the story. Focus on their internal thoughts and emotions.

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4. How does a monologue contribute to the development of a story? Write an essay discussing the role of monologues in
revealing character motivations and advancing the plot.
5. Imagine you are a director working on a play. How would you help an actor perform a monologue? Discuss the
techniques you would use to bring out the character’s emotions.
6. Write a monologue from the perspective of a character who is reflecting on a major decision they must make. Show
how the character’s inner conflict is expressed through their thoughts and feelings.
7. Examine the use of monologues in Shakespeare’s plays. Choose a famous monologue and analyze how it reveals the
character’s inner emotions and motivations.
8. What makes a monologue powerful? Discuss the elements that contribute to an effective monologue, focusing on
character development, emotion, and plot progression.
9. Write a monologue from the perspective of a historical figure, reflecting on a key moment in their life. Use this
monologue to show their inner thoughts and struggles.
10. Compare monologues and dialogues. Write an essay explaining the differences between these two forms of expression
in literature and theater, and discuss when each is most appropriate to use.

LESSON 3: ANALYSE A POEM’S MEANING

Introduction
When analysing a poem, it's essential to explore its explicit (clear and direct) and implicit (hidden or suggested)
meanings. Poets use language features such as imagery, symbolism, and tone to convey their thoughts, emotions,
and messages.
1. Understanding Explicit and Implicit Meanings
 Explicit meaning: This is the straightforward meaning of the poem—what the poet is directly stating. For example, the
phrase “Hard is the journey” explicitly tells us that the speaker is on a difficult journey.
 Implicit meaning: This is the deeper meaning hidden beneath the surface. Often, poets use metaphors or symbols to
express ideas indirectly. For instance, the "journey" in Li Po's poem could be a metaphor for life itself, and the
challenges in the poem may symbolize obstacles we face in life.
2. How to Identify Explicit and Implicit Meanings
 Read the poem carefully and think about the literal meaning.
 Look for figurative language such as metaphors, similes, and symbols that might suggest deeper meanings.
 Consider the tone (the poet's attitude) and mood (how the poem makes you feel). Does the poem express sadness,
hope, confusion, or determination?
 Reflect on the theme (the main message or lesson of the poem). This is often revealed through implicit meanings.
3. Analysing the Poem ‘Hard is the Journey’ by Li Po
 Title: The title suggests a difficult journey, but what kind of journey? Is it literal, like travelling, or metaphorical, like
the journey of life?
 Stanza 1:
o Explicit Meaning: The speaker describes an extravagant banquet with gold vessels and jade dishes.
o Implicit Meaning: This may symbolize wealth or luxury that no longer brings satisfaction. The speaker lays down his
chopsticks, suggesting that material possessions or indulgence no longer matter.
 Stanza 2:

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o Explicit Meaning: The speaker faces physical obstacles like ice blocking the Yellow River and snow on the T'ai-hang
mountains.
o Implicit Meaning: The obstacles might represent the challenges or difficulties one encounters in life. The river and
mountains could symbolize barriers to success or happiness.
 Stanza 3:
o Explicit Meaning: The speaker seems at peace while fishing, but soon imagines sailing towards the sun.
o Implicit Meaning: The fishing and the sun may represent a search for peace and enlightenment. The speaker is
navigating through life, seeking meaning or fulfillment.
 Refrain:
o Explicit Meaning: “Hard is the journey, So many turnings, And now where am I?” The speaker emphasizes the difficulty
of the journey.
o Implicit Meaning: Life is full of twists and turns, and the speaker expresses confusion or uncertainty about his current
state in life. This could reflect a broader human experience of struggling to find direction or purpose.
4. Poetic Language Features and Their Effect
 Imagery: The poem uses strong imagery, such as “gold vessels,” “ice bars,” and “cloud for sails.” These images help the
reader visualize the luxury, obstacles, and eventual hope of the journey.
 Repetition: The phrase "Hard is the journey" is repeated to emphasize the difficulty the speaker feels.
 Metaphor: The journey could be a metaphor for life, where the speaker encounters both physical and emotional
obstacles.
 Tone and Mood: The tone shifts from frustration and struggle (staring wildly, ice bars, snow) to peace and hope
(fishing, sailing sunward). The mood mirrors these changes, moving from difficulty to hopefulness.
5. Writing an Analysis of a Poem
When writing your analysis, follow these steps:
 Introduce the poem by mentioning the poet’s name, the title of the poem, and the central theme.
 Summarise the explicit meaning of the poem—what the poet is directly saying.
 Explore the implicit meaning—what deeper messages or themes the poet may be conveying.
 Discuss the language features (imagery, metaphor, repetition, etc.) and how they contribute to the poem’s meaning
and effect.
 Conclude by summarizing the overall theme and emotional impact of the poem.

Example Analysis of ‘Hard is the Journey’:

In Hard is the Journey, Li Po explores both literal and metaphorical struggles in life. The speaker begins by describing a lavish
banquet, which no longer satisfies him, suggesting that material wealth does not bring happiness. As the speaker faces
physical obstacles like rivers and mountains, these challenges symbolize life's hardships. However, there is hope in the
image of sailing towards the sun, symbolizing the pursuit of peace and fulfillment. Through vivid imagery, repetition, and
metaphors, Li Po reflects on the difficulties of life’s journey and the human desire for clarity and purpose.

50 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the primary theme of the poem Hard is the Journey by Li Po? a) Love
b) Wealth
c) Life as a difficult journey
d) Adventure
2. In the poem, the "Yellow River" represents: a) A literal river
b) A symbol of life’s challenges

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c) A peaceful place
d) A place for relaxation
3. The repetition of "Hard is the journey" in the poem is used to: a) Create rhythm
b) Emphasize the ease of the journey
c) Stress the difficulty of life
d) Introduce new ideas
4. What is implicit meaning in a poem? a) The direct meaning
b) The hidden or suggested meaning
c) The emotional tone
d) The literal description
5. Which of these is a metaphor in the poem?
a) "Gold vessels" b) "Cloud for sails"
c) "Snow from dark skies" d) "Ice bars my way"
6. The mood of the speaker at the beginning of the poem is:
a) Joyful b) Frustrated
c) Peaceful d) Indifferent

7. What do the "gold vessels" and "jade dishes" symbolize?

a) Wealth and luxury b) Hardships
c) Simplicity d) Freedom
8. What is the explicit meaning of the phrase “I lay my chopsticks down”? a) The speaker is taking a break from eating
b) The speaker is ready for battle
c) The speaker is preparing to travel
d) The speaker is reflecting on life
9. What does the "sword" likely symbolize in the poem?
a) Peace b) Conflict or challenge
c) Wealth d) Relaxation
10. How does Li Po use imagery in the poem? a) To describe love
b) To create vivid pictures of wealth and hardship
c) To focus on abstract concepts
d) To express confusion
11. Which of the following is not a figurative language device?
a) Metaphor z) Simile
c) Repetition d) Fact
12. What can "setting a cloud for sails" imply in the poem?
a) A shift in the weather
b) A desire to be free from burdens
c) Preparing for a storm
d) Facing new obstacles
13. The tone of the last stanza is:
a) Confused b) Hopeful
c) Sad d) Angry
14. In poetry, tone refers to: a) The structure of the poem
b) The writer's attitude toward the subject

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c) The number of lines in each stanza
d) The rhyme pattern
15. What is the purpose of poetry analysis? a) To find the hidden theme
b) To understand both explicit and implicit meanings
c) To summarize the poem
d) To memorize lines
16. Which of these statements best explains the theme of the poem? a) Material wealth can lead to happiness
b) Life is a journey full of obstacles
c) Hardship is necessary for success
d) Nature is a powerful force
17. The line breaks in the poem create: a) A quick pace
b) A natural pause for reflection
c) Confusion in meaning
d) Emotional imbalance
18. What is symbolism in poetry? a) Using one object to represent another
b) Describing a character’s traits
c) Explaining literal meanings
d) Creating a regular rhyme
19. In Hard is the Journey, the poem ends with a sense of: a) Completion b) Confusion
c) Hope d) Defeat
20. What is the function of repetition in poetry? a) To confuse the reader
b) To make the poem longer
c) To emphasize important ideas
d) To simplify meaning
21. The word "banquet" in the poem likely represents: a) The enjoyment of life
b) Life's responsibilities
c) Abundance and excess
d) Simplicity
22. What does the journey in the poem symbolize? a) A specific journey the poet took
b) The process of growing up
c) The difficulties of life
d) The journey to wealth
23. How do poets typically express themes in their poems? a) By repeating a single word
b) Through symbolism and figurative language
c) By listing themes at the end of each poem
d) By including a moral lesson
24. Figurative language is used to: a) Change the plot
b) Add creativity and depth to writing
c) Simplify ideas
d) Create longer sentences
25. Which of the following best describes the mood of the poem? a) Confusion followed by hope
b) Anger followed by sadness
c) Joy followed by confusion
d) Determination followed by exhaustion
26. A brooklet in the poem is likely a symbol for:

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a) Life’s easy moments b) A large body of water
c) Confusion d) Struggle
27. What effect does the imagery of the river and mountains create? a) A sense of peace
b) A feeling of defeat
c) A sense of overwhelming challenge
d) A scene of natural beauty
28. What does the speaker’s action of “drawing a sword” likely imply? a) The speaker is going into battle
b) The speaker is frustrated with the journey
c) The speaker is reflecting on the past
d) The speaker is preparing for a celebration
29. The poem’s rhythm contributes to: a) The confusion of the message
b) The mood and pace of the journey
c) The clarity of the meaning
d) The theme of happiness
30. What does the phrase “where am I” in the poem indicate? a) The speaker is lost physically
b) The speaker is confused about their direction in life
c) The speaker is confident about the journey
d) The speaker is preparing for the next step
31. Staring wildly in the poem suggests:
a) Relaxation b) Calmness
c) Desperation d) Reflection
32. A key feature of poetry analysis is: a) Counting the lines and stanzas
b) Identifying all the verbs in the poem
c) Understanding the deeper meaning beyond words
d) Listing adjectives
33. Imagery in poetry: a) Adds detailed description to make a clearer picture
b) Tells a story
c) Explains the moral of the poem
d) Repeats a key idea
34. The overall tone of the poem Hard is the Journey can be described as: a) Light and humorous
b) Hopeful but challenging
c) Happy and content
d) Bored and uninterested
35. How does the poem make the reader feel? a) Overwhelmed and frustrated
b) Inspired and hopeful
c) Sad and confused
d) Angry and lost
36. The turning points in the poem are shown through: a) Imagery of obstacles and hope
b) Dialogue between characters
c) A shift in the rhyme scheme
d) A new character introduction
37. The phrase “so many turnings” likely refers to:
a) Actual roads b) Difficult decisions in life
c) The seasons d) The mountains

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38. Which line in the poem reflects hope for a better future? a) “I lay my chopsticks down”
b) “At once I’m in a boat but sailing sunward”
c) “Snows from dark skies to climb”
d) “Hard is the journey”
39. What do clouds for sails likely symbolize?
a) The unpredictability of life b) A coming storm
c) A peaceful journey d) Imagination and dreams
40. What literary device is being used in “I draw my sword and stare wildly about me”?
a) Alliteration b) Metaphor
c) Hyperbole d) Simile
41. The shift in mood from frustration to peace in the poem is achieved through:
a) Imagery and tone b) Rhyme pattern
c) Word count d) Historical context
42. The phrase "a cloud for sails" can best be described as:
a) Simile b) Metaphor
c) Alliteration d) Personification
43. What does the sword most likely symbolize in the poem?
a) Hope b) Conflict
c) Peace d) Success
44. The line “At peace I drop a hook into a brooklet” suggests: a) The speaker is relaxing and finding solace
b) The speaker is struggling with nature
c) The speaker is preparing for a battle
d) The speaker is seeking wealth
45. The imagery of “ice bars my way” most likely represents:
a) Physical obstacles b) A warm and inviting place
c) Easy solutions d) Emotional support
46. The phrase “cross the blue oceans” symbolizes:
a) A journey towards a goal b) A return to comfort
c) An end to struggle d) A simple task
47. The poem's structure contributes to: a) The simplicity of the journey
b) The dramatic effect of the journey
c) The boredom of the journey
d) The repetition of the theme
48. The “T’ai-hang mountains” mentioned in the poem represent: a) Simple obstacles
b) Emotional or physical challenges
c) Luxurious places
d) Easy paths
49. How does the poet’s use of contrast enhance the poem? a) By comparing wealth with hardship
b) By showing similarities between journeys
c) By repeating the same images
d) By using the same tone throughout
50. The final image of sailing sunward represents: a) The end of the journey
b) New beginnings and hope
c) The speaker's confusion
d) The final obstacle

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10 Essay Questions
1. Analyze how Li Po uses imagery and symbolism to convey the theme of life's difficulties in the poem Hard is the
Journey. Provide examples from the text.
2. Discuss the shift in tone throughout the poem and how it reflects the speaker’s emotional journey. Use specific lines to
support your argument.
3. Explain the use of metaphor in the poem and how it contributes to the overall message about the journey of life.
4. How does Li Po use contrast to highlight the difference between material wealth and the challenges of life? Illustrate
your points with examples from the poem.
5. Explore the symbolism of nature in the poem, particularly the references to the Yellow River, T’ai-hang mountains, and
ocean. What do these symbols represent in the context of the speaker’s journey?
6. Analyze the effect of repetition in the poem. How does the repeated phrase “Hard is the journey” enhance the reader’s
understanding of the poem’s central theme?
7. How does the poem’s structure contribute to its overall meaning? Discuss the impact of the line breaks and stanza
organization on the reader’s interpretation.
8. Discuss the emotional impact of the poem on the reader. How do the poet’s choices in imagery and tone evoke a
particular response from the audience?

LESSON 4: DESCRIPTIVE WRITING,

What is Descriptive Writing?

Descriptive writing is a style of writing where the author focuses on describing a person, place, thing, or event in great
detail. The goal is to paint a vivid picture in the reader's mind so they can imagine the scene or experience it through the
senses.
Importance of Planning a Composition
Before you begin writing a descriptive composition, it's important to plan. A plan helps you organize your thoughts and
ensures your writing flows well. It serves as a guide or outline to keep your ideas on track.
Steps to Plan a Descriptive Composition:
1. Study the Topic Carefully
Understand exactly what you are being asked to describe.
2. Brainstorm on the Subject
Take some time to gather all the ideas that come to your mind about the topic.
3. Write Down Your Thoughts
Jot down key points or aspects you want to describe.
4. Form an Outline
This helps avoid irrelevant points and organizes your ideas. Stick to this outline while writing your composition.
Structure of a Descriptive Composition
A descriptive composition must be written in paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of what
is being described:
 Introduction: Introduce the topic or object you are describing.
 Body Paragraphs: Focus on specific features or details about the topic, using sensory language.
 Conclusion: Summarize your description and restate the main impression.
Using the Five Senses in Descriptive Writing
To make your writing vivid, use sensory details. These appeal to the reader’s five senses:
 Sight: Describe what can be seen. (e.g., "The sky was a bright shade of blue, dotted with fluffy clouds.")

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 Sound: Mention the sounds around. (e.g., "The soft hum of the bees filled the garden.")
 Smell: Describe any scents. (e.g., "The air was filled with the sweet aroma of freshly baked bread.")
 Touch: Talk about textures. (e.g., "The sand felt warm and soft under my feet.")
 Taste: Use taste descriptions when applicable. (e.g., "The lemonade was tangy and refreshing on my tongue.")
Using Figurative Language
Figurative language helps bring your descriptions to life. It includes:
 Similes: Comparing two things using "like" or "as." (e.g., "The sky was as blue as the ocean.")
 Metaphors: Describing something as if it were something else. (e.g., "The room was a jungle of scattered toys.")
 Personification: Giving human traits to non-human objects. (e.g., "The wind whispered through the trees.")
 Hyperbole: Exaggerating for effect. (e.g., "I’ve told you a million times!")
Example: Strengthening Sentences with Details
Weak: Mary is a clean girl.
Strong: Mary is a tidy girl who always wears clean, neatly ironed dresses, paired with spotless socks and polished
shoes.
Tips for Writing a Good Descriptive Composition:
1. Use Specific Words
Avoid vague words like "nice" or "good." Instead, be specific. (e.g., "The flower was beautiful" can become "The rose
bloomed with vibrant red petals.")
2. Engage the Reader’s Imagination
Paint a clear picture in the reader’s mind by being detailed and precise in your descriptions.
3. Stay Focused
Stick to your outline and avoid going off-topic.

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. What is the main purpose of descriptive writing?
o a) To persuade b) To inform
o c) To describe d) To argue
2. Descriptive writing helps the reader to:
o a) Imagine the scene
o b) Question the author's view
o c) Solve problems
o d) Understand facts
3. Which of the following is a sensory detail?
o a) "The car was fast"
o b) "The cake tasted sweet and buttery"
o c) "The meeting started late"
o d) "The train was late"
4. Which of the following is an example of a metaphor?
o a) "The wind whispered through the trees"
o b) "The car is as fast as lightning"
o c) "The room was a jungle of toys"
o d) "The cat meowed loudly
5. What is the best way to organize a descriptive composition?
o a) List facts in bullet points
o b) Write in one long paragraph

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o c) Use a clear introduction, body, and conclusion
o d) Write only in short sentences
6. Which of the following is an example of a simile?
o a) "He is a lion in battle"
o b) "The stars were like diamonds in the sky"
o c) "The door creaked open slowly"
o d) "She sings like a bird"
7. Sensory details in descriptive writing should appeal to:
o a) The five senses
o b) The reader's logic
o c) The author's opinion
o d) Only sight and sound
8. Which of the following is NOT a sense used in descriptive writing?
o a) Sight b) Sound
o c) Taste d) Argument
9. How can figurative language improve descriptive writing?
o a) By making it more factual
o b) By adding color and creativity
o c) By making it shorter
o d) By simplifying vocabulary
10. What is personification?
 a) Comparing two things using "like" or "as"
 b) Giving human qualities to non-human objects
 c) Exaggerating a statement
 d) Describing sounds in detail
11. Which of the following describes hyperbole?
o a) A comparison between two unlike things
o b) An extreme exaggeration
o c) A mild understatement
o d) A figure of speech using "like" or "as"
12. What should you avoid in descriptive writing?
o a) Using sensory details
o b) Providing relevant examples
o c) Using vague words
o d) Describing emotions
13. Which of the following is an example of vivid language?
o a) "The car was very fast"
o b) "The car zoomed past with a roar"
o c) "The car was okay"
o d) "The car moved quickly"
14. Descriptive writing should:
o a) Be objective and factual
o b) Appeal to the reader’s senses
o c) Focus only on sight

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o d) Be long and complicated
15. A good descriptive essay:
o a) Uses complex words
o b) Engages the reader's imagination
o c) Focuses only on facts
16. d) Avoids emotions
What type of language is most effective in descriptive writing?
o a) Abstract b) Figurative
o c) Formal d) Technical
17. Which of the following is an example of alliteration?
o a) "The wind was wild"
o b) "The sun was shining brightly"
o c) "The car drove by quickly"
o d) "The sky was very blue"
18. Descriptive writing usually contains:
o a) Simple facts b) Complex numbers
o c) Detailed descriptions d) Charts and graphs
19. Which of these senses is NOT commonly used in descriptive writing?
o a) Smell b) Touch
o c) Sight d) Logic
20. The word "buzzing" in "The bees were buzzing around the garden" is an example of:
o a) Metaphor b) Simile
o c) Onomatopoeia d) Personification
21. Which of the following statements appeals to sight?
o a) "The food tasted spicy"
o b) "The roses were a brilliant shade of red"
o c) "The music was soothing"
o d) "The fabric felt soft"
22. In a descriptive essay, each paragraph should focus on:
o a) A new argument
o b) A different aspect of the description
o c) The same point repeatedly
o d) Unrelated ideas
23. Which of the following is a weak description?
o a) "The storm roared like a lion"
o b) "The table was big"
o c) "The house was painted a dull shade of green"
o d) "The music echoed through the hall"
24. Why is planning important in descriptive writing?
o a) It helps structure ideas
o b) It reduces word count
o c) It avoids using figurative language
o d) It limits creativity
25. What is an example of a sensory detail for sound?

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o a) "The flowers were bright yellow"
o b) "The birds chirped cheerfully"
o c) "The sun was warm on my skin"
o d) "The food tasted sweet and salty"
26. When describing smell, which of the following is correct?
o a) "The car is fast"
o b) "The aroma of freshly baked bread filled the air"
o c) "The room was painted yellow"
o d) "The sky was clear"
27. What type of figurative language compares two things without using "like" or "as"?
o a) Simile
o b) Metaphor
o c) Hyperbole
o d) Alliteration
28. A detailed description of a character’s appearance belongs in:
o a) An argumentative essay
o b) Descriptive writing
o c) A persuasive essay
o d) A report
29. A strong descriptive paragraph should:
o a) Mix many unrelated details
o b) Focus on a single main idea
o c) Be short and vague
o d) Avoid sensory words
30. Which of these is a good example of personification?
o a) "The cat meowed loudly"
o b) "The wind danced through the trees"
o c) "The car moved quickly"
o d) "The stars shone brightly"
31. Which type of figurative language exaggerates to create a strong effect?
o a) Metaphor b) Hyperbole
o c) Personification d) Simile
32. When writing descriptively, it's important to:
o a) List as many details as possible
o b) Focus on relevant and vivid details
o c) Avoid sensory language
o d) Use only short sentences
33. Which statement is a good example of using sensory details for touch?
o a) "The cake was sweet"
o b) "The blanket was soft and warm"
o c) "The car moved quickly"
o d) "The sky was blue"
34. Which word is an example of onomatopoeia?
o a) "Bright" b) "Loud"

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o c) "Buzz" d) "Beautiful"
35. What is the main benefit of using figurative language in descriptive writing?
o a) To make the writing more formal
o b) To add emotional depth and imagery
o c) To simplify complex ideas
o d) To provide factual information
36. Which of the following is an example of vivid language for describing sound?
o a) "The music was nice"
o b) "The music was loud and thumping"
o c) "The music played softly"
o d) "The music was soothing"
37. What should you avoid in a descriptive composition?
o a) Using detailed descriptions
o b) Being overly vague
o c) Using sensory details
o d) Creating a clear outline
38. Which sentence shows effective use of sight in descriptive writing?
o a) "The grass was green"
o b) "The grass was a lush, emerald green"
o c) "The grass was nice"
o d) "The grass was soft"
39. What is the purpose of using an outline in descriptive writing?
o a) To reduce writing time
o b) To organize ideas and maintain focus
o c) To avoid using descriptive language
o d) To limit creativity
40. Which of the following is an example of personification?
o a) "The sun set behind the mountains"
o b) "The leaves danced in the wind"
o c) "The river flowed gently"
o d) "The stars twinkled in the sky"
41. Descriptive writing often includes:
o a) Statistical data
o b) Sensory details
o c) Mathematical equations
o d) Lists of facts
42. Which technique enhances descriptive writing by comparing two things using "like" or "as"?
o a) Hyperbole b) Simile
o c) Metaphor d) Alliteration
43. What is a key characteristic of good descriptive writing?
o a) It is brief and to the point
o b) It uses many abstract terms
o c) It creates vivid mental images
o d) It focuses solely on facts

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44. Which of the following descriptive details is most effective for describing taste?
o a) "The food was good"
o b) "The pie was tangy and rich with spices"
o c) "The food was hot"
o d) "The food looked appetizing"
45. When writing descriptively, what is the purpose of the introduction?
o a) To present the main idea and set the scene
o b) To summarize the main points
o c) To provide a detailed analysis
o d) To list the facts in bullet points
46. How can figurative language be used to enhance descriptive writing?
o a) By simplifying descriptions
o b) By creating more abstract imagery
o c) By adding emotional depth and vivid imagery
o d) By avoiding detailed descriptions
47. Which of the following sentences effectively uses figurative language to describe sight?
o a) "The sky was blue"
o b) "The sky was a canvas painted with hues of orange and pink"
o c) "The sky was clear"
o d) "The sky looked nice"
48. What is not a typical use of sensory details in descriptive writing?
o a) To make the description more vivid
o b) To appeal to the reader's imagination
o c) To support the main argument
o d) To engage the reader's senses
49. Which technique would best describe the texture of an object?
o a) "The object was nice"
o b) "The object felt rough and bumpy"
o c) "The object was interesting"
o d) "The object was visually appealing"
50. In descriptive writing, how can one effectively use sensory details for smell?
o a) Describe the color of the object
o b) Mention how the object feels
o c) Explain the sound the object makes
o d) Describe the scent or aroma associated with the object
10 Short Answer Questions on Descriptive Writing
1. What role does sensory language play in descriptive writing?
2. Explain how figurative language can enhance a descriptive composition.
3. Why is it important to create an outline before writing a descriptive essay?
4. Describe how a simile differs from a metaphor in descriptive writing.
5. Provide an example of a sensory detail that appeals to taste.
6. How can personification be used to describe a natural scene?
7. What is the purpose of the introduction in a descriptive composition?
8. How does using vivid language improve a descriptive paragraph?

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9. Explain why it is important to avoid vague language in descriptive writing.
10. What type of details should be included in the body paragraphs of a descriptive essay?

10 Essay Questions on Descriptive Writing

1. Discuss the importance of sensory details in creating a vivid and engaging descriptive essay. Provide examples
from a descriptive piece you have read.
2. Compare and contrast similes and metaphors. How can each be used effectively in descriptive writing? Provide
examples to illustrate your points.
3. Describe the process of planning a descriptive composition. How does planning contribute to the effectiveness of
the final piece?
4. Analyze the impact of figurative language on the reader's experience in a descriptive composition. How does it
enhance the description?
5. Write a descriptive essay about a place that holds special significance to you. Use sensory details and figurative
language to create a vivid picture for the reader.
6. Evaluate the role of the introduction in a descriptive essay. How should it set the stage for the rest of the
composition?
7. Discuss how personification can be used to bring inanimate objects or natural elements to life in descriptive
writing. Provide examples.
8. Explain how sensory details for taste can be integrated into a descriptive essay about food. Provide specific
examples of effective descriptions.
9. Describe the effect of vivid language on the reader’s perception in a descriptive essay. How does it help in making
the description more impactful?
10. Reflect on the challenges and strategies of writing a descriptive essay. What techniques can be used to overcome
common difficulties and enhance the writing process?

LESSON 5: SUMMARY WRITING

What is a Summary?
A summary is a shortened version of a longer text. It gives the main ideas of the passage without unnecessary details. The
goal is to reduce the original text to a concise and clear form while maintaining its essence.

Key Points to Remember:

1. Use Brief Sentences:
When writing a summary, always focus on making your sentences short and direct. This helps keep your summary clear
and focused.
2. Limit the Number of Words:
A summary should use the minimum number of words needed to express the main ideas of the passage. Do not be
tempted to include too many details.
3. Avoid Examples and Illustrations:
Leave out examples, illustrations, and detailed descriptions from the original passage. Including these can make your
summary long and less relevant.
4. Stick to the Original Text:
Only include information that is in the original passage. Do not add new ideas or personal opinions when writing a

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summary.
5. Identify the Topic Sentence:
The topic sentence of each paragraph is the most important part. It introduces the main idea of that section of the
passage. Identifying these sentences helps in organizing your summary around the central ideas.

Tips for Writing a Good Summary:

 Understand the Passage:
Read the original text carefully to fully understand the main points before attempting to write the summary.
 Take Note of Key Points:
Jot down the main ideas as you read. Focus on the topic sentences and any other important points related to the
overall message.
 Avoid Repetition:
Ensure that your summary does not repeat the same ideas or phrases multiple times. Each point should be mentioned
once.
 Be Objective:
Summaries should be neutral. Avoid adding opinions, emotions, or unnecessary comments.
Step-by-Step Process for Writing a Summary:
1. Read the Text Carefully:
Skim through the passage to understand its overall meaning. Then, read it again more closely to pick out key points.
2. Underline or Highlight the Main Ideas:
As you read, underline or highlight the topic sentences and important information. Ignore extra details, examples, and
descriptions.
3. Draft Your Summary:
Using the topic sentences and key points, draft a concise version of the passage. Remember, you don’t need to copy
every sentence—just focus on the main ideas.
4. Revise for Clarity:
Go over your summary to ensure it is clear and free from any unnecessary information or repetitive ideas.
Example of Summary Writing:
Original Passage:
The giraffe is the tallest land animal. It can grow up to 18 feet tall. Giraffes have long necks that help them reach leaves on
tall trees, which they eat. They live in Africa and are known for their gentle nature. Giraffes usually live in groups and can
run fast despite their size.
Summary:
Giraffes, the tallest land animals, live in Africa and use their long necks to eat leaves from tall trees. They live in groups and
can run fast.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. What is the primary goal of summary writing?
a) To rewrite the entire passage
b) To shorten the text without losing its main ideas
c) To add your personal opinion
d) To provide examples from the text
2. What should you avoid including in a summary?
a) Topic sentences
b) Supporting details

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c) Examples and illustrations
d) Key points
3. What is a summary?
a) A detailed explanation of the text
b) A brief version of the original passage
c) A critical analysis of the text
d) A collection of quotes from the text
4. The topic sentence in a paragraph is:
a) The longest sentence
b) The sentence that introduces the main idea
c) The last sentence
d) A question in the paragraph
5. What is the key feature of a good summary?
a) Detailed descriptions
b) Use of direct quotations
c) Clarity and brevity
d) Addition of personal opinions
6. In summary writing, what is the most important part of the paragraph to focus on?
a) The concluding sentence
b) The topic sentence
c) The supporting examples
d) The introduction
7. Which of these should not be in a summary?
a) Main ideas
b) Examples
c) Key points
d) Concise sentences
8. A summary should be written in:
a) The exact words of the passage
b) A longer form than the passage
c) Your own words
d) Short sentences from the text
9. How should you structure a summary?
a) By including all details
b) By focusing on the key ideas
c) By writing a review of the text
d) By using difficult words
10. What is the first step in writing a summary?
a) Start writing immediately
b) Add your opinion
c) Read the text carefully
d) Identify supporting examples
11. Which of the following is not a reason to summarize a text?
a) To make it shorter
b) To understand the main ideas

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c) To add personal opinions
d) To clarify the text’s key points
12. When summarizing, which sentence do you look for first?
a) The closing sentence
b) The longest sentence
c) The topic sentence
d) The question
13. How long a summary should be compared to the original passage?
a) As long as the original
b) Longer than the original
c) Shorter than the original
d) Twice the length of the original
14. Why should examples and illustrations be excluded from a summary?
a) They are unnecessary and make the summary bulky
b) They clarify the passage
c) They highlight the main idea
d) They are part of the topic sentence
15. What is the purpose of a topic sentence?
a) To give details about the passage
b) To introduce the main idea of a paragraph
c) To provide examples
d) To add illustrations
16. Which sentence is most likely to be included in a summary?
a) A sentence with an example
b) The topic sentence
c) A sentence with a personal opinion
d) The longest sentence
17. Summaries should include:
a) All the details of the text
b) The main ideas in brief form
c) Complex vocabulary
d) Personal opinions
18. How can you find the main idea of a paragraph?
a) By looking for examples
b) By identifying the topic sentence
c) By reading only the introduction
d) By looking for personal opinions
19. When writing a summary, you should:
a) Include your thoughts
b) Focus on the author's main points
c) Rewrite every sentence
d) Use the exact words from the passage
20. What should a good summary achieve?
a) It should be long and detailed
b) It should convey the original message concisely

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c) It should provide a critical analysis
d) It should introduce new ideas
21. What is the main benefit of writing summaries?
a) To practice creative writing
b) To better understand and retain key ideas
c) To add personal opinions
d) To review all details of the passage
22. Which sentence from a passage should be summarized first?
a) The introduction
b) The topic sentence
c) The conclusion
d) Any sentence with an example
23. How should a summary start?
a) By copying the first paragraph
b) By introducing the main idea
c) By adding examples
d) By giving personal opinions
24. What does "concise" mean in summary writing?
a) Detailed and lengthy
b) Short and clear
c) Confusing and brief
d) Long and unclear
25. Which part of the passage is typically not included in a summary?
a) The conclusionb) The examples
c) The topic sentences
d) The main ideas
26. What should you focus on when reading a passage to summarize?
a) Details b) Main ideas
c) Illustrations d) Lengthy explanations
27. A summary should be written in:
a) First-person perspective
b) Third-person perspective
c) Second-person perspective
d) Direct speech
28. Which of the following best describes summary writing?
a) Rewriting the passage in your own words
b) Quoting the passage word-for-word
c) Creating a fictional account based on the passage
d) Skipping main ideas to add new ideas
29. What should be the focus of a summary?
a) Adding personal opinions
b) Presenting key ideas from the passage
c) Describing all the characters
d) Summarizing only examples

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30. Why is it important to identify the topic sentence?
a) To make your summary longer
b) To ensure you understand the paragraph’s main idea
c) To add illustrations
d) To rewrite examples
31. A summary is meant to:
a) Be detailed and complex
b) Be short, clear, and focused
c) Criticize the original text
d) Include as much information as possible
32. Which is NOT a step in summary writing?
a) Reading the text carefully
b) Adding your own examples
c) Identifying key points
d) Writing concisely
33. How can you tell if your summary is too long?
a) It has more words than the original text
b) It includes too many unnecessary details
c) It focuses only on the main points
d) It excludes topic sentences
34. The first thing you should do when summarizing is:
a) Identify the examples
b) Write down your opinion
c) Read the text thoroughly
d) Count the number of paragraphs
35. What should you always avoid in a summary?
a) Main points
b) Personal opinions
c) Topic sentences
d) Key ideas
36. When summarizing, you should always:
a) Stick to the text’s main points
b) Add new ideas
c) Write in first-person
d) Use examples from the text
37. Which word best describes an effective summary?
a) Brief
b) Detailed
c) Lengthy
d) Opinionated
38. What is the purpose of writing a summary?
a) To make the text more complicated
b) To simplify and convey the key ideas clearly
c) To critique the text
d) To expand on the original text

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39. When identifying key ideas, you should focus on:
a) Examples
b) Topic sentences and important points
c) Supporting details
d) Direct quotations
40. Summaries are usually written:
a) To include personal opinions
b) To shorten the original text
c) To explain examples in detail
d) To add new ideas
41. How can you avoid adding unnecessary details in your summary?
a) Focus on examples
b) Stick to the main points and avoid elaboration
c) Rewrite every sentence
d) Add personal opinions
42. A good summary should be:
a) Longer than the original passage
b) Shorter, with only the essential ideas
c) A reflection of your opinions
d) More complex than the original text
43. Why are topic sentences important in summary writing?
a) They give a detailed explanation
b) They help focus on the main idea of each paragraph
c) They add examples
d) They include personal opinions
44. In a summary, you should:
a) Paraphrase the text
b) Copy the text word-for-word
c) Use complex vocabulary
d) Ignore the main points
45. When reading a text for summarizing, you should:
a) Skim for details
b) Focus on understanding the main ideas
c) Memorize all the details
d) Highlight every sentence
46. Which of the following is a key feature of a summary?
a) Long paragraphs
b) Detailed descriptions
c) Concise language
d) Personal anecdotes
47. What should a summary mainly reflect?
a) The writer’s personal views
b) The original text’s key points
c) The author's examples
d) The length of the original text

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48. When summarizing a passage, you should:
a) Write in the same style as the original text
b) Change the meaning of the text
c) Use your own words to express the main ideas
d) Add irrelevant information
49. How do you ensure a summary is accurate?
a) Include all details from the passage
b) Verify that it covers the main points of the original text
c) Write it in a longer form than the passage
d) Use complex and difficult language
50. To make a summary effective, you should:
a) Use examples to support the main ideas
b) Avoid adding new information or opinions
c) Rewrite each sentence from the original text
d) Focus on personal interpretations
10 Essay Questions on Summary Writing
1. Explain the significance of identifying the topic sentence in a passage when writing a summary. How does it aid in
creating an effective summary?
2. Discuss the role of brevity and clarity in summary writing. How can a writer ensure that their summary meets these
criteria?
3. Analyze the impact of including examples and illustrations in a summary. Why are these elements typically excluded?
4. Compare and contrast summary writing with detailed report writing. What are the key differences in their purposes
and approaches?
5. Describe the steps involved in summarizing a complex text. How can one manage to distill its main ideas without losing
the essence?
6. Explain how summarizing can help improve reading comprehension and retention. Provide examples of strategies for
effective summarization.
7. Discuss the importance of using one's own words in a summary. What are the potential consequences of not doing so?
8. Evaluate the effectiveness of a summary that includes personal opinions versus one that sticks strictly to the main ideas
of the original text.
9. How can one ensure that a summary remains faithful to the original text while being concise and clear? Provide a
detailed approach.
10. Reflect on the challenges faced when summarizing a passage with complex language or concepts. How can a writer
overcome these challenges?

LESSON 6: WRITE A STORY

Introduction
Writing a story is about creating engaging narratives that capture readers' attention and guide them through events,
characters, and emotions.
Key Elements of Story Writing
1. Planning the Narrative Before writing a story, it is crucial to plan the plot, setting, and characters. This helps create a
structured narrative with a clear beginning, middle, and end. You can use a story map, outline, or timeline to organize

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events.
o Characters: Who are the main characters? What are their traits, goals, and challenges?
o Setting: Where does the story take place? How does the setting impact the characters and events?
o Plot: What is the central conflict or challenge in the story? How will the events unfold?
2. Opening the Story The opening of a story is vital in capturing readers’ attention. A strong opening introduces the
setting, characters, and a hint of the conflict or theme. It sets the tone of the story.
o Example: “I stood on the cliff face and looked down at the furious, boiling waters...” This opening immediately places
the reader in a moment of tension, giving them a sense of the character’s emotions and the dangerous setting.
o Techniques for a Good Opening:
 Start with action or dialogue.
 Set the mood with vivid descriptions.
 Raise questions that create suspense.
3. Building Suspense Suspense keeps readers engaged and eager to know what happens next. It can be created through
pacing, withholding information, and placing characters in risky or tense situations.
o Example from Text: "People had died attempting such a feat it was madness...The ocean looked angry, the Ocean was
Certain death." This statement builds suspense by introducing the danger and uncertainty of the character’s situation.
o Techniques to Build Suspense:
 Use short, punchy sentences.
 Focus on the character’s internal thoughts and emotions.
 Include moments of hesitation or doubt.
4. Creating a Climax The climax is the turning point of the story, where the tension reaches its highest point. It is the
moment when the main character faces the central conflict head-on.
o Example from Text: “An unseen force propelled me towards the water...I found myself falling. For seconds, I was a
bird." The character's decision to leap into the ocean marks the climax, filled with action and uncertainty.
o Climactic Techniques:
 Build up to the moment through a series of escalating events.
 Focus on sensory details to heighten the intensity.
 Show the emotional impact on the characters.
5. Resolution The resolution wraps up the story by resolving the conflict or challenge faced by the main character. It
shows how the character has changed or learned from their experiences.
o Techniques for Resolution:
 Reflect on the events and their impact on the characters.
 Provide a satisfying conclusion, whether happy or tragic.
 Keep the resolution consistent with the theme and tone of the story.
Writing and Editing Process
1. Writing the Draft
o Begin writing based on your plan. Don’t worry about perfection; focus on getting your ideas down.
o Allow your characters and events to unfold naturally, following the plot structure.
2. Editing the Narrative After writing the first draft, review and improve your work:
o Check for consistency in characters, setting, and plot.
o Ensure that the pacing keeps readers engaged throughout the story.
o Look for ways to improve word choice and sentence variety to create vivid images.
3. Feedback Share your story with others for feedback and make necessary revisions. Pay attention to suggestions on
how to clarify ideas or add more suspense.
Key Learning Objectives

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For both the Cambridge and Nigerian curricula, the following objectives are essential for Year 7 students:
 Understand Narrative Structure: Students should be able to outline and write a coherent narrative with a clear
beginning, middle, and end.
 Use Descriptive Language: Students should practice using descriptive language to create vivid imagery and
atmosphere.
 Develop Characters and Plot: Students should create well-developed characters and engaging plotlines.
 Apply Editing Techniques: Students should learn to review and improve their stories by editing for clarity, suspense,
and overall impact.
Conclusion
Writing a successful story involves careful planning, crafting an engaging opening, building suspense, and providing a
satisfying resolution. By following these guidelines, students can develop their storytelling skills and create compelling
narratives that captivate their readers.

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. What is the purpose of the opening in a story?
o a) To introduce the characters and setting
o b) To summarize the entire story
o c) To describe the ending
o d) To describe only the setting
2. What is the climax of a story?
o a) The beginning of the story
o b) The point where tension is highest
o c) The description of the setting
o d) The resolution of the conflict
3. Which of the following is a common type of conflict in stories?
o a) Man vs. Nature b) Man vs. Time
o c) Man vs. Temperature d) Man vs. Silence
4. Which part of the story resolves the central conflict?
o a) The middle b) The introduction
o c) The resolution d) The climax
5. What is the purpose of dialogue in a story?
o a) To describe the setting
o b) To summarize the plot
o c) To reveal character relationships and advance the plot
o d) To lengthen the story
6. Which of the following best describes a protagonist?
o a) The main character in the story
o b) The character that opposes the protagonist
o c) The character who tells the story
o d) The character who observes the events
7. Which of the following is an example of descriptive language?
o a) "The sun was hot."
o b) "The blazing sun scorched the earth, turning it to dust."
o c) "It was sunny."

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o d) "The weather was good."
8. What type of story typically includes magic, dragons, and mystical creatures?
o a) Realistic fiction b) Historical fiction
o c) Fantasy d) Mystery
9. What should be included in the middle of a story?
o a) The conclusion
o b) Events that develop the conflict
o c) Only the characters' names
o d) A list of dialogue
10. Which of these is a setting?
o a) A park at sunset
o b) A conflict between two friends
o c) A conversation between a mother and son
o d) A discovery of a hidden treasure
11. Which is the correct order of a story’s structure?
o a) Opening, climax, conclusion, events
o b) Introduction, resolution, rising action
o c) Introduction, events, climax, resolution
o d) Events, opening, climax, conclusion
12. Which of the following statements is true about a story’s resolution?
o a) It introduces the conflict
o b) It provides background on the characters
o c) It ties up loose ends and resolves the conflict
o d) It includes the setting description
13. Which technique is used to create suspense?
o a) Starting with a happy ending
o b) Revealing everything at once
o c) Withholding information from the reader
o d) Describing the setting in full detail
14. Which point of view uses 'I' and 'we'?
o a) First person b) Second person
o c) Third person d) Omniscient
15. The antagonist is:
o a) The main character’s friend
o b) The character who opposes the protagonist
o c) The person telling the story
o d) The setting of the story
16. What is foreshadowing?
o a) Describing characters
o b) Giving hints about what will happen later in the story
o c) The climax of a story
o d) Explaining the setting
17. Which of these is NOT an element of a short story?
o a) Character b) Dialogue

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o c) Conflict d) Index
18. What is the best way to describe the tone of a story?
o a) The emotional atmosphere or attitude of the writer
o b) The physical setting
o c) The structure of the plot
o d) The resolution of the conflict
19. Which of the following sentences is an example of showing, not telling?
o a) "She was nervous."
o b) "Her hands trembled as she approached the stage."
o c) "She didn't know what to do."
o d) "She felt scared."
20. Which of the following is a method of developing characters?
o a) Telling the reader their traits
o b) Showing their actions and decisions
o c) Listing their qualities in the introduction
o d) Describing the setting around them
21. In an adventure story, the character often faces:
o a) Conflict with nature
o b) Arguments with friends
o c) Shopping trips
o d) Nothing at all
22. What is the significance of a story’s setting?
o a) It describes the physical location
o b) It helps establish the mood and atmosphere
o c) It explains the background of the characters
o d) It has no relevance to the plot
23. Which is an example of direct characterization?
o a) "John was a brave man."
o b) "John’s hands shook as he opened the door."
o c) "The wind howled as John stood still."
o d) "The mountains towered above John."
24. Which type of story often involves solving a mystery?
o a) Science fiction b) Fantasy
o c) Detective fiction d) Romance
25. What is imagery in storytelling?
o a) Visual description that appeals to the senses
o b) A part of the plot
o c) The sequence of events in a story
o d) The dialogue between characters
26. Which is the main function of the climax?
o a) To introduce the setting
o b) To give the resolution
o c) To intensify the story’s conflict
o d) To conclude the story

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27. What is the purpose of the rising action?
o a) To resolve the story
o b) To describe the character
o c) To build tension leading up to the climax
o d) To give background information
28. Which point of view provides insight into the thoughts of all characters?
o a) First person
o b) Second person
o c) Third-person limited
o d) Third-person omniscient
29. What is theme in a story?
o a) The moral or message of the story
o b) The name of the protagonist
o c) The main setting
o d) The resolution of the conflict
30. A story’s pacing refers to:
o a) How quickly or slowly the plot unfolds
o b) The number of characters
o c) The setting description
o d) The dialogue length
31. Which of these is an example of first-person narrative?
o a) "I walked down the road."
o b) "He walked down the road."
o c) "They walked down the road."
o d) "You walked down the road."
32. The conflict in a story can be between:
o a) Characters and nature
o b) Characters and settings
o c) Characters and dialogue
o d) Characters and description
33. What is a flashback?
o a) A glimpse into a future event
o b) A sudden action in the story
o c) A look back at an earlier event in the story
o d) A technique to reveal the climax
34. The conclusion of a story is also called:
o a) The setting
o b) The climax
o c) The resolution
o d) The rising action
35. Dialogue helps a writer to:
o a) Describe the setting
o b) Develop characters and advance the plot
o c) Explain the theme

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o d) Write the resolution
36. Which of the following is an external conflict?
o a) A character battling their own emotions
o b) A character trying to survive a storm
o c) A character making a difficult decision
o d) A character dreaming of a better life
37. In narrative writing, transitions help to:
o a) Provide detailed character descriptions
o b) Move the story smoothly from one event to another
o c) Introduce the climax
o d) Create flashbacks
38. Which of these is an internal conflict?
o a) A character is lost in a forest
o b) A character struggles with guilt
o c) A character fights with their
o d) A character escapes from a locked room
39. What does the term 'point of view' refer to in storytelling?
 a) The perspective from which the story is told
 b) The setting of the story
 c) The character's goal
 d) The main conflict
40. Which type of characterization involves showing characters' traits through their actions and dialogue?
 a) Direct characterization
 b) Indirect characterization
 c) Static characterization
 d) Dynamic characterization
41. What does 'pacing' refer to in a narrative?
 a) The speed at which the plot develops
 b) The amount of dialogue
 c) The frequency of descriptions
 d) The length of the story
42. Which of the following best describes the setting of a story?
 a) The characters' thoughts and feelings
 b) The time and place where the story occurs
 c) The main conflict in the story
 d) The story's theme
43. What role does the antagonist play in a story?
 a) The character who helps the protagonist
 b) The character who opposes or challenges the protagonist
 c) The character who narrates the story
 d) The setting of the story
44. What is a subplot?
 a) The main conflict of the story
 b) A secondary plot that runs alongside the main plot
 c) A character’s backstory

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 d) The setting details
45. What is the purpose of using figurative language in a story?
 a) To create vivid imagery and convey deeper meanings
 b) To describe the plot in detail
 c) To summarize the character’s traits
 d) To establish the setting
46. Which technique is used to create a sense of urgency in a story?
 a) Detailed description
 b) Slow pacing
 c) Fast-paced action and short sentences
 d) Extensive background information
47. What does 'show, don’t tell' mean in writing?
 a) To provide direct information about characters and events
 b) To use descriptive language to allow readers to infer details
 c) To summarize the plot
 d) To list character traits explicitly
48. In which part of the story do you find the protagonist’s main challenge?
 a) The resolution
 b) The introduction
 c) The climax
 d) The rising action
49. Which narrative style allows readers to know only the thoughts and feelings of one character?
 a) Third-person omniscient
 b) First-person
 c) Third-person limited
 d) Second-person
50. What is the purpose of a story’s resolution?
 a) To introduce new conflicts
 b) To tie up loose ends and provide closure
 c) To describe the characters’ backgrounds
 d) To detail the story’s setting
Essay Questions (10)
1. Describe the elements of a successful story opening. How does it engage the reader and set the tone for the rest of the
narrative?
2. Analyze how building suspense affects a story’s plot and reader engagement. Provide examples of techniques used to
build suspense.
3. Discuss the role of character development in storytelling. How do characters’ actions, dialogue, and decisions
contribute to the overall narrative?
4. Compare and contrast first-person and third-person limited perspectives. How does each perspective influence the
reader’s understanding of the story?
5. Explain the importance of setting in a story. How does it impact the characters and plot, and why is it essential to
establish a strong setting?
6. Evaluate the significance of the climax in a narrative. How does it differ from the resolution, and what makes it a pivotal
moment in the story?

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7. Discuss the use of figurative language in creating imagery and conveying deeper meanings in a story. Provide examples
of different types of figurative language.
8. Analyze the concept of pacing in storytelling. How does pacing affect the narrative’s flow, and what techniques can be
used to manage it effectively?
9. Explain how subplots can enhance the main plot of a story. Provide examples of how a subplot can add depth to the
narrative.
10. Reflect on the role of conflict in a story. How does it drive the plot forward, and what are the different types of conflict
that can be used?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar). Week 3 & 4
TOPICS: Sentence openings,
 Compound -complex sentences,
 Formal and informal language,

LESSON 1: SENTENCE OPENINGS,

Introduction to Sentence Openings
In writing, how a sentence begins can influence the reader's understanding and perception of the text. Sentence openings
are strategically chosen by writers to provide context, show relationships, or move the story forward.
Purpose of Sentence Openings
1. Indicate Time or Sequence
o Example: "Later that day..."
o Purpose: Shows that time has passed and introduces a new event or stage in the story.
2. Establish Location or Context
o Example: "On the other side of the road..."
o Purpose: Sets a new scene or provides additional information about where the action is happening.
3. Show Comparison or Contrast
o Example: "In the same way..."
o Purpose: Highlights similarities between events or ideas, helping the reader draw comparisons.
4. Explain Why (Cause and Effect)
o Example: "Because of the bad weather..."
o Purpose: Indicates a reason for something that happens next, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.
Examples from Text
1. Time/Sequence:
 "For two weeks now, ever since his well had gone dry, Calvin had been hauling water..."
 This opening shows that Calvin’s situation has been ongoing for a period, setting the stage for his current predicament.
2. Location/Context:
 "Halfway between the house and the barn..."
 This sets the scene, describing where Calvin is and giving a visual context for the reader.
3. Comparison/Contrast:
 "Calvin picked up a bucket to which was attached a long rope and lowered it into the hole. It was Dora's backbreaking
task to pull the bucket hand over hand..."
 This shows a contrast between Calvin’s and Dora’s tasks, highlighting their differing roles and efforts.
4. Cause and Effect:
 "No water seeped from it."
 Indicates the result of Dora’s effort in pulling up the bucket, showing the consequence of the action.
Application in Writing
When writing, consider how you want to direct your reader’s attention or convey specific details. Think about:
 Time: How has time changed? Use phrases like "Suddenly," "Before long," or "Meanwhile."
 Location: Where is the action taking place? Use openings like "In the distance," "Across the room," or "Under the tree."
 Comparison/Contrast: How does this compare with something else? Use "Similarly," "However," or "On the other
hand."
 Cause and Effect: Why does something happen? Use "As a result," "Due to," or "Therefore."
Conclusion

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Sentence openings are a crucial tool for writers to control the flow of a story and guide readers through the text. By
understanding and using different types of openings, you can enhance clarity and interest in your writing.

50 Multiple Choice Questions on Sentence Openings

1. Which of the following sentence openings indicates time?
o A. "Later that evening..."
o B. "Across the street..."
o C. "As a result..."
o D. "In contrast..."
2. What does the sentence opening "Because of the rain..." suggest?
o A. A location B. A reason
o C. A sequence of events D. A comparison
3. Which of the following is a sentence opening that introduces a place?
o A. "In the afternoon..."
o B. "Meanwhile..."
o C. "On top of the hill..."
o D. "Therefore..."
4. The sentence opening "Suddenly..." indicates:
o A. Location B. Time
o C. Reason D. Comparison
5. Which sentence opening suggests a comparison?
o A. "Unlike last time..."
o B. "At the market..."
o C. "After lunch..."
o D. "In the garden..."
6. "Because of the noise..." is an example of a sentence opening showing:
o A. A place B. A time
o C. A
cause and effect.
 B. A contrast
 C. A sequence of events
 D. A comparison
7. Which of the following introduces a new location?
o A. "During the night..."
o B. "Across the river..."
o C. "As a result..."
o D. "In the same way..."
8. "Despite the cold weather..." is an example of a sentence opening that introduces:
o A. Time B. Location
o C. Contrast D. Cause
9. Which of the following shows the passing of time?
o A. "Later that day..."
 B. "At the bottom of the hill..."
 C. "In contrast..."

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 D. "Because of the mistake..."
10. What does the sentence opening "Therefore..." suggest?
o A. Location
o B. Cause and effect
o C. Sequence of events
o D. Time
11. The sentence opening "Meanwhile..." indicates:
o A. A location
o B. A sequence of events
o C. A cause
o D. A comparison
12. Which sentence opening suggests a cause and effect relationship?
o A. "Before breakfast..."
o B. "On the other hand..."
o C. "Due to the storm..."
o D. "In the distance..."
13. Which of the following sentence openings shows contrast?
o A. "During the afternoon..."
o B. "Because of his actions..."
o C. "In the same way..."
o D. "Unlike last time..."
14. "Across the park..." introduces:
o A. Time B. Location
o C. Comparison D. Cause and effect
15. The sentence opening "Soon after..." indicates:
o A. Time B. Location
o C. Reason D. Contrast
16. What type of sentence opening is "In the middle of the forest..."?
o A. Location B. Time
o C. ContrastD. Cause
17. "Because of his efforts..." introduces:
o A. A new location
o B. A sequence of events
o C. A cause and effect relationship
o D. A comparison
18. Which of the following best shows a transition in time?
o A. "In the morning..."
o B. "On top of the mountain..."
o C. "In comparison..."
o D. "As a result..."
19. "Unlike her previous attempt..." is an example of:
o A. Time sequence B. Location
o C. ContrastD. Cause
20. "After the storm..." is an example of a sentence opening that:

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o A. Introduces a cause
o B. Shows a contrast
o C. Indicates a time sequence
o D. Describes a location
21. Which of the following openings suggests a continuation of events?
o A. "In addition..."
o B. "At the edge of the lake..."
o C. "Later that evening..."
o D. "Despite the warning..."
22. The sentence opening "As a result..." indicates:
o A. Cause and effect
o B. Time sequence
o C. Comparison
o D. Location
23. Which sentence opening introduces a contrast?
o A. "Along the road..."
o B. "Before the sun set..."
o C. "However..."
o D. "Due to the delay..."
24. "Eventually..." introduces:
o A. A place B. A time shift
o C. A comparison D. A reason
25. Which of these sentence openings indicates cause and effect?
o A. "Under the bridge..."
o B. "Because of his hard work..."
o C. "At dawn..."
o D. "In contrast..."
26. The sentence opening "Nearby..." indicates:
o A. Time B. Place
o C. ContrastD. Cause and effect
27. "As a result of the accident..." is an example of:
o A. Time sequence B. Cause and effect
o C. ContrastD. Comparison
28. Which sentence opening suggests time passing?
o A. "In the field..." B. "The next day..."
o C. "Unlike before..." D. "Due to the delay..."
29. The opening "In the same way..." introduces:
o A. Time B. Location
o C. A comparison D. A cause
30. Which of these sentence openings shows a change in location?
o A. "After lunch..."
o B. "On the far side of the mountain..."
o C. "As a result of the decision..."
o D. "Despite his efforts..."

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31. "Soon after the rain stopped..." is an example of:
o A. A cause and effect relationship
o B. Time sequence
o C. Comparison
o D. Location
32. Which of the following indicates a cause and effect relationship?
o A. "Because of the traffic..."
o B. "Next to the house..."
o C. "Before dinner..."
o D. "Similarly..."
33. "Beyond the horizon..." is an example of a sentence opening that shows:
o A. Time B. Cause
o C. Comparison D. Location
34. "As a consequence of his actions..." suggests:
o A. A place
o B. A cause and effect relationship
o C. Time
o D. Contrast
35. "In contrast to her friend..." introduces:
o A. A comparison B. A cause
o C. A location D. Time
36. "Before the sun rose..." is an example of:
o A. Location B. Time
o C. ContrastD. Cause
37. The sentence opening "On the edge of the cliff..." describes:
o A. A time shift B. A reason
o C. A place D. A comparison
38. "Similarly to last week..." suggests:
o A. Time sequence B. Location
o C. Comparison D. Cause and effect
39. Which sentence opening shows a change in time?
o A. "Eventually..."
o B. "Under the bridge..."
o C. "As a result of his mistake..."
o D. "In comparison..."
40. "On top of the hill..." introduces:
o A. A new location B. A time shift
o C. A cause D. A comparison
41. "Due to the shortage of resources..." introduces:
o A. A location B. A cause and effect
o C. A contrast D. A time sequence
42. The sentence opening "Across from the river..." indicates:
o A. A time sequence B. A comparison
o C. A location D. A cause

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43. "Immediately after the announcement..." suggests:
o A. A reason B. A time sequence
o C. A contrast D. A location
44. Which of the following shows a cause and effect relationship?
o A. "Under the tree..."
o B. "As a result of the damage..."
o C. "During the meeting..."
o D. "At the market..."
45. "In the middle of the crowd..." introduces:
o A. A comparison B. A cause
o C. A location D. A time sequence
46. Which sentence opening best introduces a new location?
o A. "Beyond the trees..."
o B. "At the same time..."
o C. "As a result of the storm..."
o D. "However..."
47. "On the contrary..." indicates:
o A. A place B. A contrast
o C. A time sequence D. A cause
48. "Near the entrance..." introduces:
o A. A cause B. A place
o C. A comparison D. A time sequence
49. Which of these sentence openings indicates time passing?
o A. "After the party..."
o B. "Along the river..."
o C. "In comparison..."
o D. "Due to the accident..."
50. The sentence opening "On the other hand..." introduces:
o A. A time sequence B. A contrast
o C. A location D. A reason

10 Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of sentence openings in creating flow and clarity in writing.
2. Explain how sentence openings can help a reader understand the relationships between events in a text.
3. Compare and contrast different types of sentence openings and their effects on a narrative.
4. Analyze how sentence openings can influence the tone and pacing of a story.
5. Discuss how sentence openings contribute to the overall structure of an argument in persuasive writing.

LESSON 2: COMPOUND -COMPLEX SENTENCES,

What Are Compound-Complex Sentences?
A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that combines elements of both compound sentences and complex
sentences. It has at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses.
 Independent clauses are complete sentences that can stand alone.

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 Dependent clauses (also called subordinate clauses) are not complete sentences and cannot stand alone. They depend
on the rest of the sentence to make sense.
Example:
"As the rope slackened in her hands indicating that the bucket had reached the bottom, a scream of sheer terror came up
from the hole, and the rope ladder jerked violently."
 Dependent clause: "As the rope slackened in her hands indicating that the bucket had reached the bottom"
 Independent clause 1: "a scream of sheer terror came up from the hole"
 Independent clause 2: "the rope ladder jerked violently"
In this sentence, the dependent clause describes the condition or situation, and the two independent clauses express
actions happening in response.

Structure of a Compound-Complex Sentence

1. Independent Clause 1 + Coordinating Conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) + Independent Clause 2 + Dependent
Clause(s)
2. Dependent Clause(s) + Independent Clause 1 + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent Clause 2
Example 1:
"I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining before I could leave the house."
 Independent Clause 1: "I wanted to go to the park"
 Independent Clause 2: "it started raining"
 Dependent Clause: "before I could leave the house"

Why Use Compound-Complex Sentences?

1. Add Detail and Complexity: Compound-complex sentences allow the writer to give more information in a single
sentence, linking multiple ideas together smoothly.
2. Show Cause and Effect: By combining independent clauses and dependent clauses, writers can show relationships
between events or actions.
3. Vary Sentence Structure: Using compound-complex sentences can help improve writing by varying sentence lengths
and structures, making the writing more engaging.

From Extract 3:
 "As the rope slackened in her hands indicating that the bucket had reached the bottom, a scream of sheer terror
came up from the hole, and the rope ladder jerked violently."
o Independent clause 1: "a scream of sheer terror came up from the hole"
o Independent clause 2: "the rope ladder jerked violently"
o Dependent clause: "As the rope slackened in her hands indicating that the bucket had reached the bottom"

How to Write Compound-Complex Sentences

1. Step 1: Write a simple sentence (independent clause).
Example: "The sun was setting."
2. Step 2: Add another independent clause using a coordinating conjunction.
Example: "The sun was setting, and the stars began to appear."
3. Step 3: Add a dependent clause to provide more detail or explain something about the situation.
Example: "The sun was setting, and the stars began to appear as the sky darkened."

Summary

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A compound-complex sentence helps writers add depth to their writing by combining two or more independent clauses
with one or more dependent clauses. This sentence structure makes writing more interesting and helps to show
relationships between ideas or actions.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. What is a compound-complex sentence?
o a) A sentence with one independent clause
o b) A sentence with two independent clauses and one dependent clause
o c) A sentence with only dependent clauses
o d) A sentence with two dependent clauses and one independent clause
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a compound-complex sentence?
o a) Only one clause
o b) At least two independent clauses and one dependent clause
o c) Only two dependent clauses
o d) No independent clause
3. In the sentence, "I went to the park, and I saw my friends while it was raining," which part is the dependent clause?
o a) "I went to the park"
o b) "I saw my friends"
o c) "while it was raining"
o d) "and I saw my friends"
4. Which of these sentences is a compound-complex sentence?
o a) "I studied hard, and I passed the test."
o b) "Although it was raining, I went for a walk."
o c) "The dog barked, and the cat ran away while it rained."
o d) "She is tired, but she stayed up late."
5. A compound-complex sentence must have at least how many independent clauses?
o a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
6. What conjunction is typically used in a compound-complex sentence to connect independent clauses?
o a) Subordinating conjunction
o b) Coordinating conjunction
o c) Correlative conjunction
o d) Preposition
7. Which sentence contains a subordinating conjunction?
o a) "I love reading because it relaxes me."
o b) "The dog barked, and the cat ran away."
o c) "She is tall and slim."
o d) "He studied hard but failed."
8. Identify the dependent clause in the sentence: "She didn't come to the party because she was ill."
o a) "She didn't come to the party"
o b) "because she was ill"
o c) "to the party"
o d) "come to the party"
9. Which of these is NOT part of a compound-complex sentence?
o a) An independent clause
o b) A dependent clause

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o c) A subject and verb
o d) Only one clause
10. In the sentence, "While it was raining, the children played outside and their parents watched from the window," which
part is an independent clause?
 a) "While it was raining"
 b) "the children played outside"
 c) "and their parents watched from the window"
 d) Both b and c
11. A complex sentence contains:
 a) One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
 b) Two independent clauses
 c) Two dependent clauses
 d) Two independent and two dependent clauses
12. Which is an example of a compound-complex sentence?
 a) "Before the sun rose, we had left the house."
 b) "She didn't want to go to the party, but she went anyway, and she had a great time."
 c) "She reads every day."
 d) "While she was reading, it started to rain."
13. What is the function of a dependent clause in a compound-complex sentence?
 a) It provides additional information but cannot stand alone.
 b) It forms the main idea of the sentence.
 c) It stands alone as a complete sentence.
 d) It connects two independent clauses.
14. In the sentence "I will go to the store after I finish my homework, and I will buy some snacks," the phrase "after I finish
my homework" is a:
 a) Independent clause
 b) Dependent clause
 c) Compound clause
 d) Coordinating clause
15. Which is a compound sentence?
 a) "I wanted to go for a run, but it started raining."
 b) "Although it was raining, I went for a run."
 c) "Before I left, it started raining."
 d) "Because it rained, I stayed home."
16. Which of the following sentences is a compound-complex sentence?
 a) "She likes to swim, and he likes to run."
 b) "Because she was late, she missed the bus, and she had to walk to school."
 c) "The weather is nice."
 d) "Although it was cold, they went outside."
18. What is the main purpose of using a compound-complex sentence?
 a) To simplify ideas
 b) To connect two independent ideas
 c) To elaborate on ideas by connecting multiple clauses
 d) To separate different ideas

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19. In the sentence "They stayed home because it was raining, and they watched movies all day," what is the dependent
clause?
 a) "They stayed home"
 b) "because it was raining"
 c) "and they watched movies all day"
 d) "it was raining"
20. Which of the following sentences includes a coordinating conjunction?
 a) "She went to the store after she finished her homework."
 b) "I like pizza, and I like pasta."
 c) "Although it was cold, we went outside."
 d) "While he was studying, the phone rang."
21. Identify the compound-complex sentence:
 a) "She was excited because she had finished her book."
 b) "He was tired, but he still went to the gym after he had dinner."
 c) "The phone rang loudly."
 d) "They went to the park and played soccer."
22. What is the purpose of a subordinating conjunction in a compound-complex sentence?
 a) To join two independent clauses
 b) To introduce a dependent clause
 c) To connect two dependent clauses
 d) To form an independent clause
23. In the sentence "When I finish my work, I will call you, and we can meet for dinner," which clause is independent?
 a) "When I finish my work"
 b) "I will call you"
 c) "and we can meet for dinner"
 d) "I will call you, and we can meet for dinner"
24. Which sentence is a complex sentence?
 a) "He went to the store, and he bought milk."
 b) "She was happy because she got a promotion."
 c) "The cat slept, and the dog barked."
 d) "It was sunny, so we went for a hike."
25. What is a key feature of a compound-complex sentence?
 a) It has multiple dependent clauses
 b) It has only one independent clause
 c) It includes more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
 d) It uses only simple sentences
26. Which sentence contains both a compound and a complex structure?
 a) "I like ice cream, and I will have some if it is available."
 b) "Because I was tired, I went to bed early."
 c) "The book was on the table."
 d) "She walked to the store, but it started to rain."
27. Identify the independent clause in this sentence: "After the meeting ended, she went home, and her friend called her."
 a) "After the meeting ended"
 b) "She went home"
 c) "Her friend called her"

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 d) "She went home, and her friend called her"
28. In the sentence "Although she was tired, she finished her homework, and then she went to bed," which part is the
dependent clause?
 a) "Although she was tired"
 b) "She finished her homework"
 c) "And then she went to bed"
 d) "She finished her homework, and then she went to bed"
29. Which sentence demonstrates the use of a subordinating conjunction?
 a) "She wanted to go to the park, but it was closed."
 b) "Although it was late, they continued working."
 c) "He likes both soccer and basketball."
 d) "She will attend the event or she will stay home."
30. Which sentence is an example of a complex sentence rather than a compound-complex sentence?
 a) "She studied for the test, and she passed with flying colors."
 b) "While he was eating, the doorbell rang, and his friend arrived."
 c) "If it rains tomorrow, we will stay inside."
 d) "She was tired, so she went to bed early."
31. What is the correct use of a comma in a compound-complex sentence?
 a) To separate two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
 b) To separate two dependent clauses
 c) To separate an independent clause from a dependent clause when the dependent clause comes first
 d) To separate a single clause from the rest of the sentence
32. Which sentence contains a subordinating conjunction and a compound structure?
 a) "I will go to the store if I have enough money, and I will buy groceries."
 b) "He went to the store, and he bought groceries."
 c) "While he was shopping, he bought milk."
 d) "She did not attend the meeting because she was ill."
33. Identify the compound-complex sentence:
 a) "He was late, but he caught the bus after he missed the earlier one."
 b) "She wanted to buy the dress, so she went shopping."
 c) "The movie was interesting."
 d) "Although he was tired, he finished his work."
34. Which part of the sentence is a dependent clause? "If you study hard, you will pass the exam, and your parents will
be proud."
 a) "If you study hard"
 b) "You will pass the exam"
 c) "Your parents will be proud"
 d) "You will pass the exam, and your parents will be proud"
35. Which sentence uses a compound-complex structure correctly?
 a) "The dog barked loudly, and the cat ran away because it was scared."
 b) "She bought a new car."
 c) "He went to the park after he finished his work, but he forgot his hat."
 d) "While it was raining, she read a book."
36. What does a coordinating conjunction do in a compound-complex sentence?
 a) Joins dependent and independent clauses

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 b) Joins two independent clauses
 c) Joins two dependent clauses
 d) Introduces a dependent clause
37. In the sentence "After she finished her meal, she went to the gym, and she worked out for an hour," which clause is
dependent?
 a) "After she finished her meal"
 b) "She went to the gym"
 c) "She worked out for an hour"
 d) "She went to the gym, and she worked out for an hour"
38. Which of the following sentences does NOT contain a compound-complex structure?
 a) "Even though it was raining, we went for a walk, and we enjoyed the fresh air."
 b) "I will call you after I get home, and we can discuss the plans."
 c) "She went to the store because she needed milk."
 d) "The movie was long, but it was interesting."
39. Which sentence best illustrates the use of a compound-complex sentence?
 a) "He likes soccer, and she enjoys basketball."
 b) "If it’s sunny, we’ll go to the beach, and we’ll have a picnic."
 c) "The car broke down."
 d) "She studied hard, so she got a good grade."
40. In the sentence "While the kids played outside, the parents chatted, and they watched the sunset," what is the
independent clause?
 a) "While the kids played outside"
 b) "The parents chatted"
 c) "They watched the sunset"
 d) "The parents chatted, and they watched the sunset"
41. Which sentence shows the correct use of a comma with a compound-complex structure?
 a) "I like to read books, but she prefers watching movies, while her brother enjoys playing video games."
 b) "I like to read books but, she prefers watching movies."
 c) "I like to read books but she prefers watching movies, while her brother enjoys playing video games."
 d) "I like to read books but she prefers watching movies while her brother enjoys playing video games."
42. Identify the dependent clause in the sentence: "Since the meeting was postponed, we decided to go to lunch, and we
enjoyed our meal."
 a) "Since the meeting was postponed"
 b) "We decided to go to lunch"
 c) "We enjoyed our meal"
 d) "We decided to go to lunch, and we enjoyed our meal"
43. In the sentence "She finished her homework after she got home, and then she watched TV," what does the
subordinating conjunction "after" do?
 a) Joins two independent clauses
 b) Joins a dependent clause with an independent clause
 c) Introduces a new independent clause
 d) Connects two dependent clauses
44. Which of these sentences contains both a dependent and an independent clause?
 a) "She wanted to go, but she was too tired."
 b) "Although he was tired, he finished his work, and then he went to bed."

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 c) "He ran to the store, and he bought some milk."
 d) "The store was closed."
45. Which sentence illustrates a correct compound-complex structure with multiple independent clauses?
 a) "If it rains, we will stay inside, and we will watch movies."
 b) "We went to the park, and it was raining."
 c) "She went to the store after she finished work."
 d) "While he was cooking, he burned the food."
46. In the sentence "Although it was late, she finished her project, and then she went to bed," which clause comes first?
 a) Dependent clause
 b) Independent clause
 c) Coordinating conjunction
 d) Subordinating conjunction
47. What type of sentence is "I missed the bus because I overslept, but I caught the next one"?
 a) Simple b) Complex
 c) Compound d) Compound-complex
48. In the sentence "When the rain stopped, we went outside, and the sun came out," which clause is independent?
 a) "When the rain stopped"
 b) "We went outside"
 c) "The sun came out"
 d) "We went outside, and the sun came out"
49. Which sentence correctly uses a comma with a compound-complex structure?
 a) "We planned to go out, but since it was raining, we decided to stay home."
 b) "We planned to go out but, since it was raining, we decided to stay home."
 c) "We planned to go out but since it was raining, we decided to stay home."
 d) "We planned to go out but since it was raining we decided to stay home."
50. Identify the compound-complex sentence:
 a) "She studied for the exam, and she passed with high marks."
 b) "After she finished her homework, she watched TV, and then she went to bed."
 c) "The weather was nice, so they went for a walk."
 d) "Because she was sick, she stayed home."

Essay Questions (10)

1. Explain how compound-complex sentences can improve the flow and detail in writing. Use examples to illustrate your
point.
2. Write an essay analyzing the difference between simple, compound, and complex sentences. Provide examples of each.
3. Discuss the importance of varying sentence structures, including the use of compound-complex sentences, in
storytelling or essay writing.
4. How do compound-complex sentences allow writers to show relationships between different ideas in a sentence?
Provide an analysis of an example from literature.
5. Write a narrative paragraph that includes at least two compound-complex sentences. Explain how these sentences
help to convey more information.
6. Analyze the role of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in compound-complex sentences, and explain how
they help in building complex ideas in writing.

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7. Create an argument in favor of using compound-complex sentences in academic writing. Provide examples to support
your argument.
8. Write an essay about a memorable event in your life using at least three compound-complex sentences. Highlight the
clauses and their roles.
9. In what ways can the misuse of compound-complex sentences lead to confusion in writing? Provide examples of
common errors and how to fix them.
10. Write a descriptive essay about your favorite place, incorporating compound-complex sentences to add depth and
detail to your description.

LESSON 3: Formal and informal language,

Introduction
Language can be used in different ways depending on the context and audience. Understanding the difference between
formal and informal language helps us communicate effectively in various situations.
Formal Language
Definition: Formal language is used in serious or professional settings where clarity and politeness are important. It is often
used in official documents, business communications, academic writing, and speeches.
Features:
 Complete Sentences: Formal language uses full sentences without contractions (e.g., "cannot" instead of "can't").
 Polite Tone: It maintains a respectful and professional tone.
 Standard Grammar: Adheres to grammatical rules and avoids slang.
 Complex Vocabulary: Utilizes precise and sophisticated words.
 Third-Person Perspective: Often uses third-person pronouns like "he," "she," "they," rather than first-person pronouns
("I," "we").
Examples:
 Formal Letter: "Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to express my interest in the position advertised."
 Business Email: "I would like to request a meeting at your earliest convenience to discuss the project."
Informal Language
Definition: Informal language is used in casual or everyday settings where a relaxed tone is appropriate. It is often found in
conversations with friends, social media, and personal letters.
Features:
 Shorter Sentences: Sentences may be less complex and sometimes incomplete.
 Contractions: Uses contractions (e.g., "can't" instead of "cannot").
 Colloquial Expressions: Includes slang and idiomatic expressions.
 First-Person Perspective: Commonly uses first-person pronouns like "I" and "we."
 Friendly Tone: The tone is more personal and conversational.
Examples:
 Text Message: "Hey, can we meet up later? I need to talk to you."
 Personal Email: "Hi! Just wanted to let you know I'm coming over tomorrow."
Comparing Formal and Informal Language

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Aspect Formal Language Informal Language
Context Professional, academic, or serious situations Casual, personal, or friendly settings
Sentence Structure Complete and complex sentences Shorter and simpler sentences
Vocabulary Precise and sophisticated Colloquial and familiar
Tone Respectful and polite Casual and conversational
Grammar Strict adherence to grammatical rules More flexible, may include slang and contractions
Conclusion
Understanding the difference between formal and informal language helps students communicate more effectively across
different contexts. By practicing these styles, students will be better equipped to handle various writing and speaking
situations.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is an example of formal language?
o A) "Gonna meet you soon."
o B) "I will meet you soon."
o C) "Wanna see you later."
o D) "Let's catch up later."
2. In which situation would you most likely use informal language?
o A) Writing a resume
o B) Sending a text to a friend
o C) Writing a formal report
o D) Drafting a business letter
3. What is a common feature of formal language?
o A) Use of contractions
o B) Colloquial expressions
o C) Complete sentences
o D) Slang terms
4. Which of these sentences is informal?
o A) "I regret to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful."
o B) "Sorry, you didn’t get the job."
o C) "I am writing to express my appreciation for your help."
o D) "I’m thankful for your assistance."
5. What is the purpose of using formal language?
o A) To sound casual and friendly
o B) To maintain a respectful and professional tone
o C) To use slang and colloquial terms
o D) To shorten sentences and use contractions
6. Which sentence uses informal language?
o A) "I am pleased to inform you of the upcoming event."
o B) "Just wanted to let you know about the event."
o C) "We are delighted to announce the event."
6. Which sentence uses informal language?
o A) "I am pleased to inform you of the upcoming event."
o B) "Just wanted to let you know about the event."

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o C) "We are delighted to announce the event."
o D) "Kindly make a note of the event date."
7. Which of the following is a feature of informal language?
o A) Use of technical jargon
o B) Use of contractions
o C) Strict grammar rules
o D) Polite tone
8. Which phrase is most appropriate in formal writing?
o A) "Hey, what’s up?"
o B) "To whom it may concern."
o C) "See ya later."
o D) "I’ll hit you up soon."
9. In what type of communication would formal language be most appropriate?
o A) A note to a friend
o B) A letter of complaint
o C) A message in a group chat
o D) A post on social media
10. Which of the following is the best example of formal language?
 A) "Let’s grab lunch sometime!"
 B) "I’d appreciate it if you could attend the meeting."
 C) "Gotta run now, talk later."
 D) "We should hang out soon."
11. What is the primary reason for using formal language in professional emails?
 A) To sound casual
 B) To create a polite and respectful tone
 C) To use fewer words
 D) To avoid grammar rules
12. Which sentence is an example of informal language?
 A) "I’m writing to request information about the course."
 B) "I was wondering if you could help me out."
 C) "I would be grateful for any assistance you could provide."
 D) "Please accept my sincerest thanks."
13. Which is an appropriate use of informal language?
 A) Discussing a project with your boss
 B) Writing a letter to a government official
 C) Texting a friend about weekend plans
 D) Writing a job application
14. Which of the following is an informal greeting?
 A) "Dear Sir/Madam" B) "Good afternoon"
 C) "Hey there!" D) "Yours faithfully"
15. In which situation would formal language most likely be used?
 A) A text message B) A school essay
 C) A casual conversation D) A tweet
16. Which sentence shows a polite and formal tone?
 A) "Thanks for your help!"

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 B) "I would like to thank you for your assistance."
 C) "You’re the best!"
 D) "Catch you later."
17. What is the main difference between formal and informal language?
 A) Formal language is more respectful, while informal language is casual.
 B) Informal language uses complete sentences.
 C) Formal language avoids contractions, while informal language doesn’t.
 D) Formal language is longer than informal language.
18. Which sentence contains formal language?
 A) "I’m gonna go now."
 B) "Please inform me of your availability."
 C) "Catch you later!"
 D) "I’ll see ya soon."
19. Which of the following phrases would you find in a formal email?
 A) "What’s up?"
 B) "I hope this message finds you well."
 C) "Hey, how are you?"
 D) "Let me know what you think!"
20. Which situation is it appropriate to use informal language?
 A) Writing a job application
 B) Writing a text message to a friend
 C) Writing a business report
 D) Writing a school essay
21. What is the purpose of using formal language in a report?
 A) To sound casual and friendly
 B) To show professionalism and clarity
 C) To use as many contractions as possible
 D) To impress friends
22. Which sentence uses formal language?
 A) "I need to talk to you ASAP."
 B) "I would appreciate it if you could call me at your earliest convenience."
 C) "Can we meet up later?"
 D) "Talk to you soon!"
23. Which feature is more common in informal language?
 A) Slang B) Passive voice
 C) Polite expressions D) Technical vocabulary
24. Which sentence would you use in a formal letter?
 A) "I hope you’re doing well."
 B) "I am writing to inquire about the available positions."
 C) "Hey, what’s up?"
 D) "I’d like to know more about the job."
25. Which of the following is an informal question?
 A) "Can you provide more details, please?"
 B) "What time is the meeting?"
 C) "Could you kindly inform me of the next steps?"

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 D) "What’s the deal with the project?"
26. Which tone is typically used in informal language?
 A) Serious B) Casual
 C) Polite D) Respectful
27. Which greeting is appropriate for formal communication?
 A) "Hello there!" B) "Hey!"
 C) "Dear Mr. Johnson" D) "What’s up?"
28. Which phrase would be considered formal language?
 A) "Thanks a bunch."
 B) "I would be delighted to assist you."
 C) "Let’s grab a coffee."
 D) "Talk soon!"
29. What is the purpose of informal language in a text message?
 A) To sound polite and professional
 B) To sound friendly and casual
 C) To avoid using contractions
 D) To impress someone with vocabulary
30. In formal writing, contractions like "don’t" or "can’t" are usually avoided because…
 A) They make the writing sound casual
 B) They are incorrect
 C) They are only used in technical writing
 D) They add complexity to the sentence
31. Which sentence uses formal language correctly?
 A) "I’ve gotta finish this work now."
 B) "I am writing to request additional information."
 C) "I’m gonna go now."
 D) "Thanks a lot for helping me out."
32. Which of these is NOT a feature of formal language?
 A) Avoidance of slang
 B) Use of contractions
 C) Complete sentences
 D) Polite tone
33. Which phrase is more likely to appear in an informal email?
 A) "I am pleased to announce…"
 B) "By the way, did you hear…"
 C) "Please find the attached file."
 D) "I regret to inform you…"
34. Which situation would require formal language?
 A) Sending a holiday greeting to a friend
 B) Writing a research paper
 C) Chatting online
 D) Texting a sibling
35. Which of the following words is more formal?
 A) "Kids" B) "Children"
 C) "Guys" D) "Buddies"

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36. Which of these phrases is formal?
 A) "I’ll hit you up later."
 B) "Please contact me at your earliest convenience."
 C) "Let’s catch up sometime."
 D) "Can you send me the details?"
37. In formal writing, it is important to…
 A) Use slang
 B) Be respectful and precise
 C) Write in a conversational style
 D) Include as many contractions as possible
38. Which sentence best fits a formal letter?
 A) "I’m so excited for this!"
 B) "I kindly request that you review the attached document."
 C) "See you later!"
 D) "Catch you soon!"
39. Which sentence uses formal language?
 A) "I hope you’re doing okay."
 B) "I trust this message finds you well."
 C) "Let’s get lunch."
 D) "You’re awesome!"
40. Which of the following sentences would likely be in a formal report?
 A) "We’ve gotta finish this quickly."
 B) "The data suggest a need for further research."
 C) "I’ll get this done ASAP."
 D) "What’s up with the data?"
41. In formal writing, which of the following should be avoided?
 A) Complete sentences B) Proper grammar
 C) Contractions D) Politeness
42. Which of these phrases is formal?
 A) "Let’s grab some food."
 B) "I would like to discuss the matter further."
 C) "Gonna head out now."
 D) "What’s up?"
43. In a formal essay, you should avoid…
 A) Using polite language
 B) Writing in full sentences
 C) Using contractions and slang
 D) Keeping a professional tone
44. Which sentence is informal?
 A) "Please send the report as soon as possible."
 B) "Can you send me the report ASAP?"
 C) "I am requesting the report at your earliest convenience."
 D) "Kindly forward the report by Friday."
45. Which of these phrases would most likely appear in informal conversation?
 A) "Thank you for your assistance."

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 B) "Thanks a lot!"
 C) "Please accept my gratitude."
 D) "I appreciate your help."
46. What is the most formal way to say "Goodbye"?
 A) "See ya!" B) "Catch you later."
 C) "Farewell." D) "Take care!"
47. Which of these is an informal phrase?
 A) "I would appreciate it."
 B) "Thanks a bunch!"
 C) "I am grateful."
 D) "Your assistance is highly appreciated."
48. Which word is used more in formal writing?
 A) "Acknowledge" B) "Know"
 C) "Help" D) "Check"
49. Which sentence uses formal language?
 A) "I gotta go now."
 B) "I apologize for the inconvenience caused."
 C) "Catch you later!"
 D) "Thanks a lot."
50. Which is an appropriate use of formal language?
 A) Writing a research paper
 B) Sending a birthday text
 C) Chatting with friends online
 D) Commenting on social media

Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of using formal language in academic writing.
2. Compare and contrast the use of formal and informal language in different types of communication (e.g., emails,
conversations, essays).
3. Explain how tone and word choice can affect the formality of a message. Provide examples.
4. Analyze the consequences of using informal language in professional settings.
5. How can formal language enhance clarity and respect in written communication?
6. In what ways does audience influence the choice of formal or informal language in communication?
7. Discuss how technology and social media have influenced the use of informal language in everyday communication.
8. Evaluate the role of formal language in building credibility and trust in professional settings.
9. Write an essay on the role of context in determining whether formal or informal language is appropriate.
10. How does culture influence the choice between formal and informal language in communication?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Writing). Week 3 & 4
 TOPICS: write informally,
 write about theme;
 write a story with unusual ending
 Paragraphs; main ideas, topic sentences,
 how to indent a paragraph,
 write a spoken drama,

Introduction to Spoken Drama

Spoken drama is a form of performance where actors express a story or ideas through dialogue and speech, rather than
through visual or physical action alone. Writing spoken drama involves creating a script with engaging dialogue, clear
characters, and an interesting plot.
Key Elements of Spoken Drama
1. Dialogue
o Definition: The spoken words between characters in a drama.
o Purpose: To reveal character traits, advance the plot, and create tension.
o Tip: Dialogue should sound natural and reflect each character’s unique voice.
2. Characters
o Definition: Individuals who perform the actions and speak the lines in the drama.
o Purpose: To drive the story forward and engage the audience.
o Tip: Develop distinct personalities and motives for each character to make them believable.
3. Plot
o Definition: The sequence of events that make up the story.
o Purpose: To provide a structure for the drama and keep the audience interested.
o Tip: Ensure the plot has a clear beginning, middle, and end, with a conflict and resolution.
4. Setting
o Definition: The time and place where the drama occurs.
o Purpose: To create context and atmosphere for the dialogue and action.
o Tip: Use descriptive language to help the audience visualize the setting.
Writing a Spoken Drama
1. Brainstorming
o Objective: Generate ideas for characters, setting, and plot.
o Method: Use prompts or questions to explore different scenarios and character relationships.
2. Outline
o Objective: Organize your ideas into a coherent structure.
o Method: Create a basic outline with key scenes, character interactions, and plot developments.
3. Script Writing
o Format: Write dialogue in script format with character names followed by their lines. Include stage directions in
brackets if needed.
o Example:
[Setting: A dark room with a single window]

JOHN: (nervously) I don’t know if I can do this. It’s too risky.

MARY: (encouragingly) We don’t have a choice. We need that information.

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JOHN: (sighs) Alright, let’s go. But if anything goes wrong, it’s on you.
MARY: (determined) Deal. Now, follow my lead.
4. Revising and Editing
o Objective: Improve the dialogue, pacing, and overall flow of the drama.
o Method: Read through the script, make changes for clarity, and ensure the dialogue sounds natural.
Performance Techniques
1. Voice Modulation
o Objective: Use changes in pitch, volume, and speed to convey emotions and emphasis.
o Tip: Practice different vocal tones to suit various characters and situations.
2. Body Language
o Objective: Use gestures, facial expressions, and movements to enhance the dialogue.
o Tip: Ensure your body language matches the emotions and actions described in the script.
3. Pacing
o Objective: Control the speed of dialogue and action to maintain audience interest.
o Tip: Vary the pace to build tension or provide relief.
4. Enunciation
o Objective: Speak clearly and pronounce words correctly to ensure the audience understands.
o Tip: Practice difficult lines and work on diction.
Assessment of Speaking and Performance Skills
1. Self-Evaluation
o Objective: Reflect on your own performance to identify strengths and areas for improvement.
o Method: Record yourself performing and review the recording to evaluate your vocal delivery, body language, and
overall effectiveness.
2. Peer Feedback
o Objective: Gain insights from others to enhance your performance.
o Method: Perform in front of peers and ask for constructive criticism on various aspects of your delivery.
Conclusion
Writing and performing spoken drama is a creative process that involves careful planning and practice. By focusing on
dialogue, character development, and performance techniques, you can create engaging and effective dramatic works.
For Further Study
 Explore examples of spoken drama scripts from various sources.
 Practice writing and performing different types of scenes to develop your skills further.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the main purpose of dialogue in spoken drama?
o a) To describe the setting
o b) To advance the plot
o c) To provide background information
o d) To give a monologue
2. Which element of spoken drama refers to the individuals who perform actions and speak lines?
o a) Setting b) Plot
o c) Characters d) Dialogue
3. What should you consider when developing a character for a spoken drama?
o a) Their age and physical appearance
o b) Their personality and motives

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o c) Their favorite colors
o d) Their hobbies
4. What is the purpose of the plot in a spoken drama?
o a) To provide a setting
o b) To create conflict and resolution
o c) To add dialogue
o d) To describe characters
5. How a compound sentence is typically structured?
o a) Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction
o b) A single independent clause
o c) A dependent clause
o d) Two dependent clauses joined by a comma
6. Which sentence is a compound-complex sentence?
o a) The sun set, and the stars appeared.
o b) After the sun set, the stars appeared, and the sky darkened.
o c) The sun set, and the sky darkened.
o d) The sun was setting.
7. In a spoken drama, what is the role of stage directions?
o a) To show characters' thoughts
o b) To describe the setting and actions
o c) To provide dialogue
o d) To advance the plot
8. Which of the following is NOT a key element of spoken drama?
o a) Dialogue b) Setting
o c) Pacing d) Theme
9. What is the primary function of a script in spoken drama?
o a) To provide costumes
o b) To guide the actors' performances
o c) To set the stage
o d) To arrange props
10. How should dialogue sound in a spoken drama?
o a) Formal and lengthy
o b) Natural and reflective of character voice
o c) Technical and complex
o d) Short and unimportant
11. What type of sentence connects two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction?
o a) Simple sentence
o b) Compound sentence
o c) Complex sentence
o d) Compound-complex sentence
12. Which of the following sentences is complex?
o a) I like pizza, and my friend likes pasta.
o b) I went to the store because I needed milk.
o c) The dog barked loudly.

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o d) She is reading a book, and he is watching TV.
13. In a spoken drama, what does "pacing" refer to?
o a) The speed of dialogue and action
o b) The physical space of the stage
o c) The design of costumes
o d) The order of scenes
14. Which element helps to create the atmosphere in a spoken drama?
 a) Dialogue b) Characters
 c) Setting d) Conflict
15. What is the best way to show character emotions in spoken drama?
 a) By using body language and facial expressions
 b) By narrating their feelings
 c) By describing their emotions in the script
 d) By avoiding dialogue
16. Which technique should be used to maintain audience interest in spoken drama?
 a) Speaking very fast throughout
 b) Varying the speed of the dialogue and actions
 c) Keeping the same tone throughout the play
 d) Ignoring stage directions
17. What is a key difference between a spoken drama script and a novel?
 a) A script contains only dialogue, while a novel contains dialogue and descriptions.
 b) A script has chapters, while a novel does not.
 c) A script is meant for reading, while a novel is meant for performance.
 d) A script is performed by actors, while a novel is read privately.
18. Which sentence type contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses?
 a) Simple b) Compound
 c) Complex d) Compound-complex
19. What is the purpose of voice modulation in spoken drama?
 a) To speak louder
 b) To convey emotions and emphasize points
 c) To confuse the audience
 d) To memorize lines
20. Which of the following best describes a complex sentence?
 a) It has two independent clauses.
 b) It has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
 c) It has two dependent clauses.
 d) It is made up of several simple sentences.
21. What does the setting of a spoken drama refer to?
 a) The type of dialogue used
 b) The time and place where the story happens
 c) The actions of the characters
 d) The emotional tone of the drama
22. What role do adjectives and adverbs play in a drama script?
 a) They create stage directions
 b) They add detail to actions and descriptions

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 c) They structure dialogue
 d) They replace character names
23. How do writers use compound-complex sentences in spoken drama?
 a) To shorten dialogue
 b) To combine multiple ideas and show relationships between events
 c) To confuse the audience
 d) To describe characters' appearances
24. What is the best way to organize the plot of a spoken drama?
 a) Write out all dialogue first
 b) Focus only on character development
 c) Ensure the plot has a clear beginning, middle, and end
 d) Include only a climax and resolution
25. What is the function of a coordinating conjunction in a sentence?
 a) To join independent clauses
 b) To start a new paragraph
 c) To end a sentence
 d) To separate clauses with commas
26. Which of these is an example of a compound-complex sentence?
 a) The sun was setting, and the sky was turning orange as the birds flew home.
 b) The sun set, and the stars appeared.
 c) After the sun set, the stars appeared.
 d) The stars twinkled in the night sky.
27. What should be included in stage directions?
 a) Character dialogue
 b) Character actions, facial expressions, and emotions
 c) The entire plot of the drama
 d) A summary of the story
28. Which of the following is a spoken drama technique used to convey emotions?
 a) Fast pacing
 b) Body language and gestures
 c) Long, detailed descriptions
 d) Monotone delivery
29. How can a writer make a spoken drama more engaging for the audience?
 a) By using only simple sentences
 b) By varying sentence structures and using compound-complex sentences
 c) By minimizing dialogue
 d) By avoiding character development
30. Which of these sentences includes a subordinate clause?
 a) I enjoy writing drama scripts.
 b) Although it was raining, we continued rehearsing.
 c) We performed the play last night.
 d) I enjoy acting on stage.
31. What happens in the resolution of a spoken drama?
 a) The characters are introduced
 b) The conflict is resolved, and the story ends

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 c) The climax occurs
 d) The setting is described
32. In spoken drama, why is enunciation important?
 a) To sound louder
 b) To ensure the audience understands the dialogue
 c) To show off acting skills
 d) To create a natural tone
33. What is the purpose of a conflict in spoken drama?
 a) To introduce new characters
 b) To create tension and drive the plot forward
 c) To describe the setting
 d) To conclude the story
34. What is the difference between a compound sentence and a complex sentence?
 a) A compound sentence has two independent clauses; a complex sentence has one independent and one
dependent clause.
 b) A compound sentence has one independent clause; a complex sentence has two independent clauses.
 c) A compound sentence is shorter than a complex sentence.
 d) A complex sentence always comes at the beginning of a script.
35. In the context of spoken drama, what is “blocking”?
 a) Planning actors' movements on stage
 b) Writing dialogue
 c) Adding background music
 d) Designing costumes
36. What does a climax represent in a spoken drama?
 a) The introduction of new characters
 b) The highest point of tension in the plot
 c) The beginning of the story
 d) The resolution of the conflict
37. Which sentence contains a compound sentence?
 a) She sang beautifully, and the audience applauded loudly.
 b) While the lights dimmed, the actors prepared backstage.
 c) The show started at 8 pm.
 d) After the play ended, we went home.
38. Which is NOT a technique used to perform spoken drama?
 a) Voice modulation
 b) Blocking
 c) Complex vocabulary
 d) Pacing
39. What is the role of conflict in a drama script?
 a) To introduce the setting
 b) To challenge characters and move the plot forward
 c) To resolve the story
 d) To add background details
40. What type of sentence is this: "After the rehearsal, we went home, and I felt very tired"?
 a) Simple sentence

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 b) Compound sentence
 c) Complex sentence
 d) Compound-complex sentence
41. What does the term “rising action” mean in spoken drama?
 a) The resolution of the plot
 b) The build-up of events leading to the climax
 c) The introduction of the conflict
 d) The final scene of the play
42. Why is body language important in spoken drama?
 a) It replaces dialogue
 b) It enhances the dialogue by showing emotions and actions
 c) It provides the setting
 d) It speeds up the pacing
43. Which is an example of a subordinate clause?
 a) We watched the play.
 b) Although he was late, he still participated in the performance.
 c) The actors rehearsed their lines.
 d) They were all very excited.
44. What should you avoid when writing dialogue in a spoken drama?
 a) Making it sound natural
 b) Giving each character a distinct voice
 c) Writing long monologues without interaction
 d) Using stage directions to show action
45. In spoken drama, what is the purpose of using a variety of sentence structures, like compound-complex sentences?
 a) To confuse the audience
 b) To make the dialogue flow smoothly and show relationships between actions
 c) To lengthen the script
 d) To shorten the dialogue
46. What is the purpose of stage directions in a script?
 a) To instruct actors on how to deliver their lines and perform actions
 b) To provide dialogue for the characters
 c) To explain the plot
 d) To describe the audience’s reactions
47. Which of the following is an example of a compound sentence?
 a) The play was long, but it was very entertaining.
 b) When the curtain opened, the actors took their places on stage.
 c) The actors performed well during the rehearsal.
 d) After the show ended, the cast received a standing ovation.
48. What is the primary difference between a compound sentence and a simple sentence?
 a) A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses, while a simple sentence has only one
independent clause.
 b) A compound sentence has one independent clause, while a simple sentence has multiple clauses.
 c) A simple sentence is always longer than a compound sentence.
 d) A simple sentence requires a conjunction, while a compound sentence does not.
49. What role do adverbs play in a drama script?

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 a) They modify nouns.
 b) They add detail to verbs and describe how actions are performed. c) They create the setting.
 d) They describe the character’s appearance.
50. What should a writer focus on when editing a spoken drama script?
 a) Adding more characters
 b) Improving dialogue, ensuring natural flow, and clarifying stage directions
 c) Changing the entire plot
 d) Removing all stage directions

Essay Questions
1. The Role of Dialogue in Spoken Drama: Discuss the importance of dialogue in a spoken drama, explaining how it helps
to reveal characters, develop the plot, and engage the audience.
2. Character Development in Drama: Explain the process of creating believable characters in spoken drama. Discuss the
importance of giving characters distinct personalities and how this affects the overall story.
3. The Use of Conflict in Drama: Conflict is often central to the plot of a spoken drama. Describe the different types of
conflict that can arise in a drama and how they contribute to character development and the progression of the story.
4. Techniques for Performing Spoken Drama: Discuss key performance techniques, such as voice modulation, pacing, and
body language, that actors use to bring a spoken drama script to life. Explain why these techniques are essential for a
successful performance.
5. The Structure of a Drama Script: Describe the typical structure of a spoken drama, including the introduction, rising
action, climax, and resolution. Explain how each part contributes to the overall flow of the story.
6. The Importance of Setting in Drama: Analyze how the setting of a spoken drama impacts the plot and the development
of characters. Discuss the role of stage directions in helping the audience visualize the setting.
7. The Art of Writing Natural Dialogue: Writing natural-sounding dialogue is a key skill for spoken drama. Discuss the
challenges of writing realistic dialogue and provide tips for ensuring that conversations between characters feel
authentic.
8. The Role of Emotions in Drama Performance: Emotions play a vital role in drama. Explore how actors use vocal tone,
facial expressions, and body language to convey emotions effectively in a spoken drama performance.
9. Editing a Drama Script: Editing is a crucial step in creating a successful drama script. Discuss the key areas a writer
should focus on when editing a script, including dialogue clarity, pacing, and stage directions.
10. The Impact of Sentence Structure on Drama: Discuss how sentence structure (simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex sentences) can affect the flow of dialogue in a spoken drama. Provide examples of how varying
sentence lengths and structures can create different effects.

LESSON 2; write informally,

Writing informally involves a relaxed style of communication that reflects natural speech. This style is often used in
personal letters, diary entries, text messages, and conversational writing. Understanding informal writing helps you
express yourself more naturally and connect better with readers.
Key Features of Informal Writing
1. Tone:
o Casual and Friendly: Informal writing has a conversational tone. It often sounds like you're speaking directly to
someone you know well.
o Personal: The writing may include personal anecdotes, opinions, and emotions.
2. Language:

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o Simple Vocabulary: Uses everyday words and phrases instead of complex or technical terms.
o Contractions: Commonly used contractions like "don’t," "isn’t," and "can’t" make the writing sound more relaxed.
o Colloquialisms: Incorporates regional expressions and slang, which can make the writing feel more authentic and
relatable.
3. Grammar and Structure:
o Loose Structure: Sentences may be shorter and less formal, with a focus on flow rather than strict grammatical rules.
o Incomplete Sentences: It’s acceptable to use fragments or incomplete sentences that mimic natural speech patterns.
4. Punctuation:
o Casual Usage: Punctuation may be used more loosely, with dashes and ellipses often indicating pauses or
interruptions in thought.
o Exclamation Marks: Used frequently to convey excitement or strong emotions.
Examples and Practice
Example 1: Informal Letter
Hey Alex,
Just wanted to drop you a quick note to say hi! I hope you're doing well. I heard about your new job, and it sounds
amazing! We should catch up soon and hear all about it.
Anyway, I have to run now. I’ll talk to you later.
Cheers, Jamie
Example 2: Text Message
Hi Sam! 😊 Just checking in to see how you're doing. Are we still on for the movie tonight? Let me know!
Example 3: Diary Entry
Dear Diary,
Today was such an adventure! I went to the new park and found this amazing little café. The hot chocolate was to die for!
Can't wait to go back with my friends.
How to Practice Informal Writing
1. Write Personal Letters: Practice by writing letters to friends or family, keeping the tone friendly and casual.
2. Keep a Diary: Write daily entries about your thoughts and experiences in a conversational style.
3. Text Messages: Draft messages to friends using contractions and colloquial language to reflect natural conversation.
4. Group Discussions: Engage in discussions about informal writing styles, and share your written pieces with classmates to
get feedback.
Applying the Cambridge and Nigerian Curricula
Cambridge Curriculum: Emphasizes the ability to use informal language effectively in various contexts. Practice by writing
informal letters and diary entries to show understanding of tone and style.
Nigerian Curriculum: Focuses on using informal writing in personal communication. Exercises may include writing letters
and messages that reflect local speech patterns and colloquialisms.
Conclusion
Informal writing is a valuable skill for expressing yourself in a relaxed and approachable manner. By practicing writing
letters, diary entries, and messages with a friendly tone and casual language, you'll improve your ability to connect with
others and convey your thoughts clearly.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is a key feature of informal writing?

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o A) Complex vocabulary
o B) Formal tone
 C) Casual tone
 D) Strict grammar rules
2. Which of the following is an example of informal language?
o A) “I regret to inform you”
o B) “Hey, what’s up?”
o C) “Dear Sir/Madam”
o D) “Yours sincerely”
3. Which of these is typically used in informal writing?
o A) Long, detailed sentences
o B) Contractions like “don’t” and “can’t”
o C) Legal jargon
o D) Scientific terms
4. In informal writing, punctuation is often:
o A) Strict and formal
o B) Used to create a conversational feel
o C) Completely ignored
o D) Avoided at all times
5. Which sentence is written in an informal style?
o A) “The meeting is scheduled for 9:00 am.”
o B) “Guess what? I’ve got great news!”
o C) “Please submit your application by the deadline.”
o D) “The analysis suggests a 10% increase in sales.”
6. What type of words are often used in informal writing?
o A) Technical terms
o B) Slang and colloquialisms
o C) Latin phrases
o D) Formal language
7. Which is an example of a contraction?
o A) “I do not” B) “Cannot”
o C) “I can’t” D) “You have”
8. In informal writing, sentences can sometimes be:
o A) Extremely complex
o B) Short and conversational
o C) Written in passive voice
o D) Filled with technical details
9. Which is NOT typically found in informal writing?
o A) Personal opinions
o B) Colloquial expressions
o C) Technical vocabulary
o D) Slang
10. What is a common punctuation mark in informal writing?
o A) Semi-colon B) Exclamation mark

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o C) Colon D) Parenthesis
11. Which of the following is a feature of informal writing?
o A) Use of passive voice
o B) A conversational tone
o C) Use of Latin phrases
o D) Rigid structure
12. Which of the following is commonly found in informal writing?
o A) Acronyms like "ASAP"
o B) Mathematical symbols
o C) Legal terms
o D) Scientific vocabulary
13. Which phrase would be used in informal writing?
o A) “I hope this message finds you well”
o B) “Hey there!”
o C) “Yours faithfully”
o D) “We kindly request”
14. When writing informally, how might you start an email to a friend?
o A) “Dear Sir or Madam”
o B) “Hey! How’s it going?”
o C) “To Whom It May Concern”
o D) “Please find attached”
15. Which sentence is most informal?
o A) “I am writing to inform you”
o B) “Let’s hang out this weekend!”
o C) “Please be advised”
o D) “It has come to my attention”
16. What is a common trait of informal writing?
o A) Academic tone
o B) Use of casual phrases
o C) Complex sentence structure
o D) Formal salutations
17. Which of the following is an informal greeting?
o A) “Good morning” B) “Hello, how are you?”
o C) “Hiya!” D) “Dear Sir”
18. In informal writing, you might say:
o A) “Kindly note that”
o B) “See you later!”
o C) “Attached herewith”
o D) “In reference to”
19. An example of informal language is:
o A) “Greetings” B) “Hey!”
o C) “Please accept” D) “Yours sincerely”
20. Informal writing often includes:
o A) Complex legal language

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o B) Direct, simple sentences
o C) Long, drawn-out paragraphs
o D) References to academic studies
21. Which of these is a key element of informal writing?
o A) Formal titles
o B) Casual vocabulary
o C) Passive constructions
o D) Jargon
22. Which is an example of an informal phrase?
o A) “I am pleased to inform you”
o B) “I gotta go now”
o C) “Yours faithfully”
o D) “In accordance with”
23. What is often omitted in informal writing?
o A) Punctuation B) Personal opinions
o C) Complex vocabulary D) Formality
24. Informal writing is most commonly used in:
o A) Legal documents
o B) Personal letters and messages
o C) Research papers
o D) Official emails
25. Which is NOT a characteristic of informal writing?
o A) Use of slang
o B) Contractions like “it’s”
o C) Use of a conversational tone
o D) Highly technical language
26. What is another word for informal writing?
o A) Technical B) Conversational
o C) Academic D) Legal
27. An informal writing style is often used for:
o A) Text messages B) Scientific papers
o C) News reports D) Government policies
28. Which of these is used in informal writing?
o A) Colons B) Ellipses “...”
o C) Parentheses D) Dashes
29. Which of these is an example of informal writing?
o A) “Can you believe it?”
o B) “Please be advised”
o C) “In accordance with the guidelines”
o D) “It is my pleasure to inform you”
30. What is an example of colloquial language in informal writing?
o A) “Good morning” B) “Gonna”
o C) “Respectfully yours” D) “Dear Sir”
31. In informal writing, a contraction is:

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o A) Two words combined into one
o B) A formal phrase
o C) A way to avoid slang
o D) Only used in academic writing
32. Informal writing typically avoids:
o A) Personal opinions
o B) Colloquialisms
o C) Complex sentence structures
o D) Humorous expressions
33. What is the purpose of informal writing?
o A) To be precise and clear
o B) To sound casual and personal
o C) To instruct and educate
o D) To persuade readers
34. Which is NOT an informal way to end a letter?
o A) “Cheers” B) “Best”
o C) “Yours sincerely” D) “Take care”
35. In informal writing, a typical sentence might be:
o A) “We respectfully request your presence”
o B) “See you later!”
o C) “The event shall commence at 10:00 am”
o D) “Please note that”
36. Which of these could be found in informal writing?
o A) Academic references
o B) Personal anecdotes
o C) Technical vocabulary
o D) Statistical data
37. When writing informally, you would most likely use:
o A) Complex words
o B) Simple, everyday language
o C) Legal terms
o D) Passive voice
38. What is a typical feature of informal writing?
o A) Third-person point of view
o B) First-person point of view
o C) Long, detailed sentences
o D) Academic tone
39. Which is a good example of informal writing?
o A) “I’d love to see you!”
o B) “Attached herewith”
o C) “In compliance with regulations”
o D) “The data suggests”
40. Informal writing often includes:
o A) Flowery language

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o B) Figures of speech
o C) Passive voice
o D) Rhetorical questions
41. What is the purpose of contractions in informal writing?
o A) To add formality
o B) To make writing sound more conversational
o C) To increase word count
o D) To clarify meaning
42. What is a typical greeting in informal writing?
o A) “To Whom It May Concern”
o B) “Hey!”
o C) “Dear Mr./Mrs.”
o D) “Good afternoon”
43. An example of an informal closing phrase is:
o A) “Yours faithfully” B) “Best regards”
o C) “Take care!” D) “Sincerely”
44. When using informal writing, sentences are often:
o A) Rigid and long
o B) Flexible and conversational
o C) Complex and detailed
o D) Strict and formal
45. Which of the following is a casual sign-off in informal writing?
o A) “Best wishes” B) “Thanks a lot!”
o C) “Yours truly” D) “Regards”
46. Informal writing is commonly found in:
o A) Research papers
o B) Emails to friends
o C) Business contracts
o D) News reports
47. Which of these is a trait of informal writing?
o A) Use of third-person narrative
o B) Use of slang and colloquial terms
o C) Detailed academic references
o D) Lengthy paragraphs
48. Informal writing allows for:
o A) Strict grammar rules
o B) Use of contractions and personal tone
o C) Use of formal titles
o D) Passive sentence structures
49. In informal writing, you often use:
o A) Formal salutations
o B) A conversational tone and direct language
o C) Complex punctuation
o D) Legal terms

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50. What is commonly omitted in informal writing?
o A) Opinions
o B) Personal anecdotes
o C) Formal structure
o D) Use of first person

Essay Questions
1. Write an essay explaining the importance of informal writing in everyday communication. Provide examples of when it
is used and why it is effective.
2. Discuss the differences between formal and informal writing, giving examples of when each style is appropriate.
3. Explain how informal writing helps build personal connections in communication. Provide examples from personal
letters or emails.
4. Describe the role of slang and colloquial language in informal writing. Why is it important for making writing relatable?
5. Write a narrative essay about a day in your life, using informal writing to convey your experiences.
6. Compare and contrast informal writing in text messages with informal writing in a diary entry.
7. Why do we use informal language when writing to friends or family? Explain with examples.
8. Write about a time you received an informal message that made you feel connected to the writer. How did the
informal tone help achieve this?
9. Explain the challenges of transitioning from formal writing in school to informal writing in social situations.
10. Discuss how technology has influenced the way we use informal writing in our daily lives

LESSON 3: WRITE ABOUT THEME;

What Are Themes?
In literature, themes are the central ideas or messages that a writer explores throughout a text. They are the deeper
meanings behind the characters' actions, the plot events, and the setting. Understanding themes helps us grasp the writer's
purpose and the broader message being communicated.
Identifying Themes
1. Look for Recurrent Ideas: Themes often emerge through repeated ideas or situations. For example, if a story
frequently discusses freedom and confinement, freedom may be a theme.
2. Examine Characters’ Actions: Characters’ decisions and changes can highlight themes. For instance, if a character's
bravery leads to their downfall, the theme of courage versus recklessness might be explored.
3. Consider the Setting and Plot: The way a story is set up and progresses can indicate themes. A story set in a war-torn
country might explore themes of conflict and peace.
Analyzing Themes in a Text
1. Read Carefully: Pay attention to the key events and characters in the story. Note how these elements contribute to the
message of the text.
2. Ask Questions: What is the story really about? What message is the writer trying to convey? How do the characters
and their actions support this message?
3. Look at the Ending: Often, the conclusion of a story reinforces the main theme. Consider what happens at the end and
how it relates to the overall message.
Example: Analyzing Themes
Text Excerpt:
In the provided excerpt, themes can be identified through the actions and interactions of the characters:

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 Theme of Greed and Morality: Calvin's actions reflect greed. He is focused on the value of gold and disregards the
consequences of his actions on others. This theme is highlighted by his indifference to the danger posed to the
creatures below and his dismissal of Dora’s concerns.
 Theme of Power and Control: Calvin’s commanding tone and control over the situation show his desire for power. He
manipulates the machinery and Dora’s fear to achieve his own goals, revealing a theme of how power can corrupt and
lead to moral blindness.
Analyzing the Text:
1. Calvin’s Actions: Calvin's eagerness to use the winch and his focus on the monetary value of the gold show his greed.
His lack of empathy for the creatures below highlights a theme of moral corruption.
2. Dora’s Reaction: Dora’s fear and concern about Calvin discovering the gold reflect the theme of vulnerability and the
impact of another’s actions on one's own security.
Writing About Themes
1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the text and the main theme you will discuss.
2. Evidence from the Text: Provide examples from the text that illustrate the theme. Describe how characters, plot, and
setting contribute to this theme.
3. Analysis: Explain how these examples support the theme. Discuss what the writer might be trying to convey through
this theme.
4. Conclusion: Summarize the importance of the theme in the text and its overall impact on the story.
Cambridge Curriculum
For Cambridge Year 7, students are expected to:
 Identify and discuss themes in a range of texts.
 Use evidence from the text to support their understanding of themes.
 Write clearly and coherently about themes, demonstrating a grasp of the text’s deeper meanings.
Nigerian Curriculum
For the Nigerian Year 7 curriculum, students should:
 Analyze texts to identify underlying themes.
 Provide examples and explain how these contribute to the theme.
 Write about themes in a structured manner, showing comprehension of the text’s message and its relevance.
By focusing on these aspects, students will develop a deeper understanding of themes and how they contribute to the
meaning of a text.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is a theme in literature?
o a) A character's name
o b) The setting of the story
o c) The central idea or message
o d) The plot's sequence
2. Which of the following is a common theme in many stories?
o a) Friendship b) Weather
o c) Color d) Age
3. What can help you identify the theme of a story?
o a) The length of the text
o b) The author's name
o c) Characters' actions and dialogue
o d) The publication date
4. How can the setting of a story contribute to its theme?

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o a) By describing characters' clothes
o b) By influencing the plot and characters' actions
o c) By listing events in the story
o d) By showing the author’s biography
5. What often reveals the theme of a story?
o a) The first sentence
o b) The title alone
o c) The plot and resolution
o d) The characters’ names
6. In the phrase "the hero’s journey," what does "journey" usually represent?
o a) The hero’s vacation
o b) The hero’s travels
o c) The hero’s growth and development
o d) The hero’s clothing
7. What theme might be explored in a story about a person overcoming great obstacles?
o a) Love and friendship
o b) Adventure and excitement
o c) Courage and perseverance
o d) Humour and fun
8. How can dialogue between characters help reveal the theme?
o a) By providing character descriptions
o b) By showing character emotions and beliefs
o c) By setting the scene
o d) By listing events
9. Which of the following is NOT a theme?
o a) Good versus evil
o b) The main character’s favorite color
o c) The power of friendship
o d) The consequences of actions
10. What might a theme of “justice” explore in a story?
o a) The importance of fairness and consequences
o b) The character’s physical strength
o c) The weather conditions
o d) The type of food eaten
11. How do authors usually express themes in their work?
o a) Through the length of paragraphs
o b) Through the main characters’ decisions and actions
o c) Through the font size
o d) Through illustrations
12. What theme could a story about a character who learns to forgive explore?
o a) Friendship b) Revenge
o c) Forgiveness and growth d) Humor
13. Which theme might a story about a team working together to solve a problem show?
o a) Teamwork and cooperation

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o b) Loneliness
o c) Greed
o d) Weather
14. What theme could be explored in a story about a character who has to choose between right and wrong?
o a) Justice and morality b) Humor
o c) Nature d) Magic
15. A story set during a war could explore which theme?
o a) Courage under pressure b) The weather
o c) Entertainment d) Sportsmanship
16. In a story where a character faces constant fear, the theme could be about:
o a) Happiness and joy b) Fear and courage
o c) Friendship d) Mystery
17. If a story’s theme is about loyalty, what would the characters likely value?
o a) Their friends and family
o b) Their wealth
o c) Their appearance
o d) Their career
18. What is the difference between a theme and a moral?
o a) A theme is a setting, while a moral is a message.
o b) A theme is a message, and a moral teaches a lesson.
o c) A theme is a character, while a moral is a dialogue.
o d) A theme is a story’s event, and a moral is its resolution.
19. Which of these could be a theme in a story about survival in the wild?
o a) The value of nature b) Love and loss
o c) Greed d) Family drama
20. If a character learns the importance of telling the truth, the theme could be:
o a) Honesty and integrity b) Patience
o c) Joy and happiness d) Adventure
21. What might a story exploring the theme of love focus on?
o a) Relationships between characters
o b) The scenery and setting
o c) The food eaten in the story
o d) The jobs of characters
22. A story about someone who sacrifices their time for others may explore the theme of:
o a) Bravery
o b) Selflessness and sacrifice
o c) Anger
o d) Adventure
23. How does a character’s change or growth usually reflect the theme?
o a) It shows how the character's actions affect the setting.
o b) It reflects what the character learned, helping reveal the theme.
o c) It gives more description about the plot.
o d) It shows what happens in the next chapter.
24. A story about a person who learns from their mistakes might explore which theme?

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o a) Regret and growth b) Mystery
o c) Fantasy d) Exploration
25. Which of the following is a theme in a story where a character helps others during a disaster?
o a) Heroism and bravery b) Deception
o c) Greed d) Conflict
26. A character that always speaks their mind despite opposition might represent a theme of:
o a) Honesty and truth b) Humor
o c) Obedience d) Magic
27. A story where characters fight for their freedom could have which theme?
o a) Freedom and oppression b) Nature
o c) Weather d) Obedience
28. Which of the following themes could fit a story about a detective solving a crime?
o a) Truth and justice b) Happiness
o c) Wealth d) Friendship
29. What could a theme in a story about a character overcoming self-doubt be?
o a) Confidence and self-belief b) Comedy
o c) Science fiction d) Greed
30. A story where a character becomes greedy and loses everything could have a theme of:
o a) The dangers of greed
o b) Happiness and joy
o c) Loyalty and friendship
o d) Family and responsibility
31. How does the theme of friendship typically manifest in a story?
o a) Through conflicts between characters
o b) Through strong bonds and support among characters
o c) Through environmental challenges
o d) Through action scenes
32. A theme of responsibility could be shown when a character:
o a) Learns to take care of others
o b) Avoids problems
o c) Ignores their duties
o d) Travels to a new place
33. A theme of perseverance could be demonstrated when:
o a) A character gives up easily
o b) A character overcomes a tough challenge through effort
o c) The character avoids taking risks
o d) A character chooses comfort over struggle
34. What theme is reflected in a story where a character helps others, despite personal risks?
o a) Selflessness b) Dishonesty
o c) Laziness d) Indifference
35. How can a character's conflict help convey a theme?
o a) It shows a problem that needs solving, helping reveal deeper messages.
o b) It only adds tension to the story.
o c) It gives the reader a description of the setting.

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o d) It introduces new characters.
36. A story where characters compete against each other for resources might reflect a theme of:
o a) Survival of the fittest
o b) Comedy and entertainment
o c) Humor
o d) Fantasy
37. If a story involves characters learning to accept one another’s differences, the theme could be:
o a) Tolerance and understanding
o b) Isolation
o c) Magic and mystery
o d) Competition
38. In a story where characters return home after a long journey, the theme could be:
o a) The importance of family
o b) The joy of exploration
o c) Independence
o d) The weather
39. How do minor characters contribute to a theme?
o a) They support the main characters in revealing the theme.
o b) They have no role in the theme.
o c) They only serve as distractions.
o d) They explain the plot.
40. In stories where technology creates problems, the theme might be:
o a) The dangers of technological advancement
o b) The benefits of new inventions
o c) The excitement of exploration
o d) The power of nature
41. Which theme might be explored in a story about someone who becomes isolated from society?
o a) Loneliness and isolation b) Happiness
o c) Wealth d) Teamwork
42. A story about a character facing moral dilemmas would most likely explore the theme of:
o a) Ethics and morality b) Wealth and power
o c) The environment d) Magic
43. A story where a character struggles to find their identity might reflect the theme of:
o a) Self-discovery b) Science fiction
o c) Travel and adventure d) Humor
44. A character that keeps secrets from others may help develop a theme about:
o a) Honesty and trust b) Technology
o c) Travel d) Education
45. How does a character’s fear help build a theme in a story?
o a) It reveals deeper emotions, helping develop themes of courage or overcoming fear.
o b) It only adds excitement.
o c) It sets up a minor detail.
o d) It shows a character’s likes and dislikes.
46. In a story about a person who returns to their roots, the theme could be:

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o a) The importance of home
o b) The weather
o c) The character’s job
o d) Friendship
47. A character who hides their true self from others could help develop a theme of:
o a) Identity and honesty b) Obedience
o c) Wealth d) Environment
48. In a story where a character dreams of a better future, the theme might be:
o a) Hope and ambition b) Greed
o c) Humor d) Sports
49. A story where characters break laws for the greater good may explore the theme of:
o a) Justice versus injustice
o b) Humor and happiness
o c) Time travel
o d) Education
50. How can the resolution of a story help highlight the theme?
o a) It wraps up the conflict, showing the final message or lesson.
o b) It introduces new characters.
o c) It gives more details about the setting.
o d) It explains the plot.
Essay Questions
1. Explain how a writer can use characters to explore a theme. Provide examples from a story you have read.
2. Discuss how the theme of friendship is often developed in literature. Use examples from texts you have studied.
3. How does conflict in a story help to develop its theme? Discuss using examples.
4. In what ways do authors use setting to enhance the theme of a story? Provide examples to support your points.
5. Analyze how the theme of "good versus evil" can be presented in different stories. Use examples from literature.
6. How does a writer use dialogue to convey themes in a story? Discuss with examples.
7. What role does character growth play in revealing the theme of a story? Provide examples from a text you have
studied.
8. Discuss how the theme of self-discovery is explored in literature. Use examples to support your answer.
9. Explain how the resolution of a story can reinforce its central theme. Use examples from a story you have read.
10. Compare and contrast how different authors approach the theme of sacrifice in literature. Use examples from different
texts.

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LESSON 4: write a story with unusual ending

Understanding Unusual Endings
An unusual ending is a conclusion that surprises the reader. It may resolve the story in an unexpected way, leaving the
reader with a sense of wonder or shock. These endings are effective because they challenge expectations and can leave a
lasting impression.
2. Preparing for an Unusual Ending
Before writing a story with an unusual ending, it’s essential to set the foundation:
 Develop Your Characters: Build believable characters with clear goals and motivations. The reader should be invested
in what happens to them.
 Create Suspense or a Mystery: Guide the reader to expect a certain outcome. By setting up specific expectations, the
surprise at the end becomes more impactful.
 Hint at the Ending: Even with an unusual ending, leaving small clues throughout the story can make the ending feel
earned, rather than random. These hints are subtle and don’t give away the surprise.
3. Example: Exploring “Hey, You Down There”

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In the story "Hey, You Down There," the writer builds tension with Calvin’s dangerous descent into the hole. The ending is
surprising because instead of Calvin returning, gold bars and a note from a mysterious group appear. The surprise is
heightened by the humorous tone of the note, which contrasts with the reader’s expectation of danger.
 Setting Expectations: The writer leads us to believe that Calvin might not come back or could encounter something
harmful.
 Surprise Ending: The revelation that the underground beings prefer turkey and have mistaken Calvin for one adds
a humorous and shocking twist.
4. Steps to Write a Story with an Unusual Ending
1. Brainstorm Ideas: Think of a plot where the ending will be unexpected. Start with a familiar scenario but think of a
twist that could surprise the reader.
2. Outline Your Story:
o Introduction: Introduce the characters and setting.
o Build Tension: Create a sense of normalcy but hint that something unusual might happen.
o Climax: Lead the reader to expect a typical resolution.
o Twist Ending: End the story in a way that challenges the reader’s expectations.
3. Use Foreshadowing: Drop subtle hints in the story that will make sense only after the reader reaches the ending. For
example, in "Hey, You Down There," the underground group’s earlier note about sending "chicken" hints at their
appreciation for food, setting the stage for the ending.
4. Maintain the Right Tone: Whether humorous, dark, or mysterious, keep the tone consistent so the surprise doesn’t
feel out of place.
5. Writing Exercise: Creating Your Own Unusual Ending
 Start with a Simple Plot: Create a story about a lost object, a mysterious event, or a character trying to solve a
problem.
 Think of a Twist: How can you end the story in a way the reader wouldn’t expect? For example, a detective story
could end with the detective realizing they were the culprit all along.
6. Reflecting on the Ending
After you finish your story, ask yourself:
 Was the ending surprising but believable?
 Did I leave clues throughout the story that lead to the twist?
 How did the twist affect the characters and their goals?
7. Example Prompts for Practice
 A character finds a magic mirror that grants wishes, but what happens when they wish for something unexpected?
 A group of friends enters a haunted house and encounters a ghost, but the ghost has a surprising request.
By following these steps, you can create engaging stories with memorable, unusual endings that leave readers thinking long
after they've finished reading.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary purpose of an unusual ending in a story?
o A) To confuse the reader
o B) To fulfill the reader's expectations
o C) To surprise and engage the reader
o D) To conclude the story traditionally
2. Which of the following best describes foreshadowing?
o A) Revealing the ending early in the story

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o B) Hints or clues about future events in the story
o C) Adding unnecessary details
o D) Providing a detailed background of characters
3. How does an unusual ending affect the reader's experience?
o A) It makes the story predictable
o B) It leaves the reader satisfied with a clear resolution
o C) It challenges the reader's expectations and leaves a lasting impression
o D) It makes the story boring
4. What should you consider when planning an unusual ending?
o A) Making sure the ending is easy to guess
o B) Ensuring the ending is completely unrelated to the story
o C) Preparing the reader for the ending with hints and clues
o D) Avoiding any form of suspense
5. In "Hey, You Down There," what does Calvin find instead of the people he expects?
o A) A treasure chest
o B) A note and gold bars
o C) A trap set for him
o D) A secret escape route
6. Which literary technique is commonly used to set up an unusual ending?
o A) Foreshadowing B) Hyperbole
o C) Imagery D) Simile
7. What is a key characteristic of an effective unusual ending?
o A) It should be predictable
o B) It should feel random and unrelated to the story
o C) It should surprise the reader while still making sense
o D) It should resolve all conflicts in a traditional manner
8. How can an unusual ending be humorous?
o A) By including a serious resolution
o B) By presenting an unexpected but funny twist
o C) By making the story more dramatic
o D) By ignoring the plot completely
9. Which of the following is NOT a common way to prepare the reader for an unusual ending?
o A) Dropping subtle hints
o B) Creating suspense
o C) Making the ending too obvious
o D) Using foreshadowing
10. In a story with an unusual ending, what role does the climax typically play?
o A) It is the final resolution of the story
o B) It leads up to the twist in the ending
o C) It is a scene of minor importance
o D) It resolves all conflicts
11. Which type of ending involves the protagonist achieving their goal in an unexpected way?
o A) Happy ending B) Tragic ending
o C) Twist ending D) Predictable ending

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12. How can you use irony to create an unusual ending?
o A) By making the ending predictable
o B) By having the opposite of what is expected occur
o C) By providing a clear resolution
o D) By avoiding any surprises
13. What is the effect of an unusual ending on the overall theme of a story?
o A) It can reinforce or change the theme
o B) It has no impact on the theme
o C) It makes the theme irrelevant
o D) It simplifies the theme
14. Which narrative element is crucial for setting up a surprising ending?
o A) Character development
o B) Setting description
o C) Plot development
o D) Dialogue
15. What can make a twist ending feel more believable?
o A) Providing no hints throughout the story
o B) Making the twist entirely random
o C) Using foreshadowing and subtle clues
o D) Ensuring the twist is unrelated to the plot
16. What is the main effect of an unusual ending on a story's plot?
o A) It simplifies the plot
o B) It creates additional conflicts
o C) It adds complexity and depth
o D) It makes the plot linear
17. How should the tone of the story align with the unusual ending?
o A) It should shift dramatically
o B) It should remain consistent
o C) It should become humorous
o D) It should change to a different genre
18. What is one common mistake to avoid when writing an unusual ending?
o A) Making it too predictable
o B) Including too many hints
o C) Ensuring the ending is logical
o D) Creating suspense
19. How does suspense contribute to an unusual ending?
o A) It makes the ending less surprising
o B) It makes the ending predictable
o C) It builds anticipation and makes the twist more impactful
o D) It simplifies the plot
20. What type of story often features an unusual ending?
o A) Mystery B) Romance
o C) Historical fiction D) Science fiction
21. How can setting contribute to an unusual ending?

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o A) By providing a conventional backdrop
o B) By being irrelevant to the plot
o C) By adding to the twist or surprise
o D) By simplifying the resolution
22. What effect does an unusual ending have on character development?
o A) It may reveal hidden aspects of characters
o B) It has no effect on character development
o C) It simplifies character arcs
o D) It disregards character motivations
23. Which story element is often used to mislead readers before an unusual ending?
o A) Plot twists
o B) Foreshadowing
o C) Red herrings
o D) Character development
24. What is a red herring?
o A) A clue that leads to the true resolution
o B) A misleading clue intended to distract the reader
o C) A part of the setting
o D) A character's personal goal
25. How does a surprise ending affect the overall pacing of a story?
o A) It slows down the pacing
o B) It maintains the pacing consistently
o C) It accelerates the pacing towards the conclusion
o D) It makes the pacing irrelevant
26. What should an unusual ending ideally do?
o A) Resolve all conflicts in a traditional manner
o B) Leave the reader with lingering questions or a sense of wonder
o C) Reinforce the reader’s expectations
o D) Simplify the plot resolution
27. What role do hints play in preparing for an unusual ending?
o A) They make the ending predictable
o B) They help to set up the twist without revealing it
o C) They create confusion
o D) They are irrelevant to the ending
28. How can a writer use character actions to foreshadow an unusual ending?
o A) By making characters act in predictable ways
o B) By having characters display unusual or inconsistent behavior
o C) By avoiding character development
o D) By keeping characters static
29. Which of the following genres is most likely to use an unusual ending?
o A) Mystery B) Historical fiction
o C) Non-fiction D) Biography
30. What is the primary challenge of writing an unusual ending?
o A) Making it too conventional

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o B) Ensuring it is logically connected to the story
o C) Creating a predictable resolution
o D) Simplifying the plot
31. What impact does an unusual ending have on a story's themes?
o A) It can deepen or challenge the themes presented
o B) It has no impact on themes
o C) It makes themes irrelevant
o D) It simplifies the themes
32. Which narrative technique helps maintain suspense until the unusual ending?
o A) Flashbacks B) Foreshadowing
o C) Exposition D) Character backstories
33. What is a common feature of a twist ending?
o A) The ending is predictable
o B) The ending contradicts previous events or information
o C) The ending aligns with all expectations
o D) The ending resolves all conflicts simply
34. How should the buildup to an unusual ending be handled?
o A) By providing clear hints throughout the story
o B) By avoiding any hints or buildup
o C) By making the buildup irrelevant
o D) By simplifying the story’s conflicts
35. What is a key characteristic of an unexpected twist in a story?
o A) It is anticipated by the reader
o B) It is surprising and changes the reader’s perspective
o C) It follows the story’s main plot
o D) It provides a clear resolution
36. What kind of ending often leaves readers thinking about the story long after they finish?
o A) Predictable ending B) Unusual ending
o C) Conventional ending D) Simple ending
37. What should a writer avoid when crafting an unusual ending?
o A) Making the ending logical and surprising
o B) Creating a twist that feels forced or unrelated
o C) Ensuring hints align with the twist
o D) Maintaining suspense
38. How can an unusual ending influence a story's reception?
o A) It can make the story more memorable and engaging
o B) It makes the story less impactful
o C) It has no influence on the story’s reception
o D) It simplifies the story’s themes
39. What is one way to ensure an unusual ending feels satisfying?
o A) By making it completely unrelated to the rest of the story
o B) By ensuring it resolves the central conflict in an unexpected way
o C) By making the ending predictable
o D) By avoiding character development

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40. How does the setting contribute to an unusual ending?
o A) By providing a conventional resolution
o B) By supporting or enhancing the twist
o C) By being irrelevant to the plot
o D) By simplifying the ending
41. What role does character motivation play in an unusual ending?
o A) It should remain consistent with expectations
o B) It should be ignored for the twist
o C) It should align with the surprising twist
o D) It should be secondary to the twist
42. What effect does an unusual ending have on the story’s conflict?
o A) It resolves the conflict in a typical manner
o B) It may offer a unique resolution or twist to the conflict
o C) It ignores the conflict completely
o D) It makes the conflict irrelevant
43. How can a writer use dialogue to hint at an unusual ending?
o A) By making dialogue straightforward and predictable
o B) By using ambiguous or misleading statements
o C) By ensuring dialogue reveals the twist directly
o D) By avoiding dialogue altogether
44. What is an example of a genre where an unusual ending might be particularly effective?
o A) Romance B) Science fiction
o C) Historical fiction D) Non-fiction
45. How does the climax of a story relate to the unusual ending?
o A) The climax provides a direct resolution
o B) The climax builds up to the twist
o C) The climax is irrelevant to the ending
o D) The climax simplifies the plot
46. What is a common characteristic of

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar). Week 5
 TOPIC: Types of noun/adjective-noun combination,
 direct speech,

LESSON 1: TYPES OF NOUNS/ ADJECTIVE-NOUN COMBINATION

Types of Nouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. There are different types of nouns, each serving a specific
purpose in writing and speaking.
 Proper Nouns: These are names of specific people, places, or organizations. They always begin with a capital letter.
o Examples: Lagos, Cambridge, Michael Jordan, Niger River.
 Common Nouns: These are general names for things, people, or places. They do not need capital letters unless they
start a sentence.
o Examples: city, teacher, river, movie.
 Concrete Nouns: These nouns refer to things that can be touched, seen, heard, smelled, or tasted—physical objects or
substances.
o Examples: apple, dog, car, book.
 Abstract Nouns: These refer to ideas, qualities, or states of being that cannot be experienced with the five senses.
o Examples: love, freedom, happiness, fear.
 Collective Nouns: These refer to groups of people, animals, or things as a single entity.
o Examples: team, family, class, flock.
2. Adjective-Noun Combinations
Adjectives describe or give more information about nouns. When paired with nouns, they help create vivid images or
provide clarity in a sentence.
 Size Adjectives: Describe how big or small something is.
o Examples: large car, tiny kitten.
 Appearance Adjectives: Describe how something looks.
o Examples: beautiful flower, shiny glass.
 Manner Adjectives: Describe the behavior or nature of a person or thing.
o Examples: angry man, brave soldier.
 Adjective-Noun Combinations in Context:
o Freezing rain tells us not just that there’s rain, but that it’s very cold.
o Massive building creates a picture of a very large structure.
Activity: Identifying and Using Nouns and Adjective-Noun Combinations
1. Identify Nouns: In a given paragraph, underline all the nouns and label them as proper, common, concrete,
abstract, or collective.
2. Adjective-Noun Combinations: Write five sentences using adjective-noun combinations to describe objects, people,
or places.
o Example: The nervous boy approached the tall teacher.
This note aligns with the Cambridge and Nigerian curricula, focusing on enhancing students' understanding of
nouns and how to effectively use adjectives in descriptive writing.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What type of noun is "New York"?

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o a) Common b) Proper
o c) Abstract d) Collective
2. Which noun refers to an idea or concept rather than a physical object?
o a) Table b) Happiness
o c) Dog d) School
3. What is the proper noun in the sentence: "Emma visited Paris last summer"?
o a) Emma b) visited
o c) Paris d) summer
4. Which of the following is a concrete noun?
o a) Joy b) Freedom
o c) Mountain d) Courage
5. What type of noun is "team" in the sentence: "The team won the championship"?
o a) Proper b) Common
o c) Abstract d) Collective
6. What does the adjective in "bright sun" describe?
o a) Sun b) Bright
o c) The time d) The location
7. Choose the adjective-noun combination from the options below:
o a) Friendly cat b) Jumped quickly
o c) Happily ran d) Over there
8. In the sentence "The old house was eerie," what type of adjective is "old"?
o a) Size b) Color
o c) Age d) Manner
9. What type of noun is "government" in the sentence: "The government is making new policies"?
o a) Common b) Proper
o c) Concrete d) Abstract
10. Which of the following is an abstract noun?
o a) Music b) Tree
o c) Chair d) Bread
11. What is the correct adjective-noun combination in the sentence: "She wore a _____ dress"?
o a) Beautiful b) Quickly
o c) Running d) Blue sky
12. Which of the following is a collective noun?
o a) Fleet b) Dog
o c) Apple d) Happiness
13. In "The huge elephant roamed the jungle," what does "huge" describe?
o a) Jungle b) Elephant
o c) Roamed d) The scene
14. What type of noun is "breeze" in the sentence: "A gentle breeze was blowing"?
o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Collective d) Proper
15. Which sentence contains a proper noun?
o a) The city was crowded.
o b) My friend bought a new car.

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o c) London is a vibrant city.
o d) The book is on the table.
16. What type of adjective is used in "an old book"?
o a) Color b) Size
o c) Age d) Shape
17. Which is an example of a concrete noun?
o a) Memory b) Wisdom
o c) Beach d) Freedom
18. What is the adjective in "the colorful painting"?
o a) Painting b) Colorful
o c) The d) The art
19. In "The swift horse raced across the field," what type of adjective is "swift"?
o a) Manner b) Size
o c) Color d) Age
20. What noun type is "school" in the sentence: "My school is very big"?
o a) Proper b) Common
o c) Abstract d) Collective
21. What type of noun is "computer"?
o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Collective d) Proper
22. Which adjective-noun combination is correct?
o a) Silent room b) Jumping dog
o c) Quickly car d) Happily ran
23. In "the noisy party," what does "noisy" describe?
o a) Party b) The
o c) Noisy d) Room
24. Which of these is a proper noun?
o a) School b) Teacher
o c) Nigeria d) City
25. What type of noun is "river" in the sentence: "The river flowed gently"?
o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Proper d) Collective
26. In "The brave firefighter saved the day," what type of adjective is "brave"?
o a) Manner b) Age
o c) Size d) Color
27. What is the adjective in "a small puppy"?
o a) Puppy b) Small
o c) A d) The
28. Which sentence uses a collective noun?
o a) The team played well.
o b) The cat is on the bed.
o c) She loves to read books.
o d) They visited the museum.
29. What type of noun is "freedom"?

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o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Collective d) Proper
30. In "the big house," what does "big" describe?
o a) House b) Big
o c) The d) The building
31. Which of these is an abstract noun?
o a) River b) Idea
o c) Book d) Chair
32. What is the noun type of "orchestra" in "The orchestra performed beautifully"?
o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Collective d) Proper
33. Which adjective-noun combination is correct?
o a) Tall mountain b) Fastly car
o c) Brightly sky d) Laughter moment
34. What type of noun is "weekend" in "We enjoyed the weekend"?
o a) Abstract b) Concrete
o c) Collective d) Proper
35. Which of the following is a proper noun?
o a) School b) Teacher
o c) Abuja d) Book
36. In "the soft blanket," what does "soft" describe?
o a) Blanket b) Soft
o c) The d) The texture
37. What type of noun is "cat" in the sentence: "The cat sat on the mat"?
o a) Collective b) Abstract
o c) Concrete d) Proper
38. What is the adjective in "a large elephant"?
o a) Large b) Elephant
o c) The d) A
39. Which of the following is a concrete noun?
o a) Hope b) Music
o c) Building d) Knowledge
40. In "the warm sun," what does "warm" describe?
o a) Sun b) Warm
o c) The d) The weather
41. What type of noun is "university" in "The university is renowned"?
o a) Abstract b) Collective
o c) Concrete d) Proper
42. Which adjective-noun combination is an example of describing size?
o a) Small kitten b) Happy child
o c) Loud noise d) Colorful painting
43. What type of noun is "library" in "She went to the library"?
o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Collective d) Proper

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44. What does the adjective "colorful" describe in "colorful painting"?
o a) Painting b) Colorful
o c) The d) The scene
45. In "the funny joke," what type of adjective is "funny"?
o a) Manner b) Size
o c) Age d) Color
46. What noun type is "airplane"?
o a) Concrete b) Abstract
o c) Collective d) Proper
47. Which of these is an abstract noun?
o a) Love b) Dog
o c) Car d) Building
48. What type of adjective is used in "a beautiful dress"?
o a) Size b) Age
o c) Color d) Shape
49. Which of the following sentences uses a collective noun?
o a) The family is having dinner.
o b) The book is on the table.
o c) The teacher is in the classroom.
o d) The car is parked outside.

50. What is the adjective in "the loud music"?

 a) Music b) Loud
 c) The d) Sound

Essay Questions
1. Explain the different types of nouns with examples for each, and discuss how they contribute to building a
descriptive paragraph.
2. Discuss the role of proper nouns and common nouns in storytelling, and explain how they can help distinguish
between specific and general references.
3. Describe how adjective-noun combinations are used to enhance descriptions in writing. Provide examples from
literature or everyday speech.
4. Write an essay on the importance of using concrete nouns in descriptive writing and how they help readers
visualize the scene.
5. Explain how abstract nouns can convey complex emotions and ideas in writing. Provide examples of their use in a
narrative.
6. Compare and contrast the use of concrete and abstract nouns in different types of writing, such as fiction and non-
fiction.
7. Describe how adjectives can be used to change the tone or mood of a sentence, with examples of how writers can
manipulate this.
8. Write an essay on the importance of collective nouns in creating a sense of unity or group identity in a story.
9. Discuss how the effective use of adjectives in combination with nouns can make writing more vivid and engaging
for the reader.
10. Analyze the use of adjective-noun combinations in a short story or film review, focusing on how they contribute to
the characterization and setting.

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LESSON 2: DIRECT SPEECH,

Direct speech is a way of writing that shows the exact words spoken by a character or person. It is used in fiction to bring
conversations to life and make stories more engaging. When writing direct speech, you must use certain punctuation rules
and often, informal language, to make the speech realistic.
Rules for Direct Speech:
1. Use Speech Marks (Quotation Marks):
o Place the words spoken by a character inside speech marks.
 Example: Prem said, “I love going to the cinema.”
2. Start a New Line for Each Speaker:
o Every time a different character speaks, start a new line.
 Example:
 “Who’s your favorite actor?” asked Prem’s friend.
 “It has to be Rasi Paliwalar,” Prem replied.
3. Capital Letters:
o The first word inside the speech marks must start with a capital letter.
 Example: “That movie was amazing!”
4. Punctuation Inside the Speech Marks:
o Any punctuation, like a full stop, comma, question mark, or exclamation mark, must be inside the speech marks.
 Example: Prem exclaimed, “Rasi is the best actor ever!”
5. Commas Before Direct Speech:
o Use a comma to separate the speech from the dialogue tag (e.g., said, replied).
 Example: Prem said, “I agree.”
Features of Informal English in Direct Speech:
To make dialogue sound natural, especially in informal contexts like conversations between friends, we can use the
following features:
1. Contractions:
o These make speech sound more relaxed and conversational.
 Example: Instead of “I have,” use “I’ve.”
 “I’ve seen that movie before,” said Prem.
2. Slang or Informal Words:
o In direct speech, informal words and expressions can be used to match the character’s personality or setting.
 Example: “That movie was awesome!” shouted Prem’s friend.
3. Ellipsis (...):
o To show that a character's speech is trailing off or they’re thinking, use ellipses.
 Example: “I’m not sure if I should go to the cinema... maybe later,” said Prem.
Example of Direct Speech in a Story:
Prem was excited about the new film. He turned to his friend and said, "Are you coming to the cinema later?"
His friend shrugged, "I might. What movie are you going to watch?"
"Something with Rasi Paliwalar! He's the best," Prem replied with enthusiasm.

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"Yeah, he's amazing," agreed his friend.
Practice Activity:
Write a short conversation between two friends discussing their favorite movie. Use direct speech, contractions, and proper
punctuation.
By following these guidelines, students will learn to write dialogue that feels real and engaging, using correct punctuation as
outlined.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is direct speech?
o a) The words spoken by a character, shown exactly as they were said
o b) A summary of what someone said
o c) A description of someone's actions
o d) A reported version of speech
2. Where should speech marks be placed?
o a) Outside the spoken words
o b) Inside the spoken words
o c) At the beginning of the sentence only
o d) At the end of the sentence only
3. How do you start a new speaker’s dialogue?
o a) On the same line as the previous speaker
o b) With a new line
o c) In parentheses
o d) In bold text
4. What should the first word in direct speech start with?
o a) A lowercase letter b) An uppercase letter
o c) A number d) A symbol
5. Where should commas be placed in direct speech?
o a) Outside the speech marks
o b) Inside the speech marks
o c) After the speech marks
o d) Before the speech marks
6. What is the purpose of using contractions in direct speech?
o a) To make the speech more formal
o b) To make the speech sound more relaxed and natural
o c) To confuse the reader
o d) To extend the speech
7. Which punctuation mark is used to show speech is continuing?
o a) Exclamation mark b) Question mark
o c) Ellipsis (...) d) Full stop
8. How should you punctuate a sentence that includes a direct speech tag?
o a) Use a colon before the speech
o b) Use a comma after the speech tag
o c) Use a comma before the speech tag
o d) Use a full stop after the speech tag

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9. How do you punctuate a question within direct speech?
o a) Use a comma inside the speech marks
o b) Use a question mark inside the speech marks
o c) Use a question mark outside the speech marks
o d) Use a full stop inside the speech marks
10. Which of these sentences correctly punctuates direct speech?
o a) “I don’t know,” she said.
o b) “I don’t know” she said.
o c) “I don’t know”, she said.
o d) “I don’t know.” she said.
11. What is a dialogue tag?
o a) A title for a conversation
o b) A way to describe the setting
o c) A phrase that tells who is speaking
o d) A description of the characters
12. When is it appropriate to use informal language in direct speech?
o a) In academic essays
o b) In formal letters
o c) In casual conversations between characters
o d) In news reports
13. What does a dialogue tag typically include?
o a) The location of the conversation
o b) The speaker’s name and a verb like “said”
o c) The length of the conversation
o d) The mood of the conversation
14. How do you handle speech that is interrupted?
o a) Use ellipses in the middle of the speech
o b) Separate the speech with dashes
o c) Start a new line for each part of the speech
o d) Combine all parts into one sentence
15. How should you write a direct speech that ends with an exclamation mark?
o a) Follow with a comma
o b) Follow with a question mark
o c) End with a speech mark and the exclamation mark
o d) End with a speech mark and a full stop
16. Which sentence correctly uses direct speech?
o a) “I can’t wait to see the movie,” said Jenny. “I’ve been waiting for weeks.”
o b) “I can’t wait to see the movie” said Jenny. “I’ve been waiting for weeks.”
o c) “I can’t wait to see the movie,” said Jenny. “I’ve been waiting for weeks”
o d) “I can’t wait to see the movie” said Jenny. “I’ve been waiting for weeks”
17. What punctuation should be used if the speech tag comes before the direct speech?
o a) A full stop before the speech marks
o b) A comma after the speech tag
o c) A semicolon before the speech marks

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o d) An exclamation mark before the speech marks
18. Which sentence correctly uses a contraction in direct speech?
o a) “I cannot go,” she said.
o b) “I can’t go,” she said.
o c) “I cannot go,” she said.
o d) “I cant go,” she said.
19. How should you format a sentence with a question in direct speech followed by a dialogue tag?
o a) Place the question mark outside the speech marks
o b) Place the question mark inside the speech marks
o c) Replace the question mark with a comma
o d) Place the question mark after the dialogue tag
20. What is the correct way to use an ellipsis in direct speech?
o a) At the beginning of the speech
o b) In the middle of the speech to show it is unfinished
o c) At the end of the speech to show hesitation
o d) After the dialogue tag
21. Which sentence uses direct speech correctly?
o a) “What time is the movie?” asked Maria.
o b) “What time is the movie” asked Maria?
o c) “What time is the movie? asked Maria.
o d) “What time is the movie,” asked Maria?
22. How should you handle a direct speech sentence that ends with a question mark?
o a) Use a comma after the question mark
o b) Use a question mark inside the speech marks
o c) Use a period after the question mark
o d) Use a question mark outside the speech marks
23. How do you write a sentence where the speech tag is at the end?
o a) Place a comma before the closing speech mark
o b) Place a period before the closing speech mark
o c) Place a comma before the closing speech mark if the speech is a complete sentence
o d) Place a period before the closing speech mark if the speech is a complete sentence
24. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?
o a) “Can you come over here” asked Jack.
o b) “Can you come over here?” asked Jack.
o c) “Can you come over here?” Jack asked.
o d) “Can you come over here,” asked Jack.
25. How should you format direct speech if it spans multiple paragraphs?
o a) Use a new set of speech marks for each paragraph
o b) Use the same set of speech marks for each paragraph
o c) Do not use speech marks
o d) Separate the paragraphs with dashes
26. What is the correct punctuation for speech that is interrupted by a speech tag?
o a) Use a comma before the speech tag and continue with speech marks
o b) Use a period before the speech tag and start a new sentence

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o c) Use ellipses to indicate the interruption
o d) Use dashes to separate the parts
27. Which sentence correctly uses direct speech?
o a) “I forgot my book,” said Tim. “Can I borrow yours?”
o b) “I forgot my book” said Tim “Can I borrow yours?”
o c) “I forgot my book” said Tim. “Can I borrow yours”
o d) “I forgot my book,” said Tim. “Can I borrow yours.
28. When should you use a full stop in direct speech?
o a) When the speech tag comes before the speech
o b) When the speech is a complete sentence and the speech tag comes after
o c) When the speech is a question
o d) When the speech is an exclamation
29. How do you handle direct speech that ends with an exclamation mark?
o a) End with a period inside the speech marks
o b) End with an exclamation mark inside the speech marks
o c) End with an exclamation mark outside the speech marks
o d) End with a question mark inside the speech marks
30. What is the correct way to write a direct speech that includes an interruption?
o a) Use commas to separate the parts of the speech
o b) Use ellipses to show the interruption
o c) Use dashes to show the interruption
o d) Combine the interrupted parts into one continuous speech
31. How do you handle direct speech with multiple sentences?
o a) Use a single set of speech marks for all sentences
o b) Use separate speech marks for each sentence
o c) Use parentheses for each sentence
o d) Separate sentences with commas
32. What should you do if a character’s speech is ongoing across multiple paragraphs?
o a) Place speech marks at the beginning of each paragraph
o b) Only use speech marks at the beginning and end of the speech
o c) Start a new line for each sentence
o d) Use dashes between paragraphs
33. How do you punctuate a sentence with direct speech followed by a speech tag?
 a) End the speech with a comma inside the speech marks
 b) End the speech with a period inside the speech marks
 c) End the speech with a question mark outside the speech marks
 d) End the speech with an exclamation mark outside the speech marks
38. Which of the following sentences correctly uses punctuation for direct speech?
 a) “Where are you going” asked Sarah.
 b) “Where are you going?” asked Sarah.
 c) “Where are you going.” asked Sarah.
 d) “Where are you going?” Sarah asked?
39. What is the correct format for dialogue where the speech is interrupted?
 a) Use ellipses after the interruption

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 b) Use dashes to indicate the break
 c) Use parentheses to indicate the interruption
 d) Use commas around the interruption
40. How should you punctuate a sentence in direct speech that ends with an ellipsis?
 a) Place the ellipsis inside the speech marks
 b) Place the ellipsis outside the speech marks
 c) Use a period after the ellipsis
 d) Use a comma after the ellipsis
41. What should you do when a character speaks in incomplete sentences?
 a) Use a period inside the speech marks
 b) Use an ellipsis inside the speech marks
 c) Use a semicolon inside the speech marks
 d) Use an exclamation mark inside the speech marks
42. How do you handle multiple questions in a single piece of direct speech?
 a) Use separate speech marks for each question
 b) Use a comma between questions
 c) Use a question mark after each question inside the speech marks
 d) Use a full stop after each question inside the speech marks
43. What punctuation should you use for direct speech that expresses surprise?
 a) Use a period b) Use an ellipsis
 c) Use an exclamation mark d) Use a comma
44. Which of the following shows the correct placement of the dialogue tag in direct speech?
 a) “I think it’s too late now,” said Emily.
 b) “I think it’s too late now” said, Emily.
 c) “I think it’s too late now.” said Emily.
 d) “I think it’s too late now,” said, Emily.
45. How should you punctuate speech that is split between two sentences?
 a) Use a comma inside the speech marks at the end of the first sentence
 b) Use a period inside the speech marks at the end of the first sentence
 c) Use an exclamation mark at the end of the first sentence
 d) Use an ellipsis to connect the two sentences
46. Which of the following sentences shows the correct use of dialogue tags?
 a) “What time does the movie start,” he said, “I don’t want to miss it.”
 b) “What time does the movie start?” he said, “I don’t want to miss it.”
 c) “What time does the movie start?” he said. “I don’t want to miss it.”
 d) “What time does the movie start,” he said. “I don’t want to miss it.”
47. How do you show that someone is thinking using direct speech?
 a) Use italics inside the speech marks
 b) Use quotation marks and a dialogue tag
 c) Use no speech marks and no dialogue tag
 d) Use ellipses after the speech
48. How should you format direct speech that includes a shouted sentence?
 a) Use a question mark inside the speech marks
 b) Use an exclamation mark inside the speech marks
 c) Use a period after the speech marks

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 d) Use a comma inside the speech marks
49. Which of these sentences correctly punctuates a question in direct speech?
 a) “What’s your favorite book?” she asked.
 b) “What’s your favorite book”, she asked.
 c) “What’s your favorite book,” she asked?
 d) “What’s your favorite book?” she asked?
50. How do you handle a direct speech sentence that is a complete statement?
 a) End the speech with a comma
 b) End the speech with a period inside the speech marks
 c) End the speech with a semicolon
 d) End the speech with a question mark outside the speech marks
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of using correct punctuation when writing direct speech. Include examples to support your
answer.
2. Explain how contractions in direct speech can make dialogue sound more natural. Use examples from fictional
conversations.
3. Analyze the role of informal language in direct speech, especially in casual conversations between characters.
4. How does the use of dialogue tags affect the flow of a conversation in fiction? Provide examples to illustrate your
points.
5. Discuss the differences between direct and indirect speech, and explain when each should be used in writing.
6. How can the use of ellipses in direct speech convey a character’s hesitation or trailing thoughts? Provide examples.
7. Write about the importance of creating realistic dialogue in fiction. How can a writer use direct speech to achieve
this?
8. How does the placement of punctuation inside or outside speech marks affect the meaning of a sentence? Discuss
with examples.
9. Explain how the use of multiple paragraphs in direct speech should be formatted and why this is important for
clarity.
10. Discuss the challenges a writer might face when writing conversations between multiple characters using direct
speech. How can these challenges be overcome?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar). Week 5

 TOPIC: write a section of a story;

 write an article,
 write a film review,
 speech writing
 narrative

LESSON 1: WRITE A SECTION OF A STORY;

When writing a section of a story, it’s important to plan your paragraphs to ensure that they create a flowing, coherent
narrative. Below is a breakdown of how to write the next section of a fiction story, using the example of Film Boy where a
character named Prem meets his hero, Rasi Paliwalar.
Key Concepts:
 Characterization: Describing a character's actions and responses instead of telling their emotions directly.
 Direct Speech: Using dialogue that reflects how people actually speak, often informally.
 Setting: Choosing a location that enhances the story’s theme or mood.
 Thoughts and Feelings: Showing a character's inner reflections.
Paragraph Breakdown:
1. The Meeting Place:
o Objective: Provide contrast by setting this section in a different, unusual location.
o Plan: Describe where Prem is when he first spots his hero. Choose a location that contrasts with where we might
expect Prem to see Rasi. For example, Rasi could be in an ordinary place like a grocery store, rather than on a movie set
or stage. Use descriptive nouns to bring the setting to life and build a clear image.
 Example: "Prem was walking through the narrow aisles of the grocery store when he spotted him—the man who had
been his hero for years, Rasi Paliwalar, standing by the checkout counter."
o Contrast Strategy: Show how Prem is thrown off by the contrast between the hero’s status and the normal setting.
2. Prem Spots His Hero:
o Objective: Show Prem’s surprise through action, rather than telling the reader directly.
o Plan: Focus on Prem’s physical reaction to seeing Rasi instead of simply stating he was shocked. For example, you could
describe how Prem drops something he is holding or freezes in place.
 Example: "Prem’s hand slipped, and the jar of pasta sauce crashed to the floor. He stood motionless, his eyes locked on
the figure by the checkout, unable to believe that Rasi Paliwalar, his childhood hero, was just feet away."
o Show, Don’t Tell: Use actions like stammering, wide-eyed expressions, or awkward body language to indicate surprise.
3. The Meeting:
o Objective: Write a conversation between Prem and Rasi using informal direct speech to make the exchange feel
realistic.
o Plan: Think about what Prem might say to his hero and how Rasi would respond. Keep the conversation informal,
including interruptions, slang, or hesitations that reflect natural speech.
 Example:
 Prem: “Uh…excuse me, aren’t you...Rasi Paliwalar?”
 Rasi (laughs): “Yeah, that’s me. Didn’t expect to see me in a place like this, did you?”
 Prem (nervously): “No, I just—wow, I’ve been a fan since...forever!”
 Informal English Features: Use contractions, incomplete sentences, or casual phrases to make the dialogue feel
authentic.

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4. Prem’s Thoughts and Feelings:
o Objective: Reflect on whether meeting his hero was as great as Prem had imagined.
o Plan: After the conversation, describe Prem’s thoughts and feelings about the experience. Was it a disappointment?
Was Rasi more ordinary than Prem expected? Use descriptive nouns and adjectives to capture Prem’s emotional state.
 Example: "As Rasi walked away, Prem stood still, a strange emptiness settling over him. He had always imagined this
moment would be filled with excitement and awe, but now all he felt was...confusion. Had Rasi just been too ordinary?
Too normal?"
o Internal Reflection: Show how Prem processes the meeting, revealing that heroes may not always live up to their
larger-than-life image.
Conclusion:
When writing a story section, it's crucial to:
 Set the scene to create a vivid image in the reader’s mind.
 Show emotions through actions rather than simply stating how characters feel.
 Use realistic dialogue that mirrors natural speech patterns.
 Reflect on how the experience affects your character emotionally and mentally.
This approach ensures that your writing is engaging, relatable, and rich in detail.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the main purpose of a topic sentence in a paragraph?
o a) To summarize the whole essay
o b) To introduce the main idea of the paragraph
o c) To list supporting details
o d) To provide a conclusion
2. Which of the following is a noun?
o a) Quickly b) Run
o c) Table d) Beautiful
3. Which sentence is an example of direct speech?
o a) He said that he would come tomorrow.
o b) "I will come tomorrow," he said.
o c) He might come tomorrow.
o d) I heard he’s coming tomorrow.
4. What is the function of a prefix in a word?
o a) To change the tense
o b) To change the meaning
o c) To make the word shorter
o d) To add emphasis
5. In storytelling, what is an "unusual ending"?
o a) An ending that is expected
o b) An ending that surprises the reader
o c) An ending with no resolution
o d) An ending where the hero wins
6. Which of the following is a proper noun?
o a) City b) Man
o c) London d) River

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7. What is the best definition of a 'hero' in a story?
o a) The person who loses
o b) The main character who faces challenges
o c) A villain in the story
o d) Someone who is disliked by others
8. What is the correct way to punctuate direct speech?
o a) He said, "I'm coming".
o b) "He said I'm coming".
o c) He said "I'm coming".
o d) He said, "I'm coming."
9. Which of the following words is an adjective?
o a) Happiness b) Quickly
o c) Blue d) Run
10. Which connective best shows a sequence of time?
 a) However b) Moreover
 c) Then d) Nevertheless
11. What is the purpose of a persuasive speech?
o a) To entertain the audience
o b) To inform the audience
o c) To convince the audience to agree with a viewpoint
o d) To confuse the audience
12. Which of the following is a collective noun?
o a) Dog b) Pack
o c) Happiness d) Friend
13. What is the function of adjectives in a sentence?
o a) To describe a noun
o b) To describe a verb
o c) To express an action
o d) To link two ideas
14. When writing an article, what is the main purpose of the introduction?
o a) To summarize the article
o b) To introduce the topic and capture interest
o c) To provide background information
o d) To give conclusions
15. Which of the following is a synonym for the word "persuade"?
o a) Convince b) Question
o c) Demand d) Forget
16. A film review should include:
o a) The author’s biography
o b) A summary of the plot and the reviewer's opinion
o c) The full movie script
o d) An unrelated story
17. What is the purpose of using time connectives in writing?
o a) To show contrast

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o b) To show the sequence of events
o c) To confuse the reader
o d) To express an opinion
18. What is the difference between direct and indirect speech?
o a) Direct speech is in past tense
o b) Indirect speech involves reporting what someone said without quoting
o c) Direct speech is always informal
o d) Indirect speech always uses question marks
19. In the sentence, "She walked quickly to the store," what is the adverb?
o a) She b) Walked
o c) Quickly d) Store
20. Which of the following is an example of a prefix?
o a) Pre- b) -ed
o c) –ing d) Post-

1. b) To introduce the main idea of the paragraph

2. c) Table
3. b) "I will come tomorrow," he said.
4. b) To change the meaning
5. b) An ending that surprises the reader
6. c) London
7. b) The main character who faces challenges
8. d) He said, "I'm coming."
9. c) Blue
10. c) Then
11. c) To convince the audience to agree with a viewpoint
12. b) Pack
13. a) To describe a noun
14. b) To introduce the topic and capture interest
15. a) Convince
16. b) A summary of the plot and the reviewer's opinion
17. b) To show the sequence of events
18. b) Indirect speech involves reporting what someone said without quoting
19. c) Quickly
20. a) Pre-

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o
21. Which sentence uses a time connective?
o a) Although it was raining, they played.
o b) They played, however, they were tired.
o c) After they played, they went home.
o d) They played and won the game.
22. What type of noun is "happiness"?
o a) Proper noun b) Common noun
o c) Abstract noun d) Collective noun
23. In writing a persuasive speech, it is important to:
o a) Present both sides equally
o b) Use logical arguments and evidence
o c) Avoid any opinions
o d) Only use emotional appeals
24. What is the main purpose of a film review?
o a) To summarize the film
o b) To give an opinion on the film
o c) To provide the script
o d) To introduce the actors
25. Which sentence contains an adjective-noun combination?
o a) She sings beautifully. b) The blue car raced away.
o c) He jumps quickly. d) They are studying.
26. In writing flash fiction, the story should be:
o a) Very long and detailed b) Short but impactful
o c) Unfinished d) Complex with multiple plots
27. Which of the following is an example of a suffix?
o a) Pre- b) Post-
o c) –less d) Re-
28. A character's actions in a story help to:
o a) Describe the setting
o b) Show their personality and emotions
o c) Confuse the reader
o d) End the story
29. Which of the following would be a good time connective?
o a) Later b) Because
o c) If d) Therefore
30. What is the first step in writing a film review?
o a) Write about the plot b) Watch the movie carefully
o c) Research the director d) Look up reviews online
31. Which of these is a common noun?
o a) London b) Car
o c) Atlantic Ocean d) Mount Everest
32. What makes a flash fiction story unique?
o a) It’s only about one character

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o b) It has a surprising twist in a few words
o c) It ends with a cliffhanger
o d) It is always set in the future
33. Which of these is an adjective-noun combination?
o a) Red apple b) Run fast
o c) She is running d) Went home
34. Why are prefixes added to words?
o a) To change the spelling b) To alter the word’s meaning
o c) To make the word longer d) To change the tense
35. Which of the following is an example of informal speech?
o a) I shall accompany you. b) I’m gonna come along.
o c) Please be seated. d) You have to be here by 8.
36. What is the best way to describe a noun?
o a) Using verbs b) Using adjectives
o c) Using prepositions d) Using adverbs
37. Which word can act as both a noun and a verb?
o a) Table b) Run
o c) Happy d) Slowly
38. The difference between a hero and a celebrity is:
o a) A hero is fictional, a celebrity is real
o b) A hero faces challenges, a celebrity is famous
o c) A hero is always kind, a celebrity is not
o d) A hero is always young, a celebrity can be any age
39. When writing a persuasive speech, it’s important to:
o a) Ignore the opposing side
o b) Use logical arguments and facts
o c) Make it as long as possible
o d) Be neutral
40. What part of speech is "quickly" in the sentence "She ran quickly"?
o a) Noun b) Verb
o c) Adverb d) Adjective
41. Which of these is a plural noun?
o a) Book b) Child
o c) Children d) Man
42. In direct speech, the punctuation comes:
o a) Before the quotation mark
o b) After the quotation mark
o c) Outside the sentence
o d) Inside the quotation mark
43. Flash fiction usually focuses on:
o a) One main event
o b) Several subplots
o c) Long descriptions
o d) Multiple characters

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44. A prefix in the word "unhappy" is:
o a) happy b) un-
o c) –ed d) -ly
45. What is the best way to make a descriptive paragraph more interesting?
o a) Use complex words
o b) Use vivid adjectives and nouns
o c) Write long sentences
o d) Use only action verbs
46. What is the role of dialogue in a story?
o a) To describe the setting
o b) To provide direct speech between characters
o c) To summarize the plot
o d) To add more characters
47. The term "informal speech" refers to:
o a) The use of technical language
o b) Casual, everyday language
o c) Strict, proper grammar
o d) Long, detailed sentences
48. When planning a story, the "climax" refers to:
o a) The beginning of the story
o b) The highest point of tension or conflict
o c) The resolution of the story
o d) The introduction of characters
49. Which word is an example of a plural noun?
o a) Mouse b) Mice
o c) Child d) Fish
50. Which of the following sentences is an example of formal writing?
o a) "Gonna go to the store now."
o b) "Please allow me to accompany you to the store."
o c) "I can't wait to go shopping!"
o d) "Wanna go out now?"
10 Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of planning when writing a section of a story. Include how proper planning improves story flow
and coherence.
2. How does using descriptive language (nouns and adjectives) affect the quality of a story's setting and characters?
3. Explain how direct speech contributes to character development in fiction. Provide examples from stories you have
read.
4. Write an essay comparing and contrasting heroes and celebrities in fiction. How are they similar and different in their
roles and influence?
5. In what ways can time connectives enhance the narrative structure of a story? Provide examples of how they are used
effectively.
6. Discuss the features of informal speech in dialogue and its role in making characters relatable in a story.
7. Explain the significance of writing a persuasive speech. How do logical arguments, emotions, and evidence come
together to influence an audience?

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8. How can flash fiction be used to convey a powerful story in a limited number of words? Discuss with examples.
9. Write about the challenges of writing a film review. How can one balance personal opinions with objective analysis?
10. How do adjective-noun combinations enrich descriptive writing? Discuss their role in building vivid imagery in
storytelling.

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LESSON 2: WRITE AN ARTICLE,
Writing a newspaper article involves informing readers about events, people, or topics in a factual and engaging manner.
Journalists use specific techniques and structures to catch the attention of their audience. This guide will help you
understand the essential components of writing a newspaper article.
1. Headline Techniques
Journalists use catchy headlines to grab the reader's attention. A good headline is short, sharp, and intriguing. Some
techniques used in headlines include:
 Alliteration: Repeating the same sound or letter at the beginning of words (e.g., Celebrity Crime on Camera!)
 Exaggeration: Making something seem more extreme than it really is (e.g., Footballer’s Speeding Shocker…)
 Rhyme: Using words with similar sounds (e.g., Wot’s Hot and Wot’s Not?)
 Shock or Surprise: Creating a reaction of disbelief (e.g., Pilot’s Bad ‘Air Day!)
 Pun or Wordplay: Using words with double meanings (e.g., Gangsta Rap Killz Music)
 Non-Standard English or Slang: Using casual language or deliberate misspelling to appeal to a particular audience (e.g.,
Wot’s Hot instead of What’s Hot).
2. Structural Features of a Newspaper Article
A newspaper article is typically divided into the following sections:
 Headline: This is the title of the article. It should be attention-grabbing and give a hint about the article's content.
 Byline: This is the name of the journalist who wrote the article.
 Lead (or Introduction): The opening paragraph is the most important. It answers the key questions: Who, What, When,
Where, Why, and How (5 Ws and 1 H). For example, “Hrithik Roshan says he practises every day to overcome
stammering.”
 Body: The body contains more details about the event or topic. It may include:
o Facts and Statistics: Presenting factual information.
o Quotes: Statements from people involved in the story (e.g., Hrithik Roshan said, "I'd practise every day to overcome
the speech issue…").
o Background Information: Giving the reader context or additional information about the topic.
 Conclusion: The article often ends with a summary or a final comment. This can be a quote or a reflection on the story.
3. Language Features of a Factual Article
When writing a factual article, it’s important to keep the language clear, concise, and objective. Here are some key points to
remember:
 Use of Simple, Clear Language: Avoid using overly complex words or sentences. Your readers should easily
understand your article.
 Facts Over Opinions: Stick to the facts. A factual article doesn’t include personal opinions unless you are quoting
someone.
 Third-Person Perspective: Most articles are written in the third person, using words like he, she, they, and it. This
keeps the tone formal and objective.
 Formal Tone: Avoid slang or overly casual language unless it’s part of a quote or a specific style in the headline.
 Use of Quotes: Include quotes from people related to the story to provide credibility and a personal touch. For
example, Hrithik Roshan's struggle with stammering is highlighted with direct quotes.
Example Structure:
Headline:
Hrithik Roshan Says He Practices Every Day to Overcome Stammering
Byline:
HT Correspondent, Hindustan Times

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Lead Paragraph:
Hrithik Roshan, who has had a long struggle against stammering, might represent The Indian Stammering Association as
their brand ambassador, says a new report.
Body Paragraphs:
 The actor, known for his roles in hit films, has faced challenges in his speech since childhood.
 According to a report in Mumbai Mirror, nine members of the association met him at his residence to discuss his role as
a brand ambassador.
 Hrithik shared that he practices every day to manage his stammer, especially to control physical actions like twitching.
Conclusion:
His journey serves as an inspiration to many, showing that perseverance and daily practice can help overcome challenges.
Conclusion
To write an effective newspaper article, focus on a compelling headline, present factual information clearly, and use quotes
to add depth. Always stick to the key structure—headline, lead, body, and conclusion—and ensure the language is formal
and easy to understand.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the primary purpose of a newspaper headline? a) To provide detailed information b) To catch the reader’s
attention c) To summarize the article d) To include the author’s name
2. Which of the following is NOT a technique used in headlines? a) Alliteration b) Exaggeration c) Rhyme d) Long
sentences
3. What does a ‘lead’ in a newspaper article do? a) Summarizes the article b) Provides the headline c) Answers the key
questions (5 Ws and 1 H) d) Includes background information
4. What should a factual newspaper article primarily include? a) Opinions and personal views b) Detailed descriptions c)
Facts and quotes d) Fictional elements
5. In newspaper writing, what is a byline? a) The title of the article b) The main body of text c) The name of the journalist
d) The concluding statement
6. Which feature is used to make a headline more engaging by creating a reaction of surprise? a) Punctuation b) Shock or
Surprise c) Alliteration d) Rhyme
7. What does a newspaper article's conclusion typically do? a) Introduces the topic b) Summarizes the article or provides a
final comment c) Contains quotes d) Provides the author's biography
8. What is the main focus of a lead paragraph? a) To provide background information b) To summarize the entire article c)
To answer the 5 Ws and 1 H d) To include personal opinions
9. Which language feature should be avoided in a factual article? a) Clear language b) Formal tone c) Slang d) Objectivity
10. Which headline uses a pun? a) CELEBRITY CRIME ON CAMERA! b) FOOTBALLER’S SPEEDING SHOCKER... c) PILOT’S BAD
‘AIR DAY! d) GANGSTA RAP KILLZ MUSIC
11. What is the purpose of including quotes in a newspaper article? a) To add fictional elements b) To provide credibility
and personal touch c) To increase word count d) To present the author's opinions
12. What feature is common in a newspaper article's body? a) Introduction b) Headline c) Conclusion d) Detailed
information and facts
13. How should the language be in a newspaper article? a) Casual and conversational b) Complex and technical c) Clear and
objective d) Creative and imaginative
14. What is the function of punctuation in headlines? a) To provide factual details b) To create emphasis or add intrigue c)
To include quotes d) To summarize the article
15. Which headline technique involves repeating sounds? a) Alliteration b) Exaggeration c) Shock or Surprise d) Non-
Standard English

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16. Which element is NOT typically found in the body of a newspaper article? a) Quotes b) Lead c) Facts d) Background
information
17. What should the tone of a factual newspaper article be? a) Subjective and informal b) Informative and engaging c)
Casual and humorous d) Creative and imaginative
18. What does 'non-standard English' refer to in headlines? a) Formal and correct grammar b) Incorrect spelling and casual
language c) Technical jargon d) Complex sentence structures
19. Which technique would you use to make a headline rhyme? a) Alliteration b) Shock or Surprise c) Rhyme d)
Exaggeration
20. How is the conclusion of a newspaper article different from the lead? a) It answers the 5 Ws and 1 H b) It provides
detailed information c) It summarizes or reflects on the story d) It introduces the topic

1 b) To catch the reader’s attention 11 b) To provide credibility and personal

2 d) Long sentences touch
3 c) Answers the key questions (5 Ws and 1 12 d) Detailed information and facts
H) 13 c) Clear and objective
4 c) Facts and quotes 14 b) To create emphasis or add intrigue
5 c) The name of the journalist 15 a) Alliteration
6 b) Shock or Surprise 16 b) Lead
7 b) Summarizes the article or provides a 17 b) Informative and engaging
final comment 18 b) Incorrect spelling and casual language
8 c) To answer the 5 Ws and 1 H 19 c) Rhyme
9 c) Slang 20 c) It summarizes or reflects on the story
10 c) PILOT’S BAD ‘AIR DAY!

21. What does the term ‘alliteration’ involve in a headline? a) Using numbers b) Repeating the same letter or sound c)
Creating puns d) Using quotations
22. Which of the following best describes the body of a newspaper article? a) The section with the headline b) The detailed
part with facts and quotes c) The concluding remarks d) The introduction of the topic
23. What is a common feature of non-standard English in headlines? a) Use of proper grammar b) Accurate spelling c)
Casual language and deliberate misspelling d) Formal language
24. Which feature would a headline likely use to convey a sense of urgency? a) Rhyme b) Alliteration c) Exaggeration d)
Background Information
25. What is the main role of quotes in a newspaper article? a) To express personal opinions b) To provide additional
information c) To present factual details d) To add credibility and perspective
26. How is ‘shock or surprise’ used in headlines? a) To provide facts b) To create an element of surprise or disbelief c) To use
formal language d) To repeat sounds
27. Which feature helps a headline stand out and attract readers’ attention? a) Punctuation b) Background Information c)
Detailed descriptions d) Long paragraphs
28. What should NOT be included in the lead of a newspaper article? a) Key questions (5 Ws and 1 H) b) Detailed
information c) Summary of the main points d) Basic facts
29. What is the function of background information in a newspaper article? a) To provide context b) To introduce the
headline c) To include quotes d) To summarize the article
30. Which headline technique uses exaggerated language? a) Alliteration b) Exaggeration c) Rhyme d) Punctuation
31. What does a factual article NOT include? a) Quotes b) Personal opinions c) Detailed information d) Statistics

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32. How does punctuation affect headlines? a) It makes the headline more formal b) It helps to create emphasis or intrigue
c) It adds detailed information d) It provides background context
33. Which of the following is a common structure element in the body of a newspaper article? a) Byline b) Headline c) Lead
d) Facts and quotes
34. What is an example of a technique to add creativity to a headline? a) Shock or Surprise b) Formal language c) Detailed
background d) Quotations
35. What type of language should be used in the body of a newspaper article? a) Casual and conversational b) Complex and
detailed c) Clear and formal d) Slang and informal
36. What role does the byline serve in a newspaper article? a) To provide detailed information b) To name the journalist c)
To summarize the article d) To conclude the article
37. What is a common characteristic of ‘exaggeration’ in headlines? a) It uses mild language b) It presents information as
more extreme c) It includes quotes d) It is used for factual reporting
38. Which of the following headlines uses non-standard English? a) CELEBRITY CRIME ON CAMERA! b) FOOTBALLER’S
SPEEDING SHOCKER... c) GANGSTA RAP KILLZ MUSIC d) PILOT’S BAD ‘AIR DAY!
39. What is the primary function of the conclusion in a newspaper article? a) To introduce the main points b) To provide a
final summary or comment c) To give detailed background information d) To present the headline
40. How does a factual newspaper article differ from an opinion piece? a) It includes personal opinions b) It presents facts
and quotes c) It uses creative language d) It discusses fictional events
41. Which of the following would be an appropriate feature in the lead of an article? a) In-depth analysis b) Background
information c) Answers to the 5 Ws and 1 H d) Detailed quotes
42. What is NOT typically included in the body of a newspaper article? a) Headline b) Detailed facts c) Quotes d)
Background information
43. How does 'rhyme' enhance a newspaper headline? a) By creating a catchy sound b) By adding detailed facts c) By
providing quotes d) By using formal language
44. What should be the focus of the language used in the conclusion of a newspaper article? a) Personal opinions b)
Creative writing c) Summarization or reflection d) Detailed description
45. What feature makes headlines more engaging and memorable? a) Formal tone b) Detailed information c) Creative
techniques like alliteration and puns d) Long paragraphs
46. How is ‘shock or surprise’ typically used in headlines? a) To make the information sound routine
b) To grab the reader's attention by presenting unexpected news
c) To provide background information
d) To present facts in a clear manner
47. Which of the following is an example of exaggeration in a headline?
a) "The Best Concert Ever!"
b) "Local Mayor Speaks to Citizens"
c) "New Restaurant Opens in Town"
d) "Scientific Discovery Made Yesterday"
48. What is the importance of answering the 5 Ws and 1 H in the lead paragraph?
a) To make the article more entertaining
b) To provide essential information to the reader
c) To add opinions to the article
d) To create suspense in the article
49. Which of these techniques would make a headline more humorous?
a) Shock or surprise b) Alliteration
c) Puns d) Non-standard English

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50. What is a common feature of the formal tone used in a newspaper article?
a) It includes lots of technical jargon
b) It avoids slang and informal language
c) It uses casual conversation style
d) It relies heavily on opinions

Essay Questions
1. Explain the structure of a newspaper article, highlighting the function of each part (headline, lead, body, and
conclusion).
2. Discuss the role of language techniques like alliteration, exaggeration, and rhyme in creating effective newspaper
headlines.
3. Compare and contrast a factual newspaper article with an opinion piece. How do the tone and content differ?
4. Why is it important for journalists to use clear, concise, and formal language in factual articles? Provide examples.
5. Analyze the impact of shock or surprise in newspaper headlines. How does it affect the reader's engagement?

1. b) To catch the reader’s attention

2. d) Long sentences
3. c) Answers the key questions (5 Ws and 1 H)
4. c) Facts and quotes
5. c) The name of the journalist
6. b) Shock or Surprise
7. b) Summarizes the article or provides a final comment
8. c) To answer the 5 Ws and 1 H
9. c) Slang
10. c) PILOT’S BAD ‘AIR DAY!
11. b) To provide credibility and personal touch
12. d) Detailed information and facts
13. c) Clear and objective
14. b) To create emphasis or add intrigue
15. a) Alliteration
16. b) Lead
17. b) Informative and engaging
18. b) Incorrect spelling and casual language
19. c) Rhyme
20. c) It summarizes or reflects on the story

1. Explain the structure of a newspaper article, highlighting the function of each part
(headline, lead, body, and conclusion).

 Headline: The headline is the title of the article. Its primary purpose is to grab the reader’s attention and
give them a quick idea of the article’s topic. It often uses language techniques like puns, alliteration, or
surprise to create intrigue.
 Lead: The lead is the opening paragraph of the article. It summarizes the most important information by
addressing the 5 Ws and 1 H (Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How). It sets the tone and provides
context for the rest of the article.

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 Body: The body contains the main content of the article. It provides detailed information, facts, quotes
from sources, and background details. The body is usually organized in descending order of importance,
following the inverted pyramid structure.
 Conclusion: The conclusion wraps up the article by summarizing key points or providing a final
comment. It may include a reflection or a call to action, leaving the reader with a clear takeaway.

2. Discuss the role of language techniques like alliteration, exaggeration, and rhyme in
creating effective newspaper headlines.

 Alliteration: This involves the repetition of consonant sounds (e.g., "Brilliant Breakthrough in Biology").
It creates a rhythmic and catchy headline that is easy to remember.
 Exaggeration: Exaggeration amplifies an aspect of the story to draw attention (e.g., "World’s Most
Shocking Scandal!"). While it must remain truthful, it can emphasize dramatic elements to spark
curiosity.
 Rhyme: Rhymes make headlines more engaging and fun to read (e.g., "Crime in Prime Time!"). They add
a playful or memorable quality, making the headline stand out.

These techniques make headlines more appealing and encourage readers to engage with the article.

3. Compare and contrast a factual newspaper article with an opinion piece. How do the
tone and content differ?

 Factual Newspaper Article:

o Tone: Neutral, objective, and formal.
o Content: Focuses on verified facts, quotes from credible sources, and balanced reporting. The goal is to
inform the reader without bias.
o Example: A report on a recent election result with detailed statistics and quotes from political analysts.

 Opinion Piece:
o Tone: Subjective, persuasive, and personal.
o Content: Focuses on the writer’s perspective or argument. It may include rhetorical devices, emotional
appeals, and selective evidence to support their stance.
o Example: An editorial criticizing or praising a government policy.

While factual articles aim to inform, opinion pieces aim to persuade or provoke thought.

4. Why is it important for journalists to use clear, concise, and formal language in
factual articles? Provide examples.

 Clarity: Clear language ensures the reader easily understands the information. Ambiguity can
lead to confusion.
o Example: Instead of saying, “Authorities might take measures soon,” a journalist should write, “The
government announced plans to impose a curfew next week.”

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 Conciseness: Space is limited, so concise language delivers maximum information with minimal
words.
o Example: Write “Flood damages hundreds of homes” instead of “A devastating flood caused severe damage
to a large number of houses.”

 Formality: A formal tone establishes credibility and professionalism. It avoids slang or overly
casual phrases.
o Example: Use “The report highlights significant challenges” instead of “The report points out some big
problems.”

Using clear, concise, and formal language ensures the article is informative, authoritative, and accessible
to a broad audience.

5. Analyze the impact of shock or surprise in newspaper headlines. How does it affect
the reader's engagement?

Shock or surprise in headlines grabs immediate attention by evoking curiosity or emotional reactions.
For instance, a headline like “Celebrity Arrested in Bizarre Scandal!” surprises the reader, prompting
them to read further.

 Effect on Engagement:
o It creates intrigue, making the reader eager to uncover the story behind the headline.
o Emotional reactions such as shock or outrage can lead to higher reader interaction, including sharing the
article with others.
o It helps the article stand out in a competitive media landscape where readers are bombarded with
information

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6.
7. Explain how the 5 Ws and 1 H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How) help in shaping the lead paragraph of a
newspaper article.
8. Discuss the ethical considerations journalists must take into account when writing factual articles.
9. Evaluate the importance of quotes and statistics in enhancing the credibility of a newspaper article.
10. How does the use of non-standard English in headlines appeal to certain audiences? Provide examples.
11. Describe the challenges of maintaining objectivity in news reporting and why it is essential in factual writing

LESSON 3: write a film review,

A film review is a type of writing where the writer gives information and an opinion about a film. The purpose is to inform
the reader about the film and help them decide whether to watch it or not. It includes both a summary of the film and a
personal evaluation of its quality.
2. Structural Features of a Film Review
When writing a film review, it is important to follow a clear structure. Below are the main parts of a film review:
 Title: Often catchy or creative, this grabs the reader’s attention (e.g., The Incredibles – Absolutely Incredible!).
 Introduction: This section introduces the film, including the title, genre (e.g., superhero, action), and whether the
writer liked or disliked it. Mention the main actors or directors if they are important. For example, The Incredibles is a
funny and warm comedy that will make you laugh out loud.
 Plot Summary: Provide a brief overview of the film’s storyline, without revealing too much (avoid spoilers!). You should
mention the setting, main characters, and the central conflict or problem the film explores. In The Incredibles, for
instance, Mr. Incredible and his family face challenges after superheroes are banned from using their powers.
 Evaluation: This is where you express your opinion about the different aspects of the film. You might talk about:
o Acting: Were the actors convincing? Did their performances enhance the film?
o Direction: Did the director succeed in telling a compelling story?
o Visual Effects: If the film uses animation or CGI, how good was it?
o Soundtrack: How did the music or sound effects contribute to the film?
o Humour or Emotion: Did the film make you laugh, cry, or feel excited?
Example from the review: The animation and accompanying soundtrack are mind-blowing, but it's the humour that wins
the viewer over.
 Recommendation: Conclude by giving your recommendation. Would you suggest others watch the film? What type of
audience would enjoy it? For example, If you're looking for a fun, family-friendly movie, The Incredibles is perfect!
3. Language and Style in a Film Review
Film reviews are often written in an engaging and personal style. The writer shares their personal experience and opinion
about the film, using descriptive language to make their points more vivid. Here are some ways to use language effectively:
 Descriptive Words: Use adjectives and adverbs to create a picture in the reader’s mind. Example: The Incredibles is an
incredibly funny and warm comedy.
 Figurative Language: Similes, metaphors, and exaggeration can make the review lively. Example: I laughed so hard I felt
my ribs would explode.
 Opinion Words: Use words that clearly show your judgment or feelings, like fantastic, disappointing, hilarious, or mind-
blowing.
4. Themes in Superhero Films
Superhero films, like The Incredibles, often have common themes:
 Good vs. Evil

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 Dramatic rescues
 Teamwork and family bonds
 Moral dilemmas (e.g., should superheroes use their powers?)
 Happy endings where the heroes save the day
These themes can be explored in your review when discussing the plot or message of the film.
5. Writing Practice
Task: Write a review of a superhero film you’ve recently watched. Remember to include the following sections:
1. Title and Introduction
2. Plot Summary
3. Evaluation (acting, special effects, soundtrack, etc.)
4. Recommendation
Tips:
 Keep it concise; reviews are usually no longer than 300-500 words.
 Avoid giving away key spoilers, especially the ending.
 Be honest but respectful in your opinions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary purpose of a film review?
o a) To provide a detailed summary of the film
o b) To express personal opinions and evaluate the film
o c) To list all the actors and crew
o d) To describe the film's plot in detail
2. What should the introduction of a film review include?
o a) Detailed plot summary
o b) Personal opinions only
o c) Title of the film, genre, and initial opinion
o d) Detailed analysis of the soundtrack
3. What is typically included in the plot summary of a film review?
o a) Detailed analysis of the film's themes
o b) Brief overview of the storyline without major spoilers
o c) Comprehensive history of the film's production
o d) Detailed critique of the film’s acting
4. How should you evaluate the acting in a film review?
o a) By focusing only on the main actors
o b) By describing whether the actors were convincing and engaging
o c) By comparing them to actors in other films
o d) By listing the actors’ previous works
5. Which of the following is an example of descriptive language in a film review?
o a) "The film was good."
o b) "The film had nice effects."
o c) "The film’s effects were mind-blowing and visually stunning."
o d) "The effects were decent."
6. What should be avoided in the plot summary of a film review?
o a) Mentioning the film’s genre
o b) Providing major spoilers

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o c) Briefly describing the main characters
o d) Summarizing the central conflict
7. How can a film review's conclusion be described?
o a) A detailed breakdown of every scene
o b) A personal recommendation and summary of the review
o c) An extended discussion on the film’s history
o d) A comparison to other films by the same director
8. What type of language is effective in making a film review engaging?
o a) Technical and detailed b) Formal and academic
o c) Descriptive and expressive d) Simple and factual
9. Why is it important to avoid giving away key spoilers in a review?
o a) To keep the review concise
o b) To maintain the reader's interest and not ruin their viewing experience
o c) To ensure the review is objective
o d) To limit the length of the review
10. What does a good film review do?
o a) Focuses on the film’s box office earnings
o b) Provides a balanced view of the film’s strengths and weaknesses
o c) Lists all technical aspects of the film
o d) Only discusses the film's special effects
11. What role does the title play in a film review?
o a) It provides a detailed summary of the film.
o b) It attracts the reader’s attention and hints at the review's tone.
o c) It lists the film’s cast and crew.
o d) It provides the film’s release date.
12. What should you consider when evaluating the film’s soundtrack?
o a) How many songs are in the film
o b) How well the music enhances the film’s mood and atmosphere
o c) The names of all the songs
o d) The total duration of the soundtrack
13. What is a common feature of superhero films?
o a) Focus on everyday life
o b) Emphasis on special effects and superhuman abilities
o c) No use of special effects
o d) Primarily historical settings
14. How important is personal opinion in a film review?
o a) Not important at all
o b) It should be the only focus
o c) Important, but should be balanced with objective observations
o d) Only relevant for the conclusion
15. Which part of the review should you avoid discussing in the plot summary?
o a) The film’s setting b) Major plot twists
o c) The protagonist’s goals d) The film’s main conflict
16. In a film review, how should humor be described?

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o a) By listing the funny moments
o b) By evaluating how effectively the humor contributed to the film’s overall experience
o c) By describing the actor’s performance in comedic scenes
o d) By summarizing the film’s humorous dialogue
17. When discussing visual effects, what is important to mention?
o a) The cost of the effects
o b) How the effects enhance or detract from the film’s experience
o c) The names of the visual effects team
o d) The types of effects used in other films
18. Which of these is NOT a typical theme in superhero films?
o a) Good vs. Evil
o b) Supernatural events
o c) Everyday life struggles
o d) Moral dilemmas
19. How should you handle a film’s flaws in a review?
o a) Ignore them completely
o b) Criticize them harshly without explanation
o c) Mention them with constructive feedback
o d) Focus only on the positive aspects
20. What is a common feature of the conclusion in a film review?
o a) Detailed discussion of the film’s production
o b) A summary of the review’s main points and a final recommendation
o c) An in-depth analysis of the film’s box office performance
o d) A list of the film’s cast and crew

answers
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. b
11. b
12. b
13. b
14. c
15. b
16. b
17. b
18. c

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19. c
20. b
21. How should you describe the film’s setting in a review?
o a) By listing all the locations
o b) By discussing how the setting supports the film’s narrative and mood
o c) By comparing it to other films’ settings
o d) By focusing only on the main locations
22. What makes a review engaging and informative?
o a) A detailed plot summary
o b) A clear structure, descriptive language, and balanced evaluation
o c) A list of the film’s awards
o d) A long discussion of the film’s background
23. How can you make a review’s recommendation clear?
o a) By stating it directly and briefly
o b) By providing a lengthy explanation of the film’s weaknesses
o c) By avoiding a clear recommendation
o d) By focusing solely on the film’s plot
24. What should the focus of the evaluation section be?
o a) Detailed history of the film’s creation
o b) Objective and subjective opinions on the film’s different elements
o c) The box office revenue
o d) The director’s previous films
25. How should a reviewer approach the film’s dialogue?
o a) Ignore it if it’s not interesting
o b) Analyze how natural or engaging the dialogue is
o c) List all the memorable lines
o d) Focus only on the dialogue’s relevance to the plot
26. Which of the following is a common feature of superhero film reviews?
o a) Analysis of historical accuracy
o b) Discussion of superpowers and their impact on the plot
o c) Detailed critique of costume design
o d) Focus on the film’s documentary style
27. What is NOT a typical aspect to critique in a film review?
o a) The film’s pacing and structure
o b) The actor’s previous roles
o c) The film’s emotional impact
o d) The effectiveness of the film’s storytelling
28. How should you handle the film’s climax in a review?
o a) Reveal all details to explain the ending
o b) Describe it without major spoilers
o c) Skip it entirely
o d) Focus on how predictable it was
29. What kind of language should be used to express strong opinions?
o a) Neutral and factual b) Descriptive and emotive

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o c) Formal and academic d) Simple and brief
30. What element is crucial for a compelling review of a film’s special effects?
o a) Detailed technical specifications
o b) How the effects contribute to the film’s visual appeal and storytelling
o c) The effects team’s background
o d) A comparison with effects in other films
31. What should you avoid when writing the conclusion of a film review?
o a) A clear summary of your opinion
o b) A personal recommendation
o c) Introducing new, unrelated points
o d) A summary of the film’s main aspects
32. What aspect of a film is often highlighted in superhero film reviews?
o a) The film’s educational value
o b) The use of superpowers and action sequences
o c) The historical accuracy
o d) The film’s romantic subplot
33. What is an effective way to describe the film’s atmosphere?
o a) By listing the film’s settings
o b) By discussing how the visual and auditory elements create a mood
o c) By focusing on the film’s dialogue
o d) By comparing it to other films
34. How should a review address a film’s length?
o a) Discuss if the film was too short or too long in relation to its content
o b) List the exact duration
o c) Compare it to other
34. How should a review address a film’s length?
o a) Discuss if the film was too short or too long in relation to its content
o b) List the exact duration
o c) Compare it to other films
o d) Mention the duration without any context
35. What role does personal experience play in a film review?
o a) It should be avoided
o b) It helps in providing a unique perspective and opinion
o c) It is irrelevant to the review
o d) It should be the main focus
36. How can you effectively describe a film’s direction?
o a) By focusing on the director’s personal background
o b) By discussing how well the director guided the film’s story and performances
o c) By listing the director’s previous films
o d) By summarizing the film’s plot
37. Which of the following best describes the tone of a film review?
o a) Neutral and detached
o b) Formal and academic
o c) Engaging and reflective of the film’s mood

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o d) Casual and unrelated to the film
38. What should be avoided when writing about a film’s plot?
o a) Discussing the film’s setting and characters
o b) Revealing major plot twists or endings
o c) Mentioning the film’s main conflict
o d) Providing a brief overview of the storyline
39. What makes a film review particularly engaging for readers?
o a) Long, detailed summaries
o b) Clear, descriptive language and personal insights
o c) A focus solely on the film’s cast and crew
o d) Technical jargon and complex analysis
40. How should a reviewer handle criticism of a film?
o a) By being overly harsh and negative
o b) By providing constructive feedback and balancing it with positive aspects
o c) By avoiding any criticism
o d) By focusing only on the film’s flaws
41. What is a common way to start a film review?
o a) With a detailed summary of the entire film
o b) With a summary of the film’s cast and crew
o c) With a hook or engaging statement about the film
o d) With an analysis of the film’s historical context
42. How important is it to use examples from the film in a review?
o a) Not important
o b) Important to support your opinions and evaluations
o c) Only necessary for the conclusion
o d) Only relevant for the plot summary
43. What should be included in the evaluation section of a film review?
o a) Personal opinions on the film’s different elements
o b) A list of the film’s technical specifications
o c) Detailed background information on the film’s production
o d) A comparison with other films in the same genre
44. Which aspect of the film is NOT typically discussed in a review?
o a) The film’s plot and characters
o b) The film’s box office earnings
o c) The film’s visual and auditory effects
o d) The film’s emotional and entertainment value
45. How should a reviewer approach the film’s conclusion in their review?
o a) By summarizing the entire film in detail
o b) By providing a brief, clear summary of their final opinion and recommendation
o c) By introducing new, unrelated topics
o d) By discussing the film’s production details
46. What is the benefit of using expressive language in a review?
o a) It makes the review longer
o b) It helps to convey the reviewer’s personal experience and emotions

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o c) It simplifies the review
o d) It focuses only on factual details
47. What should a reviewer focus on when discussing the film’s special effects?
o a) The technical specifications of the effects
o b) How the effects contribute to the film’s overall impact and viewer experience
o c) The names of the special effects team
o d) The cost of the special effects
48. How should a review address the film’s soundtrack?
o a) By listing all the songs used in the film
o b) By discussing how the soundtrack enhances or detracts from the film’s atmosphere
o c) By focusing on the soundtrack’s sales figures
o d) By comparing it to soundtracks of other films
49. What should a film review avoid including?
o a) Detailed analysis of the film’s themes
o b) Personal biases and unrelated opinions
o c) A brief summary of the film’s plot
o d) Examples of scenes or elements from the film
50. What is the purpose of providing a final recommendation in a film review?
o a) To discuss the film’s production budget
o b) To give readers a clear idea of whether the film is worth watching
o c) To list the film’s awards and nominations
o d) To analyze the film’s historical significance
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the role of a film review in helping audiences decide whether to watch a film. Include examples of how effective
reviews balance summary and opinion.
2. Analyze the impact of descriptive language in a film review. How can it make a review more engaging and informative?
3. Evaluate the importance of the plot summary in a film review. What are the key elements to include without giving
away major spoilers?
4. Discuss how personal opinion should be balanced with objective analysis in a film review. Provide examples of how this
balance can be achieved.
5. Compare and contrast the review of a superhero film with the review of a drama. What are the key differences in
evaluating these genres?
6. Explain the significance of evaluating a film’s acting and direction in a review. How does this evaluation contribute to
the overall impression of the film?
7. How can a film review incorporate discussions of special effects and soundtrack effectively? Provide examples of how
these elements can enhance or detract from the film’s overall quality.
8. Discuss the challenges of writing a film review for a film with mixed critical reception. How should a reviewer address
both positive and negative aspects?
9. Evaluate how a film review can influence public perception and box office performance. Use examples to support your
discussion.
10. Explain the role of a film review’s tone in shaping the reader’s perception of the film. How can tone be adjusted to suit
different types of films?

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LESSON 4: speech writing

What is a Persuasive Speech? A persuasive speech aims to convince the audience to agree with your point of view or to
take a specific action. It uses arguments, evidence, and emotional appeal to persuade listeners.
2. Key Components of a Persuasive Speech:
 Introduction:
o Hook: Start with an engaging statement or question to grab the audience's attention.
o Thesis Statement: Clearly state your main argument or position.
o Preview: Briefly outline the key points you will discuss.
 Body:
o Arguments: Present your main points with supporting evidence. Each argument should be clear and well-structured.
o Evidence: Use facts, statistics, expert opinions, and real-life examples to support your arguments.
o Counterarguments: Acknowledge opposing views and refute them to strengthen your position.
 Conclusion:
o Summary: Recap your main arguments and evidence.
o Call to Action: Encourage the audience to take a specific action or adopt your point of view.
o Closing Statement: End with a memorable statement or quote that reinforces your message.
3. Tips for Writing a Persuasive Speech:
 Know Your Audience: Tailor your speech to the interests and values of your audience.
 Be Clear and Concise: Use simple language and avoid jargon to ensure your message is understood.
 Use Emotional Appeal: Connect with your audience on an emotional level to make your argument more compelling.
 Practice: Rehearse your speech multiple times to improve delivery and confidence.
4. Structure Example:
 Introduction:
o "Imagine a world where every child has access to education. This is not just a dream; it's a possibility we can achieve."
o "Today, I will argue why every child deserves an education and how we can make it a reality."
 Body:
o Argument 1: Education improves future job prospects.
 Evidence: "According to the World Bank, each additional year of schooling can increase an individual's income by up to
10%."
o Argument 2: Education reduces poverty.
 Evidence: "UNICEF reports that education is a key factor in breaking the cycle of poverty."
o Counterargument: Some argue that education is expensive.
 Refutation: "While there are costs, investing in education yields long-term economic benefits for society."
 Conclusion:
o "In summary, education is crucial for personal and societal growth."
o "I urge you to support initiatives that provide education to every child."
o "Let us work together to make education a reality for all."

Multiple Choice Questions:

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1. What is the primary goal of a persuasive speech?
o A) To inform B) To entertain
o C) To persuade D) To describe
2. Which part of the speech introduces the main argument?
o A) Body B) Introduction
o C) Conclusion D) Evidence
3. What is a “hook” in a persuasive speech?
o A) The closing statement
o B) The thesis statement
o C) The engaging opening statement
o D) The counterargument
4. What should be included in the body of a persuasive speech?
o A) Summary of the arguments
o B) The main thesis only
o C) Supporting arguments and evidence
o D) A quote to end the speech
5. How should counterarguments be handled in a persuasive speech?
o A) Ignore them
o B) Acknowledge and refute them
o C) Agree with them
o D) Replace your thesis with them
6. What is a thesis statement?
o A) A summary of the speech
o B) A call to action
o C) The central argument or position
o D) A closing remark
7. What is a call to action in a persuasive speech?
o A) A summary of the main points
o B) A statement that encourages the audience to take specific action
o C) A detailed explanation of the topic
o D) An emotional appeal
8. What type of evidence should be used in a persuasive speech?
o A) Personal opinions
o B) Irrelevant anecdotes
o C) Facts, statistics, and expert opinions
o D) Fictional stories
9. How can emotional appeal be used effectively in a persuasive speech?
o A) By using only facts
o B) By connecting with the audience on an emotional level
o C) By presenting complex data
o D) By avoiding personal stories
10. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a persuasive speech?
o A) To introduce new arguments
o B) To summarize and reinforce the main points

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o C) To present a new thesis
o D) To add more evidence
11. Which of the following is NOT a component of a persuasive speech?
o A) Introduction B) Counterarguments
o C) Narrative D) Conclusion
12. How important is it to know your audience when preparing a persuasive speech?
o A) Not important B) Slightly important
o C) Moderately important D) Very important
13. Which rhetorical device is used to make an argument more persuasive?
o A) Simile B) Hyperbole
o C) Metaphor D) Alliteration
14. What should be avoided in a persuasive speech?
o A) Clear arguments
o B) Emotional appeal
o C) Overly complex language
o D) Supporting evidence
15. What role does practice play in delivering a persuasive speech?
o A) None
o B) It helps with the speech’s length
o C) It improves delivery and confidence
o D) It changes the main argument
16. Which of the following is an effective way to start a persuasive speech?
o A) Detailed background information
o B) A surprising fact or question
o C) A lengthy explanation of the topic
o D) A complex statistic
17. What is an emotional appeal in a persuasive speech?
o A) Using statistical data
o B) Connecting with the audience’s feelings
o C) Presenting a counterargument
o D) Providing historical context
18. In which part of the speech should you address opposing views?
o A) Introduction B) Body
o C) Conclusion D) Call to Action
19. Which part of the speech outlines what will be covered?
o A) Thesis Statement B) Preview
o C) Hook D) Evidence
20. What is the role of supporting evidence in a persuasive speech?
o A) To confuse the audience
o B) To back up your arguments
o C) To add length to the speech
o D) To summarize the speech
21. What type of language should be used in a persuasive speech?
o A) Technical jargon

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o B) Complex sentences
o C) Clear and straightforward language
o D) Ambiguous terms
22. What is the benefit of using real-life examples in a persuasive speech?
o A) They distract the audience
o B) They make the speech less credible
o C) They illustrate arguments and make them relatable
o D) They replace the need for evidence
23. How should you conclude a persuasive speech?
o A) By introducing a new argument
o B) By summarizing the main points and restating the call to action
o C) By apologizing for any mistakes
o D) By asking for questions
24. What is a common mistake to avoid in a persuasive speech?
o A) Using clear arguments
o B) Engaging the audience
o C) Overloading the speech with irrelevant information
o D) Including supporting evidence
25. Which part of the speech should clearly state your position?
o A) Introduction B) Body
o C) Counterarguments D) Conclusion
26. What type of opening statement is considered a “hook”?
o A) A complex definition
o B) A provocative question or surprising fact
o C) A detailed history of the topic
o D) A long explanation of the main argument
27. What is the purpose of acknowledging counterarguments?
o A) To agree with them
o B) To make your speech longer
o C) To strengthen your argument by addressing opposing views
o D) To change your main argument
28. What should you focus on in the conclusion of a persuasive speech?
o A) Introducing new information
o B) Recapping main points and reinforcing your thesis
o C) Asking the audience to stay quiet
o D) Providing unrelated anecdotes
29. How can rhetorical questions be used in a persuasive speech?
o A) To provide answers
o B) To engage the audience and provoke thought
o C) To confuse the audience
o D) To offer evidence
30. What is the significance of the thesis statement?
o A) It provides a summary of the speech
o B) It states the main argument or position

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o C) It introduces the topic with background information
o D) It lists all evidence
31. What is the role of the preview in a persuasive speech?
o A) To introduce new arguments
o B) To outline the key points to be discussed
o C) To provide a detailed explanation
o D) To conclude the speech
32. Which of the following should be included in the body of the speech?
o A) The hook
o B) The thesis statement
o C) Supporting arguments and evidence
o D) The call to action
33. What is an important aspect of the conclusion in a persuasive speech?
o A) Introducing a new topic
o B) Summarizing key points and reinforcing the call to action
o C) Discussing unrelated subjects
o D) Providing additional evidence
34. How can anecdotes be used effectively in a persuasive speech?
o A) To add irrelevant details
o B) To illustrate points and connect with the audience
o C) To make the speech longer
o D) To distract the audience
35. What should be avoided in a persuasive speech for clarity?
o A) Simple language
o B) Overly complex sentences
o C) Supporting evidence
o D) Emotional appeals
36. What is the primary function of the call to action?
o A) To summarize the main points
o B) To encourage the audience to act on your argument
o C) To introduce new arguments
o D) To provide background information
37. How should supporting evidence be presented?
o A) As a mix of random facts
o B) In a well-organized and relevant manner
o C) As personal opinions
o D) As unrelated anecdotes
38. What is a key characteristic of an effective persuasive speech?
o A) Lengthy content
o B) Confusing language
o C) Clear arguments and supporting evidence
o D) Overuse of jargon
39. How important is the practice of a persuasive speech?
o A) Not important

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o B) Slightly important
o C) Moderately important
o D) Very important for effective delivery
40. What role does the hook play in engaging the audience?
o A) It provides detailed information
o B) It grabs attention and piques interest
o C) It introduces complex arguments
o D) It summarizes the entire speech
41. What should be done if a counterargument is strong?
o A) Ignore it
o B) Acknowledge it and provide a counterpoint
o C) Agree with it
o D) Remove it from the speech
42. How can statistical data be used in a persuasive speech?
o A) To confuse the audience
o B) To support arguments with concrete evidence
o C) To add length to the speech
o D) To introduce new arguments
43. Which of the following is NOT a common type of evidence used in persuasive speeches?
o A) Facts B) Opinions
o C) Statistics D) Fictional stories
44. What is the benefit of using expert opinions in a persuasive speech?
o A) They provide credibility and authority
o B) They lengthen the speech
o C) They make the speech more entertaining
o D) They distract from the main argument
45. How can you make your persuasive speech more relatable?
o A) Use jargon and complex terms
o B) Include personal stories and real-life examples
o C) Avoid emotional appeals
o D) Focus only on theoretical information
46. What is the purpose of the preview in the introduction?
o A) To introduce a new argument
o B) To provide a summary of the entire speech
o C) To outline the key points that will be covered
o D) To present the counterarguments
47. What is a common strategy to make a persuasive speech more engaging?
o A) Use complex vocabulary
o B) Incorporate vivid language and strong visuals
o C) Avoid personal anecdotes
o D) Focus solely on statistics
48. How should a persuasive speech address opposing views?
o A) By dismissing them outright
o B) By acknowledging and addressing them to strengthen your position

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o C) By ignoring them
o D) By incorporating them as the main argument
49. What is the main purpose of the body of a persuasive speech?
o A) To introduce the topic
o B) To present and support the main arguments
o C) To conclude the speech
o D) To provide an emotional appeal
50. How can a speaker effectively use rhetorical questions?
o A) To provide answers
o B) To engage the audience and encourage them to think about the topic
o C) To add length to the speech
o D) To provide detailed evidence

Essay Questions:
1. Discuss the importance of structure in a persuasive speech and how it impacts the effectiveness of the speech.
2. Analyze the role of evidence in a persuasive speech and how different types of evidence can influence an audience.
3. Explain the significance of emotional appeal in persuasive speeches. Provide examples of how it can be used effectively.
4. Evaluate the strategies for addressing counterarguments in a persuasive speech. Why is it important to address them?
5. Describe how a persuasive speech can be adapted to different audiences. What factors should be considered?
6. Discuss the impact of rhetorical devices in persuasive speeches. How can they enhance the effectiveness of an
argument?
7. Analyze the role of personal stories and real-life examples in making a persuasive speech more relatable and
convincing.
8. Explain the function of the call to action in a persuasive speech and how it can drive the audience to act on your
argument.
9. Compare and contrast the use of formal and informal language in persuasive speeches. How does the choice of
language affect the speech?
10. Assess the importance of practice and rehearsal in delivering a successful persuasive speech. How can it affect the
audience’s perception?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar). Week 8

 TOPIC:
 time connectives
 prefixes,

LESSON 1: TIME CONNECTIVES

What Are Time Connectives?
Time connectives are words or phrases that help show the order of events in a story or text. They guide the reader through
different times and events, making it easier to follow the sequence and understand how things relate to each other.

Common Time Connectives

1. Beginning of the Story
o First: "First, I went to the market."
o Initially: "Initially, the project seemed simple."
2. Sequential Events
o Next: "Next, we visited the museum."
o Then: "Then, I received a letter."
o Afterward: "Afterward, we had lunch."
3. During an Event
o Meanwhile: "Meanwhile, the children were playing outside."
o Simultaneously: "Simultaneously, the teacher was preparing the lesson."
4. Ending or Concluding
o Finally: "Finally, we reached our destination."
o Eventually: "Eventually, she found her keys."
o At last: "At last, the concert began."
5. Revisiting Past Events
o Previously: "Previously, we had met at the café."
o Before: "Before the meeting, I prepared the notes."
6. Future Events
o Soon: "Soon, we will start the new project."
o Later: "Later, they planned to travel abroad."

How to Use Time Connectives in Writing

1. Sequencing Events: Use time connectives to place events in order. For example:
o "First, we visited the park. Next, we went to the zoo."
2. Clarifying Relationships: Help the reader understand how events are related. For example:
o "She was nervous before the exam. However, she felt confident afterward."
3. Creating Smooth Transitions: Ensure your story flows logically. For example:
o "He finished his homework. Then, he went to bed."

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Practice Exercise
Rewrite the following passage using time connectives:
1. "I woke up. I had breakfast. I went to school. I played football after school. I did my homework."
Possible Answer: "First, I woke up. Then, I had breakfast. Afterward, I went to school. Later, I played football. Finally, I did
my homework."

Summary
Time connectives are essential for creating clear, coherent narratives. They help you organize events logically and guide
readers through different times and sequences. Practice using these connectives to improve your storytelling and writing
skills.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is a time connective?
o A) Bright B) Before
o C) Quickly D) Tall
2. What does the time connective "then" indicate?
o A) A place B) A sequence
o C) A feeling D) A comparison
3. Which word would best connect these two events: "I finished my homework" and "I went to bed"?
o A) While B) After
o C) Because D) So
4. What does "meanwhile" show in a sequence of events?
o A) The time in the future B) Simultaneous events
o C) A contrast D) A result
5. Which of these is NOT a time connective?
o A) Finally B) Initially
o C) Soon D) Quickly
6. Which time connective would you use to describe something happening at the same time?
o A) Later B) Afterward
o C) Meanwhile D) Next
7. "Eventually" is used to describe:
o A) A past event B) A sequence
o C) An outcome D) A location
8. What is the purpose of using "next" in a sequence of events?
o A) To show the start of an event
o B) To indicate the end of an event
o C) To show the order of events
o D) To describe a location
9. Which connective would you use to describe something happening before another event?
o A) Eventually B) Meanwhile
o C) Before D) Afterward
10. What time connective would you use to show the end of a series of events?
o A) Soon B) Before
o C) Finally D) Then

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11. Which time connective best describes something that happens immediately after an event?
o A) Initially B) Later
o C) Next D) Previously
12. What does "before" indicate in a sequence?
o A) Something that happens at the same time
o B) Something that happens later
o C) Something that happens earlier
o D) Something that happens after
13. Which of the following time connectives can show a result?
o A) Meanwhile B) Finally
o C) Afterward D) Before
14. How would you use "soon" in a sentence?
o A) To describe something that happened a long time ago
o B) To indicate something that will happen shortly
o C) To show something that is happening now
o D) To describe something that is ongoing
15. "Previously" is used to describe:
o A) The current event
o B) A future event
o C) An earlier event
o D) A simultaneous event
16. Which connective indicates a sequence from one event to another?
o A) Although B) Simultaneously
o C) Next D) However
17. What is the function of "later" in a narrative?
o A) To show a result
o B) To indicate a time in the future
o C) To compare events
o D) To describe an ongoing action
18. Which time connective is best used to show an action that happens right after another?
o A) Soon B) Before
o C) Next D) Eventually
19. How does "at last" function in a story?
o A) To describe something happening in the middle
o B) To introduce a new event
o C) To indicate the final event in a sequence
o D) To show a simultaneous event
20. Which of the following words helps to clarify the sequence of events?
o A) And B) Nevertheless
o C) Next D) But
21. "After some time" is used to indicate:
o A) An immediate action
o B) A long period between events
o C) Simultaneous events

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o D) The start of a series
22. Which time connective would you use to describe events happening together?
o A) Meanwhile B) Afterward
o C) Eventually D) Finally
23. "Initially" refers to:
o A) The end of an event
o B) The beginning of an event
o C) A simultaneous action
o D) A sequence of actions
24. What does the connective "soon" imply about the timing of an event?
o A) It happened a long time ago
o B) It will happen shortly
o C) It is happening now
o D) It happens periodically
25. Which of these connectives would be best to show a concluding event?
o A) Simultaneously B) Eventually
o C) Meanwhile D) Next
26. How does "before" help in sequencing?
o A) By showing the end of an event
o B) By indicating something happening earlier
o C) By describing a simultaneous action
o D) By introducing a new event
27. "Eventually" is most often used to show:
o A) An immediate consequence
o B) A result after a long period
o C) A future plan
o D) A simultaneous event
28. Which word would best describe an event that happens after a long time?
o A) Next B) Eventually
o C) Initially D) Before
29. What does "afterward" imply in a sequence?
o A) Something that happens before
o B) Something that happens immediately
o C) Something that happens later
o D) Something that happens simultaneously
30. "Soon" is used to indicate:
o A) The beginning of an event
o B) The end of an event
o C) A short time until an event
o D) An ongoing event
31. "Finally" is used to signal:
o A) A start of a sequence B) A middle event
o C) An end or conclusion D) A simultaneous occurrence
32. Which time connective best shows the beginning of a sequence?

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o A) Next B) Before
o C) Initially D) Meanwhile
33. "Meanwhile" indicates:
o A) The end of a series of events
o B) The beginning of an event
o C) Two actions occurring at the same time
o D) An action that will happen in the future
34. Which word would you use to describe an event that happens right after another?
o A) Eventually B) Previously
o C) Next D) Soon
35. "Before" helps to show:
o A) The sequence of events B) Simultaneous actions
o C) A future event D) A past action
36. Which connective would you use to describe an event that will happen in the near future?
o A) Eventually B) Soon
o C) Before D) Meanwhile
37. "Previously" refers to:
o A) An upcoming event B) A future event
o C) An event that happened earlier
o D) A current event
38. What is the purpose of "at last" in a sequence?
o A) To indicate a future event
o B) To show an ending or final event
o C) To describe a simultaneous action
o D) To begin a sequence
39. "Next" in a sequence helps to:
o A) Show the end of an event
o B) Describe a current event
o C) Indicate what happens after the previous event
o D) Show a comparison
40. What does "after some time" show in a narrative?
o A) An immediate action
o B) A long duration between events
o C) A simultaneous event
o D) The start of a series
41. "Finally" is often used to:
o A) Introduce an event
o B) Show a result or conclusion
o C) Describe a simultaneous event
o D) Indicate an ongoing action
42. Which connective best describes something happening right before another event?
o A) Later B) Before
o C) Eventually D) Meanwhile
43. "Soon" indicates:

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o A) Something that happened a long time ago
o B) Something that will happen shortly
o C) Something happening currently
o D) An action that occurs periodically
44. How would you use "initially" in a sequence of events?
o A) To describe the ending event
o B) To show a middle event
o C) To indicate the starting event
o D) To show a future event
45. Which time connective describes an event happening in the middle of other events?
o A) Eventually B) Meanwhile
o C) Afterward D) Initially
46. "Eventually" helps to describe:
o A) An action happening now
o B) An action happening shortly
o C) A result after some time
o D) A simultaneous action
47. Which time connective shows the order of events from one to the next?
o A) Before B) Next
o C) Meanwhile D) Soon
48. "Afterward" is used to show:
o A) Something that happens before
o B) Something happening simultaneously
o C) Something happening later
o D) The beginning of an event
49. Which word would best describe something that will happen in the future but not immediately?
o A) Eventually B) Soon
o C) Next D) Meanwhile
50. What does "at last" indicate in a narrative sequence?
o A) An event that happens soon
o B) The final event or conclusion
o C) A simultaneous event
o D) An event that happens in the middle

Essay Questions
1. Discuss how time connectives can improve the clarity and coherence of a narrative. Use examples to illustrate your
points.
2. Explain the differences between "before," "after," and "next" in terms of their usage in sequencing events. Provide
examples of how each connective can change the understanding of a story.
3. Analyze the impact of using "meanwhile" in a story. How does it help in portraying simultaneous events, and what
effect does it have on the narrative flow?
4. Evaluate the role of "eventually" in storytelling. How does this time connective influence the reader's perception of
time and outcome? Provide examples to support your argument.

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5. Write an essay on the importance of using time connectives to structure a sequence of events in creative writing.
Include examples of different time connectives and discuss how they help in organizing and presenting events.
6. Compare and contrast the use of "soon" and "later" in narrative writing. How do these time connectives affect the
reader’s understanding of the timeline and anticipation?
7. Describe a situation in which the use of "at last" can be particularly effective in concluding a story. How does this
connective contribute to the overall resolution of the narrative?
8. Discuss the use of "initially" and "finally" in framing the beginning and end of a story. How do these connectives help in
shaping the reader’s experience of the narrative arc?
9. Evaluate the effectiveness of using time connectives to show cause and effect relationships in storytelling. Provide
examples of how connectives like "then," "so," and "afterward" can influence the reader’s understanding of causality.
10. Analyze how different time connectives can impact the pacing of a story. How does the choice of connectives like
"next," "before," and "soon" affect the speed and rhythm of the narrative?

Lesson 2: prefixes,
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. These letters cannot stand alone but
must be attached to a root word.

Types of Prefixes
Prefixes perform different functions and affect the meaning of the root word in various ways.
1. Reversing the Meaning
Some prefixes reverse or negate the original meaning of a word. For example:
 un- + happy = unhappy (not happy)
 dis- + agree = disagree (not agree)
 in- + correct = incorrect (not correct)
2. Describing Position
Prefixes can also describe the position of something, indicating whether it is above, below, inside, or outside:
 sub- (under, below): submarine (underwater)
 inter- (between): international (between nations)
 super- (above): supermarket (above a regular market)
3. Expressing Quantity
Some prefixes provide information about the amount or number:
 bi- (two): bicycle (a vehicle with two wheels)
 tri- (three): triangle (a shape with three sides)
 multi- (many): multicolored (having many colors)
4. Time and Order
These prefixes relate to time or the order of events:
 pre- (before): preview (to view before)
 post- (after): post-war (after the war)

Examples of Common Prefixes

Here are some everyday prefixes and their meanings:
Prefix Meaning Example
un- not Unfinished

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Prefix Meaning Example
re- again Rewrite
mis- wrong Misunderstand
pre- before Predict
sub- under/below Subheading
over- above/beyond Overestimate
anti- against Antisocial
co- with/together Cooperate
ex- former Ex-president
How Prefixes Change Meaning
The addition of a prefix can significantly alter the meaning of a word. For example:
 Appear vs. Disappear: "Appear" means to become visible, while "Disappear" means to become invisible.
 Active vs. Inactive: "Active" means energetic, while "Inactive" means not energetic or functioning.

Tips for Using Prefixes

 Learn common prefixes and their meanings to expand your vocabulary.
 Be mindful of words that look like they have prefixes but do not (e.g., "subject" does not have the prefix "sub-").

Exercises
1. Find the Prefix: Identify the prefix and root word in the following:
o Impossible Preview
o Antibacterial Multitask
2. Create New Words: Add the appropriate prefix to the following words:
o Happy act
o Use normal

By learning prefixes, students can expand their vocabulary and better understand the meanings of unfamiliar words, which
will aid in reading comprehension and writing.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does the prefix “un-” mean?
o A) Again B) Not
o C) With D) Before
2. Which prefix means “under”?
o A) Sub- B) Pre-
o C) Super- D) Re-
3. What does the prefix “bi-” signify?
o A) Three B) Many
o C) Two D) Before
4. The prefix “mis-” means:
o A) Wrong B) Above
o C) Together D) Not
5. Which prefix means “before”?
o A) Post- B) Pre-

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o C) Re- D) Dis-
6. What does the prefix “anti-” imply?
o A) With B) After
o C) Against D) Below
7. Which prefix indicates something “above”?
o A) Over- B) Sub-
o C) Tri- D) Mis-
8. The prefix “re-” suggests:
o A) Wrong B) Again
o C) Many D) Before
9. What does the prefix “in-” do to a word?
o A) Make it more
o B) Make it less
o C) Reverse the meaning
o D) Indicate position
10. Which prefix means “between”?
o A) Inter- B) Sub-
o C) Ex- D) Bi-
11. The prefix “super-” means:
o A) Below B) Above
o C) Inside D) Again
12. What does “multi-” signify?
o A) One B) Three
o C) Many D) Two
13. Which prefix means “wrong”?
o A) Re- B) Mis-
o C) Pre- D) Sub-
14. The prefix “co-” means:
o A) Against B) Before
o C) With D) Not
15. What does the prefix “post-” refer to?
o A) After B) Before
o C) Below D) Above
16. Which prefix means “before”?
o A) Pre- B) Re-
o C) Sub- D) Over-
17. The prefix “anti-” suggests:
o A) Many B) With
o C) Against D) Above
18. What does “ex-” mean?
o A) Former B) Not
o C) Above D) Again
19. The prefix “sub-” indicates:
o A) Above B) Below

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o C) Together D) Wrong
20. Which prefix indicates “inside”?
o A) Extra- B) In-
o C) Super- D) Over-
21. The prefix “re-” in “rebuild” means:
o A) Wrong B) Again
o C) Below D) Before
22. Which prefix means “between”?
o A) Inter- B) Multi-
o C) Sub- D) Over-
23. What does “dis-” mean?
o A) Before B) Again
o C) Not D) Above
24. The prefix “pre-” suggests:
o A) Before B) With
o C) Wrong D) Below
25. Which prefix means “many”?
o A) Multi- B) Inter-
o C) Mis- D) Re-
26. The prefix “mis-” in “mislead” means:
o A) Not B) Wrong
o C) Above D) Many
27. What does “sub-” imply?
o A) Above B) Before
o C) Under D) Together
28. The prefix “dis-” is used to:
o A) Indicate time B) Show opposition
o C) Indicate position D) Describe quantity
29. Which prefix means “again”?
o A) Re- B) Sub-
o C) Mis- D) Anti-
30. The prefix “in-” in “incomplete” means:
o A) Complete B) Not complete
o C) Above D) Many
31. What does “super-” indicate?
o A) Under B) Above
o C) Wrong D) Before
32. The prefix “inter-” means:
o A) Between B) After
o C) Under D) With
33. Which prefix means “inside”?
o A) In- B) Ex-
o C) Sub- D) Mis-
34. The prefix “anti-” in “antibiotic” suggests:

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o A) Against B) With
o C) Below D) After
35. What does “re-” in “replay” mean?
o A) Not B) Again
o C) Before D) Below
36. The prefix “post-” in “postpone” means:
o A) After B) Before
o C) Above D) With
37. Which prefix means “not”?
o A) Dis- B) Un-
o C) Pre- D) Bi-
38. The prefix “ex-” in “examine” indicates:
o A) Former B) Inside
o C) Above D) Many
39. What does “multi-” imply?
o A) Two B) Many
o C) Wrong D) Inside
40. The prefix “co-” means:
o A) Against B) With
o C) Below D) Not
41. Which prefix means “above”?
o A) Super- B) Inter-
o C) Pre- D) Re-
42. The prefix “bi-” is used to describe:
o A) Many B) Two
o C) Below D) Wrong
43. What does “in-” in “invisible” suggest?
o A) Not visible B) Visible
o C) Above D) Many
44. The prefix “dis-” in “disconnect” means:
o A) Together B) Below
o C) Not D) Above
45. Which prefix indicates “before”?
o A) Pre- B) Sub-
o C) Mis- D) Inter-
46. The prefix “anti-” in “antivirus” means:
o A) Against B) With
o C) Before D) Many
47. What does “re-” in “revisit” mean?
o A) Not B) Again
o C) Before D) Above
48. The prefix “sub-” in “submarine” means:
o A) Above B) With
o C) Under D) Wrong

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49. Which prefix means “wrong”?
o A) Dis- B) Un-
o C) Anti- D) Mis-
50. The prefix “pre-” in “prepare” suggests:
o A) Before B) Above
o C) Many D) Wrong

Essay Questions
1. Discuss the impact of prefixes on the meaning of words and provide examples of how different prefixes can significantly
alter word meanings.
2. Analyze the role of prefixes in expanding vocabulary and understanding new words. Provide examples to illustrate your
points.
3. Explore how prefixes can affect the tone or connotation of a word. Use specific examples to support your discussion.
4. Discuss the significance of learning prefixes for mastering the English language. How does it aid in reading
comprehension and writing skills?
5. Evaluate how prefixes interact with root words to create new meanings. Provide examples of how different
combinations can lead to distinct meanings.
6. Investigate the historical development of prefixes in the English language. How have they evolved and influenced
modern English usage?
7. Analyze the impact of prefixes on word formation in technical and scientific contexts. Provide examples from specific
fields.
8. Discuss how prefixes can be used creatively in literature and advertising to enhance language and appeal to audiences.
Provide examples.
9. Explore the role of prefixes in creating compound words and phrases. How do they affect the meaning of compound
terms?
10. Assess the importance of prefix knowledge in educational settings. How can understanding prefixes benefit students in
learning and communication?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Writing). Week 8
 TOPIC: Write flash fiction,
 analyse a poem,
 write poems,
 write an interview,

LESSON 1: WRITE FLASH FICTION,

What is Flash Fiction? Flash fiction is a short story that is usually less than 1,000 words. It focuses on telling a powerful,
impactful story in a few words. The story often leaves a lasting impression on the reader through its concise and vivid use of
language. Flash fiction is perfect for capturing a single moment, emotion, or idea in a way that leaves the reader thinking.
Key Features of Flash Fiction:
 Brevity: The story is very short, often under 1,000 words, but still complete.
 Plot: Like other stories, flash fiction has a beginning, middle, and end, but these elements are condensed.
 Characters: The story may have one or two characters, often with minimal description.
 Conflict: There is usually a central conflict or problem, but it is presented quickly.
 Resolution: The story often has an open or unusual ending that leaves room for interpretation.
 Imagery and Symbols: Writers use symbols (objects, figures, or actions that represent deeper meanings) and strong
imagery (descriptive language that appeals to the senses) to convey deeper themes or emotions.
Writing Flash Fiction:
1. Start with a Strong Idea: Choose a powerful moment or a single event. Flash fiction often revolves around a small but
significant moment in a character's life.
2. Focus on Imagery and Symbols: Use descriptive language that paints a vivid picture in the reader's mind. Symbols can
help you express complex ideas in a small space. For example, in Helen Rye's story, the fig tree symbolizes the beauty
and loss of the protagonist's homeland.
3. Keep It Simple: Limit the number of characters and locations. Focus on one main idea or theme.
4. Use a Hook: Start your story in the middle of action or with a strong image that immediately grabs the reader's
attention.
5. Emphasize Emotion: Use brief but powerful language to show how characters feel, rather than telling the reader
directly.
6. End with Impact: The ending should be thought-provoking. It might be surprising, sad, or even unresolved. Flash fiction
often leaves the reader thinking long after they've finished reading.
Activity:
Write your own flash fiction story. Follow these steps:
 Step 1: Think of a significant moment (e.g., a surprise, loss, or discovery).
 Step 2: Create a strong image or symbol that represents the story’s theme (e.g., a broken watch to symbolize lost time).
 Step 3: Limit your story to 300-500 words. Focus on making every word count.
 Step 4: Use descriptive language to make the story vivid, but keep the plot simple.
Example:
Here’s an example of a flash fiction story:
"The Last Seed"
The rains hadn’t come for three months. Maria stood in the middle of the cracked earth, staring at the last seed in her
hand. Her father had told her it would grow again, like the hope in her heart. But the sky remained dry, and the ground had
long since swallowed its tears. She bent down, placing the seed in the soil. If it didn’t rain soon, the village would be gone.
A week later, the skies opened.

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By focusing on symbols like the seed (representing hope) and the cracked earth (representing despair), this story conveys a
powerful emotion in very few words.
How Flash Fiction Connects to Real Life:
 Journalism and Advertising: The proverb "A picture is worth a thousand words" highlights how images can
communicate complex ideas quickly. Flash fiction is similar in that it conveys a complete story or idea in a few words. In
advertising, a single image can represent an entire campaign. Similarly, flash fiction can express a significant theme or
emotion in just a few sentences.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary goal of flash fiction?
o A) To create a detailed plot
o B) To tell a complete story in a few words
o C) To include multiple characters
o D) To use long descriptive passages
2. How long is a typical flash fiction story?
o A) Less than 500 words
o B) Between 1,000 and 2,000 words
o C) Less than 1,000 words
o D) More than 2,000 words
3. What is a common feature of flash fiction?
o A) Detailed backstories
o B) Multiple settings
o C) Concise and impactful language
o D) Extended dialogues
4. What does the use of symbols in flash fiction help to convey?
o A) Long descriptions
o B) Complex plot twists
o C) Deeper meanings and themes
o D) Numerous characters
5. What should the ending of a flash fiction story ideally do?
o A) Provide a detailed resolution
o B) Leave the reader with something to think about
o C) Introduce new characters
o D) Explain the backstory
6. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of flash fiction?
o A) Minimalist plot
o B) Open or unusual ending
o C) Extensive character development
o D) Strong imagery
7. In flash fiction, what is the role of imagery?
o A) To describe characters in detail
o B) To create vivid mental pictures and evoke emotions
o C) To elaborate on the setting

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o D) To add background information
8. What is one effective strategy for writing flash fiction?
o A) Using multiple points of view
o B) Focusing on one significant moment
o C) Including extensive dialogue
o D) Developing a complex plot
9. How can a writer achieve brevity in flash fiction?
o A) By adding detailed descriptions
o B) By focusing on essential details and omitting unnecessary information
o C) By using lengthy dialogues
o D) By introducing multiple themes
10. Why is the proverb "A picture is worth a thousand words" relevant to flash fiction?
o A) Both rely on detailed explanations
o B) Both aim to communicate a powerful message succinctly
o C) Both use long narratives
o D) Both involve numerous characters
11. What should you focus on when writing flash fiction?
o A) Creating a broad narrative
o B) Developing a deep character arc
o C) Conveying a single, impactful idea or moment
o D) Describing multiple settings
12. How does flash fiction differ from traditional short stories?
o A) Flash fiction is longer
o B) Flash fiction has more characters
o C) Flash fiction is much shorter and more concise
o D) Flash fiction includes detailed backstories
13. What is an important aspect of flash fiction's ending?
o A) It should have a predictable conclusion
o B) It should resolve all conflicts
o C) It should be surprising or thought-provoking
o D) It should introduce new conflicts
14. How does flash fiction typically handle character development?
o A) It includes extensive backgrounds for each character
o B) It focuses on brief, yet revealing moments
o C) It creates complex character arcs
o D) It uses multiple characters to explore different themes
15. What is the role of symbols in flash fiction?
o A) To provide detailed descriptions
o B) To represent deeper themes or emotions
o C) To elaborate on character relationships
o D) To create multiple plot twists
16. What kind of setting is usually found in flash fiction?
o A) Detailed and complex
o B) Brief and minimal

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o C) Multiple and varied
o D) Long and elaborate
17. How can a writer use imagery effectively in flash fiction?
o A) By adding lengthy descriptions
o B) By creating vivid and concise pictures in the reader’s mind
o C) By including multiple settings
o D) By using extensive dialogue
18. What is one key aspect of flash fiction's plot structure?
o A) It includes multiple subplots
o B) It focuses on a single, central event or moment
o C) It develops a complex narrative
o D) It involves multiple characters and settings
19. How should the language in flash fiction be used?
o A) To provide detailed background information
o B) To be concise and impactful
o C) To introduce multiple themes
o D) To elaborate on character histories
20. What makes flash fiction unique compared to other story forms?
o A) Its length and focus on brevity
o B) Its extensive use of dialogue
o C) Its detailed character development
o D) Its complex plots and settings
21. What kind of endings are common in flash fiction?
o A) Neatly wrapped up
o B) Predictable and conventional
o C) Open-ended or surprising
o D) Detailed and resolved
22. In flash fiction, what is the typical length of the narrative?
o A) Over 2,000 words
o B) Between 1,000 and 2,000 words
o C) Less than 500 words
o D) Less than 1,000 words
23. What does "a picture is worth a thousand words" suggest about flash fiction?
o A) It relies on long narratives
o B) It conveys significant meaning through brevity
o C) It focuses on extensive character development
o D) It uses detailed backstories
24. How should a writer handle plot development in flash fiction?
o A) By creating multiple intertwined plots
o B) By focusing on a single, impactful event
o C) By including several characters
o D) By providing detailed background information
25. What should a flash fiction story aim to achieve?
o A) A comprehensive exploration of multiple themes

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o B) A complete narrative with extensive descriptions
o C) A concise yet powerful message or image
o D) Detailed development of subplots
26. How can symbols enhance a flash fiction story?
o A) By providing lengthy descriptions
o B) By representing abstract ideas or emotions concisely
o C) By creating complex narrative structures
o D) By introducing multiple themes
27. What is a typical characteristic of flash fiction endings?
o A) They resolve all conflicts
o B) They provide a clear resolution
o C) They provoke thought or surprise
o D) They elaborate on character histories
28. What is the role of imagery in flash fiction?
o A) To add lengthy descriptions
o B) To create strong and vivid mental images
o C) To elaborate on the setting
o D) To introduce multiple characters
29. How should flash fiction handle character development?
o A) By exploring detailed backstories
o B) By focusing on brief, revealing moments
o C) By developing complex arcs
o D) By including multiple characters
30. What is a common challenge in writing flash fiction?
o A) Maintaining brevity while delivering a complete story
o B) Creating extensive character backgrounds
o C) Developing multiple subplots
o D) Including detailed settings
31. What kind of imagery is most effective in flash fiction?
o A) Lengthy and descriptive
o B) Brief and evocative
o C) Detailed and complex
o D) Extensive and varied
32. Why might a writer choose to use symbols in flash fiction?
o A) To create elaborate narratives
o B) To convey deeper meanings concisely
o C) To add detailed character development
o D) To introduce multiple themes
33. What is an important consideration when writing flash fiction?
o A) Including extensive dialogue
o B) Keeping the narrative concise and focused
o C) Elaborating on multiple settings
o D) Developing complex plots
34. How does the use of symbols affect a flash fiction story?

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o A) It provides detailed character insights
o B) It simplifies complex themes and emotions
o C) It creates multiple subplots
o D) It extends the narrative
35. What type of narrative structure is typical for flash fiction?
o A) Complex and multi-layered
o B) Simple and focused on a single moment
o C) Extensive with multiple characters
o D) Detailed with multiple settings
36. What is the purpose of using strong imagery in flash fiction?
o A) To describe settings in detail
o B) To evoke vivid mental pictures and emotions
o C) To introduce new characters
o D) To provide background information
37. How does flash fiction typically handle themes?
o A) By exploring multiple themes in depth
o B) By focusing on a single, impactful theme
o C) By providing extensive explanations
o D) By introducing various subplots
38. How can a flash fiction writer effectively use language?
o A) By being detailed and descriptive
o B) By being concise and impactful
o C) By including extensive background
o D) By introducing multiple characters
39. What kind of plot is most effective in flash fiction?
o A) Complex and layered
o B) Simple and focused on a single event
o C) Detailed with multiple storylines
o D) Extended with numerous characters
40. In flash fiction, how should a writer approach setting?
o A) By describing it in elaborate detail
o B) By keeping it minimal and focusing on the essence
o C) By introducing multiple locations
o D) By using detailed backstories
41. Which of the following is a key element of a flash fiction story’s language?
o A) Detailed exposition
o B) Concise and vivid descriptions
o C) Extensive dialogue
o D) Complex narrative structures
42. How should a flash fiction story handle character interactions?
o A) By including lengthy dialogues
o B) By focusing on brief but significant moments
o C) By developing complex relationships
o D) By introducing multiple characters

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43. What makes the ending of a flash fiction story stand out?
o A) It provides a detailed resolution
o B) It is open to interpretation or surprising
o C) It resolves all conflicts
o D) It introduces new plot elements
44. What is one reason flash fiction is popular?
o A) It allows for extensive world-building
o B) It conveys powerful messages with brevity
o C) It focuses on complex character development
o D) It provides detailed backstories
45. Which technique is often used to create impact in flash fiction?
o A) Long-winded descriptions
o B) Symbolism and strong imagery
o C) Multiple plot twists
o D) Detailed character histories
46. What type of conflict is commonly found in flash fiction?
o A) Extensive and multi-layered
o B) Simple and central to the main idea
o C) Detailed with multiple resolutions
o D) Complex and multi-faceted
47. What is a common characteristic of flash fiction stories?
o A) Detailed setting and character development
o B) Brief and focused narrative
o C) Multiple storylines and characters
o D) Extensive descriptions and dialogues
48. How can flash fiction achieve emotional impact?
o A) By including multiple events
o B) By focusing on a single, powerful moment or image
o C) By developing elaborate plots
o D) By adding extensive character backgrounds
49. In flash fiction, how should a writer handle dialogue?
o A) By using it extensively to develop characters
o B) By keeping it minimal and meaningful
o C) By introducing multiple characters in dialogue
o D) By providing detailed character interactions
50. Why is flash fiction effective in modern writing?
o A) It provides long, detailed narratives
o B) It conveys deep messages and emotions succinctly
o C) It includes extensive background information
o D) It focuses on complex plots and settings
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the significance of brevity in flash fiction and how it affects the storytelling process.
2. Analyze how imagery and symbolism can be used to convey deeper meanings in flash fiction. Provide examples.
3. Compare and contrast flash fiction with traditional short stories. What are the key differences and similarities?

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4. Explore the challenges of creating a complete narrative in a very limited word count. How can these challenges be
overcome?
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of using a surprising or open-ended conclusion in flash fiction. How does it impact the
reader?
6. Describe the role of character development in flash fiction. How can a writer effectively develop characters within such
a short narrative?
7. Analyze a flash fiction story of your choice and discuss how the writer uses language to create impact.
8. Discuss how flash fiction can be used to address significant themes or issues. Provide examples from known flash fiction
works.
9. Explain the impact of setting in flash fiction. How can a minimalistic approach to setting contribute to the story?
10. Reflect on how the proverb "A picture is worth a thousand words" applies to flash fiction. How does this idea influence
the writing and interpretation of flash fiction?

Lesson 2: Analyze a poem

When analyzing a poem, it's essential to explore its explicit (clear and direct) and implicit (hidden or suggested) meanings.
Poets use language features such as imagery, symbolism, and tone to convey their thoughts, emotions, and messages.
1. Understanding Explicit and Implicit Meanings
 Explicit meaning: This is the straightforward meaning of the poem—what the poet is directly stating. For example, the
phrase “Hard is the journey” explicitly tells us that the speaker is on a difficult journey.
 Implicit meaning: This is the deeper meaning hidden beneath the surface. Often, poets use metaphors or symbols to
express ideas indirectly. For instance, the "journey" in Li Po's poem could be a metaphor for life itself, and the
challenges in the poem may symbolize obstacles we face in life.
2. How to Identify Explicit and Implicit Meanings
 Read the poem carefully and think about the literal meaning.
 Look for figurative language such as metaphors, similes, and symbols that might suggest deeper meanings.
 Consider the tone (the poet's attitude) and mood (how the poem makes you feel). Does the poem express sadness,
hope, confusion, or determination?
 Reflect on the theme (the main message or lesson of the poem). This is often revealed through implicit meanings.
3. Analyzing the Poem ‘Hard is the Journey’ by Li Po
 Title: The title suggests a difficult journey, but what kind of journey? Is it literal, like travelling, or metaphorical, like the
journey of life?
 Stanza 1:
o Explicit Meaning: The speaker describes an extravagant banquet with gold vessels and jade dishes.
o Implicit Meaning: This may symbolize wealth or luxury that no longer brings satisfaction. The speaker lays down his
chopsticks, suggesting that material possessions or indulgence no longer matter.
 Stanza 2:
o Explicit Meaning: The speaker faces physical obstacles like ice blocking the Yellow River and snow on the T'ai-hang
mountains.
o Implicit Meaning: The obstacles might represent the challenges or difficulties one encounters in life. The river and
mountains could symbolize barriers to success or happiness.
 Stanza 3:
o Explicit Meaning: The speaker seems at peace while fishing, but soon imagines sailing towards the sun.
o Implicit Meaning: The fishing and the sun may represent a search for peace and enlightenment. The speaker is
navigating through life, seeking meaning or fulfillment.

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 Refrain:
o Explicit Meaning: “Hard is the journey, So many turnings, and now where am I?” The speaker emphasizes the difficulty
of the journey.
o Implicit Meaning: Life is full of twists and turns, and the speaker expresses confusion or uncertainty about his current
state in life. This could reflect a broader human experience of struggling to find direction or purpose.
4. Poetic Language Features and Their Effect
 Imagery: The poem uses strong imagery, such as “gold vessels,” “ice bars,” and “cloud for sails.” These images help the
reader visualize the luxury, obstacles, and eventual hope of the journey.
 Repetition: The phrase "Hard is the journey" is repeated to emphasize the difficulty the speaker feels.
 Metaphor: The journey could be a metaphor for life, where the speaker encounters both physical and emotional
obstacles.
 Tone and Mood: The tone shifts from frustration and struggle (staring wildly, ice bars, snow) to peace and hope
(fishing, sailing sunward). The mood mirrors these changes, moving from difficulty to hopefulness.
5. Writing an Analysis of a Poem
When writing your analysis, follow these steps:
 Introduce the poem by mentioning the poet’s name, the title of the poem, and the central theme.
 summarize the explicit meaning of the poem—what the poet is directly saying.
 Explore the implicit meaning—what deeper messages or themes the poet may be conveying.
 Discuss the language features (imagery, metaphor, repetition, etc.) and how they contribute to the poem’s meaning
and effect.
 Conclude by summarizing the overall theme and emotional impact of the poem.

Example Analysis of ‘Hard is the Journey’:

In Hard is the Journey, Li Po explores both literal and metaphorical struggles in life. The speaker begins by describing a lavish
banquet, which no longer satisfies him, suggesting that material wealth does not bring happiness. As the speaker faces
physical obstacles like rivers and mountains, these challenges symbolize life's hardships. However, there is hope in the
image of sailing towards the sun, symbolizing the pursuit of peace and fulfillment. Through vivid imagery, repetition, and
metaphors, Li Po reflects on the difficulties of life’s journey and the human desire for clarity and purpose.

50 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the primary theme of the poem Hard is the Journey by Li Po?
a) Love b) Wealth
c) Life as a difficult journey d) Adventure
2. In the poem, the "Yellow River" represents: a) A literal river
b) A symbol of life’s challenges
c) A peaceful place
d) A place for relaxation
3. The repetition of "Hard is the journey" in the poem is used to: a) Create rhythm
b) Emphasize the ease of the journey
c) Stress the difficulty of life
d) Introduce new ideas
4. What is implicit meaning in a poem? a) The direct meaning
b) The hidden or suggested meaning
c) The emotional tone
d) The literal description

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5. Which of these is a metaphor in the poem?
a) "Gold vessels" b) "Cloud for sails"
c) "Snow from dark skies" d) "Ice bars my way"
6. The mood of the speaker at the beginning of the poem is: a) Joyful b) Frustrated
c) Peaceful d) Indifferent
7. What do the "gold vessels" and "jade dishes" symbolize? a) Wealth and luxury b) Hardships
c) Simplicity d) Freedom
8. What is the explicit meaning of the phrase “I lay my chopsticks down”? a) The speaker is taking a break from eating
b) The speaker is ready for battle
c) The speaker is preparing to travel
d) The speaker is reflecting on life
9. What does the "sword" likely symbolize in the poem?
a) Peace b) Conflict or challenge
c) Wealth d) Relaxation
10. How does Li Po use imagery in the poem? a) To describe love
b) To create vivid pictures of wealth and hardship
c) To focus on abstract concepts
d) To express confusion
11. Which of the following is not a figurative language device? a) Metaphor b) Simile
c) Repetition d) Fact
12. What can "setting a cloud for sails" imply in the poem? a) A shift in the weather
b) A desire to be free from burdens
c) Preparing for a storm
d) Facing new obstacles
13. The tone of the last stanza is:
a) Confused b) Hopeful
c) Sad d) Angry
14. In poetry, tone refers to: a) The structure of the poem
b) The writer's attitude toward the subject
c) The number of lines in each stanza
d) The rhyme pattern
15. What is the purpose of poetry analysis? a) To find the hidden theme
b) To understand both explicit and implicit meanings
c) To summarize the poem
d) To memorize lines
16. Which of these statements best explains the theme of the poem? a) Material wealth can lead to happiness
b) Life is a journey full of obstacles
c) Hardship is necessary for success
d) Nature is a powerful force
17. The line breaks in the poem create: a) A quick pace
b) A natural pause for reflection
c) Confusion in meaning
d) Emotional imbalance
18. What is symbolism in poetry? a) Using one object to represent another
b) Describing a character’s traits

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c) Explaining literal meanings
d) Creating a regular rhyme

19. In Hard is the Journey, the poem ends with a sense of:
a) Completion b) Confusion
c) Hope d) Defeat
20. What is the function of repetition in poetry?
a) To confuse the reader b) To make the poem longer
c) To emphasize important ideas d) To simplify meaning
21. The word "banquet" in the poem likely represents:
a) The enjoyment of life b) Life's responsibilities
c) Abundance and excess d) Simplicity
22. What does the journey in the poem symbolize? a) A specific journey the poet took
b) The process of growing up
c) The difficulties of life
d) The journey to wealth
23. How do poets typically express themes in their poems? a) By repeating a single word
b) Through symbolism and figurative language
c) By listing themes at the end of each poem
d) By including a moral lesson
24. Figurative language is used to: a) Change the plot
b) Add creativity and depth to writing
c) Simplify ideas
d) Create longer sentences
25. Which of the following best describes the mood of the poem? a) Confusion followed by hope
b) Anger followed by sadness
c) Joy followed by confusion
d) Determination followed by exhaustion
26. A brooklet in the poem is likely a symbol for:
a) Life’s easy moments b) A large body of water
c) Confusion d) Struggle
27. What effect does the imagery of the river and mountains create? a) A sense of peace
b) A feeling of defeat
c) A sense of overwhelming challenge
d) A scene of natural beauty
28. What does the speaker’s action of “drawing a sword” likely imply? a) The speaker is going into battle
b) The speaker is frustrated with the journey
c) The speaker is reflecting on the past
d) The speaker is preparing for a celebration
29. The poem’s rhythm contributes to: a) The confusion of the message
b) The mood and pace of the journey

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c) The clarity of the meaning
d) The theme of happiness
30. What does the phrase “where am I” in the poem indicate? a) The speaker is lost physically
b) The speaker is confused about their direction in life
c) The speaker is confident about the journey
d) The speaker is preparing for the next step
31. Staring wildly in the poem suggests:
a) Relaxation b) Calmness
c) Desperation d) Reflection
32. A key feature of poetry analysis is: a) Counting the lines and stanzas
b) Identifying all the verbs in the poem
c) Understanding the deeper meaning beyond words
d) Listing adjectives
33. Imagery in poetry: a) Adds detailed description to make a clearer picture
b) Tells a story
c) Explains the moral of the poem
d) Repeats a key idea
34. The overall tone of the poem Hard is the Journey can be described as: a) Light and humorous
b) Hopeful but challenging
c) Happy and content
d) Bored and uninterested
35. How does the poem make the reader feel? a) Overwhelmed and frustrated
b) Inspired and hopeful
c) Sad and confused
d) Angry and lost
36. The turning points in the poem are shown through: a) Imagery of obstacles and hope
b) Dialogue between characters
c) A shift in the rhyme scheme
d) A new character introduction
37. The phrase “so many turnings” likely refers to:
a) Actual roads b) Difficult decisions in life
c) The seasons d) The mountains
38. Which line in the poem reflects hope for a better future? a) “I lay my chopsticks down”
b) “At once I’m in a boat but sailing sunward”
c) “Snows from dark skies to climb”
d) “Hard is the journey”
39. What do clouds for sails likely symbolize?
40. a) The unpredictability of life
b) A coming storm
c) A peaceful journey
d) Imagination and dreams
41. What literary device is being used in “I draw my sword and stare wildly about me”?
a) Alliteration b) Metaphor
c) Hyperbole d) Simile
42. The shift in mood from frustration to peace in the poem is achieved through:

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a) Imagery and tone b) Rhyme pattern
c) Word count d) Historical context
43. The phrase "a cloud for sails" can best be described as:
a) Simile b) Metaphor
c) Alliteration d) Personification
44. What does the sword most likely symbolize in the poem? a) Hope b) Conflict
c) Peace d) Success
45. The line “At peace I drop a hook into a brooklet” suggests: a) The speaker is relaxing and finding solace
b) The speaker is struggling with nature
c) The speaker is preparing for a battle
d) The speaker is seeking wealth
46. The imagery of “ice bars my way” most likely represents: a) Physical obstacles b) A warm and inviting place
c) Easy solutions d) Emotional support
47. The phrase “cross the blue oceans” symbolizes: a) A journey towards a goal b) A return to comfort
c) An end to struggle d) A simple task
48. The poem's structure contributes to: a) The simplicity of the journey
b) The dramatic effect of the journey
c) The boredom of the journey
d) The repetition of the theme
49. The “T’ai-hang mountains” mentioned in the poem represent:
a) Simple obstacles b) Emotional or physical challenges
c) Luxurious places d) Easy paths
50. How does the poet’s use of contrast enhance the poem? a) By comparing wealth with hardship
b) By showing similarities between journeys
c) By repeating the same images
d) By using the same tone throughout
10 Essay Questions
1. Analyze how Li Po uses imagery and symbolism to convey the theme of life's difficulties in the poem Hard is the
Journey. Provide examples from the text.
2. Discuss the shift in tone throughout the poem and how it reflects the speaker’s emotional journey. Use specific lines to
support your argument.
3. Explain the use of metaphor in the poem and how it contributes to the overall message about the journey of life.
4. How does Li Po use contrast to highlight the difference between material wealth and the challenges of life? Illustrate
your points with examples from the poem.
5. Explore the symbolism of nature in the poem, particularly the references to the Yellow River, T’ai-hang mountains, and
ocean. What do these symbols represent in the context of the speaker’s journey?
6. Analyze the effect of repetition in the poem. How does the repeated phrase “Hard is the journey” enhance the reader’s
understanding of the poem’s central theme?
7. How does the poem’s structure contribute to its overall meaning? Discuss the impact of the line breaks and stanza
organization on the reader’s interpretation.
8. Discuss the emotional impact of the poem on the reader. How do the poet’s choices in imagery and tone evoke a
particular response from the audience?
9. Examine the role of hope and resolution in the final stanza of the poem. How does the imagery of sailing sunward
contrast with the earlier descriptions of struggle?

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10. Compare the poetic devices used in Hard is the Journey with another poem of your choice. How do these devices
contribute to the themes and emotional impact of each poem?

LESSON 3: WRITE POEMS,

What is a Haiku? A haiku is a traditional form of Japanese poetry that consists of three lines. It often captures a moment in
nature or an emotion in a very brief and vivid way. The structure of a haiku typically follows a 5-7-5 syllable pattern:
 First line: 5 syllables
 Second line: 7 syllables
 Third line: 5 syllables
2. Key Features of Haiku:
 Focus on Nature: Haiku often reflect natural scenes or seasonal changes.
 Luminous Detail: This means selecting and presenting a detail that captures a moment or feeling vividly.
Example Haiku:
An old silent pond... A frog jumps into the pond—
Splash! Silence again. – Matsuo Bashō
Imagist Poetry and Haiku
1. Imagist Poetry: In the early 20th century, imagist poets adapted the haiku form into short, precise poems that focus on a
single image or object. They aimed to present vivid imagery and detail in a concise manner.
2. Key Imagist Poets:
 Ezra Pound: Advocated for "the luminous detail," focusing on clear, precise images.
 William Carlos Williams: Known for capturing everyday moments with clarity and simplicity.
Example Poems by William Carlos Williams:
1. The Red Wheelbarrow
so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens
2. This Is Just to Say
I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were
delicious so sweet and so cold
3. Analyzing Imagist Poems:
 Focus: Look for the central image or object in the poem.
 Detail: Note how specific details enhance the imagery.
 Emotion: Consider the emotions or ideas the poem conveys through its focus.
Writing Your Own Haiku
1. Steps to Write a Haiku:
 Observe Nature: Look carefully at the natural world around you for inspiration.
 Choose a Moment: Pick a specific moment or detail to focus on.
 Follow the Structure: Write your haiku with 5 syllables in the first line, 7 in the second, and 5 in the third.
2. Example Haiku Writing:
1. Observe: Look at a flower, a sunset, or a rainstorm.
2. Write: Capture the essence of what you observe using the haiku structure.
Example Haiku:
Bright autumn moonlight— a crisp leaf falls from the tree, whispers in the breeze.
Using Imagery and Symbols
1. Imagery:
 Visual: Use descriptive language to create vivid pictures in the reader’s mind.
 Sensory Details: Incorporate details that appeal to the senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch).

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2. Symbols:
 Symbolism: Objects or elements in your poem can represent larger ideas or themes.
Example of Imagery and Symbolism:
 Imagery: “A red wheelbarrow glazed with rain water.”
 Symbolism: The wheelbarrow could symbolize hard work or the passage of time.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the syllable pattern of a traditional haiku?
o A) 3-5-3 B) 5-7-5
o C) 4-6-4 D) 6-8-6
2. Which poet is known for writing "The Red Wheelbarrow"?
o A) Matsuo Bashō
o B) William Carlos Williams
o C) Ezra Pound
o D) Robert Frost
3. What is the primary focus of imagist poetry?
o A) Rhyming schemes
o B) Detailed imagery
o C) Narrative storytelling
o D) Historical events
4. How many lines does a haiku have?
o A) Four B) Two
o C) Three D) Five
5. What does the term "luminous detail" refer to in poetry?
o A) Complex vocabulary
o B) Vivid, striking imagery
o C) Lengthy descriptions
o D) Abstract concepts
6. What is the typical theme of a haiku?
o A) Historical events B) Natural phenomena
o C) Personal relationships D) Urban life
7. Which of the following poems is a haiku?
o A) "The Red Wheelbarrow"
o B) "This Is Just to Say"
o C) "In a Station of the Metro"
o D) "The Road Not Taken"
8. Who is known for the quote: "The artist selects and presents the luminous detail"?
o A) William Carlos Williams B) Ezra Pound
o C) Matsuo Bashō D) Robert Frost
9. What does the poem "This Is Just to Say" focus on?
o A) A natural scene B) A simple personal note
o C) A historical event D) A complex narrative
10. How is imagery used in imagist poetry?
o A) To tell a story

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o B) To provide detailed descriptions
o C) To use complex language
o D) To create abstract ideas
11. What is the central image in "The Red Wheelbarrow"?
o A) A red wheelbarrow B) Rainwater
o C) White chickens D) A farm
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of haiku?
o A) Long verses B) Fixed rhyme scheme
o C) Short, precise lines D) Complex narrative
13. What does the haiku structure aim to capture?
o A) Multiple events B) A fleeting moment
o C) Extended narrative D) Abstract ideas
14. What is a common subject for haiku poems?
o A) Urban landscapes B) Personal experiences
o C) Seasonal changes D) Historical figures
15. Which poet’s work often involves everyday items and moments?
 A) Matsuo Bashō B) William Carlos Williams
 C) Ezra Pound D) Langston Hughes
16. In which century did imagist poetry primarily develop?
 A) 17th century B) 18th century
 C) 19th century D) 20th century
17. How many syllables are in the second line of a traditional haiku?
 A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8
18. What is the effect of using detailed imagery in a poem?
 A) It makes the poem longer
 B) It clarifies the poem’s message
 C) It enhances the reader’s visual experience
 D) It creates a complex narrative
19. What type of detail does imagist poetry focus on?
 A) Abstract ideas B) Simple and clear images
 C) Historical events D) Complex themes
20. What does the poem "This Is Just to Say" express?
 A) Regret and apology B) Joy and celebration
 C) Sadness and loss D) Confusion and doubt
21. Which of the following elements is NOT commonly used in haiku?
 A) Seasonal references B) Extended narrative
 C) Natural imagery D) Simple language
22. What is the main purpose of a haiku?
 A) To tell a long story
 B) To explore multiple themes
 C) To capture a single moment
 D) To present abstract ideas
23. What is one of the hallmarks of imagist poetry?
 A) Detailed historical context
 B) Focus on a single object or moment

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 C) Use of complex language
 D) Extensive character development
24. In "The Red Wheelbarrow," what does the wheelbarrow symbolize?
 A) Hard work B) Wealth
 C) Change D) Joy
25. Which poet is associated with the haiku form and known for his simplicity?
 A) William Carlos Williams B) Ezra Pound
 C) Matsuo Bashō D) T.S. Eliot
26. How does "The Red Wheelbarrow" illustrate imagist principles?
 A) By using complex language
 B) By focusing on a detailed image
 C) By presenting a historical narrative
 D) By using long descriptive passages
27. What is the primary characteristic of a haiku?
 A) It has a fixed rhyme scheme
 B) It has a complex narrative structure
 C) It is brief and focuses on a single image
 D) It includes extensive character development
28. What kind of moments do imagist poets often capture?
 A) Dramatic events B) Everyday, fleeting moments
 C) Historical battles D) Complex emotions
29. What is a common theme in haiku poetry?
 A) Modern technology
 B) Natural and seasonal changes
 C) Urban development
 D) Political issues
30. Which line in a haiku usually contains the most detail?
 A) The first line B) The second line
 C) The third line D) All lines equally
31. What does "luminous detail" in poetry help to achieve?
 A) Ambiguity B) Clarity and vivid imagery
 C) Lengthy explanations D) Complex vocabulary
32. What kind of imagery is emphasized in imagist poetry?
 A) Historical and narrative
 B) Vivid and specific
 C) Abstract and conceptual
 D) Symbolic and metaphorical
33. How does haiku poetry differ from other forms of poetry?
 A) It is longer in length
 B) It has a specific syllable count
 C) It includes multiple themes
 D) It uses complex language
34. What does the haiku’s brevity allow poets to focus on?
 A) Multiple subjects B) Extensive descriptions
 C) A single moment or image D) Complex plots

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35. Which of the following best describes the tone of "This Is Just to Say"?
 A) Apologetic and reflective
 B) Angry and confrontational
 C) Joyful and celebratory
 D) Mournful and regretful
36. What does the term "imagery" refer to in poetry?
 A) Use of abstract language
 B) Use of sensory details to create pictures in the reader’s mind
 C) Use of complex vocabulary
 D) Use of long narrative passages
37. How many syllables are in the first line of a haiku?
 A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8
38. What does the focus on everyday objects in imagist poetry aim to highlight?
 A) The grandeur of historical events
 B) The importance of personal relationships
 C) The beauty and significance of simple moments
 D) The complexity of abstract ideas
39. What is the effect of using a single image in imagist poetry?
 A) It creates a complex narrative
 B) It allows for a focus on detailed and vivid descriptions
 C) It makes the poem lengthy
 D) It adds multiple themes
40. What is a haiku often used to capture?
 A) Long-term emotions
 B) Historical events
 C) A brief, specific moment in time
 D) Extended narratives
41. Which line in the haiku typically serves as the conclusion or observation?
 A) The first line B) The second line
 C) The third line D) Any line
42. What is the effect of the "glazed with rain water" detail in "The Red Wheelbarrow"?
 A) It creates a sense of movement
 B) It emphasizes the color
 C) It enhances the visual clarity of the wheelbarrow
 D) It introduces a new subject
43. What kind of scene does the haiku often describe?
 A) Urban life B) Abstract concepts
 C) Natural and seasonal scenes D) Historical events
44. In "This Is Just to Say," what is the speaker’s attitude towards the action described?
 A) Remorseful B) Defensive
 C) Indifferent D) Joyful
45. What is the primary literary device used in imagist poetry?
 A) Rhyme B) Imagery
 C) Alliteration D) Metaphor
46. What does "so much depends upon" suggest in "The Red Wheelbarrow"?

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 A) The importance of the wheelbarrow
 B) The emotional weight of the moment
 C) The historical significance of the wheelbarrow
 D) The narrative complexity
47. How does imagist poetry typically treat its subject matter?
 A) With detailed background information
 B) Through elaborate storytelling
 C) With focused, clear images
 D) Through abstract language
48. What is the emotional tone of Matsuo Bashō’s haikus?
 A) Melancholic and reflective
 B) Joyful and exuberant
 C) Critical and analytical
 D) Sarcastic and humorous
49. What is the main feature of the third line in a haiku?
 A) It introduces a new subject
 B) It summarizes the poem
 C) It provides a concluding observation or image
 D) It repeats the first line
50. In "The Red Wheelbarrow," what effect does the rainwater have on the image of the wheelbarrow?
 A) It dulls the color
 B) It makes the wheelbarrow seem less significant
 C) It adds a layer of visual detail and freshness
 D) It changes the subject of the poem
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the impact of imagist poetry on the evolution of modern poetry. How did imagist poets like William Carlos
Williams and Ezra Pound influence the way poetry is written and perceived today?
2. Analyze the use of imagery in William Carlos Williams' "The Red Wheelbarrow." How does the poem’s focus on a
simple object enhance its thematic and emotional impact?
3. Compare and contrast the themes and techniques of traditional Japanese haiku with those used by imagist poets. How
do they differ in their approach to capturing moments and images?
4. Examine the role of nature in haiku poetry. How does the natural world serve as a backdrop for the themes and
emotions expressed in haiku?
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of "This Is Just to Say" as an example of imagist poetry. What makes this poem a good
representation of the imagist movement, and how does it use imagery and detail?
6. Discuss the concept of "luminous detail" in poetry. Provide examples from both haiku and imagist poetry to illustrate
how this concept is applied to create vivid and meaningful imagery.
7. Explore the significance of the haiku’s structure (5-7-5 syllable pattern) in conveying its message. How does this
structure contribute to the poem’s ability to capture a fleeting moment?
8. Analyze how William Carlos Williams uses everyday objects in his poetry to reflect broader themes or ideas. Provide
specific examples from his work and discuss their implications.
9. Assess the impact of the imagist movement on the perception of everyday objects and moments in poetry. How did
this movement change the way poets approach their subjects?
10. Reflect on the use of sensory details in haiku poetry. How do sensory details enhance the reader’s experience and
understanding of the poem? Provide examples from classic and modern haiku to support your analysis.

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LESSON 4: WRITE AN INTERVIEW,

Introduction to Interviews An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked to
obtain information. It can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the purpose. In a structured
interview, the interviewer asks a set of predefined questions, while in an unstructured one, the conversation flows more
naturally. Interviews are commonly used in non-fiction texts such as magazine articles, blogs, or documentaries.
Purpose of an Interview
 To gather detailed and firsthand information from a person about their experiences, thoughts, or expertise.
 To present real-life stories or achievements in an engaging way.
 To allow readers or listeners to learn something new or understand a topic from the perspective of the interviewee.
Planning an Interview When planning an interview, you need to:
1. Choose a topic: Decide what you want to learn about the interviewee.
2. Research the interviewee: Learn about the person and their background. For example, in the interview with Willard
Wigan, the interviewer researched his life as a micro-artist.
3. Prepare questions: Write down specific, open-ended questions that encourage the interviewee to share detailed
answers.
o Example questions: "How did you develop your skill?" or "What challenges do you face?"
4. Decide on the format: Will the interview be in question-and-answer (Q&A) format, or will you blend the responses into
a narrative?
Specialist Vocabulary In some interviews, it's important to use vocabulary specific to the subject being discussed. This helps
to show your understanding of the topic and engages readers who are interested in the subject.
 For example, in the interview with Willard Wigan, terms like "microscopic tools," "tweezers made from eyelashes," and
"needles flattened into little hooks" are used to highlight the specialist nature of his work.
Structure of a Non-Fiction Interview Text A non-fiction interview text usually follows a clear structure:
1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the interviewee and explain why they are interesting or relevant to the audience. You
may mention some background information.
o Example: In the interview with Willard Wigan, the introduction explains his record-breaking microscopic art and the
challenges he faced growing up.
2. Body: This is the main part of the interview, where you present the questions and the interviewee’s responses. The
conversation should flow naturally, moving from one topic to another.
o Example: The interviewer asks about Wigan’s artistic process and tools, allowing readers to understand how his tiny
sculptures are made.
3. Conclusion: Summarize the key points or finish with a memorable statement from the interviewee. You can also
mention what’s next for them or how readers can find more information about their work.
Writing the Interview When writing up your interview:
 Use direct quotes: Include the exact words of the interviewee to keep their voice authentic.
o Example: Willard Wigan says, "I go through misery to make my pieces."
 Keep it engaging: Write in a conversational tone, making sure that the interview is interesting and easy to read.

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 Be concise: Don’t include irrelevant details; focus on the most interesting or important parts of the conversation.
Example Questions for a Class Interview If you were interviewing a classmate about their favorite hobby, your questions
might include:
1. How did you discover your passion for this hobby?
2. What challenges have you faced while pursuing it?
3. Can you describe a memorable experience related to your hobby?
4. What advice would you give to someone starting out?
Conclusion Writing an interview is a great way to share someone’s story or expertise in a structured and engaging manner.
By asking thoughtful questions and using the right vocabulary, you can create a text that is both informative and enjoyable
to read.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary purpose of an interview in non-fiction texts? a) To entertain the reader b) To gather detailed
information from a person c) To showcase fictional characters d) To critique a book
2. Which part of an interview text introduces the interviewee and the topic? a) Conclusion b) Body c) Introduction d)
Summary
3. What type of question encourages detailed responses in an interview? a) Yes/No question b) Closed question c) Open-
ended question d) Multiple-choice question
4. What is the main feature of a structured interview? a) The interviewer asks spontaneous questions b) The interviewee
chooses the topics c) The interviewer asks a set of predefined questions d) The interview is unplanned
5. Which of the following is NOT a common feature of a non-fiction interview text? a) Direct quotes from the interviewee
b) Imaginary scenarios c) Background information about the interviewee d) Detailed responses to questions
6. What should you include in the body of an interview text? a) Only the interviewee’s biographical details b) Only the
interviewer’s opinions c) The questions and the interviewee’s responses d) The introduction and conclusion only
7. How can you make an interview text engaging for readers? a) Use complex jargon b) Write in a conversational tone c)
Focus on irrelevant details d) Avoid direct quotes
8. What does "specialist vocabulary" refer to in an interview text? a) Everyday language used by everyone b) Terms
specific to the subject being discussed c) Slang words d) Unrelated technical jargon
9. In which section of an interview would you summarize key points? a) Introduction b) Body c) Conclusion d) Summary
10. Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question? a) "Did you enjoy the process?" b) "How did you feel
about the process?" c) "Was the process enjoyable?" d) "Do you like the process?"
11. What should be avoided in the introduction of an interview text? a) Relevant background information b) A brief
overview of the interviewee c) Personal opinions about the topic d) The purpose of the interview
12. What is a common challenge for micro-artists like Willard Wigan? a) Finding large canvases b) Working with oversized
tools c) Creating art on a tiny scale d) Using bright colors
13. What is a "semi-structured" interview? a) An interview with no questions b) An interview with predefined and
spontaneous questions c) An interview with only closed questions d) An interview where the interviewee leads
14. How does one prepare for an interview? a) Avoid researching the interviewee b) Prepare only closed questions c)
Research the interviewee and prepare thoughtful questions d) Write the answers for the interviewee
15. What should be included in the conclusion of an interview text? a) New questions for the interviewee b) A summary of
key points or a memorable statement c) Detailed biographical information d) An extended critique of the interviewee’s
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16. Why is it important to use direct quotes in an interview text? a) To add fictional elements b) To keep the interviewee’s
voice authentic c) To reduce the length of the text d) To make the text less engaging
17. What type of interview question might lead to a “yes” or “no” answer? a) Open-ended question b) Closed question c)
Hypothetical question d) Reflective question
18. In which section would you most likely find the interviewee’s detailed responses? a) Introduction b) Conclusion c) Body
d) Summary
19. What does "unstructured" mean in the context of an interview? a) Questions are strictly predefined b) The interview is
highly organized c) The conversation flows naturally without a fixed structure d) The interviewer controls every aspect
20. What should be avoided in the body of an interview text? a) Relevant responses from the interviewee b) A natural flow
of conversation c) Irrelevant personal opinions from the interviewer d) Detailed explanations of the interviewee’s
answers
21. What is an example of a closed question? a) "What inspired you to start this project?" b) "How long did it take to
complete the project?" c) "Do you think this project was successful?" d) "Can you describe your process?"
22. Why might an interviewer choose to use specialist vocabulary? a) To confuse the reader b) To show understanding of
the topic c) To add length to the text d) To avoid direct quotes
23. What is a key characteristic of a narrative interview format? a) Strictly follows predefined questions b) Blends
responses into a story-like format c) Uses only yes/no questions d) Focuses solely on the interviewer’s perspective
24. Which of the following is an appropriate way to conclude an interview text? a) Introducing a new topic b) Providing a
detailed biography of the interviewee c) Summarizing the main points discussed or ending with a memorable quote d)
Adding personal opinions about the interviewee’s responses
25. How can you ensure your interview text remains informative? a) Include irrelevant details b) Focus on the interviewee’s
responses and key points c) Use long-winded descriptions d) Avoid using quotes from the interviewee
26. What is the main goal of the "introduction" in an interview text? a) To provide background information on the topic b)
To give a brief overview of the interviewee and the purpose of the interview c) To critique the interviewee’s work d) To
detail the entire conversation
27. What does "open-ended" question mean? a) A question that has only one correct answer b) A question that allows the
interviewee to provide detailed responses c) A question that is limited to yes/no answers d) A question that is
irrelevant to the interview topic
28. What is a common feature of a "semi-structured" interview? a) Only open-ended questions b) A fixed list of questions
with room for follow-up c) Spontaneous conversation without any questions d) Only closed questions
29. What is the role of the interviewer in a structured interview? a) To follow a pre-set list of questions b) To allow the
interviewee to lead the conversation c) To ask only personal questions d) To avoid discussing the topic
30. How can you make sure your interview text flows well? a) Use complex language b) Ensure there is a clear introduction,
body, and conclusion c) Include irrelevant information d) Avoid using quotes
31. Which of the following would NOT be included in the body of an interview text? a) Detailed responses from the
interviewee b) Background information about the interviewee c) Questions asked during the interview d) Summary of
the interview
32. What should be avoided in an interview’s conclusion? a) A summary of key points b) A memorable quote from the
interviewee c) New questions or topics d) A brief wrap-up of the conversation
33. Which of the following is an example of specialist vocabulary in an interview with a micro-artist? a) “Tiny sculptures” b)
“Everyday tools” c) “Large canvases” d) “Bright colors”
34. What is an "unstructured" interview mainly characterized by? a) A fixed list of questions b) A natural, free-flowing
conversation c) A rigid format with no deviation d) Highly formal language
35. What role does direct quoting play in an interview text? a) To avoid using the interviewee’s own words b) To maintain
authenticity and credibility c) To replace the interviewee’s responses with your own d) To lengthen the text

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unnecessarily
36. Which section of an interview text should provide a brief overview of the interviewee? a) Body b) Introduction c)
Conclusion d) Summary
37. What should you focus on in the body of an interview text? a) Personal opinions of the interviewer b) Detailed
responses and the conversation flow c) Background of the interviewee’s family d) The interviewer’s previous
experiences
38. How can specialist vocabulary enhance an interview text? a) By making the text harder to understand b) By
demonstrating knowledge of the subject c) By making the text less engaging d) By simplifying the interviewee’s
responses
39. What is a common feature of a narrative interview format? a) Strictly following a question list b) Blending responses
into a story-like narrative c) Asking only yes/no questions d) Focusing solely on the interviewer’s opinions
40. In which part of an interview text would you most likely discuss the tools used by the interviewee? a) Introduction b)
Conclusion c) Body d) Summary
41. How does using direct quotes benefit an interview text? a) It adds fictional elements to the text b) It makes the text
more engaging and authentic c) It shortens the length of the interview d) It replaces the need for detailed descriptions
42. What should an interviewer do before conducting an interview? a) Ignore the interviewee’s background b) Prepare a
list of questions and research the interviewee c) Write the interview questions during the interview d) Avoid
researching the topic
43. What is the purpose of using "specialist vocabulary" in an interview? a) To confuse the reader b) To demonstrate
expertise in the subject c) To make the text longer d) To simplify the content
44. How can you ensure that your interview text is clear and coherent? a) By using complex sentences b) By following a
clear structure with an introduction, body, and conclusion c) By including too many details d) By avoiding direct quotes
45. What is the main purpose of the conclusion in an interview text? a) To introduce new questions b) To provide a
summary of key points or end with a memorable quote c) To include unrelated information d) To critique the
interviewee’s responses
46. Which of the following is an example of an appropriate way to conclude an interview text? a) Summarizing key points
discussed during the interview b) Introducing a new topic c) Providing a detailed critique of the interviewee’s work d)
Adding personal reflections unrelated to the interview
47. What role does background information play in an interview text? a) It is used to critique the interviewee b) It provides
context for understanding the interviewee’s responses c) It replaces the need for direct quotes d) It serves as the main
content of the interview
48. What should be avoided in the body of an interview text? a) Detailed responses from the interviewee b) A natural flow
of conversation c) Personal opinions of the interviewer d) Relevant information about the interviewee’s work
49. How can you make sure the interview text is engaging for readers? a) Use everyday language and avoid jargon b) Focus
solely on the interviewer’s perspective c) Include long-winded descriptions d) Avoid using quotes from the interviewee
50. Which of the following describes an "unstructured" interview? a) An interview with a set list of questions b) An
interview where the conversation is spontaneous and free-flowing c) An interview with only yes/no questions d) An
interview that follows a strict format
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of using direct quotes in an interview text and how they contribute to the authenticity and
engagement of the piece.
2. Compare and contrast structured and unstructured interviews. How does each format impact the outcome of the
interview?
3. Explain the role of specialist vocabulary in interviews. How can it be effectively used without alienating readers?

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4. Analyze the structure of a non-fiction interview text. How does the introduction, body, and conclusion contribute to
the overall effectiveness of the interview?
5. Describe the process of preparing for an interview. What steps should be taken to ensure a successful and informative
interview?
6. Evaluate the use of narrative techniques in interviews. How can blending responses into a story-like format enhance
the reader’s experience?
7. Discuss the challenges faced by interviewers when creating engaging content from an interview. How can these
challenges be overcome?
8. Explain how background information about the interviewee enhances the reader’s understanding of the interview.
Provide examples of effective background inclusion.
9. Describe the characteristics of a good interview question. How do open-ended and closed questions differ in eliciting
responses?
10. Assess the impact of using complex language versus everyday language in an interview text. What are the benefits and
drawbacks of each approach?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar).

 TOPIC: Connectives;
 colons,

LESSON 1: CONNECTIVES;
Connectives are words or phrases used to link ideas, sentences, or paragraphs. They help make writing clearer by showing
relationships between different pieces of information.
Types of Connectives and Their Uses
1. Comparison
These connectives show how two things are similar.
o Examples: similarly, in the same way, just as
o Example Sentence: I enjoy reading books in the same way that my friend does.
2. Sequencing
These connectives show the order of events or steps.
o Examples: first, then, next, after, finally
o Example Sentence: First, chop the vegetables. Then, cook them in the pan.
3. Qualifying
These connectives indicate limitations or exceptions.
o Examples: although, even though, because, unless
o Example Sentence: I went to the park, although it was raining.
4. Adding Ideas
These connectives add extra information or ideas.
 Examples: furthermore, moreover, in addition
 Example Sentence: The movie was entertaining. Furthermore, the soundtrack was fantastic.
5. Introducing Examples
These connectives provide examples to illustrate a point.
o Examples: for example, such as, namely
o Example Sentence: Many fruits are rich in vitamins, such as oranges and strawberries.
6. Summarising
These connectives provide a summary or conclusion.
o Examples: in conclusion, on the whole, overall
o Example Sentence: On the whole, the project was a success despite a few challenges.
How to Use Connectives in Formal Writing
1. Clarity: Use connectives to ensure your ideas flow logically. For example, use first to introduce the beginning of a
process, then for the next steps, and finally for the conclusion.
2. Comparison: To show similarities or differences, use connectives like similarly or however. This helps clarify how two
things relate to each other.
3. Sequencing: In instructions or descriptions, use sequencing connectives to guide the reader through steps or events.
4. Adding Information: Use furthermore or in addition to introduce new points or expand on previous ideas.
5. Examples: When providing examples, use for example to make your points clearer and more convincing.
6. Summarising: Conclude your writing with connectives like in conclusion to wrap up your ideas and reinforce your main
points.
Practice Exercise

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Write a short paragraph about your typical day at school, using at least three different types of connectives. For instance:
"My day starts early. First, I have breakfast. After that, I go to school. The classes are engaging, such as science and math.
Furthermore, I enjoy spending time with my friends. In the afternoon, I complete my homework. Overall, it’s a productive
day."
Conclusion
Connectives are essential for clear and effective writing. They help to organize ideas, show relationships between
information, and guide the reader through your text. By using connectives appropriately, you can enhance the clarity and
coherence of your writing.

Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Which of the following connectives is used to show similarity?
a) Therefore b) Similarly
c) However d) First
2. What is the function of the connective 'after' in a sentence?
a) Adding information b) Sequencing
c) Comparison d) Qualifying
3. Which connective would you use to introduce an example?
a) Namely b) Although
c) However d) On the whole
4. Choose the connective that adds extra information.
a) For example b) Furthermore
c) Then d) Because
5. Which of the following connectives shows contrast?
a) Moreover b) Likewise
c) Despite d) Finally
6. What is the purpose of the connective 'namely'?
a) To compare b) To sequence
c) To introduce an example d) To qualify
7. Which connective would best fit a sentence explaining steps in a process?
a) Additionally b) Before
c) Similarly d) For instance
8. What does the connective 'overall' do in a text?
a) Provides an example b) Summarizes
c) Adds information d) Compares
9. Select the connective that is used to add more detail.
a) For example b) However
c) Then d) Unless
10. Which connective would you use to show a sequence of events?
a) Namely b) First
c) On the whole d) Therefore
11. What is the function of 'in addition' in a sentence?
a) Comparison b) Sequencing
c) Adding ideas d) Qualifying
12. Which connective is used to present a contrasting idea?
a) Similarly b) However

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c) Finally d) Before
13. Which of the following connects two similar ideas?
a) Consequently b) Similarly
c) Despite d) Because
14. To indicate a result or outcome, which connective should be used?
a) Therefore b) Nevertheless
c) First d) Such as
15. Which connective introduces a reason for an action?
a) Because b) Furthermore
c) For example d) Meanwhile
16. What is the role of the connective 'although'?
a) To add information b) To introduce an example
c) To qualify d) To show contrast
17. Which connective is suitable for summarizing a discussion?
a) For instance b) Likewise
c) On the whole d) Then
18. What type of connective is 'besides'?
a) Addition b) Sequencing
c) Comparison d) Contrast
19. Choose the connective that introduces an example.
a) However b) Such as
c) Meanwhile d) Despite
20. What is the purpose of the connective 'before'?
a) To compare b) To sequence
c) To summarize d) To qualify
21. Which connective would be used to indicate a similar situation?
a) Therefore b) Similarly
c) However d) Consequently
22. To show a consequence or effect, which connective would be appropriate?
a) Thus b) Despite
c) Likewise d) Namely
23. Which connective would you use to contrast two different ideas?
a) Moreover b) In addition
c) Whereas d) Subsequently
24. What is the function of the connective 'because'?
a) To sequence b) To qualify
c) To show reason d) To introduce an example
25. Which of these connectives is used to indicate a shift in topic?
a) Meanwhile b) Despite
c) Although d) Furthermore
26. Select the connective that would be used for comparing two ideas.
a) Similarly b) Thus
c) Nevertheless d) For example
27. Which connective would best fit a sentence that is adding a point?
a) However b) Furthermore

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c) Namely d) Consequently
28. What is the purpose of the connective 'but'?
a) To sequence b) To show contrast
c) To add information d) To summarize
29. Which connective is used to introduce a contrasting idea?
a) Similarly b) On the other hand
c) First d) For instance
30. What does the connective 'therefore' do in a text?
a) Adds information b) Shows contrast
c) Indicates a result d) Introduces an example
31. Choose the connective that is best for indicating a reason.
a) Although b) Thus
c) Because d) Furthermore
32. Which connective is used to show that one idea follows another?
a) Consequently b) Similarly
c) Namely d) Despite
33. What is the function of 'as a result'?
a) To introduce an example
b) To show a sequence
c) To indicate a consequence
d) To summarize
34. Which connective would be appropriate for adding extra details?
a) For example b) However
c) Additionally d) Before
35. What type of connective is 'in contrast'?
a) Sequencing b) Comparison
c) Adding information d) Summarizing
36. To show a similar outcome, which connective should be used?
a) Likewise b) Nevertheless
c) Because d) After
37. Which connective would be used to provide additional information?
a) Besides b) Before
c) For example d) Namely
38. What is the function of 'therefore' in a sentence?
a) To add detail b) To show reason
c) To indicate a result d) To contrast
39. Which of the following is used to present a contrasting idea?
a) Nevertheless b) Similarly
c) Because d) For instance
40. Which connective is used to illustrate or give an example?
a) Therefore b) Such as
c) Moreover d) On the other hand
41. To summarize a discussion or argument, which connective would you use?
a) Furthermore b) Although
c) In summary d) After

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42. Which connective shows a sequence in a process?
a) Consequently b) Firstly
c) Namely d) Despite
43. What does the connective 'in addition' do in a sentence?
a) Adds extra information
b) Shows contrast
c) Introduces an example
d) Indicates a result
44. Which connective would be appropriate for discussing a similar situation?
a) Likewise b) However
c) For example d) Thus
45. To show that one idea follows another in a sequence, which connective should you use?
a) Secondly b) Therefore
c) Despite d) On the other hand
46. What is the role of the connective 'however'?
a) To add information b) To show contrast
c) To sequence eventsd) To summarize
47. Which connective would you use to indicate a reason for something?
a) Consequently b) Because
c) Besides d) Nevertheless
48. What is the function of the connective 'then'?
a) To compare b) To add information
c) To sequence eventsd) To summarize
49. Which connective would be best for showing a result or effect?
a) Consequently b) Similarly
c) However d) For example
50. To introduce an exception or condition, which connective would be appropriate?
a) Unless b) Namely
c) Likewise d) On the other hand
Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of connectives in formal writing. How do they enhance the clarity and coherence of a text?
2. Compare and contrast the use of sequencing and addition connectives in instructional writing. Provide examples for
each.
3. Explain the role of contrast connectives in argumentative essays. How do they help in presenting differing viewpoints?
4. Analyze how summarizing connectives can be used effectively in concluding paragraphs. Provide examples.
5. Describe the different functions of comparison connectives and how they can be used to draw similarities between
ideas.
6. Discuss the impact of using 'for example' and 'such as' in explanatory writing. How do these connectives help in
clarifying concepts?
7. Evaluate the use of connectives in a narrative story. How do they contribute to the flow and structure of the narrative?
8. Illustrate how 'therefore' and 'thus' can be used to indicate cause and effect in scientific writing. Provide examples.
9. Explore the use of addition connectives in academic writing. How do they help in expanding on previous points?
10. Write an essay on how connectives can be used to enhance the logical flow in persuasive writing. Include examples of
different types of connectives

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Lesson 2: colons,
A colon (:) is a punctuation mark used in writing to introduce information or to clarify a statement. It can be used in several
ways to help make your writing clearer and more effective.
Reasons to Use a Colon
1. To Introduce a List
Use a colon before a list of items when the list explains or adds to the preceding clause.
Example:
o I need to buy several things for the party: balloons, streamers, and a cake.
2. To Separate Two Clauses Where the Second Explains the First
Use a colon between two related clauses where the second clause explains or gives more detail about the first.
Example:
o She had one goal in mind: to win the competition.
3. To Emphasize a Word or Phrase for Effect
Use a colon to emphasize a single word or phrase at the end of a sentence, especially when it provides a dramatic or
important point.
Example:
o There was only one thing left to do: decide.
How to Use Colons Correctly
 Before Lists: Ensure the clause before the colon is a complete sentence.
o Correct: The course includes three main subjects: math, science, and history.
o Incorrect: The course includes: math, science, and history. (The part before the colon is not a complete sentence.)
 Between Clauses: The clause before the colon should be a complete sentence, and the clause after it should explain or
expand on the first.
o Correct: She made a crucial decision: she would leave her job to start her own business.
o Incorrect: She made a crucial decision: to leave her job. (The clause after the colon does not explain the first part.)
 For Emphasis: Use a colon sparingly to highlight an important idea or conclusion.
o Correct: He had only one wish: to see his family happy.
o Incorrect: He had one wish: to see his family happy. (This use is correct if the emphasis is appropriate.)
Practice
Complete the sentences with colons where needed:
1. The chef’s favorite ingredients are: garlic, onions, and tomatoes.
2. My advice is simple: always be kind.
3. There is one thing I need to tell you: this is going to be an amazing day.
By understanding and practicing the use of colons, you can make your writing clearer and more engaging.
50 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. A colon is primarily used to:
o a) End a sentence
o b) Introduce a list
o c) Separate unrelated ideas
o d) Introduce a quote
2. Which of the following is the correct use of a colon?
o a) I like to eat: apples, oranges, and grapes.
o b) She’s thinking about: her future.

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o c) I have a goal: to become a doctor.
o d) The meeting is scheduled for: 3:00 PM.
3. When using a colon to introduce a list, the clause before the colon should be:
o a) A question
o b) An incomplete sentence
o c) A complete sentence
o d) An exclamation
4. How should a colon be used between two clauses?
o a) To join unrelated ideas
o b) To separate a list of items
o c) To explain or add detail to the first clause
o d) To introduce a quote
5. Which sentence correctly uses a colon to emphasize a point?
o a) There is one key issue: fairness.
o b) He said: he would arrive soon.
o c) The decision was made: at the meeting.
o d) Her favorite colors are: blue, green, and red.
6. Which of the following sentences correctly uses a colon to introduce a list?
o a) I need the following: milk, eggs, and bread.
o b) The team consists of: a captain, a coach, and players.
o c) My hobbies are: reading, hiking, and painting.
o d) The important points are: clarity, brevity, and relevance.
7. What is the purpose of using a colon before a list?
o a) To show a contrast
o b) To introduce a related list of items
o c) To end a sentence
o d) To add an exclamation
8. In which sentence is a colon used to separate two clauses where the second explains the first?
o a) He failed the test: he hadn’t studied enough.
o b) She enjoys: pizza, burgers, and pasta.
o c) The store closes at: 7 PM.
o d) The results were surprising: many people were pleased.
9. How should you not use a colon?
o a) To introduce a list after a complete sentence
o b) To separate independent clauses
o c) To add emphasis to a single word or phrase
o d) To connect unrelated sentences
10. Which sentence demonstrates the correct use of a colon for emphasis?
o a) The decision was clear: he had to leave immediately.
o b) The results were: amazing.
o c) We bought: apples, oranges, and bananas.
o d) She was happy: with the news.
11. When using a colon to introduce a quote, what should precede the colon?
o a) An incomplete sentence b) A question

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o c) A complete sentence d) A single word
12. Which of the following is the correct use of a colon?
o a) The options are: stay home or go out.
o b) The schedule includes: meetings, workshops, and lectures.
o c) She said: she would call later.
o d) He bought: apples, oranges, and bananas.
13. When is it correct to use a colon in dialogue?
o a) Before a quote
o b) After a list of items
o c) To separate unrelated ideas
o d) To introduce a list of names
14. Which sentence correctly uses a colon to emphasize a phrase?
o a) There’s one thing left to do: decide.
o b) She was worried: about the results.
o c) The new store has: clothes, shoes, and accessories.
o d) The event starts at: 10 AM.
15. Which of the following sentences correctly uses a colon to introduce a list?
o a) The recipe calls for: eggs, flour, and sugar.
o b) The team includes: a captain, a coach, and players.
o c) I need to buy: milk, bread, and butter.
o d) She has: a car, a bike, and a scooter.
16. When separating two clauses with a colon, the second clause must:
o a) Be unrelated to the first
o b) Explain or add detail to the first
o c) Be a question
o d) Be a list
17. Which sentence uses a colon correctly?
o a) My favorite subjects are: math, science, and history.
o b) She explained: why the project was important.
o c) The solution is simple: work hard.
o d) They visited: the museum, the zoo, and the park.
18. Which sentence incorrectly uses a colon?
o a) We need to discuss: the schedule, the budget, and the tasks.
o b) She said: she would arrive by noon.
o c) The answer is: clear.
o d) He bought groceries: eggs, milk, and bread.
19. Which of the following sentences uses a colon to correctly add emphasis?
o a) There is only one thing to remember: always be kind.
o b) The result is: impressive.
o c) The ingredients are: flour, sugar, and eggs.
o d) She asked: can we go now?
20. What is the role of a colon in the following sentence: "He made a choice: to leave early"?
o a) To join unrelated ideas
o b) To introduce a list

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o c) To emphasize a decision
o d) To separate two different lists
21. Which sentence uses a colon to introduce a quotation?
o a) She said: "We need to finish this project."
o b) He asked: if we were ready.
o c) The message was: "Good luck!"
o d) She responded: with a smile.
22. How is a colon used in the sentence "The experiment was a success: it proved the hypothesis"?
o a) To introduce a list
o b) To explain the first clause
o c) To add emphasis
o d) To separate two unrelated ideas
23. Which sentence correctly uses a colon to introduce a list?
o a) She needs: a pen, a notebook, and a ruler.
o b) The main ingredients are: salt, pepper, and garlic.
o c) The class includes: algebra, geometry, and calculus.
o d) The options are: to stay or to leave.
24. In which scenario is a colon used correctly?
o a) To provide additional information
o b) To separate two independent clauses
o c) To introduce a question
o d) To list items without any context
25. Which sentence demonstrates the correct use of a colon for emphasis?
o a) The result is: better than expected.
o b) Her goals are: to finish school and get a job.
o c) He decided: to move forward with the plan.
o d) The colors are: red, blue, and green.
26. How should a colon not be used?
o a) To join two independent clauses
o b) To introduce a list
o c) To separate a list from a description
o d) To emphasize a single point
27. Which of the following sentences correctly uses a colon?
o a) I have three pets: a cat, a dog, and a rabbit.
o b) The recipe calls for: sugar, eggs, and flour.
o c) She said: she would call later.
o d) The movie starts at: 7 PM.
28. Which sentence demonstrates the incorrect use of a colon?
o a) She bought: apples, bananas, and grapes.
o b) The answer is: simple and straightforward.
o c) They asked: if the event was canceled.
o d) His favorite colors are: blue and green.
29. Which of the following is an example of correct colon usage to explain a statement?
o a) She had one important goal: to graduate with honors.

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o b) He said: the game was postponed.
o c) The prize is: a new laptop.
o d) They visited: the park, the museum, and the zoo.
30. When introducing a quote with a colon, what should come before it?
o a) An incomplete sentence b) A single word
o c) A complete sentence d) A list
31. Which of the following sentences uses a colon correctly for emphasis?
o a) The challenge is clear: win or lose.
o b) He asked: if they were coming.
o c) The problem is: not enough time.
o d) She said: she was excited.
32. How should a colon be used in the sentence: "The reason is simple: he wanted to help"?
o a) To introduce a list
o b) To emphasize the reason
o c) To separate two independent clauses
o d) To introduce a quote
33. Which sentence demonstrates incorrect colon usage?
 a) The project requires: hard work, dedication, and time.
 b) Her goals are: to graduate with honors and to find a job.
 c) The conference will cover: technology, education, and healthcare.
 d) He was excited: about the trip.
34. Which of the following sentences correctly uses a colon to separate clauses?
 a) She couldn’t attend the meeting: she was sick.
 b) The recipe is simple: just mix and bake.
 c) His favorite subjects are: history, math, and literature.
 d) The new policy includes: more vacation days.
35. When using a colon to introduce a quotation, what is typically placed before it?
 a) A comma b) An exclamation point
 c) A complete sentence d) A list
36. Which of the following sentences uses a colon for emphasis?
 a) There is only one thing you need to know: always stay positive.
 b) The party was a success: everyone enjoyed themselves.
 c) Her favorite activities are: swimming, hiking, and cycling.
 d) The answer is: obvious.
37. What is the correct use of a colon in this sentence: "The team’s motto is: teamwork makes the dream work"?
 a) To introduce a list
 b) To separate two independent clauses
 c) To emphasize a statement
 d) To introduce a quote
38. Which sentence correctly uses a colon to introduce a list?
 a) The recipe requires: eggs, milk, and flour.
 b) The course includes: math, science, and English.
 c) She bought: a dress, shoes, and a bag.
 d) We have: a plan, a budget, and a schedule.
39. Which of the following sentences uses a colon to separate clauses properly?

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 a) He knew what to do: follow the instructions carefully.
 b) The book is about: history, politics, and culture.
 c) She needs: a pen, paper, and a ruler.
 d) The problem is: too complicated.
40. How should you not use a colon?
 a) To link two independent clauses that are not closely related
 b) To separate a list from a preceding statement
 c) To introduce an explanation or emphasis
 d) To provide additional information
41. Which sentence demonstrates correct colon usage for emphasis?
 a) The solution is clear: patience is key.
 b) His goal is: to win the championship.
 c) They visited: the zoo, the park, and the museum.
 d) The book includes: chapters on history and science.
42. How should a colon be used in the sentence: "Her favorite books are: 'Pride and Prejudice,' '1984,' and 'To Kill a
Mockingbird'"?
 a) To introduce a list of titles
 b) To emphasize a single book
 c) To explain the titles
 d) To separate unrelated items
43. Which of the following is a correct use of a colon?
 a) I have a few suggestions: study more, practice regularly, and get enough rest.
 b) The requirements are: a computer, an internet connection, and software.
 c) The conference will focus on: health, technology, and education.
 d) She said: "You can do this."
44. When should a colon not be used?
 a) To separate two independent clauses that are closely related
 b) To introduce a list after a complete sentence
 c) To join unrelated ideas or clauses
 d) To emphasize a point in a sentence
45. Which sentence demonstrates the incorrect use of a colon?
 a) The team has: a captain, a coach, and several players.
 b) The reason for the delay: was traffic.
 c) The main topics are: economics, politics, and social issues.
 d) The outcome was: predictable.
46. How should a colon be used in the sentence "The results are: better than expected"?
 a) To add emphasis
 b) To introduce a quote
 c) To list items
 d) To join unrelated clauses
47. Which sentence correctly uses a colon to introduce a quotation?
 a) He said: "We should start now."
 b) She mentioned: she was not ready.
 c) The notice read: "No entry."
 d) The answer is: "I don’t know."

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48. What is the purpose of a colon in the sentence: "The recipe includes: eggs, flour, and sugar"?
 a) To introduce a list of ingredients
 b) To explain the recipe
 c) To emphasize the ingredients
 d) To separate unrelated ideas
49. Which of the following sentences demonstrates proper colon usage?
 a) The solution is clear: we need to act now.
 b) The new policy includes: increased pay, better benefits, and more vacation time.
 c) She said: she would return soon.
 d) The test is: difficult and lengthy.
50. When is it correct to use a colon in a sentence?
 a) To separate two independent clauses with no clear relationship
 b) To introduce a detailed explanation or list after a complete sentence
 c) To list items without any additional context
 d) To join unrelated clauses or ideas
10 Essay Questions
1. Discuss the different purposes of using a colon in writing. Include examples for each purpose.
2. Explain how colons are used to introduce lists and provide examples from both academic and informal writing.
3. Analyze a piece of text where colons are used incorrectly and rewrite it using correct punctuation.
4. Describe the role of colons in separating clauses and how they help in clarifying meaning.
5. Compare and contrast the use of colons and commas in complex sentences. Provide examples to support your
discussion.
6. Discuss the impact of correct versus incorrect colon usage on the readability and clarity of a text.
7. Explore how colons can be used to emphasize a particular point in writing. Provide examples from literature or
speeches.
8. Write an essay on the historical evolution of the colon in English grammar and its usage in modern writing.
9. Examine the rules for using colons to introduce quotations and how this practice enhances textual analysis.
10. Create a guide for students on common errors when using colons and offer strategies for avoiding these mistakes

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (writing). Week 9
 TOPIC: write an account about a school,
 write a script,
 formal letters; features, language and format

LESSON 1: WRITE AN ACCOUNT ABOUT A FAMILY

Introduction
Writing an account of family life involves describing your own experiences or observations about family dynamics in a way
that can engage and inform the reader. This can be done with different tones or voices depending on the purpose and
audience of your writing.
1. Choosing a Tone
When writing about family life, the tone you choose can greatly affect how your story is received. Here are two common
tones you might use:
 Light-Hearted Tone: This tone is casual and entertaining. It often includes humor or personal anecdotes that make
the account enjoyable to read.
Example: "Last Sunday, my brother and I had a hilarious race to see who could finish their homework faster. Of course, I
was the one who ended up with a pile of scribbles and laughter!"
 Serious Tone: This tone is more formal and focused on delivering information or reflecting on deeper emotions. It’s
suitable for exploring significant events or lessons learned.
Example: "On a quiet Sunday afternoon, I found myself reflecting on the time my family spent together. Each moment,
whether simple or complex, contributed to our understanding of one another and strengthened our bond."
2. Describing Family Members
When creating an account, vividly describe each family member to make them come alive for the reader. Consider their
personalities, habits, and relationships with each other.
 Personal Traits: Describe what makes each family member unique. Use specific details and examples.
Example: "My sister, Emma, is always the first to wake up and make breakfast. Her cheerful disposition and love for
pancakes make mornings at our house feel special."
 Interactions: Illustrate how family members interact. Highlight any regular activities, shared interests, or common
conflicts.
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 Interactions: Illustrate how family members interact. Highlight any regular activities, shared interests, or common
conflicts.
Example: "Every Saturday, my family gathers for game night. We compete in board games and laugh at each other's playful
jabs. Despite the occasional argument over rules, these evenings are filled with warmth and joy."
3. Using Descriptive Language
To make your account engaging, use descriptive language that helps readers visualize and feel the experience.
 Sensory Details: Include details about what you see, hear, smell, and feel. This helps bring your account to life.
Example: "The aroma of my mother’s homemade stew wafted through the house, filling the air with a comforting, spicy
scent. As we sat around the table, the crackling fire in the hearth added to the cozy atmosphere."
 Emotional Tone: Reflect on the emotions experienced by family members during different situations. This can deepen
the reader's connection to your story.
Example: "As my father spoke about his childhood, his eyes sparkled with nostalgia. The stories of his youthful adventures
made me appreciate the challenges he overcame to build our family’s future."
4. Structure of the Account
Organize your account to ensure clarity and flow:

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 Introduction: Briefly introduce the family and the main focus of your account.
Example: "My family is a lively bunch with distinct personalities and traditions. Let me take you through a typical day in our
household, highlighting the moments that make our lives unique."
 Body: Present the main content, describing interactions, activities, and relationships in detail. Use chronological
order or thematic sections to maintain coherence.
Example: "Mornings start with Dad’s enthusiastic attempts to get everyone up and moving. By noon, Mom has prepared a
feast, and afternoons are spent in various activities like gardening or board games."
 Conclusion: Sum up the main points and reflect on the significance of family life.
Example: "Through our shared experiences and daily routines, my family has built a strong bond. The laughter, support, and
love we share make every day special and memorable."
5. Considering the Audience
Tailor your account to fit the audience’s interests and level of understanding. For younger readers, focus on relatable
anecdotes and simple language. For older readers, you can explore more complex themes and reflections.
By exploring different ways to write about family life and adjusting your tone and language to suit the audience, you can
effectively convey your experiences and connect with readers.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the primary purpose of using a light-hearted tone in writing?
o a) To inform the reader
o b) To entertain and engage the reader
o c) To present factual information
o d) To provide a detailed analysis
2. Which of the following best describes a serious tone in writing?
o a) Casual and humorous
o b) Formal and reflective
o c) Informal and conversational
o d) Excited and enthusiastic
3. In which section of a family life account would you describe the daily activities of family members?
o a) Introduction b) Body
o c) Conclusion d) Summary
4. What is an example of using sensory details in a narrative?
o a) Describing a character's appearance
o b) Mentioning a character’s thoughts
o c) Discussing the taste of food in a family meal
o d) Providing background information on a character
5. How can a writer make an account of family life engaging?
o a) By using formal language throughout
o b) By including detailed descriptions and emotions
o c) By avoiding any personal anecdotes
o d) By focusing solely on historical facts
6. Which type of language is most appropriate for a light-hearted account?
o a) Formal and technical
o b) Conversational and humorous
o c) Complex and academic
o d) Objective and impersonal

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7. What is the main focus of the conclusion in a family life account?
o a) Introducing new family members
o b) Reflecting on the significance of the experiences
o c) Providing a detailed history of the family
o d) Describing future plans for the family
8. When describing interactions among family members, what should a writer include?
o a) Only their physical appearance
o b) Their favorite foods
o c) Activities and relationship dynamics
o d) Their academic achievements
9. Which of the following best demonstrates a descriptive language technique?
o a) "He is nice."
o b) "His laughter echoed through the house, brightening the room with its warmth."
o c) "She is very intelligent."
o d) "The meeting was productive."
10. What is the role of the introduction in an account of family life?
o a) To describe individual family members in detail
o b) To sum up the family’s daily routine
o c) To briefly introduce the family and the focus of the account
o d) To reflect on the significance of family life
11. Which tone would be suitable for a biography of a historical figure?
o a) Light-hearted b) Serious
o c) Informal d) Humorous
12. When writing about family activities, what type of language should you use to create a vivid picture?
o a) Technical and precise
o b) Detailed and sensory
o c) General and vague
o d) Brief and to-the-point
13. What should you focus on when writing a serious account of family life?
o a) Humorous anecdotes
o b) Emotional depth and significance
o c) Casual observations
o d) Fictional elements
14. How can descriptive language enhance a family life account?
o a) By making the account less engaging
o b) By providing a clear, vivid depiction of events and interactions
o c) By focusing solely on factual details
o d) By avoiding personal opinions
15. Which of the following is an example of a sensory detail?
o a) "The house was big."
o b) "The smell of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen."
o c) "The garden was colorful."
o d) "The dog was friendly."
16. In a light-hearted tone, how might you describe a family meal?

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o a) "The meal was a significant cultural event."
o b) "We had a delightful time arguing over who got the last piece of cake!"
o c) "The meal was prepared with great care."
o d) "It was a routine family dinner with no special events."
17. What aspect of family life might a writer explore in the body of their account?
o a) General family history
o b) Individual hobbies of family members
o c) Specific interactions and shared experiences
o d) Family’s future plans
18. Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for writing an engaging family life account?
o a) Using vivid descriptions
o b) Including personal anecdotes
o c) Using overly complex language
o d) Reflecting on emotional experiences
19. How does a serious tone affect the reader’s perception of the account?
o a) It makes the account seem less important.
o b) It adds depth and gravity to the narrative.
o c) It makes the account more entertaining.
o d) It makes the account seem less factual.
20. What is one way to reflect on the significance of family life in the conclusion?
o a) Introducing new family members
o b) Describing the setting in detail
o c) Summarizing key experiences and their impact
o d) Focusing on unrelated family events
21. What is the purpose of using humor in a light-hearted account?
o a) To provide serious reflections
o b) To entertain and create a relaxed atmosphere
o c) To present detailed analysis
o d) To offer a critical evaluation
22. How should you describe family members’ interactions to make them relatable?
o a) By focusing on their academic achievements
o b) By detailing their daily routines and shared moments
o c) By mentioning their physical characteristics only
o d) By listing their favorite foods
23. Which type of language would be least appropriate for a formal family life account?
o a) Casual and conversational
o b) Objective and detailed
o c) Reflective and insightful
o d) Factual and precise
24. What type of account would best suit a serious tone?
o a) A funny story about a family prank
o b) An analysis of family traditions
o c) A description of a family holiday
o d) A casual recount of a family game night

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25. How can you make a serious account of family life more engaging?
o a) By using technical jargon
o b) By incorporating emotional reflections and personal insights
o c) By avoiding personal opinions
o d) By using complex sentence structures
26. What is a key feature of a light-hearted family life account?
o a) Detailed analysis of family issues
o b) Use of humorous anecdotes and casual language
o c) Serious reflection on family traditions
o d) Formal and technical descriptions
27. Which section should include reflections on family dynamics and significance?
o a) Introduction
o b) Body
o c) Conclusion
o d) Summary
28. When describing interactions, what should you focus on to make them vivid?
o a) The family members’ job titles
o b) The family members’ personal achievements
o c) Specific events and emotions experienced
o d) The family’s financial status
29. How does using descriptive language benefit a family life account?
o a) It makes the account more factual.
o b) It helps readers visualize and connect with the experiences.
o c) It simplifies the writing.
o d) It makes the writing less engaging.
30. What should you avoid when writing a serious account of family life?
o a) Reflecting on significant experiences
o b) Using casual or humorous language
o c) Providing detailed descriptions
o d) Including emotional reflections
31. How can you show a family member's personality in writing?
o a) By describing their physical appearance only
o b) By focusing on their interactions and behaviors
o c) By listing their likes and dislikes
o d) By mentioning their educational background
32. What should a light-hearted account focus on?
o a) In-depth analysis of family conflicts
o b) Fun and entertaining moments
o c) Detailed historical background
o d) Serious reflections on family life
33. Which element is crucial for making a serious family life account impactful?
o a) Humor and jokes
o b) Emotional depth and personal insights
o c) Simple descriptions

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o d) Casual language
34. When writing about family traditions, what tone might be appropriate?
o a) Serious and reflective
o b) Casual and humorous
o c) Technical and precise
o d) Unrelated and vague
35. What is the best way to organize the body of a family life account?
o a) By listing family members' names
o b) By describing events and interactions in a logical order
o c) By discussing family history
o d) By summarizing future plans
36. In a light-hearted account, how should family conflicts be presented?
o a) As serious and unresolved issues
o b) As minor and humorous disputes
o c) As complex and detailed problems
o d) As formal and factual statements
37. How does the introduction of a family life account set the stage for the rest of the writing?
o a) It provides a detailed history of each family member.
o b) It introduces the family and the main focus of the account.
o c) It summarizes the family’s daily activities.
o d) It concludes the account with reflections.
38. What should you emphasize in a light-hearted family life account?
o a) Serious family conflicts
o b) Enjoyable and amusing experiences
o c) Detailed historical background
o d) Complex emotional reflections
39. When reflecting on family life, what is a key element to include?
o a) Unrelated anecdotes
o b) Personal insights and reflections
o c) Detailed technical information
o d) Unnecessary details
40. How can a writer effectively convey the significance of family life in their account?
o a) By including detailed descriptions of family traditions
o b) By providing personal reflections and emotional insights
o c) By using complex language and jargon
o d) By focusing solely on factual details
41. What is the role of sensory details in a family life account?
o a) To make the account more technical
o b) To create a vivid and engaging depiction of experiences
o c) To provide factual information
o d) To simplify the writing
42. How can the body of a family life account be made more interesting?
o a) By listing family members’ hobbies
o b) By incorporating detailed descriptions and personal anecdotes

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o c) By focusing solely on family history
o d) By avoiding personal stories
43. What should be avoided in a light-hearted family life account?
o a) Humor and personal anecdotes
o b) Detailed descriptions
o c) Formal language and serious tone
o d) Casual and engaging language
44. How does a serious tone affect the writing of a family life account?
o a) It makes the account less engaging.
o b) It adds depth and gravity to the narrative.
o c) It makes the account more humorous.
o d) It simplifies the account.
45. What is a key feature of a serious family life account?
 a) Use of informal language
 b) Emotional depth and thoughtful reflection
 c) Focus on humorous anecdotes
 d) Casual tone and playful interactions
46. How should a writer describe family interactions to make them engaging?
 a) By focusing on family members' professional achievements
 b) By detailing specific events and emotions
 c) By listing their physical attributes
 d) By discussing their academic successes
47. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a family life account?
 a) To introduce new family members
 b) To summarize and reflect on the experiences described
 c) To provide a detailed history of the family
 d) To focus on future plans
48. When writing a light-hearted family life account, what should you include?
 a) Serious reflections on family issues
 b) Fun and entertaining stories about family life
 c) Complex analyses of family dynamics
 d) Formal descriptions of family traditions
49. What should a writer consider when choosing between a light-hearted and a serious tone?
 a) The length of the account
 b) The audience and purpose of the writing
 c) The number of family members involved
 d) The historical accuracy of the account
50. How can you make a serious family life account more engaging?
 a) By using humor and casual language
 b) By incorporating detailed descriptions and emotional insights
 c) By focusing on unrelated family events
 d) By avoiding personal reflections
Essay Questions
1. Compare and contrast writing a light-hearted account of family life with writing a serious account. Discuss how tone
affects the presentation and impact of the story.

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2. Describe how sensory details can be used to create a vivid and engaging account of a family meal. Provide examples.
3. Explain the importance of including personal reflections and emotional insights in a serious family life account. How
does this contribute to the overall effectiveness of the writing?
4. Analyze the role of the introduction and conclusion in a family life account. How do these sections contribute to the
structure and effectiveness of the writing?
5. Discuss the impact of using descriptive language in writing about family interactions. How can this enhance the reader’s
experience?
6. Write an essay on the challenges and benefits of using a light-hearted tone when describing serious family matters.
Provide examples to support your argument.
7. How can a writer effectively convey the significance of family traditions in a formal account? Discuss the techniques
and approaches that can be used.
8. Evaluate the role of humor in a family life account. When is it appropriate to use humor, and what effect does it have
on the reader?
9. Describe the process of choosing the appropriate tone for a family life account based on the intended audience. How
does this decision impact the writing?
10. Reflect on how personal anecdotes and detailed descriptions can be balanced in a family life account. Why is this
balance important for engaging the reader?

LESSON 2: WRITE A SCRIPT

A script is a written version of a play, drama, or performance that contains dialogue, stage directions, and descriptions of
the actions, settings, and characters. It’s written in a way that actors can use to perform the play.
Differences between Reading a Story and a Script
 Story (Prose): In stories or novels, the narrative is written in paragraphs. You have descriptions of characters, their
thoughts, feelings, and actions, along with dialogue.
 Script: A script focuses on dialogue and stage directions. It includes the lines each character speaks and instructions on
how they should be performed (e.g., "angrily" or "excitedly").
Key Differences:
1. Layout: Stories are divided into paragraphs, while scripts are laid out in dialogue form, with each character’s name
appearing before their speech.
2. Narration: Stories use narrators to describe events, whereas scripts rely on stage directions and actors' movements to
convey the setting, actions, and emotions.
3. Performance: Scripts are meant to be acted out, while prose stories are meant to be read.
Structure of a Script
1. Title: The name of the play.
2. Character List: A list of all characters in the play, often with descriptions.
3. Setting: Describes where the scene takes place (e.g., "Morning. A street with heavy rain.").
4. Dialogue: The spoken lines by the characters. Each character's name is written in capital letters before their speech.
5. Stage Directions: Instructions in brackets that tell the actors how to move, speak, or behave (e.g., "angrily," "sadly").
These are not spoken out loud.
6. Scenes and Acts: The script is divided into scenes and acts, which are parts of the play that usually happen in one place
at one time.
How to Write a Script

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1. Think of a Story: Start by planning the events of the story. Consider where the scenes will take place and what the
characters will say.
2. Write a Character List: List all the characters in your play and describe their roles.
3. Write the Dialogue: Plan what each character will say and how they will say it. Each character’s name should be in
capital letters before their line.
4. Add Stage Directions: Include instructions for actors about how they should move or speak (e.g., "[excitedly]" or
"[sitting down]").
5. Break it into Scenes: Each scene happens in one place, at one time. If the location or time changes, start a new scene.
Example of a Script Layout
Title: The Surprise Party
Characters:
 JAMES – a 12-year-old boy who loves surprises.
 SARAH – James’ best friend who helps plan the party.
 MUM – James’ mother, who is in on the secret.
Setting: The living room of James’ house. A large "Happy Birthday" banner hangs on the wall.
Scene 1 (It’s early morning. JAMES enters, rubbing his eyes. SARAH and MUM are hiding behind the sofa.)
JAMES: (yawning) Why is it so quiet today? It’s like everyone forgot my birthday.
SARAH: (whispering to MUM) Wait for it… wait for it…
MUM: (quietly) Now!
SARAH and MUM: (jumping out) Surprise!
(JAMES looks shocked, then starts to laugh.)
JAMES: Wow! You got me!
Practice Task:
1. In groups, read a short script like the example above, and then create your own.
2. Focus on the layout and use of stage directions.
3. Perform the script in front of the class, using movement and gestures.
Key Vocabulary:
 Prose: Writing in paragraphs, usually found in stories and non-fiction.
 Script: Writing that includes dialogue and directions for performance.
 Stage Directions: Instructions for actors that are not spoken aloud.
This script-writing exercise will help you understand how drama is structured differently from prose and how punctuation
and stage directions affect how a play is performed.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT typically found in a script?
o A) Dialogue B) Stage directions
o C) Paragraphs D) Character list
2. What is the main purpose of stage directions in a script?
o A) To describe the setting
o B) To describe how characters should act or speak
o C) To provide the script’s title
o D) To narrate the story
3. Which of these would you find at the start of a play script?

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o A) Epilogue B) Character List
o C) Conclusion D) Conflict
4. In a play, what does dialogue refer to?
o A) The setting description
o B) Conversations between characters
o C) The title of the play
o D) The actions of characters
5. How is a character's name typically written in a script?
o A) In italics B) In bold
o C) In uppercase letters D) In lowercase letters
6. What is one main difference between a story and a script?
o A) A script has more description
o B) A story has more dialogue
o C) A script includes stage directions
o D) A script is always written in the first person
7. Which of the following best describes prose?
o A) Writing that includes verse
o B) Writing in paragraphs without rhyme
o C) A type of stage direction
o D) Writing only in dialogue
8. What are scenes in a play?
o A) The parts of the play that happen in different locations
o B) The dialogue between characters
o C) The moral of the play
o D) The introduction
9. What do you call a written script that contains the speech and actions of characters?
o A) A novel B) A story
o C) A poem D) A play
10. What kind of punctuation is often used to indicate dialogue?
o A) Quotation marks B) Commas
o C) Exclamation marks D) Parentheses
11. Which of these is an example of stage directions?
o A) "She smiled." B) "[Enters stage left]"
o C) "He said happily." D) "The sun was shining."
12. What does "exit stage right" mean in a script?
o A) The character leaves the scene to the right of the stage.
o B) The character stands to the right.
o C) The character starts speaking from the right.
o D) The character waves from the right.
13. Which part of the script tells actors how to speak their lines?
o A) Dialogue B) Character list
o C) Stage directions D) Epilogue
14. Which punctuation is commonly used for stage directions in a script?
o A) [Brackets] B) "Quotation marks"

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o C) {Curly braces} D) (Parentheses)
15. In a play, which character usually provides information about the plot through their lines?
o A) The protagonist B) The narrator
o C) The antagonist D) The director
16. What is the purpose of an act in a play?
o A) To separate different time periods
o B) To explain character motivations
o C) To divide the play into larger sections
o D) To introduce new characters
17. What does a play script NOT typically contain?
o A) Acts B) Paragraphs of narration
o C) Stage directions D) Dialogue
18. Which element is used to describe the time and place of a scene in a script?
o A) Stage directions B) Dialogue
o C) Character list D) Setting
19. Who typically follows the stage directions in a play?
o A) The audience B) The actors
o C) The characters D) The writer
20. In a drama script, which of these best describes a monologue?
o A) A conversation between characters
o B) A character speaking their thoughts aloud
o C) The opening of the play
o D) The end of the play
21. A drama script is meant to be:
o A) Read silently B) Performed by actors
o C) Read in paragraphs D) Only used for films
22. What is a cue in a script?
o A) The title of the play
o B) An actor's signal to speak or move
o C) A part of the setting
o D) A type of punctuation
23. What does "[aside]" indicate in a script?
o A) The character speaks directly to the audience
o B) The character leaves the stage
o C) The character whispers to another
o D) The character changes location
24. Which of the following is true about dialogue in a script?
o A) It is spoken by the narrator
o B) It is only written in paragraphs
o C) It is spoken by the characters
o D) It contains no punctuation
25. What does "[pause]" mean in a script?
o A) The character stops speaking for a short time
o B) The scene ends

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o C) The character begins to move
o D) The play finishes
26. What does "[offstage]" mean in a play script?
o A) A character is speaking but is not visible to the audience
o B) A character is hiding on stage
o C) The stage is being moved
o D) The scene has ended
27. What is an antagonist in a play?
o A) The character who opposes the main character
o B) The hero of the story
o C) A character who narrates the play
o D) The character who designs the set
28. What is a play’s climax?
o A) The final scene
o B) The most intense moment of conflict
o C) The introduction of characters
o D) The transition between acts
29. What term describes the introduction of characters and setting in a script?
o A) Resolution B) Conflict
o C) Exposition D) Denouement
30. Which of these is NOT a type of play?
o A) Comedy B) Tragedy
o C) Epic D) Drama
31. How is suspense often created in a play?
o A) Through stage directions
o B) Through unexpected events in the plot
o C) Through long descriptions
o D) Through character introductions
32. In a script, what is dialogue between two characters called?
o A) Monologue B) Prose
o C) Soliloquy D) Conversation
33. Which of the following would you find in the setting description of a script?
o A) The characters' conversations
o B) How a scene looks and feels
o C) The actor’s personal thoughts
o D) A character's name
34. What is the role of a director in a play?
o A) To write the script
o B) To perform the play
o C) To guide the actors and production
o D) To design the costumes
35. What is a soliloquy?
o A) A speech given by a character when they are alone
o B) A conversation between two characters

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o C) An introduction to the play
o D) A stage direction
36. In which section of a play does the resolution usually occur?
o A) Beginning B) Middle
o C) Climax D) End
37. What is the term for the struggle between characters in a play?
o A) Conflict B) Dialogue
o C) Prologue D) Exposition
38. Which of the following is a typical stage direction?
o A) [Whispering] "Hello."
o B) "She was very sad."
o C) "The night was dark and cold."
o D) "He quickly sat down."
39. What does a playwright do?
o A) Direct the play B) Write the play
o C) Perform in the play D) Design the costumes
40. How do scripts usually describe characters' emotions?
o A) In the setting
o B) Through stage directions
o C) In paragraphs
o D) In the character list
41. What is a prompt in a script?
o A) A suggestion for dialogue
o B) A note for the actor to say their line
o C) A title of a scene
o D) A part of the climax
42. What do you call the final event or resolution in a play?
o A) Exposition B) Denouement
o C) Introduction D) Conflict
43. Who decides the lighting and sound effects for a play?
o A) The director
43. Who decides the lighting and sound effects for a play?
 A) The director
 B) The producer
 C) The playwright
 D) The stage manager
44. What is the purpose of a prop in a play?
 A) To provide background music
 B) To help with character development
 C) To be used by actors in scenes
 D) To introduce the setting
45. What does "cue" mean in a stage production?
 A) The start of a new act
 B) The moment an actor or technician must act

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 C) The end of the play
 D) The director's note to the cast
46. What is a protagonist?
 A) The character who narrates the play
 B) The main character in a play
 C) A secondary character
 D) A character who opposes the villain
47. What is the first part of a story or play called?
 A) Climax
 B) Resolution
 C) Exposition
 D) Conflict
48. What is the "fourth wall" in theatre?
 A) The wall between actors and audience
 B) A stage direction
 C) The final scene
 D) A prop on the stage
49. Which of these is an essential element of a tragedy?
 A) Happy ending
 B) Comic relief
 C) A tragic hero
 D) A hero's triumph
50. What is a "blocking" rehearsal in theatre?
 A) Rehearsing stage movements and positions
 B) Practicing dialogue without movement
 C) Rehearsing only the ending
 D) Final rehearsal before the performance

10 Essay Questions
1. Discuss the importance of stage directions in a script and how they impact a performance. Provide examples from a
known play.
2. Compare and contrast the structure of a script with that of a novel. What are the key differences in how stories are
presented in each format?
3. Explain how the concept of "the fourth wall" influences audience engagement in theatre. How can breaking the fourth
wall affect a performance?
4. Analyze the role of conflict in a drama script. How does it drive the plot and develop characters?
5. Evaluate the significance of dialogue in a play. How does it reveal character traits and advance the storyline?
6. Discuss the various types of stage directions and their impact on the actor's performance. Include examples of how
they guide actors in specific scenes.
7. Explain the process of creating a script from idea to final draft. What are the key stages, and how do writers refine their
scripts?
8. Assess the impact of a protagonist's journey on the audience's experience. How does the development of the
protagonist affect the overall play?
9. Describe the role of props in a play. How do they contribute to the storytelling and setting of the scenes?

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10. Discuss the role of a director in shaping a play's production. How do directors influence the interpretation and
execution of the script?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Grammar). Week 10
 TOPIC: rhythm and rhyme,
 voice
 embedded clauses

Lesson 1: Rhythm and rhyme

What is Rhythm?
Rhythm in poetry refers to the pattern of beats or stresses in a line. It's what makes poetry sound musical and can influence
how the poem feels when read aloud. Think of it like the beat in music.
Example: In the poem "Lullaby" by John Fuller, the rhythm of the lines creates a soothing effect, which matches the gentle,
calming message of the poem.
What is Rhyme?
Rhyme occurs when the ending sounds of two or more lines of poetry match. It often helps to create a musical quality in
poems and can make them more memorable.
Example: In "Lullaby," the rhyming words "nut" and "shut" in the first and last lines of the stanza help to emphasize the
calm and repetitive nature of the lullaby.
How Rhythm and Rhyme Support the Poem
1. Creating Mood: The rhythm and rhyme contribute to the overall mood of the poem. For instance, a steady rhythm and
gentle rhyme in a lullaby create a calming effect, helping to soothe the reader or listener.
2. Emphasizing Themes: Rhythm and rhyme can highlight important themes or ideas. For example, in "Lullaby," the
rhythmic pattern and rhyming scheme underscore the theme of a parent’s love and the peacefulness of sleep.
3. Enhancing Flow: The combination of rhythm and rhyme helps the poem flow smoothly, making it easier to read and
remember. This flow can draw readers in and make the poem more engaging.
4. Adding Musicality: Just as music has rhythm and rhyme, poetry uses these elements to create a similar musical quality.
This can make the poem more enjoyable to read aloud and listen to.
5. Creating Structure: Rhyme and rhythm provide structure to a poem. In many poems, the pattern of rhymes and the
beat of the lines help organize thoughts and ideas in a cohesive way.
Examples
 "Lullaby" by John Fuller: The poem uses a simple ABAB rhyme scheme, where "nut" rhymes with "shut" and "house"
rhymes with "mouse." The steady rhythm of the lines mimics a gentle, repetitive lullaby, reinforcing the calming
nature of the poem.
 "Night Mail" by W. H. Auden: The rhythm in this poem mimics the sound of a train moving along tracks, while the
rhyme adds a sense of urgency and speed. This supports the poem’s theme of a fast-moving, busy night.
How to Analyze Rhythm and Rhyme
1. Identify the Pattern: Look for the pattern of beats and rhymes in the poem. Note how they repeat and how they
contribute to the poem's overall effect.
2. Consider the Effect: Think about how the rhythm and rhyme influence the mood, flow, and meaning of the poem. Do
they make it feel more lively, soothing, or urgent?
3. Link to Meaning: Connect the rhythm and rhyme to the themes and messages of the poem. How do these elements
help express the poet’s ideas?
By understanding rhythm and rhyme, you can better appreciate how poets craft their work and convey their messages
through musical and structured language.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is rhythm in poetry?

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o A) The pattern of beats or stresses
o B) The repetition of vowel sounds
o C) The arrangement of words in a line
o D) The number of stanzas
2. Which of the following is a common rhyme scheme?
o A) ABAB B) AABB
o C) ABCB D) All of the above
3. How does rhyme affect the mood of a poem?
o A) It has no effect on the mood
o B) It can create a musical quality
o C) It determines the length of the poem
o D) It changes the poem's topic
4. What is a rhyme scheme?
o A) The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
o B) The pattern of rhyming words at the end of lines
o C) The arrangement of stanzas
o D) The use of metaphor in a poem
5. How does rhythm contribute to a poem's flow?
o A) It changes the poem's meaning
o B) It affects the poem's structure
o C) It provides a musical quality and consistency
o D) It determines the poem's genre
6. What effect does a steady rhythm have on a poem?
o A) It creates a sense of chaos
o B) It makes the poem feel calm and regular
o C) It interrupts the flow
o D) It adds more stanzas
7. Which of the following lines demonstrates end rhyme?
o A) The sky is blue, and the grass is green
o B) The sun is bright, and the day is long
o C) The moon is out, and the stars are high
o D) The flowers bloom, and the birds sing
8. What is internal rhyme?
o A) Rhyming at the end of lines
o B) Rhyming within a single line
o C) Rhyming in the middle of lines
o D) None of the above
9. In the poem "Lullaby," what is the rhyme scheme of the first stanza?
o A) ABAB B) AABB
o C) ABCB D) ABBA
10. What is the purpose of using rhyme in poetry?
o A) To create a visual image
o B) To enhance musical quality and memorability
o C) To make the poem longer

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o D) To describe settings
11. How does rhyme impact the readability of a poem?
o A) It makes the poem harder to read
o B) It creates a rhythmic pattern that can make it more engaging
o C) It eliminates the need for structure
o D) It changes the subject of the poem
12. What is the primary effect of rhythm in a poem?
o A) To create visual imagery
o B) To influence the pacing and mood
o C) To add more stanzas
o D) To change the rhyme scheme
13. What is a common effect of using a varied rhyme scheme?
o A) It creates a predictable pattern
o B) It makes the poem feel disjointed
o C) It adds complexity and interest
o D) It simplifies the poem
14. How does a repetitive rhyme scheme affect a poem?
o A) It creates a sense of monotony
o B) It enhances the
14. How does a repetitive rhyme scheme affect a poem?
 A) It creates a sense of monotony
 B) It enhances the musical quality and coherence
 C) It adds confusion to the meaning
 D) It makes the poem shorter
15. What is the term for the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry?
 A) Meter B) Rhyme scheme
 C) Stanza D) Imagery
16. Which of the following best describes a trochaic meter?
 A) An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
 B) A stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable
 C) Two stressed syllables
 D) Two unstressed syllables
17. How can rhyme contribute to a poem's overall theme?
 A) By altering the poem's subject
 B) By reinforcing key ideas and emotions
 C) By changing the poem's structure
 D) By shortening the poem
18. In the poem "Lullaby," how does the rhythm support the theme of the poem?
 A) It creates a sense of urgency
 B) It emphasizes the calmness and tenderness of the lullaby
 C) It introduces conflict
 D) It disrupts the flow
19. What is a couplet?
 A) A two-line stanza with rhyming lines
 B) A stanza of three lines

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 C) A stanza of four lines
 D) A poem with no rhyme
20. Which term describes the repeating of a specific sound within a line or lines of a poem?
 A) Assonance B) Alliteration
 C) Consonance D) Onomatopoeia
21. What is the impact of using a consistent meter in a poem?
 A) It makes the poem irregular
 B) It creates a predictable and rhythmic flow
 C) It complicates the poem
 D) It changes the subject matter
22. Which of the following best describes the use of enjambment in poetry?
 A) A pause at the end of a line
 B) A continuation of a sentence without a pause onto the next line
 C) A repetition of sounds within a line
 D) A specific rhyme scheme
23. What is a stanza?
 A) A single line of poetry
 B) A group of lines forming a unit in a poem
 C) The entire poem
 D) The rhyme pattern
24. How does rhyme affect the rhythm of a poem?
 A) It disrupts the flow
 B) It aligns with the rhythm to enhance musical quality
 C) It changes the theme
 D) It shortens the lines
25. What is a quatrain?
 A) A two-line stanza B) A three-line stanza
 C) A four-line stanza D) A five-line stanza
26. Which type of rhyme occurs within a single line of poetry?
 A) End rhyme B) Internal rhyme
 C) Slant rhyme D) Eye rhyme
27. What effect does a change in rhyme scheme usually have on a poem?
 A) It creates monotony
 B) It introduces variation and new emphasis
 C) It disrupts the meaning
 D) It lengthens the poem
28. How does the rhyme scheme of a poem contribute to its structure?
 A) It creates a visual pattern
 B) It influences the order and flow of lines
 C) It changes the stanza length
 D) It adds more stanzas
29. What role does meter play in a poem?
 A) It describes the rhyme scheme
 B) It provides a rhythmic structure and flow
 C) It determines the poem's length

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 D) It adds imagery
30. In poetry, what is the term for a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables?
 A) Rhyme B) Meter
 C) Stanza D) Rhyme scheme
31. How does rhythm enhance the meaning of a poem?
 A) By changing the poem's length
 B) By providing a sense of movement and pace
 C) By altering the rhyme scheme
 D) By modifying the theme
32. Which type of rhyme is similar but not exact?
 A) Perfect rhyme B) Slant rhyme
 C) Internal rhyme D) Eye rhyme
33. What is the purpose of using repetition in a poem?
 A) To confuse the reader
 B) To emphasize important themes or ideas
 C) To make the poem longer
 D) To introduce new characters
34. How does rhyme influence the memorability of a poem?
 A) It has no impact
 B) It can make the poem easier to remember due to its musical quality
 C) It changes the poem’s tone
 D) It shortens the poem
35. In what way can rhythm affect a poem's tone?
 A) By creating a sense of formality
 B) By influencing the emotional and atmospheric quality
 C) By altering the subject matter
 D) By adding more stanzas
36. What is the term for the repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words?
 A) Assonance B) Alliteration
 C) Consonance D) Onomatopoeia
37. What type of rhyme occurs when words look like they should rhyme but do not sound alike?
 A) Perfect rhyme
 B) Slant rhyme
 C) Eye rhyme
 D) Internal rhyme
38. How does a poem’s meter affect its pacing?
 A) It has no effect on pacing
 B) It can create a fast or slow pace depending on the meter
 C) It changes the poem's subject
 D) It adds more stanzas
39. What effect does a change in rhythm have on a poem?
 A) It creates uniformity
 B) It can add surprise or emphasize particular moments
 C) It shortens the poem
 D) It changes the rhyme scheme

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40. How does the use of alliteration contribute to a poem?
 A) By creating visual imagery
 B) By enhancing the musical quality and emphasizing certain lines
 C) By changing the poem’s length
 D) By altering the rhyme scheme
41. What is a common meter pattern in English poetry?
 A) Iambic pentameter
 B) Trochaic tetrameter
 C) Anapestic trimeter
 D) Dactylic heptameter
42. How can rhyme and rhythm together affect a poem’s atmosphere?
 A) By creating a chaotic feeling
 B) By providing a consistent, rhythmic, and melodic atmosphere
 C) By making the poem disjointed
 D) By adding more characters
43. What is the term for a poem's underlying beat or pulse?
 A) Meter B) Rhyme scheme
 C) Stanza D) Tone
44. What is the purpose of using enjambment in a poem?
 A) To create a pause at the end of each line
 B) To allow a thought to flow beyond the end of a line
 C) To add more rhyme
 D) To disrupt the flow
45. In what way can a poem’s rhyme scheme affect its meaning?
 A) By altering the theme
 B) By adding structure and emphasis
 C) By changing the setting
 D) By introducing new characters
46. What is the effect of using irregular rhyme schemes?
 A) They create a predictable pattern
 B) They introduce surprise and variation
 C) They simplify the poem
 D) They make the poem longer
47. How does a consistent meter influence the reader’s experience of a poem?
 A) It makes the poem difficult to read
 B) It creates a rhythmic and predictable flow
 C) It changes the poem’s theme
 D) It adds more stanzas
48. Which of the following is an example of assonance?
 A) The cat sat on the mat
 B) The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain
 C) The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
 D) A fast, cold gust of wind
49. How does rhyme contribute to a poem’s cohesion?
 A) By creating visual imagery

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 B) By linking lines and reinforcing structure
 C) By changing the rhythm
 D) By altering the subject matter
50. What is the term for a poem that does not follow a specific rhyme scheme?
 A) Free verse B) Blank verse
 C) Couplet D) Quatrain
Essay Questions
1. Discuss how rhythm and rhyme work together to create the mood of a poem. Use examples from well-known poems
to illustrate your points.
2. Analyze the use of a specific rhyme scheme in a poem of your choice. How does the rhyme scheme contribute to the
overall meaning and impact of the poem?
3. Compare and contrast the use of rhythm in two different poems. How does each poet’s use of rhythm affect the tone
and pacing of their work?
4. Explore how enjambment influences the flow and meaning of a poem. Provide examples from poems that use
enjambment effectively.
5. Examine the role of meter in shaping the reader’s experience of a poem. How does meter contribute to the poem’s
rhythm and structure?
6. Evaluate the use of assonance and alliteration in a poem. How do these sound devices enhance the musical quality
and thematic elements of the poem?
7. Discuss the impact of rhyme on the memorability of a poem. How does rhyme aid in recalling and engaging with the
text?
8. Analyze the effect of using an irregular rhyme scheme in a poem. How does this choice affect the reader’s
interpretation and response?
9. Explore how rhythm and rhyme can be used to reinforce the themes and emotions in a poem. Provide examples from
different poems to support your analysis.
10. Consider the ways in which rhyme and rhythm contribute to the coherence and unity of a poem. How do these
elements help to tie together different parts of the poem?

Lesson 2: Voice
What is "Voice"?
In writing, the voice refers to the personality or attitude of the narrator or writer as expressed through their choice of
words, tone, and style. It is how the writer's personality shines through their writing and affects how the reader perceives
the text.
Why is Voice Important?
1. Purpose: The voice helps convey the purpose of the text. For example, a formal voice might be used for serious topics
or professional writing, while an informal voice might be used for entertaining or casual writing.
2. Audience: The voice needs to suit the audience. Writing for children will often have a playful, simple voice, while
writing for adults may use a more complex, formal tone.
Types of Voice
1. Formal Voice:
o Characteristics: Complex sentences, sophisticated vocabulary, and a serious tone.

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o Example: "The research indicates a significant improvement in student outcomes due to the new teaching
methods."
2. Informal Voice:
o Characteristics: Simple sentences, conversational language, and a relaxed tone.
o Example: "Hey, guess what? The new teaching methods are really making a difference in how students do in
school!"
3. Light-Hearted Voice:
o Characteristics: Humorous, friendly, and playful.
o Example: "Malala likes to arm wrestle with adults and will beat you at cricket, so watch out!"
4. Serious Voice:
o Characteristics: Grave, factual, and often emotionally restrained.
o Example: "In 2012, Malala was targeted by militants because of her advocacy for girls' education."
How to Identify Voice
1. Word Choice: The words a writer chooses can reveal their attitude. For instance, using slang or colloquial language
indicates a casual voice.
2. Sentence Structure: Short, simple sentences often reflect an informal or light-hearted voice, while complex sentences
are common in formal writing.
3. Tone: The overall mood or feeling of the writing helps define the voice. Is it serious, humorous, optimistic, or skeptical?
Example: Comparing Voices
 Light-Hearted Voice: "Malala loves to argue with her brother Khushal about everything from cricket to crisps.
Doesn’t sound like a good reason to fall out, does it?"
 Serious Voice: "Malala frequently engaged in disagreements with her younger brother Khushal over various trivial
matters, which was a normal aspect of their sibling relationship."
Activity: Practice Identifying Voice
1. Read different texts and identify the type of voice used (formal, informal, light-hearted, serious).
2. Rewrite a passage in a different voice and discuss how the changes in word choice, tone, and sentence structure
affect the reader's perception.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does the "voice" in writing refer to?
o A) The genre of the text
o B) The writer's tone and personality
o C) The length of the sentences
o D) The number of characters in the text
2. Which type of voice is characterized by a serious tone and complex vocabulary?
o A) Informal Voice
o B) Light-Hearted Voice
o C) Formal Voice
o D) Humorous Voice
3. What kind of voice would you use when writing a letter to a friend?
o A) Formal B) Informal
o C) Technical D) Professional
4. In which type of writing would a light-hearted voice be most appropriate?
o A) Academic paper B) News report
o C) Children's story D) Legal document

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5. Which sentence best exemplifies a formal voice?
o A) "I can't wait to tell you all about it!"
o B) "This project is essential for the company's success."
o C) "That was a really awesome time!"
o D) "Let's get together and chat soon."
6. What is one characteristic of an informal voice?
o A) Complex sentences
o B) Technical jargon
o C) Conversational language
o D) Serious tone
7. Which of the following is an example of a serious voice?
o A) "She’s always joking around!"
o B) "The findings indicate a significant increase in productivity."
o C) "That was so funny!"
o D) "You’re the best!"
8. What does a light-hearted voice usually include?
o A) Detailed analysis
o B) Formal language
o C) Playful and humorous elements
o D) Complex sentence structures
9. In which context is a serious voice most likely used?
o A) A blog post about hobbies
o B) A research report
o C) A personal letter
o D) A magazine article
10. How can you identify a light-hearted voice in a text?
o A) Use of sophisticated vocabulary
o B) Use of humor and casual language
o C) Use of technical terms
o D) Use of long, formal sentences
11. What kind of voice is most suitable for a news article?
o A) Light-hearted B) Serious
o C) Informal D) Humorous
12. Which sentence best reflects an informal voice?
o A) "The data suggests a notable improvement."
o B) "We should totally hang out more!"
o C) "The report is comprehensive and thorough."
o D) "The results are significant."
13. Which aspect of voice can be affected by sentence length?
o A) Formality B) Audience
o C) Genre D) Topic
14. What is a typical feature of a formal voice?
o A) Slang and contractions
o B) Technical and precise language

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o C) Simple and direct sentences
o D) Humorous remarks
15. What type of voice would be used in a legal document?
o A) Light-hearted B) Serious
o C) Informal D) Playful
16. Which voice is likely to include conversational language and personal anecdotes?
o A) Formal B) Informal
o C) Technical D) Serious
17. When would a writer use a humorous voice?
o A) When writing a business report
o B) When writing a personal blog post
o C) When writing an academic essay
o D) When writing a legal brief
18. What does an informal voice typically avoid?
o A) Technical terms B) Conversational tone
o C) Personal anecdotes D) Complex vocabulary
19. Which type of voice is characterized by a lack of personal involvement?
o A) Light-hearted B) Informal
o C) Serious D) Formal
20. Which sentence demonstrates a light-hearted voice?
o A) "The report concludes that efficiency has improved significantly."
o B) "I’m so excited to tell you about my new hobby!"
o C) "The data has been meticulously analyzed."
o D) "This study reveals crucial findings."
21. Which type of writing would typically use a formal voice?
o A) A novel B) A research paper
o C) A social media post D) A comic strip
22. In which type of text would you most likely find a humorous voice?
o A) An editorial B) A textbook
o C) A diary entry D) A technical manual
23. How might the voice differ between a children’s book and an adult’s novel?
o A) The children’s book will use complex language.
o B) The adult novel will use simpler language.
o C) The children’s book will have a playful and simple voice.
o D) Both will use similar language.
24. What does a serious voice typically use?
o A) Light and playful language
o B) Casual and relaxed language
o C) Formal and precise language
o D) Conversational and friendly language
25. Which sentence would likely be found in a text with an informal voice?
o A) "The project is expected to conclude in six months."
o B) "Let’s grab a coffee and catch up!"
o C) "The results are statistically significant."

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o D) "The analysis was conducted thoroughly."
26. What feature distinguishes a technical voice from a formal voice?
o A) Technical jargon and detailed descriptions
o B) Simple and conversational language
o C) Emotional and personal tone
o D) Humor and casual expressions
27. Which type of voice is most likely to include detailed explanations and descriptions?
o A) Informal B) Light-hearted
o C) Formal D) Humorous
28. What is one way to identify a technical voice?
o A) Use of everyday language
o B) Use of specialized terminology and jargon
o C) Use of humor and anecdotes
o D) Use of casual and conversational tone
29. Which context would require a serious voice?
o A) A children's book B) A personal blog
o C) An academic essay D) A text message
30. What can affect the tone of a text?
o A) The writer’s mood
o B) The length of the text
o C) The text’s format
o D) The text’s purpose and audience
31. How is a humorous voice typically achieved?
o A) By using serious and formal language
o B) By including playful language and jokes
o C) By avoiding personal opinions
o D) By using technical jargon
32. Which aspect is crucial for a voice to be effective?
o A) Matching the voice to the audience
o B) Using complex vocabulary
o C) Avoiding personal tone
o D) Following a strict format
33. What might a formal voice include that an informal voice typically does not?
o A) Contractions B) Slang
o C) Technical terms D) Casual tone
34. In what type of text is an informal voice most likely used?
o A) An academic journal B) A personal email
o C) A business report D) A legal contract
35. How would a light-hearted voice affect the reader’s perception?
o A) It would make the text seem serious and authoritative.
o B) It would make the text seem engaging and entertaining.
o C) It would make the text seem formal and distant.
o D) It would make the text seem technical and precise.
36. What feature is typical of a light-hearted voice?

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o A) Formal language and structure
o B) Personal anecdotes and humor
o C) Technical descriptions and jargon
o D) Serious and factual tone
37. Which of the following is a sign of an informal voice?
o A) Formal tone
o B) Use of slang and contractions
o C) Complex vocabulary
o D) Detailed analysis
38. When would a writer use a technical voice?
o A) In a fictional story B) In a personal blog
o C) In a scientific report D) In a humorous article
39. How does an informal voice usually differ from a formal voice?
o A) It uses more complex sentences.
o B) It avoids personal and conversational tone.
o C) It uses casual and conversational language.
o D) It uses sophisticated and technical vocabulary.
40. What type of voice might you find in a text message?
o A) Formal B) Serious
o C) Informal D) Technical
41. Which voice is often used in personal journals or diaries?
o A) Formal B) Light-hearted
o C) Informal D) Technical
42. What does a technical voice usually avoid?
o A) Specialized terminology B) Personal anecdotes
o C) Detailed descriptions D) Formal language
43. In which situation would a humorous voice be least appropriate?
o A) A stand-up comedy routine
o B) A medical report
o C) A personal blog post
o D) A children’s book
44. How does the tone of a light-hearted voice usually compare to a serious voice?
o A) The light-hearted voice is more formal.
o B) The light-hearted voice is more playful and relaxed.
o C) The light-hearted voice is more technical.
o D) The light-hearted voice is more detailed and precise.
45. Which type of writing would most likely use a formal voice?
o A) A school essay B) A text message
o C) A social media post D) A personal diary
46. What is a key feature of an informal voice?
o A) Use of technical terms
o B) Use of contractions and everyday language
o C) Use of formal structure
o D) Use of complex sentences

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47. How would you describe the voice in an academic journal article?
o A) Light-hearted B) Informal
o C) Technical D) Humorous
48. What might you expect from the voice in a professional email?
o A) Light-hearted and humorous
o B) Informal and conversational
o C) Formal and respectful
o D) Technical and detailed
49. What type of voice is commonly used in instructional manuals?
o A) Light-hearted B) Humorous
o C) Technical D) Informal
50. In which context is a formal voice essential?
o A) Writing a letter to a friend
o B) Creating a social media post
o C) Drafting a legal document
o D) Writing a personal journal entry
Essay Questions
1. Compare and contrast the use of formal and informal voices in different types of writing. Provide examples for each
type.
2. Analyze the impact of voice on reader engagement. How does the choice of voice affect how a reader interacts with a
text?
3. Discuss the role of voice in conveying tone and attitude in a piece of writing. Use examples to illustrate how voice can
shape the reader’s perception.
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of using a humorous voice in educational content. What are the potential benefits and
drawbacks?
5. Examine how voice can be adapted for different audiences. How might a writer adjust their voice for a young audience
versus an adult audience?
6. Explore the ways in which a writer’s personality can be reflected through their voice. How does this personal touch
influence the reader?
7. Discuss the use of voice in professional writing versus creative writing. How do the expectations differ between these
two contexts?
8. Analyze a piece of writing with a serious voice and a piece with a light-hearted voice. How does each voice affect the
overall message and impact of the text?
9. Investigate the importance of maintaining a consistent voice throughout a text. What are the potential issues if the
voice shifts unexpectedly?
10. Reflect on a text you have read that had a particularly strong voice. How did this voice contribute to the effectiveness
of the text?

Lesson 3: Embedded Clauses

An embedded clause is a part of a sentence that provides additional information about the main clause. It is inserted into
the middle of a sentence to add detail or explanation. Embedded clauses help make writing richer and more descriptive.
How to Identify Embedded Clauses
1. Position in the Sentence: Embedded clauses are often found in the middle of sentences and are separated by commas.
o Example: “My friend, who loves music, went to the concert.”
2. Additional Information: They add extra detail to the main clause, explaining or describing something further.

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o Example: “The book, which was on the table, fell to the floor.”
3. Use of Commas: They are usually set off by commas or dashes.
o Example: “The house, which was old and creaky, had a charming garden.”
Examples from the Text
In Fergal Keane’s letter, embedded clauses add depth to his description of the moment:
 “Since you’ve arrived, days have melted into night and back again and we are learning a new grammar, a long sentence
whose punctuation marks are feeding and winding and nappy changing and these occasional moments of quiet.”
Here, the embedded clause “whose punctuation marks are feeding and winding and nappy changing and these occasional
moments of quiet” provides more detail about what the “new grammar” involves.
Why Use Embedded Clauses?
1. Detail and Description: They help provide more detailed information and create a clearer picture for the reader.
2. Add Depth: They can express complex ideas and emotions in a more nuanced way.
3. Improve Flow: When used correctly, they make sentences more engaging and fluent.
Practice Activity
Rewrite the following sentences by adding an embedded clause to provide more detail:
1. The cat slept on the mat.
2. The book was interesting.
3. She wore a red dress.
Example Answers
1. The cat, which was very tired from playing all day, slept on the mat.
2. The book, which was recommended by a friend, was interesting.
3. She wore a red dress, which sparkled in the sunlight.
By understanding and using embedded clauses, you can enhance your writing with richer details and create more engaging
content.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is an embedded clause? a) A main clause that stands alone b) A clause inserted within another clause to provide
additional information c) A single word that provides detail d) An introductory phrase
2. Which of the following sentences contains an embedded clause? a) The dog barked loudly. b) She smiled at the party.
c) The book, which was on the shelf, is missing. d) He ran quickly.
3. How are embedded clauses usually separated from the main clause? a) By periods b) By semicolons c) By commas d) By
colons
4. Which sentence is correctly punctuated with an embedded clause? a) The car, which was blue was parked outside. b)
The car which was blue, was parked outside. c) The car, which was blue, was parked outside. d) The car which was blue
was parked outside.
5. In the sentence, “The house, which was old and creaky, had a charming garden,” what does the embedded clause do?
a) Describes the garden b) Provides additional information about the house c) Explains the charming aspect of the
garden d) Lists items in the house
6. Which of the following sentences includes an embedded clause about time? a) She finished her homework, and then
she went outside. b) The cat, which was very fluffy, slept on the mat. c) We went to the beach, which is always fun. d)
Before we left, we made sure everything was packed.
7. What is the primary purpose of an embedded clause? a) To start a new sentence b) To add extra detail or explanation
c) To replace the main clause d) To shorten the sentence
8. Which sentence uses an embedded clause to describe a person? a) The teacher, who is very kind, gave us extra time. b)
The teacher gave us extra time. c) We finished our work early. d) The classroom was quiet.

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9. How does an embedded clause affect the flow of a sentence? a) It makes the sentence choppy. b) It simplifies the
sentence structure. c) It adds complexity and depth. d) It always changes the sentence’s meaning.
10. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly? a) She wore a blue dress which was very pretty. b) She wore
a blue dress, which was very pretty. c) She wore a blue dress which, was very pretty. d) She wore a blue dress, which
was very pretty, and looked amazing.
11. What type of clause is “which was on the desk” in the sentence “The letter, which was on the desk, is missing”? a) Main
clause b) Subordinate clause c) Independent clause d) Coordinating clause
12. Which sentence uses an embedded clause to add information about a place? a) The restaurant, which is very popular,
is closed today. b) The restaurant is closed today. c) We went to the restaurant. d) The restaurant has good food.
13. In the sentence “He ate the cake, which was delicious, quickly,” what role does the embedded clause play? a) It
provides additional detail about how he ate the cake. b) It describes the cake’s taste. c) It explains why he was quick. d)
It tells where he ate the cake.
14. Which of the following sentences does NOT include an embedded clause? a) The movie, which was exciting, ended late.
b) I like the movie. c) She bought a new dress, which was on sale. d) The cat, which was asleep, did not move.
15. How can embedded clauses improve writing? a) By making sentences shorter b) By adding detail and depth c) By
removing unnecessary information d) By focusing only on main ideas
16. What punctuation is often used with embedded clauses? a) Exclamation marks b) Question marks c) Commas d) Dashes
17. Which sentence contains an embedded clause that explains a condition? a) The party, which was held at her house,
was a success. b) If it rains, we will stay indoors. c) The movie was long but interesting. d) He likes pizza, which is his
favorite food.
18. In the sentence “The gift, which she had carefully wrapped, was under the tree,” what does the embedded clause
describe? a) The location of the gift b) How the gift was wrapped c) Who gave the gift d) The occasion for the gift
19. Which sentence correctly uses an embedded clause to give additional information about an event? a) The meeting,
which was scheduled for 10 AM, has been postponed. b) The meeting has been postponed. c) The meeting, which was
postponed, is rescheduled. d) The meeting was important.
20. What is the function of the embedded clause in “The house, which had a red door, was on the corner”? a) To describe
the location of the house b) To explain the house’s color c) To give more information about the door d) To provide
details about the house’s appearance
21. Which of the following sentences contains a restrictive embedded clause? a) The dog, which was barking loudly, kept
everyone awake. b) The book, which I borrowed from the library, is on the table. c) The students who completed their
homework were rewarded. d) The car, which was expensive, was not worth the price.
22. How does an embedded clause function in “The project, which was due yesterday, is still not finished”? a) It adds
urgency to the project b) It describes the project’s due date c) It emphasizes the importance of the project d) It
indicates the project’s location
23. Which of the following sentences uses an embedded clause to add information about time? a) She went to the store,
which is always busy on weekends. b) We left for vacation, which was planned months in advance. c) They bought the
tickets. d) The park is large.
24. What is the purpose of the embedded clause in “The park, where we used to play, is now a shopping center”? a) To
describe the current state of the park b) To tell when the park was used c) To provide a location for the park d) To
explain a past activity related to the park
25. In the sentence “The recipe, which was handed down through generations, is a family secret,” what does the
embedded clause indicate? a) The recipe’s origin b) The recipe’s difficulty c) The recipe’s ingredients d) The recipe’s
popularity
26. Which sentence includes an embedded clause that explains why something happened? a) She passed the exam, which
was a result of her hard work. b) She passed the exam. c) The exam was challenging. d) She studied all night.

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27. How is an embedded clause used in “The car, which I bought last year, is very reliable”? a) To explain the car’s reliability
b) To indicate the car’s purchase time c) To show the car’s color d) To describe the car’s brand
28. Which sentence contains an embedded clause describing a characteristic of a person? a) The teacher, who is always
patient, helped the students. b) The teacher helped the students. c) The students did their homework. d) The
classroom was tidy.
29. In the sentence “The laptop, which was quite expensive, has a long battery life,” what does the embedded clause do?
a) Provides information about the laptop’s cost b) Describes the laptop’s features c) States where the laptop was
bought d) Gives the laptop’s brand
30. Which of the following sentences uses an embedded clause to add detail about an action? a) The chef, who prepared
the meal, was praised. b) The meal was delicious. c) The chef was praised. d) They ate dinner.
31. In which sentence is the embedded clause used to provide additional context about an object? a) The house, which has
a red roof, is very old. b) The house is very old. c) The roof is red. d) The house is large.
32. How does the embedded clause function in “The event, which took place last Saturday, was a huge success”? a) It
describes when the event happened b) It explains why the event was successful c) It specifies the location of the event
d) It indicates the event’s outcome
33. Which sentence correctly includes an embedded clause about a person’s action? a) The artist, who painted the mural,
is famous. b) The mural is colorful. c) The artist is famous. d) They visited the museum.
34. What does the embedded clause in “The book, which I borrowed from the library, was fascinating” describe? a) Where
the book was borrowed b) The book’s content c) The library’s location d) The book’s author
35. Which sentence contains an embedded clause that adds detail about a time-related event? a) The festival, which was
held every summer, attracts many tourists. b) The festival attracts many tourists. c) Many tourists attend the festival. d)
The summer weather is warm.
36. How does the embedded clause function in “The movie, which we watched last night, was thrilling”? a) It explains
when the movie was watched b) It describes the movie’s genre c) It provides the movie’s rating d) It tells who watched
the movie
37. Which of the following sentences has an embedded clause that describes a place? a) The library, which is quiet, is a
great place to study. b) The library is a great place to study. c) The study area is quiet. d) They read books there.
38. In the sentence “The book, which is on the shelf, belongs to Sarah,” what does the embedded clause indicate? a) The
book’s owner b) The book’s location c) The book’s author d) The book’s title
39. Which sentence correctly uses an embedded clause to provide information about a condition? a) The test, which was
difficult, required extra study. b) The test required extra study. c) Extra study was needed. d) The test was easy.
40. What is the role of the embedded clause in “The museum, which displays ancient artifacts, is worth visiting”? a) It
describes the museum’s exhibits b) It states the museum’s location c) It mentions the museum’s visiting hours d) It
explains why the museum is worth visiting
41. How does the embedded clause enhance the sentence “The project, which was completed ahead of schedule, was a
success”? a) It shows the project’s completion status b) It describes the project’s difficulty c) It lists the project’s
features d) It indicates the project’s cost
42. Which sentence uses an embedded clause to add detail about a person’s background? a) The author, who grew up in a
small town, writes captivating novels. b) The author writes novels. c) The novels are captivating. d) The town is small.
43. In the sentence “The car, which was recently serviced, is running smoothly,” what does the embedded clause provide?
a) Information about the car’s service b) Details about the car’s features c) The car’s maintenance schedule d) The car’s
make and model
44. Which sentence correctly uses an embedded clause to describe an event’s outcome? a) The concert, which was
attended by thousands, was a huge success. b) The concert was a huge success. c) Thousands attended the concert. d)
The success was huge.

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45. What is the purpose of the embedded clause in "The restaurant, where we had dinner last night, is famous for its
seafood"? a) To describe the restaurant's location b) To give details about the dinner c) To provide information about
the restaurant's specialty d) To explain why the restaurant is famous
46. Which sentence contains an embedded clause that describes a characteristic of a place? a) The building, which was
built in the 1800s, is a historical monument. b) The building is a historical monument. c) The 1800s were a long time
ago. d) The historical monument is famous.
47. In the sentence "The garden, which she tended every morning, was full of blooming flowers," what does the embedded
clause describe? a) The type of flowers b) The garden's location c) Her habit of taking care of the garden d) The size of
the garden
48. How does the embedded clause function in "The movie, which had rave reviews, was disappointing"? a) It explains why
the movie was disappointing b) It provides background on the movie's reception c) It gives the movie’s length d) It
states the movie's genre
49. Which sentence uses an embedded clause to provide additional context about a person’s job? a) The doctor, who
works at the city hospital, saved many lives. b) The doctor is very skilled. c) The hospital is large. d) Many lives were
saved by the doctor.
50. What does the embedded clause in "The storm, which caused significant damage, passed through quickly" add to the
sentence? a) It describes the storm's speed b) It provides information about the storm's impact c) It explains where the
storm hit d) It gives the storm's origin

Essay Questions
1. Discuss the role of embedded clauses in enhancing descriptive writing, using examples from literature or your own
sentences.
2. How do embedded clauses contribute to the depth of personal writing, such as letters or diaries?
3. Compare and contrast the use of embedded clauses in formal and informal writing.
4. Explain how embedded clauses can influence the tone of a sentence, providing both positive and negative effects.
5. Analyze the use of embedded clauses in Fergal Keane's Letter to Daniel and how they contribute to the emotional
tone of the letter.
6. Discuss the importance of punctuation in distinguishing embedded clauses and its effect on sentence clarity.
7. How can embedded clauses be used to show relationships between events in narrative writing?
8. Write about how embedded clauses can be used to introduce background information or context within a
sentence.
9. Evaluate the effectiveness of embedded clauses in technical writing versus creative writing.
10. How does the use of embedded clauses reflect a writer’s style or voice, and what impact does this have on
readers?

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SUBJECT: ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (Writing). Week 10
 TOPIC: justify poetry choices;
 write an account of family life; ,
 analyse a letter,
 analyse language,
 write a poem,.

Lesson 1: justify poetry choices;

Introduction to Poetry
When reading poetry, different readers have various preferences. Poetry can evoke emotions, paint vivid images, or convey
deep messages, making it a unique form of literature. In Year 7, understanding why readers choose certain poems over
others is an important skill. By examining poetry choices, we learn how readers connect with themes, symbols, and styles
that speak to their personal interests and emotions.
How Do Readers Choose Poems?
Readers often choose poems based on several factors:
 Themes: Readers may select poems with themes that relate to their life experiences or interests, such as love, nature,
or family.
 Tone and Emotion: Poems that evoke specific emotions like happiness, sadness, or nostalgia can attract readers.
 Imagery and Language: Vivid descriptions and use of figurative language such as similes, metaphors, and
personification make poems visually and emotionally engaging.
 Rhythm and Rhyme: Some readers are drawn to the musicality of a poem’s rhyme scheme and rhythm.
 Symbolism: Writers use symbols to represent deeper meanings, and readers may enjoy
interpreting these symbols to understand the message of the poem.
Example: 'Lullaby' by John Fuller
In "Lullaby," John Fuller uses gentle language and soothing rhythm, which creates a calm
atmosphere. The poem is about a baby sleeping, a familiar and comforting theme for many readers.
The use of symbols, such as the bat ("an umbrella turned into a mouse") and the moon and sheep,
adds to the whimsical tone of the poem, making it relatable and enjoyable for readers who
appreciate soft, nurturing imagery.
 Theme: The theme of love and protection resonates with readers, especially those who connect with family and
care.
 Symbolism: The bat and moon represent the surreal and protective night atmosphere. Readers who enjoy
symbolism might find this appealing.
Why Readers Choose Certain Poems
 Personal Connection: A reader may choose "Lullaby" because they relate to the comforting feeling of being cared
for or caring for someone.
 Interest in Style: Readers may enjoy Fuller's use of rhyme and the calming rhythm, making the poem suitable for
relaxation.
 Symbolic Interpretation: The symbols in "Lullaby" can be open to interpretation, allowing readers to engage
deeply with the poem.
Cambridge and Nigerian Curriculum Consideration
Both the Cambridge and Nigerian curricula for Year 7 emphasize the analysis of language, tone, and symbols in poetry.
These curricula encourage students to think critically about why they connect with certain poems. Additionally, students are
taught to justify their choices by referencing the themes, structure, and language of the poem.
Conclusion

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In Year 7, understanding how and why readers choose certain poems is essential for developing literary appreciation. By
exploring themes, symbols, and language, students can learn to make thoughtful choices about the poetry they enjoy.
Readers may favor poems that resonate with their emotions, use intriguing symbols, or simply have an appealing rhythm
and tone.
50 Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the main theme of the poem "Lullaby" by John Fuller?
o a) Friendship b) Nature
o c) Parental love d) Adventure
2. Which of the following best describes the tone of "Lullaby"?
o a) Exciting b) Soothing
o c) Anxious d) Angry
3. In "Lullaby," what does the bat symbolize?
o a) Fear b) Protection
o c) Danger d) Freedom
4. Which of these is a common feature of poetry?
o a) Dialogue b) Rhyme and rhythm
o c) Prose format d) Long chapters
5. What literary device is used in the phrase "umbrella turned into a mouse"?
o a) Simile b) Personification
o c) Metaphor d) Alliteration
6. What effect does rhyme have in poetry?
o a) It makes the poem longer
o b) It creates a musical flow
o c) It provides detailed explanations
o d) It shortens the poem
7. Which of the following is NOT a common symbol in poetry?
o a) The moon b) A chair
o c) The heart d) A rose
8. How do poets convey emotions in their work?
o a) Through newspaper articles
o b) Through imagery, symbols, and tone
o c) By using large paragraphs
o d) By writing in a formal tone
9. Which is a key element when justifying a poem choice?
o a) The number of lines in the poem
o b) The reader’s emotional connection
o c) The poem’s publication date
o d) The author’s nationality
10. Which is an example of symbolism in poetry?
o a) A red rose representing love
o b) A word rhyme pattern
o c) A long paragraph
o d) An angry tone
11. Why do readers often prefer poems with rhyme schemes?

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o a) They are easier to understand
o b) They flow smoothly and are more musical
o c) They are complex
o d) They are written in prose
12. The moon is often a symbol of:
o a) Time b) Adventure
o c) Change and emotion d) Wealth
13. What is a simile?
o a) Comparing two things using "like" or "as"
o b) Giving human qualities to non-human things
o c) The repetition of consonant sounds
o d) None of the above
14. Which of these helps in creating rhythm in poetry?
o a) Theme b) Tone
o c) Meter d) Alliteration
15. How do themes affect poetry choices?
o a) They give the poem a rhyme
o b) They help readers connect with the subject
o c) They make the poem shorter
o d) They are the title of the poem
16. A symbol is:
o a) A type of rhyme
o b) A sound pattern
o c) An object or idea that represents something else
o d) A poem’s structure
17. The rhythm of a poem refers to:
o a) The theme of the poem
o b) The emotional tone
o c) The flow of the poem's sound
o d) The number of lines
18. What is the effect of the line "Your life was ours, which is with you" in "Lullaby"?
o a) It shows ownership
o b) It expresses separation and unity
o c) It creates confusion
o d) It introduces a new character
19. How do symbols help readers interpret poems?
o a) They make poems longer
o b) They provide deeper meanings beyond the surface
o c) They simplify the poem
o d) They act as a title
20. The purpose of repetition in poetry is often to:
o a) Confuse the reader
o b) Emphasize a key idea or theme
o c) Make the poem shorter

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o d) Increase word count
21. What does the word "lullaby" typically refer to?
o a) A type of story
o b) A song or poem for putting someone to sleep
o c) A fast-paced poem
o d) An adventurous tale
22. Which literary device is used when inanimate objects are given human characteristics?
o a) Personification b) Metaphor
o c) Hyperbole d) Alliteration
23. The phrase "sleep little baby" is an example of:
o a) Alliteration b) Repetition
o c) Onomatopoeia d) Rhyme
24. Why might a reader be drawn to poems about family relationships?
o a) They are always rhyming
o b) They resonate emotionally with the reader's experiences
o c) They are short and simple
o d) They use complex words
25. What does the moon symbolize in "Lullaby"?
o a) Light b) Astonishment
o c) Darkness d) Happiness
26. What is a metaphor?
o a) A direct comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as"
o b) A comparison using "like" or "as"
o c) A repeating sound
o d) A type of rhythm
27. The line "your fingers uncurl and your eyes are shut" evokes what kind of imagery?
o a) Visual b) Auditory
o c) Gustatory d) Olfactory
28. How does rhythm contribute to a poem?
o a) It explains the poem’s theme
o b) It adds musicality and flow
o c) It creates characters
o d) It reduces word count
29. What does the bat symbolize in "Lullaby"?
o a) Chaos b) Night and protection
o c) Adventure d) Danger
30. What is the importance of tone in a poem?
o a) It defines the length
o b) It conveys the writer’s attitude toward the subject
o c) It creates a rhyme pattern
o d) It explains the theme
31. In poetry, the word “rest” in the line "Oh be our rest" most likely symbolizes:
o a) Calm and peace b) Activity
o c) Confusion d) Love

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32. The theme of sleep in "Lullaby" can be seen as a metaphor for:
o a) Happiness b) Death and renewal
o c) Sadness d) Excitement
33. What does personification do in poetry?
o a) It compares two things using "like" or "as"
o b) It gives human characteristics to non-human objects
o c) It exaggerates for effect
o d) It repeats sounds
34. What role does rhyme play in "Lullaby"?
o a) It provides structure and musicality to the poem
o b) It makes the poem harder to read
o c) It adds confusion
o d) It shortens the poem
35. Readers might choose a poem with vivid imagery because:
o a) It helps them visualize the poem’s meaning
o b) It makes the poem shorter
o c) It is always easy to read
o d) It uses simple language
36. Why do poets use symbols?
o a) To confuse the reader
o b) To add deeper meanings to the poem
o c) To simplify the poem
o d) To make the poem longer
37. What is the main subject of "Lullaby"?
o a) A sleeping baby b) Nature
o c) A battle d) A celebration
38. How can tone affect the reader’s interpretation of a poem?
o a) It changes the length of the poem
o b) It influences the mood and emotional response of the reader
o c) It creates symbols
o d) It gives instructions to the reader
39. In "Lullaby," the sheep’s bells most likely symbolize:
o a) Noise and chaos
o b) Peaceful sounds that help the baby sleep
o c) Sadness
o d) Freedom
40. What is the purpose of a rhyme scheme in poetry?
o a) To confuse the reader
o b) To provide structure and musical quality
o c) To lengthen the poem
o d) To explain the theme
41. How does imagery enhance a poem?
o a) It gives readers a clear visual or sensory experience
o b) It makes the poem harder to understand

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o c) It creates confusion
o d) It removes emotional connections
42. What does the line "the moon is astonished" suggest?
 a) The moon is literally surprised
 b) It reflects the wonder of nature watching over the baby
 c) The moon is a character in the poem
 d) The moon has disappeared
43. What is the main feeling that "Lullaby" evokes?
 a) Anger
 b) Joy
 c) Calm and serenity
 d) Excitement
44. Why is symbolism important in poetry?
 a) It makes the poem more factual
 b) It adds depth and layers of meaning
 c) It removes the need for rhyme
 d) It ensures that the poem has a happy ending
45. In "Lullaby," what might the journey symbolize?
 a) The physical journey the baby will take
 b) The journey of life or growth
 c) A vacation
 d) The distance between the parent and child
46. How can a reader justify their favorite poetry choice?
 a) By considering the poem’s theme, tone, and personal connection
 b) By checking the poet’s background
 c) By memorizing the poem’s structure
 d) By selecting the shortest poem
47. Why might readers choose poems with family-oriented themes?
 a) They always rhyme
 b) They evoke strong emotional responses related to love and care
 c) They are more difficult to understand
 d) They are complex and abstract
48. What does the phrase "turn your head to my beating heart" symbolize?
 a) The baby is listening to the parent’s heartbeat
 b) A deep emotional connection between parent and child
 c) The baby is confused
 d) The parent is worried
49. How does rhyme affect the mood of a poem like "Lullaby"?
 a) It speeds up the poem’s pace
 b) It adds a musical, comforting quality to the mood
 c) It makes the poem feel sad
 d) It confuses the reader
50. Which of the following would be a good justification for selecting "Lullaby" as a favorite poem?
 a) The poem is short
 b) The symbols of love and protection resonate deeply with personal experiences

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 c) It has complex vocabulary
 d) The poem has an exciting adventure

10 Essay Questions
1. Discuss how John Fuller uses symbols to convey themes of love and protection in "Lullaby."
2. Explain how the use of rhyme and rhythm in "Lullaby" helps to create a calming, soothing mood.
3. How does the relationship between parent and child in "Lullaby" reflect universal feelings of care and responsibility?
4. Compare the use of symbolism in "Lullaby" to another poem you have read. How do symbols deepen the meaning in
each poem?
5. In "Lullaby," how does Fuller use imagery to paint a picture of a peaceful, dreamlike night? Provide examples from the
text.
6. Analyze the emotional impact of "Lullaby" on the reader. How does Fuller evoke feelings of serenity and protection?
7. How might readers from different cultural backgrounds interpret the symbols of the bat, moon, and sheep in "Lullaby"?
8. What role does tone play in shaping a reader’s emotional response to "Lullaby"? Provide evidence from the poem to
support your argument.
9. Justify why "Lullaby" might be an appealing poem for Year 7 students studying themes of family and care.
10. How does "Lullaby" reflect broader themes of life, growth, and the passage of time? Analyze the language and
symbolism used to convey these ideas

LESSON 2: WRITE AN ACCOUNT OF FAMILY LIFE;

Writing an account of family life involves describing your own experiences or observations about family dynamics in a way
that can engage and inform the reader. This can be done with different tones or voices depending on the purpose and
audience of your writing.
1. Choosing a Tone
When writing about family life, the tone you choose can greatly affect how your story is received. Here are two common
tones you might use:
 Light-Hearted Tone: This tone is casual and entertaining. It often includes humor or personal anecdotes that make
the account enjoyable to read.
Example: "Last Sunday, my brother and I had a hilarious race to see who could finish their homework faster. Of course, I
was the one who ended up with a pile of scribbles and laughter!"
 Serious Tone: This tone is more formal and focused on delivering information or reflecting on deeper emotions.
It’s suitable for exploring significant events or lessons learned.
Example: "On a quiet Sunday afternoon, I found myself reflecting on the time my family spent together. Each moment,
whether simple or complex, contributed to our understanding of one another and strengthened our bond."
2. Describing Family Members
When creating an account, vividly describe each family member to make them come alive for the reader. Consider their
personalities, habits, and relationships with each other.
 Personal Traits: Describe what makes each family member unique. Use specific details and examples.
Example: "My sister, Emma, is always the first to wake up and make breakfast. Her cheerful disposition and love for
pancakes make mornings at our house feel special."
 Interactions: Illustrate how family members interact. Highlight any regular activities, shared interests, or common
conflicts.
o

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 Interactions: Illustrate how family members interact. Highlight any regular activities, shared interests, or common
conflicts.
Example: "Every Saturday, my family gathers for game night. We compete in board games and laugh at each other's playful
jabs. Despite the occasional argument over rules, these evenings are filled with warmth and joy."
3. Using Descriptive Language
To make your account engaging, use descriptive language that helps readers visualize and feel the experience.
 Sensory Details: Include details about what you see, hear, smell, and feel. This helps bring your account to life.
Example: "The aroma of my mother’s homemade stew wafted through the house, filling the air with a comforting, spicy
scent. As we sat around the table, the crackling fire in the hearth added to the cozy atmosphere."
 Emotional Tone: Reflect on the emotions experienced by family members during different situations. This can deepen
the reader's connection to your story.
Example: "As my father spoke about his childhood, his eyes sparkled with nostalgia. The stories of his youthful adventures
made me appreciate the challenges he overcame to build our family’s future."
4. Structure of the Account
Organize your account to ensure clarity and flow:
 Introduction: Briefly introduce the family and the main focus of your account.
Example: "My family is a lively bunch with distinct personalities and traditions. Let me take you through a typical day in our
household, highlighting the moments that make our lives unique."
 Body: Present the main content, describing interactions, activities, and relationships in detail. Use chronological order
or thematic sections to maintain coherence.
Example: "Mornings start with Dad’s enthusiastic attempts to get everyone up and moving. By noon, Mom has prepared a
feast, and afternoons are spent in various activities like gardening or board games."
 Conclusion: Sum up the main points and reflect on the significance of family life.
Example: "Through our shared experiences and daily routines, my family has built a strong bond. The laughter, support, and
love we share make every day special and memorable."
5. Considering the Audience
Tailor your account to fit the audience’s interests and level of understanding. For younger readers, focus on relatable
anecdotes and simple language. For older readers, you can explore more complex themes and reflections.
Cambridge Curriculum Focus: Emphasizes clear structure, descriptive language, and engaging content tailored to the
audience.
Nigerian Curriculum Focus: Encourages personal expression, cultural relevance, and clarity in presenting family dynamics.
.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary purpose of using a light-hearted tone in writing?
o a) To inform the reader
o b) To entertain and engage the reader
o c) To present factual information
o d) To provide a detailed analysis
2. Which of the following best describes a serious tone in writing?
o a) Casual and humorous
o b) Formal and reflective
o c) Informal and conversational
o d) Excited and enthusiastic
3. In which section of a family life account would you describe the daily activities of family members?

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o a) Introduction b) Body
o c) Conclusion d) Summary
4. What is an example of using sensory details in a narrative?
o a) Describing a character's appearance
o b) Mentioning a character’s thoughts
o c) Discussing the taste of food in a family meal
o d) Providing background information on a character
5. How can a writer make an account of family life engaging?
o a) By using formal language throughout
o b) By including detailed descriptions and emotions
o c) By avoiding any personal anecdotes
o d) By focusing solely on historical facts
6. Which type of language is most appropriate for a light-hearted account?
o a) Formal and technical
o b) Conversational and humorous
o c) Complex and academic
o d) Objective and impersonal
7. What is the main focus of the conclusion in a family life account?
o a) Introducing new family members
o b) Reflecting on the significance of the experiences
o c) Providing a detailed history of the family
o d) Describing future plans for the family
8. When describing interactions among family members, what should a writer include?
o a) Only their physical appearance
o b) Their favorite foods
o c) Activities and relationship dynamics
o d) Their academic achievements
9. Which of the following best demonstrates a descriptive language technique?
o a) "He is nice."
o b) "His laughter echoed through the house, brightening the room with its warmth."
o c) "She is very intelligent."
o d) "The meeting was productive."
10. What is the role of the introduction in an account of family life?
o a) To describe individual family members in detail
o b) To sum up the family’s daily routine
o c) To briefly introduce the family and the focus of the account
o d) To reflect on the significance of family life
11. Which tone would be suitable for a biography of a historical figure?
o a) Light-hearted b) Serious
o c) Informal d) Humorous
12. When writing about family activities, what type of language should you use to create a vivid picture?
o a) Technical and precise b) Detailed and sensory
o c) General and vague d) Brief and to-the-point
13. What should you focus on when writing a serious account of family life?

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o a) Humorous anecdotes
o b) Emotional depth and significance
o c) Casual observations
o d) Fictional elements
14. How can descriptive language enhance a family life account?
o a) By making the account less engaging
o b) By providing a clear, vivid depiction of events and interactions
o c) By focusing solely on factual details
o d) By avoiding personal opinions
15. Which of the following is an example of a sensory detail?
o a) "The house was big."
o b) "The smell of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen."
o c) "The garden was colorful."
o d) "The dog was friendly."
16. In a light-hearted tone, how might you describe a family meal?
o a) "The meal was a significant cultural event."
o b) "We had a delightful time arguing over who got the last piece of cake!"
o c) "The meal was prepared with great care."
o d) "It was a routine family dinner with no special events."
17. What aspect of family life might a writer explore in the body of their account?
o a) General family history
o b) Individual hobbies of family members
o c) Specific interactions and shared experiences
o d) Family’s future plans
18. Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for writing an engaging family life account?
o a) Using vivid descriptions
o b) Including personal anecdotes
o c) Using overly complex language
o d) Reflecting on emotional experiences
19. How does a serious tone affect the reader’s perception of the account?
o a) It makes the account seem less important.
o b) It adds depth and gravity to the narrative.
o c) It makes the account more entertaining.
o d) It makes the account seem less factual.
20. What is one way to reflect on the significance of family life in the conclusion?
o a) Introducing new family members
o b) Describing the setting in detail
o c) Summarizing key experiences and their impact
o d) Focusing on unrelated family events
21. What is the purpose of using humor in a light-hearted account?
o a) To provide serious reflections
o b) To entertain and create a relaxed atmosphere
o c) To present detailed analysis
o d) To offer a critical evaluation

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22. How should you describe family members’ interactions to make them relatable?
o a) By focusing on their academic achievements
o b) By detailing their daily routines and shared moments
o c) By mentioning their physical characteristics only
o d) By listing their favorite foods
23. Which type of language would be least appropriate for a formal family life account?
o a) Casual and conversational
o b) Objective and detailed
o c) Reflective and insightful
o d) Factual and precise
24. What type of account would best suit a serious tone?
o a) A funny story about a family prank
o b) An analysis of family traditions
o c) A description of a family holiday
o d) A casual recount of a family game night
25. How can you make a serious account of family life more engaging?
o a) By using technical jargon
o b) By incorporating emotional reflections and personal insights
o c) By avoiding personal opinions
o d) By using complex sentence structures
26. What is a key feature of a light-hearted family life account?
o a) Detailed analysis of family issues
o b) Use of humorous anecdotes and casual language
o c) Serious reflection on family traditions
o d) Formal and technical descriptions
27. Which section should include reflections on family dynamics and significance?
o a) Introduction b) Body
o c) Conclusion d) Summary
28. When describing interactions, what should you focus on to make them vivid?
o a) The family members’ job titles
o b) The family members’ personal achievements
o c) Specific events and emotions experienced
o d) The family’s financial status
29. How does using descriptive language benefit a family life account?
o a) It makes the account more factual.
o b) It helps readers visualize and connect with the experiences.
o c) It simplifies the writing.
o d) It makes the writing less engaging.
30. What should you avoid when writing a serious account of family life?
o a) Reflecting on significant experiences
o b) Using casual or humorous language
o c) Providing detailed descriptions
o d) Including emotional reflections
31. How can you show a family member's personality in writing?

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o a) By describing their physical appearance only
o b) By focusing on their interactions and behaviors
o c) By listing their likes and dislikes
o d) By mentioning their educational background
32. What should a light-hearted account focus on?
o a) In-depth analysis of family conflicts
o b) Fun and entertaining moments
o c) Detailed historical background
o d) Serious reflections on family life
33. Which element is crucial for making a serious family life account impactful?
o a) Humor and jokes
o b) Emotional depth and personal insights
o c) Simple descriptions
o d) Casual language
34. When writing about family traditions, what tone might be appropriate?
o a) Serious and reflective b) Casual and humorous
o c) Technical and precise d) Unrelated and vague
35. What is the best way to organize the body of a family life account?
o a) By listing family members' names
o b) By describing events and interactions in a logical order
o c) By discussing family history
o d) By summarizing future plans
36. In a light-hearted account, how should family conflicts be presented?
o a) As serious and unresolved issues
o b) As minor and humorous disputes
o c) As complex and detailed problems
o d) As formal and factual statements
37. How does the introduction of a family life account set the stage for the rest of the writing?
o a) It provides a detailed history of each family member.
o b) It introduces the family and the main focus of the account.
o c) It summarizes the family’s daily activities.
o d) It concludes the account with reflections.
38. What should you emphasize in a light-hearted family life account?
o a) Serious family conflicts
o b) Enjoyable and amusing experiences
o c) Detailed historical background
o d) Complex emotional reflections
39. When reflecting on family life, what is a key element to include?
o a) Unrelated anecdotes
o b) Personal insights and reflections
o c) Detailed technical information
o d) Unnecessary details
40. How can a writer effectively convey the significance of family life in their account?
o a) By including detailed descriptions of family traditions

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o b) By providing personal reflections and emotional insights
o c) By using complex language and jargon
o d) By focusing solely on factual details
41. What is the role of sensory details in a family life account?
o a) To make the account more technical
o b) To create a vivid and engaging depiction of experiences
o c) To provide factual information
o d) To simplify the writing
42. How can the body of a family life account be made more interesting?
o a) By listing family members’ hobbies
o b) By incorporating detailed descriptions and personal anecdotes
o c) By focusing solely on family history
o d) By avoiding personal stories
43. What should be avoided in a light-hearted family life account?
o a) Humor and personal anecdotes
o b) Detailed descriptions
o c) Formal language and serious tone
o d) Casual and engaging language
44. How does a serious tone affect the writing of a family life account?
o a) It makes the account less engaging.
o b) It adds depth and gravity to the narrative.
o c) It makes the account more humorous.
o d) It simplifies the account.
45. What is a key feature of a serious family life account?
 a) Use of informal language
 b) Emotional depth and thoughtful reflection
 c) Focus on humorous anecdotes
 d) Casual tone and playful interactions
46. How should a writer describe family interactions to make them engaging?
 a) By focusing on family members' professional achievements
 b) By detailing specific events and emotions
 c) By listing their physical attributes
 d) By discussing their academic successes
47. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a family life account?
 a) To introduce new family members
 b) To summarize and reflect on the experiences described
 c) To provide a detailed history of the family
 d) To focus on future plans
48. When writing a light-hearted family life account, what should you include?
 a) Serious reflections on family issues
 b) Fun and entertaining stories about family life
 c) Complex analyses of family dynamics
 d) Formal descriptions of family traditions
49. What should a writer consider when choosing between a light-hearted and a serious tone?

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 a) The length of the account
 b) The audience and purpose of the writing
 c) The number of family members involved
 d) The historical accuracy of the account
50. How can you make a serious family life account more engaging?
 a) By using humor and casual language
 b) By incorporating detailed descriptions and emotional insights
 c) By focusing on unrelated family events
 d) By avoiding personal reflections

Essay Questions
1. Compare and contrast writing a light-hearted account of family life with writing a serious account. Discuss how tone
affects the presentation and impact of the story.
2. Describe how sensory details can be used to create a vivid and engaging account of a family meal. Provide examples.
3. Explain the importance of including personal reflections and emotional insights in a serious family life account. How
does this contribute to the overall effectiveness of the writing?
4. Analyze the role of the introduction and conclusion in a family life account. How do these sections contribute to the
structure and effectiveness of the writing?
5. Discuss the impact of using descriptive language in writing about family interactions. How can this enhance the reader’s
experience?
6. Write an essay on the challenges and benefits of using a light-hearted tone when describing serious family matters.
Provide examples to support your argument.
7. How can a writer effectively convey the significance of family traditions in a formal account? Discuss the techniques
and approaches that can be used.
8. Evaluate the role of humor in a family life account. When is it appropriate to use humor, and what effect does it have
on the reader?
9. Describe the process of choosing the appropriate tone for a family life account based on the intended audience. How
does this decision impact the writing?
10. Reflect on how personal anecdotes and detailed descriptions can be balanced in a family life account. Why is this
balance important for engaging the reader?

LESSON 4: ANALYSE LANGUAGE,

When analyzing language, it's important to look at how writers use words and phrases to create vivid images and evoke
emotions in their readers. Let’s explore the key elements from the extract of Robert Scott's diary:
1. Imagery
Imagery is the use of descriptive language to create pictures in the reader’s mind. In Scott’s diary, the following phrases
create strong mental images:
 “The seductive folds of the sleeping-bag” – The word "seductive" suggests comfort and warmth, making the sleeping
bag seem inviting, even though it is in a harsh environment.
 “The small green tent and the great white road” – The contrast between the small, fragile tent and the
vast, endless expanse of the "great white road" (snow and ice) highlights the isolation and insignificance of the explorers in
such a huge, intimidating landscape.
2. Personification

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Personification gives human qualities to objects or nature, helping the reader connect emotionally to the scene. In the
diary, Scott writes:
 “The seductive folds of the sleeping-bag” – By calling the sleeping-bag “seductive,” it is given a human quality of
tempting or luring, making it more than just an object, but something that seems to call to the explorers for comfort
and safety.
 “The deep booming sound under the full force of a blizzard” – Here, the tent is almost described as a living thing,
reacting to the storm. It adds drama to the description and makes the reader feel the power of the blizzard as
something alive and threatening, making the environment seem more intense and overwhelming.
3. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate sounds, adding realism and impact to descriptions. In Scott’s diary, there are
several examples:
 “The crunch of footsteps” – The word "crunch" imitates the sound of walking on hard, icy snow, allowing the reader to
almost hear it.
 “The crisp ring of the ponies' hoofs” – "Crisp ring" makes the reader hear the sharp, clear sound of the ponies moving
across the frozen ground.
 “The swish of the following sledge” – "Swish" gives a sense of smooth, quick movement as the sled moves over the
snow. These sounds bring the scene to life and help the reader feel as if they are right there with the explorers.
4. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of words, which can make phrases more memorable or
impactful. For example:
 “The seductive folds of the sleeping-bag” – The repetition of the 's' sound gives a sense of softness and calm,
mimicking the soothing comfort of the sleeping-bag.
 “The patter of dog pads” – The repetition of the 'p' sound mimics the quiet, soft footsteps of the dogs.
5. Contrasts
Contrasts are used to highlight differences and can emphasize the harshness or beauty of a scene:
 “The small green tent and the great white road” – The contrast between the small tent and the vast landscape
highlights how vulnerable the explorers are in such a harsh environment.
 “The gentle flutter of our canvas shelter. Its deep booming sound under the full force of a blizzard” – The contrast
between the “gentle flutter” and the “deep booming” shows how quickly the environment can change from calm to
violent.
6. Tone and Mood
The tone of Scott’s diary is reflective, giving us insight into both the beauty and danger of nature. Words like “seductive”
and “gentle flutter” create a peaceful mood, while phrases like “driving cloud of powdered snow” and “booming sound
under the full force of a blizzard” introduce a sense of danger and harshness. This contrast builds tension, showing how
nature can be both beautiful and threatening at the same time.

Conclusion: How Language Techniques Are Used

In this extract, Robert Scott uses a combination of imagery, personification, onomatopoeia, alliteration, and contrasts to
create vivid pictures and sounds. These techniques help convey the beauty, isolation, and danger of the Antarctic
landscape, showing both its allure and its threat.
By analyzing these language techniques, Year 7 students will understand how writers like Scott use language not just to
describe, but to create a powerful, emotional experience for the reader. Both the Cambridge and Nigerian curricula
encourage students to explore the effects of language and how it can shape our understanding of a text.
50 Multiple Choice Questions

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1. Which of the following is an example of imagery in Scott's diary? a) "The seductive folds of the sleeping-bag."
b) "The deep booming sound."
c) "The gentle flutter of our canvas shelter."
d) All of the above
2. What does the phrase "great white road" likely refer to? a) A frozen river
b) A snow-covered landscape
c) A pathway made of stones
d) A highway
3. What figure of speech is used in "the seductive folds of the sleeping-bag"?
a) Metaphor b) Simile
c) Personification d) Hyperbole
4. What sound does the word "crunch" in the phrase "The crunch of footsteps" imitate?
a) Wind b) Snow underfoot
c) A dog barking d) Ice breaking
5. Which of the following is an example of onomatopoeia in the extract? a) “Whine of a dog”
b) “Swish of the sledge”
c) “The crisp ring of the ponies' hoofs”
d) All of the above
6. The tone of the diary can be described as:
a) Joyful b) Reflective
c) Sarcastic d) Angry
7. The contrast between "small green tent" and "great white road" emphasizes: a) The beauty of the landscape
b) The insignificance of the explorers
c) The safety of the journey
d) The color of the tent
8. The phrase “the deep booming sound” is an example of:
a) Simile b) Personification
c) Onomatopoeia d) Alliteration
9. What is the effect of the alliteration in "seductive folds of the sleeping-bag"? a) It emphasizes the harsh environment
b) It creates a soothing sound
c) It shows the danger of the journey
d) It highlights the cold weather
10. "The small green tent and the great white road" suggests: a) Safety and warmth
b) Isolation and vastness
c) Danger and excitement
d) Camouflage and disguise
11. The phrase "driving cloud of powdered snow" creates an image of: a) Calm and peaceful weather
b) A powerful snowstorm
c) Light snowfall
d) A heavy fog
12. How does the use of personification in "seductive folds of the sleeping-bag" impact the reader? a) It makes the
environment seem inviting
b) It shows the danger of the sleeping-bag
c) It adds tension to the scene
d) It describes the material of the bag

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13. What is the primary mood in Scott's diary? a) Optimistic
b) Dangerous c) Calm and reflective
d) Humorous Which word best describes the "crunch of footsteps"? a) Soft
b) Loud c) Crisp
d) Gentle What technique is used in the phrase "The crisp ring of the ponies' hoofs"?
a) Onomatopoeia b) Simile
c) Hyperbole d) Metaphor
14. The phrase "patter of dog pads" is an example of:
a) Alliteration b) Simile
c) Personification d) Onomatopoeia
15. In "The blue arch beneath the smoky cloud," the "blue arch" refers to:
a) A rainbow b) The sky
c) A building d) A glacier
16. What is the effect of contrasts like “gentle flutter” and “booming sound”? a) To show the calmness of nature
b) To emphasize the unpredictability of nature
c) To create a peaceful atmosphere
d) To describe the beauty of the landscape
17. What feeling does the "deep booming sound" suggest?
a) Comfort b) Threat
c) Excitement d) Sadness
18. The phrase “driving cloud of powdered snow” uses which technique to create imagery?
a) Simile b) Metaphor
c) Alliteration d) Personification
19. What type of writing is Robert Scott's diary considered?
a) Fiction b) Autobiography
c) Historical novel d) Science fiction
20. What does the use of personification in the line "booming sound under the full force of a blizzard" suggest about
nature? a) Nature is peaceful
b) Nature is powerful
c) Nature is weak
d) Nature is predictable
21. The term "the small green tent" likely represents: a) The strength of the explorers
b) The fragility of human presence in nature
c) A landmark on their journey
d) The color of the landscape
22. What technique is used in "the whine of a dog and the neigh of our steeds"?
a) Metaphor b) Simile
c) Alliteration d) Onomatopoeia
23. The phrase “flutter of our canvas shelter” suggests:
a) Calmness and serenity b) Fear and panic
c) Strength and resistance d) Destruction and danger
24. How does Scott create a sense of sound in the diary?
a) Using personification b) Using onomatopoeia
c) Using imagery d) Using alliteration
25. The phrase "seductive folds" appeals to which sense?

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a) Sight b) Touch
c) Hearing d) Smell
26. Which sound technique is most commonly used in the extract?
a) Simile b) Alliteration
c) Onomatopoeia d) Personification
27. What is the purpose of alliteration in "patter of dog pads"? a) To create a calming effect
b) To emphasize the coldness of the journey
c) To mimic the sound of dogs walking
d) To describe the size of the dogs
28. The "blue arch" is used to describe which part of the landscape?
a) The mountains b) The sea
c) The sky d) The tent
29. Which phrase best shows the harshness of the Antarctic environment? a) “The seductive folds of the sleeping-bag”
b) “The deep booming sound under the full force of a blizzard”
c) “The patter of dog pads”
d) “The gentle flutter of our canvas shelter”
30. How does Scott use language to make the reader feel the coldness of the environment? a) By describing the tent
b) By using alliteration
c) By using sound-related words like "crunch" and "swish"
d) By writing about the sleeping-bag
31. What does the word "booming" suggest about the sound of the blizzard? a) It is distant
b) It is weak
c) It is powerful and loud
d) It is rhythmic
32. The word "whine" used to describe the sound of the dog emphasizes: a) The dog's happiness
b) The dog's tiredness
c) The quietness of the environment
d) The harsh conditions
33. What does the phrase "the crisp ring of the ponies' hoofs" suggest about the terrain?
a) It is soft b) It is icy and hard
c) It is muddy d) It is rocky
34. Which technique is most used to describe the sounds of nature in the extract?
a) Metaphor b) Simile
c) Onomatopoeia d) Hyperbole
35. What mood does the combination of alliteration and onomatopoeia in the extract create?
a) Calmness b) Urgency
c) Tension d) Joy
36. How does Scott’s choice of words help the reader visualize the journey? a) By using metaphors
b) By focusing on sounds and sights
c) By describing the sleeping-bags
d) By talking about his emotions
37. In “the small green tent,” the word “small” emphasizes: a) The simplicity of the tent
b) The vulnerability of the explorers
c) The safety of the environment
d) The beauty of nature

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38. How does the use of sound imagery contribute to the diary's atmosphere? a) It makes the environment seem quiet
b) It makes the journey feel more real and intense
c) It adds humor to the situation
d) It helps the reader feel safe
39. What does the word "seductive" suggest about the sleeping-bag? a) It looks very heavy
b) It feels cold and hard
c) It is inviting and comfortable
d) It is difficult
40. What does the word "seductive" suggest about the sleeping-bag? a) It looks very heavy
b) It feels cold and hard
c) It is inviting and comfortable
d) It is difficult to use
41. Which word in the extract best describes a dangerous aspect of nature?
a) "Seductive" b) "Booming"
c) "Flutter" d) "Crunch"
42. How does the phrase "the whine of a dog" affect the reader's understanding of the conditions? a) It shows the dogs are
calm
b) It suggests the dogs are struggling in the environment
c) It indicates the dogs are excited
d) It shows the dogs are leading the way
43. What does the word "seductive" suggest about the sleeping-bag? a) It looks very heavy
b) It feels cold and hard
c) It is inviting and comfortable
d) It is difficult to use
44. What is the significance of using contrasts like "gentle flutter" and "booming sound" in describing nature? a) To show
how quiet the environment is
b) To reveal how unpredictable and powerful nature can be
c) To highlight the beauty of the landscape
d) To explain the movement of the animals
45. The use of the word "flutter" in describing the tent gives a sense of:
a) Stability b) Fragility
c) Danger d) Comfort
46. Which of the following techniques creates a sense of calm in the diary? a) "The seductive folds of the sleeping-bag"
b) "The deep booming sound"
c) "The whine of a dog"
d) "The patter of dog pads"
47. How does Scott's description of sounds contribute to the diary's overall tone? a) It creates a relaxed atmosphere
b) It emphasizes the chaos of nature
c) It adds tension and immersion to the reader’s experience
d) It focuses on the beauty of the environment
48. Which of the following best describes the diary’s perspective on nature? a) Nature is calm and soothing
b) Nature is indifferent and powerful
c) Nature is always dangerous
d) Nature is protective and nurturing

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49. What can readers infer from the phrase “the great white road” about Scott’s journey? a) The journey was easy and
straightforward
b) The journey was perilous and endless
c) The path was clear and direct
d) The route was well marked

10 Essay Questions:
1. Discuss the use of sensory language in Robert Scott's diary and its impact on the reader.
How do sound, sight, and touch come together to create a vivid experience of the Antarctic environment?
2. Explore how Robert Scott contrasts beauty and danger in nature in his diary.
Use specific examples to show how he describes the Antarctic environment as both inviting and perilous.
3. Analyze how Scott’s use of personification in the diary helps to convey the power of nature.
What effect does giving human qualities to objects or natural elements have on the overall tone of the extract?
4. How does Scott's use of imagery help build the atmosphere of isolation and vulnerability?
Examine how he uses descriptive language to show how small and insignificant humans are in the vast, frozen
landscape.
5. Compare the tone of the diary at different points in the extract.
How does Scott’s mood change from calm and reflective to tense and dramatic? What language techniques create this
shift?
6. Explain the role of onomatopoeia in enhancing the realism of Scott’s journey.
How do words like "crunch," "swish," and "ring" contribute to the reader’s immersion in the scene?
7. In what ways does Robert Scott’s diary reflect both the beauty and the harshness of nature?
8. Discuss how Scott's language captures the dual nature of the Antarctic environment.

LESSON 5: WRITE A POEM,

Before writing a poem, it’s important to think about how writers use language techniques to create imagery, evoke
emotions, and convey experiences. Robert Scott’s diary provides a vivid account of the South Pole using descriptive
language and imagery.
Step 2: Imagery and Language Techniques
Scott’s diary uses:
 Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human elements (e.g., "seductive folds of the sleeping-bag").
 Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds (e.g., "crunch of footsteps").
 Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate sounds (e.g., "whine of a dog").
 Metaphor and Simile: Comparing elements to something else to create vivid pictures (e.g., "the blue arch beneath
the smoky cloud").
Step 3: Writing Your Own Poem
1. Choose a Theme: Nature is the theme in Scott's diary, but it can be anything in the natural world — forests, oceans,
storms, or even your local environment.
2. Think About Imagery: Close your eyes and imagine what your scene looks, sounds, and feels like. Write down specific
images and sounds (e.g., "the rustling leaves in the breeze" or "the roar of distant thunder").
3. Use Language Techniques:
o Add personification: Can you make the wind "whisper" or the mountains "stand guard"?
o Include onomatopoeia: Think of the sounds your scene might have (e.g., "crack", "sizzle", "whoosh").
o Experiment with similes and metaphors: Can you compare the sky to a blanket or the rain to a drumbeat?

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Step 4: Structure Your Poem
 Stanzas: Break your poem into short stanzas (groups of lines). A common structure is quatrains (4-line stanzas), but
feel free to experiment.
 Rhyme and Rhythm: Decide if you want to include a rhyme scheme (AABB, ABAB) or use free verse without rhyme.
 Voice: Who is speaking in the poem? Are you describing nature in a calm, reflective tone, or are you warning of its
dangers?

Example of a Poem Inspired by Nature

The South Wind Speaks
The whispering winds pull at my coat,
Their fingers cold, icy as steel,
Above, the stars flicker and float,
And the night hides what I feel.
The snow crunches with each step I take,
The mountain looms, a shadow tall,
The sky, a canvas of blue-white streaks,
As silence becomes nature’s call.

Discussion:
 How is nature presented in the poem? Is it calm, dangerous, or both?
 Compare the tone of this poem to Scott’s diary. Does it create a similar or different mood?
Final Thoughts:
In poetry, the way we describe things shapes the reader’s experience. Experiment with your voice and imagery, and
consider how to create the mood you want to share.
Further Exploration: Enhancing Your Poem
1. Exploring Different Types of Imagery:
 Visual Imagery: Paint a picture with your words. Describe colors, shapes, and scenery.
 Auditory Imagery: Use sounds to bring your poem to life. Think about the noises in your scene and how they
contribute to the mood.
 Tactile Imagery: Describe textures and sensations. How does the scene feel to the touch? Is it cold, rough, or smooth?
 Olfactory and Gustatory Imagery: If relevant, describe smells and tastes. They can add depth to your scene.
2. Writing Exercises:
 Imagery Collection: Spend a few minutes observing nature around you or from a photograph. Write down descriptive
words and phrases that capture what you see, hear, feel, and smell.
 Metaphor Practice: Write a list of metaphors related to your chosen theme. For instance, "The forest is a cathedral," or
"The ocean is a restless beast."
 Sound Scavenger Hunt: Identify different sounds in your environment and think of words that represent those sounds.
Incorporate these into your poem.
3. Reviewing and Editing:
 Read Aloud: Reading your poem out loud helps you hear how it flows and whether the rhythm feels natural. It can also
help you spot any awkward phrasing or inconsistent tone.
 Peer Review: Share your poem with a classmate or friend. Ask for feedback on the imagery, language, and overall
impact. What emotions or images do they experience when reading your poem?
4. Expanding Your Knowledge:

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 Read More Poems: Explore poems from different poets to see various ways nature is portrayed. Notice how
different poets use language to evoke imagery and emotion.
 Analyze Poetic Devices: Look at how different poetic devices (simile, metaphor, personification, etc.) are used in
poems. Try to identify these devices in your own writing.
Example: Analyzing and Rewriting
Original Line from Robert Scott’s Diary:
 "The driving cloud of powdered snow."
Analysis:
 This line uses vivid imagery to describe a snowstorm. The words "driving" and "powdered" create a sense of motion
and texture.
Rewritten Line:
 "A fierce storm of powdered snow sweeps across the frozen wasteland."
Why This Works:
 The rewritten line maintains the original imagery but adds more intensity with "fierce" and "sweeps," which
enhances the sense of power and movement.
Key Takeaways:
 Imagery and language techniques are crucial for creating vivid, impactful poetry.
 Experiment with different structures, rhymes, and techniques to find what works best for your poem.
 Review and edit to refine your work and ensure it effectively communicates your intended imagery and emotions.

1. What is the term for a group of lines in a poem?

a) Chapter b) Paragraph
c) Stanza d) Verse
2. Which of the following is an example of personification?
a) The river sang a lullaby.
b) The sun is like a golden ball.
c) The chair is hard as a rock.
d) She is taller than a tree.
3. What is the rhyme scheme of a sonnet?
a) ABABCDCDEFEFGG b) AABBCCDDEEFFGG
c) AABBAABBAABBCC d) ABABCDCDAABBCC
4. In poetry, what does "free verse" mean?
a) It follows a strict rhyme pattern.
b) It does not rhyme and has no set meter.
c) It is written in paragraphs.
d) It always contains similes and metaphors.
5. Which poetic device compares two things using "like" or "as"?
a) Metaphor b) Simile
c) Alliteration d) Hyperbole
6. What is the term for a repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words?
a) Onomatopoeia b) Assonance
c) Consonance d) Alliteration
7. What is the main function of a metaphor in poetry?
a) To exaggerate

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b) To compare two unlike things without using "like" or "as"
c) To create a rhyme scheme
d) To describe sounds
8. What does the term "iambic pentameter" refer to?
a) A type of rhyme scheme
b) A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
c) A form of personification
d) A style of imagery
9. What is the name of a poem that tells a story?
a) Limerick b) Haiku
c) Narrative poem d) Sonnet
10. Which of the following lines is an example of alliteration?
a) The bright sun shone on the sea.
b) Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
c) The sky was clear and blue.
d) The trees swayed gently in the breeze.
11. Which term describes the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry?
a) Rhyme scheme b) Meter
c) Imagery d) Tone
12. What does "onomatopoeia" mean?
a) Words that imitate sounds
b) Repetition of consonant sounds
c) A type of rhyme scheme
d) An exaggerated statement
13. Which poetic device uses exaggeration for emphasis?
a) Simile b) Hyperbole
c) Personification d) Imagery
14. In poetry, what is the term for a recurring theme or idea?
a) Symbol b) Motif
c) Tone d) Metaphor
15. What is a "limerick"?
a) A five-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme
b) A type of haiku
c) A lengthy narrative poem
d) A structured poem about love
16. What is the primary purpose of using imagery in poetry?
a) To provide detailed descriptions that appeal to the senses
b) To create a rhyme
c) To tell a story
d) To define the poem's structure
17. What does a "sonnet" traditionally explore?
a) Humor b) Love
c) Nature d) Conflict
18. What is the function of a "couplet" in a poem?
a) To create a rhyme

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b) To provide a break in the narrative
c) To express two related lines of poetry
d) To add additional stanzas
19. What is a "haiku"?
a) A short poem with a 5-7-5 syllable pattern
b) A poem with a rhyme scheme of ABAB
c) A long narrative poem
d) A type of sonnet
20. What is the name of a poem that expresses personal feelings and thoughts?
a) Ode b) Elegy
c) Lyric poem d) Epic
21. In poetry, what is the effect of using "consonance"?
a) Repetition of consonant sounds
b) Use of vowel sounds
c) Creation of a specific rhyme scheme
d) Providing a detailed description
22. What does the "tone" of a poem refer to?
a) The poem’s rhyme scheme
b) The attitude or feeling conveyed by the poet
c) The number of stanzas
d) The length of lines
23. Which of the following is an example of a simile?
a) Her smile was as bright as the sun.
b) The world is a stage.
c) The wind whispered through the trees.
d) The night sky was a blanket of stars.
24. What is the purpose of using a "refrain" in a poem?
a) To repeat a line or phrase for emphasis
b) To change the tone of the poem
c) To introduce new characters
d) To describe the setting
25. Which of the following describes the "setting" in a poem?
a) The main character’s emotions
b) The time and place where the poem takes place
c) The structure of the poem
d) The central idea of the poem
26. What is an "elegy"?
a) A poem that celebrates someone or something
b) A poem that mourns a loss
c) A poem that tells a story
d) A humorous poem
27. What is a "narrative poem"?
a) A poem that tells a story with characters and a plot
b) A poem that describes natural scenes

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c) A poem written in free verse
d) A poem with a fixed rhyme scheme
28. What is "assonance" in poetry?
a) Repetition of vowel sounds
b) Repetition of consonant sounds
c) Words that imitate sounds
d) An exaggerated statement
29. Which poetic form is known for having 14 lines with a specific rhyme scheme?
a) Limerick b) Haiku
c) Sonnet d) Ode
30. What does "meter" refer to in poetry?
a) The arrangement of syllables in a line
b) The use of vivid imagery
c) The repetition of sounds
d) The theme of the poem
31. What is the effect of using "hyperbole" in poetry?
a) To create an exaggerated statement for emphasis
b) To compare two things
c) To provide a rhyme
d) To describe a sound
32. Which of the following is an example of "iambic pentameter"?
a) “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
b) “The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.”
c) “The wind was howling and the trees were shaking.”
d) “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.”
33. What does "stanza" mean in the context of poetry?
a) A single line of poetry
b) A group of lines forming a section of a poem
c) A unit of rhythm
d) A pattern of rhymes
34. Which term describes a brief, emotional poem about personal feelings?
a) Ode b) Sonnet
c) Lyric poem d) Ballad
35. What is the purpose of using "repetition" in a poem?
a) To emphasize a particular idea or theme
b) To create a rhyme scheme
c) To add new stanzas
d) To tell a story
36. What type of poem is a "limerick"?
a) A humorous five-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme
b) A serious, lengthy poem
c) A short poem about nature
d) A narrative poem with no rhyme scheme
37. In poetry, what does "tone" refer to?
a) The poet’s attitude toward the subject

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b) The number of lines in a stanza
c) The rhyme scheme used
d) The specific words used to describe the setting
38. What is the effect of using "simile" in a poem?
a) To compare two things using "like" or "as"
b) To create a rhyme
c) To use exaggerated language
d) To describe something indirectly
39. What does "rhythm" refer to in poetry?
a) The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
b) The rhyme scheme
c) The length of lines
d) The use of imagery
40. What is a "narrator" in a poem?
a) The voice that tells the story
b) A type of rhyme scheme
c) A metaphor for nature
d) A repeating line in the poem
41. What is a "ballad"?
a) A humorous poem
b) A short poem about love
c) A narrative poem with a song-like quality
d) A type of limerick
42. Which of the following is an example of consonance?
a) The black cat sat on the mat.
b) The moon is bright and beautiful.
c) The bird chirped cheerfully.
d) The silent night sky was still.
43. What is the purpose of using "enjambment" in poetry?
a) To make the poem rhyme
b) To create a smooth flow between lines without a pause
c) To emphasize each line individually
d) To add a narrative element
44. What is an example of hyperbole?
a) The tree stood as tall as a mountain.
b) The flower danced in the breeze.
c) The bird sang a beautiful tune.
d) The clouds are white cotton balls.
45. What is the term for when a poet directly addresses an absent person or object?
a) Apostrophe b) Irony
c) Simile d) Metaphor
46. Which of the following describes a "cacophony" in poetry?
a) The use of harsh, discordant sounds
b) The repetition of soft, pleasant sounds

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c) The comparison of two unlike things
d) The emotional tone of a poem
47. What is an "ode"?
a) A poem that praises or celebrates something
b) A humorous five-line poem
c) A lengthy narrative poem
d) A poem that tells a story
48. Which poetic device involves a recurring phrase or line in a poem?
a) Meter b) Symbolism
c) Refrain d) Alliteration
49. What is an example of irony in poetry?
a) A fire station burns down.
b) The wind whispers through the trees.
c) The sky is blue on a sunny day.
d) The waves crash loudly on the shore.
50. What does the "theme" of a poem refer to?
a) The poem's central idea or message
b) The structure of the poem
c) The rhyme scheme
d) The type of imagery used

Essay Questions (10)

1. Write an essay explaining the different types of imagery used in poetry, providing examples.
2. Discuss the role of rhyme and rhythm in poetry. How do they affect the way a poem is read and understood?
3. Analyze the use of figurative language (metaphor, simile, personification) in a poem of your choice.
4. Compare and contrast the structures of a Shakespearean sonnet and a free verse poem.
5. Explain how tone and mood are created in a poem, using examples to illustrate your points.
6. How does a poet's choice of language contribute to the theme of a poem? Use examples to support your answer.
7. Discuss the impact of enjambment and caesura on the reading of a poem.
8. Explore the theme of nature in poetry, discussing how poets use language to depict both its beauty and danger.
9. How does the use of sound devices (such as onomatopoeia, alliteration, and assonance) contribute to the overall effect
of a poem?
10. Write an essay on the significance of the speaker's voice in poetry. How does the choice of speaker influence the
message of the poem?

LESSON 6: WRITE A SPEECH

A good speech communicates ideas clearly and persuasively. It uses language techniques, tone, and structure to captivate
an audience and inspire them to take action. When writing a speech, it’s important to focus on organizing your points
logically, supporting your arguments with evidence, and delivering your message confidently.
Key Features of a Persuasive Speech
1. Clear Purpose: The goal of a persuasive speech is to convince your audience to adopt your viewpoint or take a specific
action. Be clear about what you want to achieve.

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2. Engaging Opening: Start with a powerful hook to grab the audience's attention. This could be a quote, a question, or a
startling fact.
3. Logical Structure:
o Introduction: Present the topic and your main argument.
o Body: Organize your ideas into clear points, each supported by facts, statistics, examples, or anecdotes.
o Conclusion: Summarize the key points and end with a strong call to action, urging the audience to take steps based
on your argument.
4. Emotive Language: Persuasive speeches often appeal to the audience’s emotions (e.g., using words that evoke
sympathy, anger, or passion).
5. Rhetorical Devices:
o Repetition: Reinforces key points (e.g., Mandela repeats the word "history" to emphasize the importance of
making a change).
o Rhetorical Questions: Questions asked for effect, not expecting an answer, to make the audience think.
o Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds to make phrases more memorable.
o Metaphors/Similes: Comparing ideas for emphasis (e.g., poverty as a "prison").
6. Ethos, Pathos, and Logos:
o Ethos: Establish your credibility as a speaker.
o Pathos: Appeal to the emotions of your audience.
o Logos: Use logical arguments backed by evidence.
Text Structure of a Speech
A speech typically follows this structure:
1. Introduction:
o Greet the audience.
o Introduce the topic.
o State the purpose of the speech.
2. Body:
o Present 3–4 main points supporting your argument.
o Use facts, statistics, and examples to back up each point.
o Address counterarguments where necessary.
3. Conclusion:
o Summarize the key points.
o Make a powerful closing statement.
o End with a clear call to action.
Mandela’s Speech Example
In Mandela’s speech for the "Make Poverty History" campaign, he uses:
 A powerful opening: "I am privileged to be here today…"
 Emotive language: Describing poverty as "massive" and inequality as "obscene."
 Repetition: "Make Poverty History."
 Metaphor: Poverty compared to slavery and apartheid.
 A call to action: "It is time to set them free."
Tips for Writing Your Own Speech
 Know your audience: Tailor your speech to the interests, values, and needs of your audience.
 Be passionate: Show enthusiasm for your topic to engage your listeners.

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 Practice delivery: The way you say your speech matters as much as what you say. Practice speaking clearly and
confidently.
By using these techniques and structuring your speech effectively, you can craft a compelling message that resonates with
your audience.
Task
Write a speech on a topic important to you, using the structure and techniques discussed. Ensure your speech has a strong
opening, well-organized body, and a memorable conclusion with a call to action.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the primary purpose of a persuasive speech?
o a) To entertain b) To inform
o c) To convince d) To narrate
2. Which of the following is NOT a key feature of a persuasive speech?
o a) Engaging opening b) Clear purpose
o c) Detailed plot d) Emotive language
3. What is the function of a rhetorical question in a speech?
o a) To provide an answer b) To engage the audience
o c) To create confusion d) To summarize the speech
4. Which rhetorical device involves repeating consonant sounds?
o a) Simile b) Metaphor
o c) Alliteration d) Hyperbole
5. What should the conclusion of a persuasive speech include?
o a) A summary of key points
o b) A detailed analysis
o c) Background information
o d) A humorous anecdote
6. In a speech, what is the purpose of the body section?
o a) To introduce the topic
o b) To provide background information
o c) To present and support main points
o d) To summarize the speech
7. What is meant by 'ethos' in a persuasive speech?
o a) Emotional appeal
o b) Logical appeal
o c) Credibility of the speaker
o d) Use of anecdotes
8. How does 'pathos' enhance a persuasive speech?
o a) By presenting logical arguments
o b) By establishing credibility
o c) By appealing to emotions
o d) By summarizing key points
9. Which of the following is an example of a metaphor?
o a) "As brave as a lion"
o b) "The world is a stage"
o c) "Her smile was like sunshine"

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o d) "He ran quickly"
10. What is a 'call to action' in a speech?
o a) A statement of facts
o b) A request for immediate action
o c) A personal story
o d) A summary of points
11. Which part of the speech should grab the audience's attention?
o a) Conclusion b) Body
o c) Introduction d) Transition
12. How can repetition be used effectively in a speech?
o a) To confuse the audience
o b) To emphasize key points
o c) To add humor
o d) To provide new information
13. What is the purpose of using examples in a persuasive speech?
o a) To provide background information
o b) To illustrate and support arguments
o c) To entertain the audience
o d) To give personal opinions
14. What role does a powerful opening play in a speech?
o a) It summarizes the speech
o b) It engages and captures the audience’s interest
o c) It provides a detailed analysis
o d) It concludes the speech
15. What should the introduction of a persuasive speech contain?
o a) Detailed arguments
o b) A summary of points
o c) The topic and purpose of the speech
o d) Statistical data
16. Which rhetorical device is used to make a speech more memorable?
o a) Repetition b) Statistics
o c) Formal language d) Background details
17. What does 'logos' refer to in persuasive speaking?
o a) Emotional appeal b) Speaker’s credibility
o c) Logical argument d) Personal anecdotes
18. How should the body of a persuasive speech be organized?
o a) In chronological order
o b) Randomly
o c) By main points with supporting evidence
o d) By humorous anecdotes
19. What is the main purpose of using emotive language in a speech?
o a) To entertain
o b) To persuade through emotion
o c) To inform objectively

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o d) To provide background information
20. What is a common feature of the conclusion in a persuasive speech?
o a) Detailed examples b) A strong call to action
o c) A lengthy background d) A review of research
21. Which of the following best describes an effective persuasive argument?
o a) Complex and technical
o b) Simple and emotionally engaging
o c) Detailed and fact-heavy
o d) Brief and humorous
22. Which element is crucial for maintaining audience engagement throughout a speech?
o a) Providing extensive data
o b) Using complex language
o c) Maintaining clear organization and focus
o d) Sharing personal stories only
23. How should a speaker address counterarguments in a persuasive speech?
o a) Ignore them
o b) Dismiss them quickly
o c) Address them respectfully and refute them
o d) Agree with them
24. What does 'ethos' in a speech help establish?
o a) The speaker’s logical argument
o b) The speaker’s emotional appeal
o c) The speaker’s credibility and trustworthiness
o d) The speaker’s personal stories
25. What is the benefit of using anecdotes in a speech?
o a) To provide technical details
o b) To make the speech more relatable
o c) To present data
o d) To summarize points
26. What role does the conclusion play in a persuasive speech?
o a) It introduces new arguments
o b) It highlights the speaker’s credentials
o c) It reinforces the message and calls for action
o d) It provides background information
27. What should the body of a persuasive speech focus on?
o a) Entertainment value
o b) Supporting main arguments with evidence
o c) Personal anecdotes
o d) Historical background
28. What type of language is typically used in a persuasive speech?
o a) Neutral and objective
o b) Informative and detailed
o c) Emotional and convincing
o d) Humorous and entertaining

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29. Which of the following best describes a persuasive speech?
o a) A narrative about personal experiences
o b) An explanation of a topic
o c) An attempt to change opinions or actions
o d) A description of events
30. What is the purpose of using logical arguments in a persuasive speech?
o a) To appeal to emotions
o b) To establish the speaker’s credibility
o c) To support claims with evidence and reason
o d) To entertain the audience
31. Which part of a speech is most likely to include a personal story?
o a) Introduction b) Body
o c) Conclusion d) new information
o b) Summarize the speech in detail
o c) Leave a lasting impression and call to action
o d) Entertain the audience
32. How can a speaker use repetition effectively?
o a) To bore the audience
o b) To emphasize important points
o c) To introduce new ideas
o d) To provide background information
33. What is the primary focus of the introduction in a persuasive speech?
o a) To provide examples
o b) To outline the main arguments
o c) To engage the audience and state the purpose
o d) To deliver the conclusion
34. What should a speaker consider when choosing examples for a persuasive speech?
o a) Their complexity
o b) Their relevance and impact
o c) Their length
o d) Their technical details
35. What role does the speaker’s credibility play in a persuasive speech?
o a) It distracts the audience
o b) It enhances the effectiveness of arguments
o c) It provides entertainment
o d) It introduces new topics
36. How can a speaker effectively use statistics in a persuasive speech?
o a) By overwhelming the audience
o b) By providing clear and relevant evidence
o c) By making the speech too technical
o d) By focusing only on positive aspects
37. What is the main purpose of the call to action in a persuasive speech?
o a) To summarize the speech
o b) To entertain the audience

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o c) To motivate the audience to take specific actions
o d) To provide background information
38. Which rhetorical device is used to compare one thing to another directly?
o a) Simile b) Metaphor
o c) Hyperbole d) Alliteration
39. What is the effect of using emotive language in a speech?
o a) To provide factual information
o b) To appeal to the audience’s emotions
o c) To present complex arguments
o d) To entertain the audience
40. What should the body of a speech include to be effective?
o a) General observations
o b) Specific arguments with supporting evidence
o c) Background history
o d) Unrelated anecdotes
41. What is the role of the conclusion in reinforcing a speech’s message?
o a) It introduces new arguments
42. What is the role of the conclusion in reinforcing a speech’s message?
o a) It introduces new arguments
o b) It provides humor
o c) It reaffirms the main points and urges action
o d) It shares personal stories
43. Which of the following best describes 'pathos' in a persuasive speech?
o a) Appeal to logic b) Appeal to emotions
o c) Appeal to credibility d) Appeal to ethics
44. How can you make your speech more relatable to your audience?
o a) By using highly technical language
o b) By including personal anecdotes and examples
o c) By avoiding emotional appeals
o d) By focusing on statistics alone
45. Why is it important to practice your speech delivery?
o a) To memorize facts
o b) To sound more confident and clear
o c) To ensure the speech is long enough
o d) To eliminate all emotions from your speech
46. What does a persuasive speaker achieve by addressing counterarguments?
o a) They confuse the audience
o b) They make the speech longer
o c) They show consideration of other viewpoints
o d) They weaken their argument
47. What is the best way to start a persuasive speech?
o a) With a long introduction
o b) With a statistic or an engaging statement
o c) With a detailed history of the topic

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o d) With a rhetorical question only
48. Which element is NOT necessary in the conclusion of a persuasive speech?
o a) A summary of key points
o b) A call to action
o c) New arguments
o d) A final statement to leave an impact
49. How can using body language enhance a speech delivery?
o a) It distracts the audience
o b) It helps convey emotions and reinforce key points
o c) It adds humor
o d) It makes the speech less formal
50. What is the effect of using statistics in a persuasive speech?
o a) To make the speech longer
o b) To confuse the audience with numbers
o c) To provide solid evidence for your argument
o d) To make the speech more humorous
Essay Questions
1. Write an essay discussing the importance of structure in a persuasive speech. Include an analysis of the
introduction, body, and conclusion.
2. How does the use of ethos, pathos, and logos contribute to the effectiveness of a persuasive speech? Explain with
examples.
3. Discuss the role of emotive language in persuasion and provide examples of how it can influence an audience’s
response.
4. Analyze Nelson Mandela’s speech “Make Poverty History” and explain how he uses persuasive techniques to
convey his message.
5. Write an essay on the importance of preparing and practicing a speech before delivering it to an audience.
6. How can a speaker tailor their speech to resonate with a specific audience? Provide examples of techniques a
speaker might use.
7. What are some common challenges faced when delivering a persuasive speech, and how can they be overcome?
8. Explain the significance of the call to action in a persuasive speech, and how it can motivate an audience to take
action.
9. Compare and contrast the effectiveness of using facts and statistics versus personal stories and anecdotes in a
persuasive speech.
10. In a persuasive speech, how can addressing opposing viewpoints strengthen the speaker’s argument? Discuss with
examples.

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