DRRR
CYCLONE
CAUSE OF CYCLONE
Warm ocean water
Low pressure
Coriolis effect
Rising hot air
Cooling and condensation
Low wind shear
Cyclones are one of the most dangerous natural hazards, second only to earthquakes. They
can cause extreme winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges, flooding, lightning, and tornadoes.
WHAT IS CYCLONE
a large, rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, strong winds, and heavy
rain.
HIGHEST CYCLONE
The highest intensity cyclone ever recorded in terms of wind speed was Typhoon
Patricia in 2015.
VULNERABLE IN AREAS
Coastal areas
Small Island Developing States
Poorly constructed buildings
A vulnerable country to cyclones
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
PHILIPPINES
Bangladesh
Oceania
JAPAN
HOW TO MANAGE
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure
Community Preparedness
Evacuation Plans
Reforestation and Coastal Protection
Access to Emergency Supplies
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquakes are natural disasters caused by the sudden release of energy in the
Earth's crust, resulting in seismic waves that shake the ground. These powerful events
occur due to the movement of tectonic plates, massive slabs of rock that make up the
Earth's outer layer.
HIGH RISK
These areas typically lie along tectonic plate boundaries where there is significant seismic
activity. Some of the most notable high-risk earthquake zones include:
o The Ring of Fire - This is a horseshoe-shaped area in the Pacific Ocean basin known for
its high level of tectonic activity, including frequent earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
o Countries located along the Ring as Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, and parts of the
west coast of the Americas (like California and Chile), are particularly at risk
o California, USA - The San seismically active States.
o Japan - Located at the convergence of four tectonic plates, Japan experiences frequent
and severe earthquakes
o Indonesia - Positioned on the Pacific Ring: Situated near the boundary between the
Caribbean and North American tectonic plates, Haiti has experienced devastating
earthquakes.
o Turkey - The North Anatolian Fault runs through northern Turkey, leading to significant
earthquake risk.
o Mexico - Particularly along the Pacific coast and near Mexico City, where tectonic plate
interactions frequently occur.
o Chile - Known for its powerful earthquakes, Chile is located along the boundary of
Plate creates substantial seismic activity in this region.
Iran - Various fault lines run through Iran, making it vulnerable to have building codes
and emergency preparedness plans to inherent geological risks remain significant
VULNERABLE
o POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDING
o AGE OF BUILDINGS
o POVERTY
o LACK OF EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
o ELDERLY AND DISABLE
MANAGEABLE
EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
These systems detect the first signs of an earthquake and send out alerts, giving
people valuable seconds to take cover before strong shaking begins.
EMERGENCY PLANS
Families, schools, and workplaces should have emergency plans in place, including
evacuation routes, meeting points, and communication strategies.
EARTHQUAKE DRILLS
Regularly practicing "drop, cover, and hold on" and other safety procedures can help
people react quickly and instinctively during an earthquake
PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS
Educating the public about earthquake risks, safety procedures, and preparedness
measures is crucial.
FOCUS ON EARTHQUAKE FORECASTING
While precise prediction remains, elusive, scientists are working on developing
probabilistic forecasts that estimate the likelihood of an earthquake occurring in a
specific area within a certain timeframe.
NATURAL DISASTER:
TORNADO
WHAT IS TORNADO?
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the
ground. They can appear as a funnel cloud, often with a visible condensation funnel.
The wind speeds can reach over 300 miles per hour.
Tornadoes can cause significant damage, including:
* Uprooting trees
* Destroying buildings
* Causing injuries and fatalities
Tornadoes are a serious weather hazard, and it's crucial to take appropriate safety
precautions when a tornado warning is issued.
TORNADO FORMATION
A supercell thunderstorm is a type of thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a
mesocyclone, a deep, persistently rotating updraft. The rotating updraft (mesocyclone)
is the defining characteristic. This rotation is crucial for the formation of severe
weather. Supercells can last for several hours, unlike ordinary thunderstorms which
typically have shorter lifespans.
SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL
1. Tornadoes: Many strong and violent tornadoes originate from supercells.
2. Large Hail: Supercells can produce very large hailstones.
3. Damaging Winds: Strong straight-line winds are also common.
4. Appearance: Supercells often have a distinct appearance, with a rotating wall cloud
and an anvil-shaped cloud top.
TYPES OF TORNADO
Multi-vortex tornadoes: Contain multiple smaller
Waterspouts: Tornadoes that form over water.
Landspouts: Weaker tornadoes that form directly from a cloud base without a
supercell.
THE FUJITA SCALE:
The Fujita scale, also known as the Fujita-Pearson scale, was a scale for rating tornado
intensity based on the damage they inflict. It was developed by Tetsuya Theodore
Fujita and Allen Pearson in 1971.
The scale ranged from F0 to F5, with each level corresponding to a certain range of
wind speeds and a description of the type of damage expected.
F0: Light damage (winds 64-116 km/h) - Some damage to chimneys, tree branches
broken, signs damaged.
F5: Incredible damage (winds 418-509 km/h) - Strong frame houses lifted off
foundations and carried considerable distances, structures capable of withstanding an
F4 tornado blown away, incredible phenomena such as cars and trains thrown through
the air.
VULNERABLE PLACE
o The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest
and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of
the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley. Canada experiences
the second most tornadoes.
TORNADO SAFETY PROTOCO LS
BEFORE A TORNADO
o Stay informed: Watch weather forecasts, listen to warnings, and know the
difference between a watch and a warning.
o Have a plan: Know where to take shelter (basement, interior room away from
windows), practice drills, and have an emergency kit.
o Prepare your property: Trim trees, secure loose items, and reinforce your garage
door.
DURING A TORNAD
o Indoors: Go to your safe shelter immediately, get under something sturdy, and protect
your head
o Outdoors or in a vehicle: Seek sturdy shelter. If none is available, find a ditch or low
spot, lie flat, and cover your head.
AFTER A TORNADO
o Stay informed: Listen for updates and instructions.
o Stay safe: Be aware of hazards like downed power lines and avoid damaged buildings.
o Help others: Check on neighbors and report hazards.
VULCANIC ERUPTION
Volcanoes are majestic natural wonders that captivate our imagination and shape the
landscapes around us. In this presentation, we will learn about:
what volcanoes are
the different types of volcanoes
the different types of eruptions they can have
materials released during volcanic eruptions
how we can prepare for volcanic events
RING OF FIRE
The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped belt of intense volcanic activity and frequent
earthquakes that encircles the edges of the Pacific Ocean. This region is home to
approximately 75% of the world's active volcanoes and is caused by the movement
and collision of tectonic plates. The Ring of Fire has a significant impact on Earth's
surface and the lives of people living in its vicinity.
Volcanic eruptions are natural disasters that pose significant threats to life, property, and the
environment. Understanding the vulnerability of communities and managing these risks are
crucial in
reducing the impact of volcanic activities.
Volcanoes are formed when molten rock called magma rises to the surface. The magma can
come from the Earth's mantle or from subduction zones where one tectonic plate slides
beneath another.
MAGMA CHAMBER:
A reservoir where magma is stored beneath the volcano.
ASH CLOUD:
Mass of tiny volcanic rock fragments, dust, and gases that are released into the air.
CONDUIT:
A pipe-like structure that connects the magma chamber to the surface.
SILL:
Flat rock formation that forms when molten magma cools and solidifies in a crack or
fissure
CRATER:
The bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano.
CONE:
Steep, conical-shaped hill or mountain formed by layers of volcanic material.
LAVA:
Molten rock that flows from a volcano during an eruption.
CASE STUDY: MT. PINATUBO, PHILIPPINES (1991)
EVENT: ONE OF THE LARGEST ERUPTIONS OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
Impact: Extensive ashfall, loss of lives, and economic disruption.
Management Success: Timely evacuation saved thousands of lives.
On July 16, 1990, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake (comparable in size to the great 1906 San
Francisco, California, earthquake) struck about 60 miles (100 kilometers) northeast of Mount
Pinatubo on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, shaking and squeezing the Earth's crust
beneath the volcano.
At Mount Pinatubo, this major earthquake caused a landslide, some local earthquakes, and a
short-lived increase in steam emissions from a preexisting geothermal area, but otherwise the
volcano seemed to be continuing its 500-year-old slumber undisturbed.
In March and April 1991, however, molten rock (magma) rising toward the surface from more
than 20 miles (32 kilometers) beneath Pinatubo triggered small earthquakes and caused
powerful steam explosions that blasted three craters on the north flank of the volcano.
Thousands of small earthquakes occurred beneath Pinatubo through April, May, and early
June, and many thousand tons of noxious sulfur dioxide gas were also emitted by the volcano.
COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO
TYPES OF VOLCANO ERUPTIONS
ICELANDIC ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION:
Volcanic eruptions produce runny lava that floods the Earth's surface through long
cracks called fissures, which can be up to 15 miles long.
EXAMPLES:
The Deccan Plateau in India and the Columbia Plateau in the western United States are
both large lava plateaus. The Deccan Plateau covers 100,000 square miles while the
Columbia Plateau is the largest lava plateau in the world.
HAWAIIAN ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION:
Volcanic eruptions characterized by numerous fissures result in large quantities of hot,
thin, and runny lava that flows rapidly out of the main vent.
EXAMPLE:
Kilauea, located on the Big Island of Hawaii
STROMBOLIAN ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION:
Short, explosive eruptions shoot thick and pasty lava, steam, and gas into the air,
producing little to no lava. The resulting steep-sided cone is called a cinder cone.
EXAMPLES:
Named after the volcanic island of Stromboli near Italy, eruptions have been occurring
almost continuously for centuries. Due to its frequent eruptions, Stromboli is often
referred to as the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean," as it erupts approximately every
20 minutes.
VULCANIAN ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION:
Vulcanian eruptions produce high dark clouds of steam, ash, and gas, which build a
cauliflower-shaped head and a thinner, tree trunk-like base. After this, thick pasty lava
is ejected. These eruptions usually build a steep-sided cone that is more symmetrical
than a cinder cone.
EXAMPLES
Krakatoa (Krakatau) in Indonesia, and Katla in Iceland
STRATOVOLCANOES ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION:
The most common type of volcanic cone, first the volcano will have an explosive
eruption that ejects huge amounts of steam, gas, and ash followed by the ejection of
lava. They are created from a combination of eruptions forming layers of ash and lava.
EXAMPLES:
Mt. Fuji in Japan, and Mt. Etna in Sicily
PELEAN ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION:
Violent explosion resulting in the collapse of the volcano's summit and the release of a
destructive pyroclastic flow. This flow is a rapid and destructive mixture of hot ash,
gas, and rocks that annihilates everything in its path.
EXAMPLES
Mount Pelée in Martinique, and Soufrière Hills in Montserrat
PLINIAN ERUPTION
DESCRIPTION
The most powerful eruption type, with a towering ash cloud reaching up to 50,000
feet (about 10 miles) in height, and extremely dangerous pyroclastic flows.
EXAMPLES
Mt. Vesuvius in Pompei, and Mount St. Helens in United States
MATERIALS FROM
VOLCANO ERUPTIONS
LAVA:
Molten rock that flows from a volcano during an eruption.
PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL:
Fragments of lava, ash, and rock ejected into the air during explosive eruptions.
VOLCANIC ASH:
Fine particles of fragmented volcanic rock that can be carried by wind over long
distances.
VOLCANIC GASES:
Gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and others, released
during eruptions.
PREPARING FOR VOLCANO ERUPTIONS
Volcanic eruptions can be dangerous, but with proper preparation, we can stay safe. Here's
how:
STAY INFORMED
Pay attention to official warnings, updates, and evacuation orders from local
authorities.
EMERGENCY PLAN
Create a family emergency plan that includes meeting points, communication
methods, and a designated emergency kit.
EMERGENCY KIT
Prepare a kit with essential items like food, water, first aid supplies, flashlights, and
batteries.
EVACUATION ROUTES
Familiarize yourself with evacuation routes and practice evacuation drills with your
family.
