Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

I. Course/Subject: GE 3 (The Contemporary World)

II. Course & Major: BSED ENGLISH 1B
III. Subject Matter: Unit 1: Understanding Globalization

Lesson 1: Defining Globalization

Discussant: Kenneth Angelo M. Nueva

GLOBALIZATION

- the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start
operating on an international scale.
- Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's
economies, cultures and populations, brought about by cross border trade in goals and services,
technology, and flows of investments, people and information.

Examples of Globalization

 Economic globalization
 Financial globalization
 Cultural globalization
 Political globalization
 Sociological globalization
 Technological globalization
 Geographic globalization
 Ecological globalization

Origin and History of Globalization

- Globalization is an historical process that began with the first movement of people out of Africa
into other parts of the world. Traveling short or long distances, migrants, merchants and others
have delivered their ideas, customs and products to new lands.
- Klaus Schwab, founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, Richard Baldwin
and Philippe Martin have divided the history of globalization into four eras: Globalization 1.0 was
before World War I, Globalization 2.0 was after World War II "when trade in goods was
combined with complementary domestic

Why is Globalization being important?

- changes the way nations, businesses and people interact. Specifically, it changes the nature of
economic activity among nations, expanding trade, opening global supply chains and providing
access to natural resources and labor markets.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

Disadvantage of Globalization for poor countries

 Unequal economic growth

 lack of local businesses
 increase potential global recession
 exploits cheaper labor markets
 causes job displacement
 Increase competition
 imbalanced trade
 domestic job loss

Topic: Extent Globalization

Discussant: Lorie Ann Bobier

Extent Globalization

- Globalization has brought many benefits to businesses, individuals and whole countries, but the
recent backlash has called these into question. Amid growing tensions, it is vital to distinguish
between perception and reality. Recent trade wars and a new nationalism have had an impact
on globalization, but not as great as some may think. International flows of products and
services (trade), capital, information and people, are still growing overall.
- Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and
services, capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet. One of the effects of
globalization is that it promotes and increases interactions between different regions and
populations around the globe.

Effects of Economic Globalization

- Globalization has led to increases in standards of living around the world, but not all of its effects
are positive for everyone.

Globalization has created a new opportunity for developing countries. Such as, technology transfer holds
out promise, greater opportunities to access developed countries markets, growth and improved
productivity and living standards. However, it is not true that all effects of this phenomenon are positive.
Because, globalization has also brought up new challenges such as, environmental deteriorations,
instability in commercial and financial markets, increase inequity across and within nations.

TOPIC C. INTERROGATING GLOBALIZATION

 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
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LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

DISCUSSANT: DARLYN CANALES

RATING:__________

1. GLOBALIZATION
The term “globalization” has been widely used to describe aspects of development,
primarily from an economic standpoint; for example, the increasing flow of labor, capital goods,
and services across borders, and the formation of international production networks as
exemplified by multinational corporations.
Globalization has been responsible for remarkable changes in the 20th century. In
understanding it as a subject, one must examine what kinds of changes are created and the
underlying processes behind these changes. Furthermore, the pursuit of globalization operates
on several assumptions that need to be evaluated. As a complex change, it permeates people's
daily realities as well as the lives of communities and countries. A deeper analysis is needed to
assess whether the process and Impacts of globalization are consistent with development that
is sustainable, just, and equitable for the people and the planet.
Globalization is mainly conceptualized as intensified transference or exchange of things
across existing boundaries (Bartelson, 2000). However, globalization is primarily an economic
process, the drive toward Integration of economies throughout the world. This is achieved
through trading and financial flows across Countries' borders (IMF, 2000)
Globalization and its accompanying processes point to a paradigm about development
(Pong Sepich, 2003), Globalization is built on the belief that development can be achieved
through rapid economic growth, made possible because of economic integration (Cavanagh,
Mander & IFG, 2004). As a growth, oriented model of development, it looks into GDP as
indicator of success.
Globalization was responsible for significant changes in the twentieth century. To
comprehend it as a subject it is a kind of change that occurs well as the underlying processes
that cause these changes. In addition the pursuit of globalization is based on a number of
assumptions that must be tested. It pervades people’s daily lives as well as the lives of
communities and countries as a complicated shift. A more thorough examination is required to
determine whether the globalization process and its consequences are consistent with the
development that is sustainable just and equitable for people and the earth.

2. ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL GLOBALIZATIONS

The characteristics of economic, cultural, political and social globalization, particularly
the distinct characteristics of economic integration, world restructuring, globalized ideas, and
people movement as well as the challenges for a sustainable world.
 Economic Globalization
Is a complex global process of expanding the market economic system all throughout
the world. The market economy, the economic system that gives freedom to entrepreneurs
to control productive process to pursue profit, is just one kind of economic system designed
by human societies. It is a corporate-driven process of enhanced transnational exchange of
products, services, technologies, and capital, creating an increased interdependence of
world economies (Shangquan, 2000).
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

 Cultural Globalization

“The current era of globalization, with its unprecedented acceleration and

intensification in the global flows of capital, labour, and information, is having a
homogenizing influence on local culture. While this phenomenon promotes the
integration of societies and has provided millions of people with new opportunities, it
may also bring with it a loss of uniqueness of local culture which in turn can lead to loss
of identity exclusion and even conflict.”
-UNESCO (n.
d)
The term “cultural globalization” refers to the growing “interaction between people
and their cultures, including their beliefs values, and ways of life” (Kumaravadivelu, 2008,
p.33). This important shift is becoming increasingly ingrained in modern civilizations. It’s also
linked to the globalization of lifestyles like music media, fashion, and food as well as
knowledge, science, and technology.
 Political Globalization

Political Globalization entails the expansion of the worldwide political system and its
institutions, as well as the management of the management off inter-regional affairs,
including trade (Modelski, Devezas and Thomson, 2007:59).

Conventional politics usually happens within national political spheres. In political

globalization on the other hand, political decision-making can transcend the boundaries
nations. When talking of managing economic and trading matters, security, environment,
other transnational issues, some institutions come into play such as the World Bank
International Monetary Fund, United Nations, among others.

 Social Globalization

Refers to the sharing or ideas and information between and through different
countries. In today’s world, the Internet and social media is at the heart of this. Good
examples of social globalization could include internationally popular films, books and TV
series.

3. FLOWS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION

Important aspects of globalization include global trading, capital flows, and movement
of people (IMF, 2000).
a. Trading
International trading, or the economic exchanges and deals between countries, is
enabled by international fiscal payments where private banks and the central banks of
particular nations play important roles (Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d.). Global trading concerns
importation and exportation. The world saw an increase in world trade from 1971 to 1999, and
 Republic of the Philippines
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the biggest increase was seen in the export of manufactured goods. On the other hand, export
of primary commodities such as food and raw materials often produced by poor countries
declined (IMF, 2000).

b. Capital Movement
During the 1990s, capital flows to developing nations increased (IMF, 2000). Foreign
investment is one example of capital movement. Commercial loans, official flows, and foreign
direct investment are all types of foreign investment. Official flows relate to development aid or
money given by rich countries to developing countries, whereas commercial loans are money
lent to international firms or governments. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the purchase or
establishment of a business in a foreign country or the contribution to the expansion of an
existing business (Levin Institute, n. d.). Foreign direct investment is primarily undertaken by
transnational enterprises or businesses that operate in more than one country.

c. Movement of People
People can migrate to other countries in search of better employment opportunities. In
the Philippines, the number of Overseas Filipino Workers during the period April to September
2018 was estimated at 2.3 million (Philippine Statistics Authority, April 2019).

4. Institutions and Actors Shaping Economic Globalization

Globalization is not a random phenomenon. It is driven by specific actors who engage in
numerous sectors in order to pursue fast-paced international commercial transactions as well as
the movement of people and knowledge. It is created by people who are led by a number of
assumptions about world’s development. Transnational corporations, or international
businesses, are major players in globalization.
1. World Bank – The World Bank is an International bank that provides financial
and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs. And
with the goal of reducing poverty.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – is an association of 188 countries that
work together to promote universal finance, maintain global trade. IMF aims to
ensure financial order throughout the world. The IMF does this in 3 ways:
a) Monitoring the global economy and its member countries,
b) Lending to countries with external transaction problems and,
c) Providing technical assistance to its members.
3. World Trade Organization (WTO) – The WTO deals with the terms of trade
between countries at the near global level; and is responsible for negotiating
and implementing new trade agreements, overseeing member countries’
compliance with all WTO agreements.

COURSE TITLE : GE 3 ( The Contemporary World)

 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

COURSE CREDIT : 3 units

TIME DURATION : 3 hours
SUBJECT : THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Discussant: Trisha Mae Posada Ratings: __________

Jenny Cerillo Ratings: __________
Topic:
UNIT 3:LEGAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Lesson 7: GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Lesson Objectives:
1.At the end of this lesson, you should be able to 1 understand the basic principles of international law
2. determine international customs and obligations, and
3 understand the full concept of treaties

LEGAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATION

 "There are both things in international law: the principle of territorial integrity and right to self-
determination"
~Vladimir Putin
 "The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy
of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations."
~Section 2, Article II, 1987 Phil. Constitution
 "28 They answered, "We saw clearly that the Lord was with you; so we said, 'There ought to be a
sworn agreement between us-between us and you. Let us make a treaty with you 29 that you
will do us no harm, just as we did not harm you but always treated you well and sent you away
peacefully. And now you are blessed by the Lord."
~Genesis 26:28-29
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL LAW
 International law-controls the relations of nation-states and international individuals. It is
resulting from the treaties, international customs, and the general philosophies of law.
 national (domestic or municipal) law-controls the relations of individuals among themselves or
within the state. It consists of legislative enactments, executive orders, and jurisprudence.

Doctrine of Incorporation and Doctrine of Transformation.

Doctrine of Incorporation
 means that the rules of International law form part of the law of the land and no legislative
action is required to make them applicable to a country.
This is mainly based on Section 2, Art. II of the 1987 Constitution which states that:
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
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Libon, Albay

"xxx the Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of
the land"
Doctrine of Transformation
 This requires the enactment by the legislative body of such international law principles as are
sought to be part of municipal law (Coquia & Defensor-Santiago, 2005).
 This doctrine must be related to the power of the President to enter into treaties wherein rule
and principles embodied in said treaties would be transformed into Philippine law and would
become valid and effective upon the concurrence of two-thirds (2/3) of all the members of the
Senate (Sec 21, Art VII, 1987 Constitution)
According to Section 7, Art. Il of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
 The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy in its relations with other states, the
paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and
the right to self-determination."
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS
International Conventions
 Are international agreements concluded between states, in written form, and governed by
international law, embodied either in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments
and whatever its particular designation.
 The Philippines also entered into multilateral treaties or conventions with two or more states.
UNCLOS or (United Nations Convention on the Law) of the Sea in 1982

International Customs or customary law

 consists of rules of law resulting from the consistent behavior of states, acting out of the belief
that the law required them to act that way. However, for a custom to be reckoned as an
international custom, two features must be existing;
state practice and opinio juris sive necessitates (opinion of law or necessity)
 state practice In the case of North Sea Continental Shelf Cases what is required is that "exx
within the period in question, short though it might be, State practice, including that of States
whose interests are specifically affected, should have been both extensive and virtually uniform.
 Opinio juris sive necessitates states the belief that the given practice is rendered obligatory by
the existence of a rule requiring it Consequently, the states concerned must feel that they are
conforming to what amounts to a lega obligation.
KINDS OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS ARE
REGIONAL CUSTOM AND SPECIAL OR LOCAL CUSTOM
 Regional custom is a practice among states within a particular area of the world which can be
sufficiently well- established and accepted as law that is binding among the states of that region
but not elsewhere
 A special custom on the other hand, is a long-continued practice between two states, accepted
by them as regulating their relations that form the basis of mutual rights and obligations

JUS COGENS AND OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES

Jus Cogens (Compelling Law)
 is another category of international customs which refer to the norms that command
peremptory authority, superseding conflicting treaties and customs which can neither be
derogated nor modified, except by a norm or similar character.
 Examples of this are norms on torture, racial discrimination, genocide, and piracy.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

Obligations Erga Omnes (towards all)

 refers to an obligation under general international law that a state owes in any given case to the
international community, in view of its common values and its concern for compliance, so that a
breach of that obligation enables all states to take action
 Examples of this are prohibitions of acts of aggression, on genocide, and on the protection of
basic human rights.
TEATIES
An international agreement conducted between states, in written form and governed by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two more related instrument, whatever
its particular resignation.
Steps in treaty making:
1. Negotation
2. Signing of the treaty by the representatives
3. Exchange of Ratification instruments
4. Ratification of treaty by the constitutional organs of the respective states
5. Registrations with and publications by the secretariat of the united nations or UN

 a state is obliged to abtains from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty
when it has signed the treaty or has exchange the intrument constituting the treaty subject to
ratification, acceptance of approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a
party to a treaty
 it has treaty it has expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, pending the entry into force
of a treaty and provided that such enrty into force is not unduly delayed.
LAW
 Is a body of official rules and regulations generally found in constitutions, legislation's, judicial
opinions used for the governance and control of the state and the behavior of its inhabitants.
 Law is made by a legislative and a body created for the purpose and its reinforced by the imposition
of penalties and remedies.
KINDS OF LAW
General Law
Affects the entire people of the state.
Special Law
Prescribed to a specific group of community on specific subject purpose and operation
different from others.
Local Law
Operates on specific purpose and locality or jurisdiction and authority.
Public Law
Applicable to all whether local or international involving the relationship between people and
state involving rights, duties and account abilities
 Administrtive Law
Laws that goveern agencies
 Contitutional Law
 Republic of the Philippines
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Libon, Albay

Are laws that protect citizens rights as afforded constitutions

 Criminal Law
Are laws that relate to crime
 Municipal Law
Are ordinances regulations and by-laws that govern city or town.

 International Law
Are laws that oversee relations between nations.
Private Law
Focuses on the definition regulations enforcement and administration of measures governing
the relationship among individuals associations and corporations.
 Contract Law
Governs the rights and obligations of those entering into contracts.
 Tort Law
Rights, obligations and remedies provided to someone who has been wronged by another
individual.
 Property Law
Governs forms of property ownership, transfer and tenant issues.
 Succession Law
Governs the transfer of an estate between parties.
 Family Law
Governs family related and domestic related issues
Penal Law
Defines criminal offenses and imposes fines and punishments or imprisonment thereof.
Substantive Law
Defines right and responsibilities in civil law.
Defines crimes and punishments in criminal law.
Remedial Law
Prescribes the ways and means through which the grievances are remedied issues are heard and
adjudicated and wrongdoings are punished.

COURSE TITLE : GE 3 ( The Contemporary World)

COURSE CREDIT : 3 units

 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

TIME DURATION : 3 hours

SUBJECT : THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Discussant: Trisha Mae Posada Ratings: __________

Jenny Cerillo Ratings: __________
Topic:
UNIT 3:LEGAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Lesson 7: GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Lesson Objectives:

1.At the end of this lesson, you should be able to 1 understand the basic principles of international law
2. determine international customs and obligations, and
3 understand the full concept of treaties

LEGAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATION

 "There are both things in international law: the principle of territorial integrity and right to self-
determination"
~Vladimir Putin

 "The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy
of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations."
~Section 2, Article II, 1987 Phil. Constitution

 "28 They answered, "We saw clearly that the Lord was with you; so we said, 'There ought to be a
sworn agreement between us-between us and you. Let us make a treaty with you 29 that you
will do us no harm, just as we did not harm you but always treated you well and sent you away
peacefully. And now you are blessed by the Lord."
~Genesis 26:28-29
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL LAW

 International law-controls the relations of nation-states and international individuals. It is

resulting from the treaties, international customs, and the general philosophies of law.
 national (domestic or municipal) law-controls the relations of individuals among themselves or
within the state. It consists of legislative enactments, executive orders, and jurisprudence.

Doctrine of Incorporation and Doctrine of Transformation.

 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

Doctrine of Incorporation
 means that the rules of International law form part of the law of the land and no legislative
action is required to make them applicable to a country.
This is mainly based on Section 2, Art. II of the 1987 Constitution which states that:
"xxx the Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of
the land"
Doctrine of Transformation
 This requires the enactment by the legislative body of such international law principles as are
sought to be part of municipal law (Coquia & Defensor-Santiago, 2005).
 This doctrine must be related to the power of the President to enter into treaties wherein rule
and principles embodied in said treaties would be transformed into Philippine law and would
become valid and effective upon the concurrence of two-thirds (2/3) of all the members of the
Senate (Sec 21, Art VII, 1987 Constitution)
According to Section 7, Art. Il of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
 The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy in its relations with other states, the
paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and
the right to self-determination."

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS

International Conventions
 Are international agreements concluded between states, in written form, and governed by
international law, embodied either in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments
and whatever its particular designation.
 The Philippines also entered into multilateral treaties or conventions with two or more states.
UNCLOS or (United Nations Convention on the Law) of the Sea in 1982

International Customs or customary law

 consists of rules of law resulting from the consistent behavior of states, acting out of the belief
that the law required them to act that way. However, for a custom to be reckoned as an
international custom, two features must be existing;
state practice and opinio juris sive necessitates (opinion of law or necessity)
 state practice In the case of North Sea Continental Shelf Cases what is required is that "exx
within the period in question, short though it might be, State practice, including that of States
whose interests are specifically affected, should have been both extensive and virtually uniform.
 Opinio juris sive necessitates states the belief that the given practice is rendered obligatory by
the existence of a rule requiring it Consequently, the states concerned must feel that they are
conforming to what amounts to a lega obligation.

KINDS OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS ARE

REGIONAL CUSTOM AND SPECIAL OR LOCAL CUSTOM

 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
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LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

 Regional custom is a practice among states within a particular area of the world which can be
sufficiently well- established and accepted as law that is binding among the states of that region
but not elsewhere

 A special custom on the other hand, is a long-continued practice between two states, accepted
by them as regulating their relations that form the basis of mutual rights and obligations

JUS COGENS AND OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES

Jus Cogens (Compelling Law)

 is another category of international customs which refer to the norms that command
peremptory authority, superseding conflicting treaties and customs which can neither be
derogated nor modified, except by a norm or similar character.
 Examples of this are norms on torture, racial discrimination, genocide, and piracy.

Obligations Erga Omnes (towards all)

 refers to an obligation under general international law that a state owes in any given case to the
international community, in view of its common values and its concern for compliance, so that a
breach of that obligation enables all states to take action
 Examples of this are prohibitions of acts of aggression, on genocide, and on the protection of
basic human rights.
TEATIES
An international agreement conducted between states, in written form and governed by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two more related instrument, whatever
its particular resignation.
Steps in treaty making:
6. Negotation
7. Signing of the treaty by the representatives
8. Exchange of Ratification instruments
9. Ratification of treaty by the constitutional organs of the respective states
10. Registrations with and publications by the secretariat of the united nations or UN

 a state is obliged to abtains from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty
when it has signed the treaty or has exchange the intrument constituting the treaty subject to
ratification, acceptance of approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a
party to a treaty
 it has treaty it has expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, pending the entry into force
of a treaty and provided that such enrty into force is not unduly delayed.

LAW
 Is a body of official rules and regulations generally found in constitutions, legislation's, judicial
opinions used for the governance and control of the state and the behavior of its inhabitants.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

 Law is made by a legislative and a body created for the purpose and its reinforced by the imposition
of penalties and remedies.
KINDS OF LAW
General Law
Affects the entire people of the state.
Special Law
Prescribed to a specific group of community on specific subject purpose and operation
different from others.
Local Law
Operates on specific purpose and locality or jurisdiction and authority.
Public Law
Applicable to all whether local or international involving the relationship between people and
state involving rights, duties and account abilities
 Administrtive Law
Laws that goveern agencies
 Contitutional Law
Are laws that protect citizens rights as afforded constitutions
 Criminal Law
Are laws that relate to crime
 Municipal Law
Are ordinances regulations and by-laws that govern city or town.

 International Law
Are laws that oversee relations between nations.
Private Law
Focuses on the definition regulations enforcement and administration of measures governing
the relationship among individuals associations and corporations.
 Contract Law
Governs the rights and obligations of those entering into contracts.
 Tort Law
Rights, obligations and remedies provided to someone who has been wronged by another
individual.
 Property Law
Governs forms of property ownership, transfer and tenant issues.
 Succession Law
Governs the transfer of an estate between parties.
 Family Law
Governs family related and domestic related issues
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

Penal Law
Defines criminal offenses and imposes fines and punishments or imprisonment thereof.
Substantive Law
Defines right and responsibilities in civil law.
Defines crimes and punishments in criminal law.
Remedial Law
Prescribes the ways and means through which the grievances are remedied issues are heard and
adjudicated and wrongdoings are punished.