4. The Early Modern Period (c.
1500–1800 CE)
4.1 The Renaissance (14th–17th Century)
Humanism and Scientific Revolution: Renewed interest in classical
knowledge.
Art and Literature Flourished: Works of Leonardo da Vinci,
Michelangelo, and Shakespeare.
4.2 The Age of Exploration (15th–17th Century)
European Voyages: Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and
Ferdinand Magellan.
Colonialism and Global Trade: Impact on indigenous populations
and economies.
4.3 The Enlightenment (17th–18th Century)
Political and Philosophical Ideas: Reason, democracy, and human
rights.
American and French Revolutions: Inspired by Enlightenment
ideals.
5. The Industrial Age (c. 1800–1900 CE)
Industrial Revolution: Mechanization and urbanization
transformed economies.
Nationalism and Imperialism: Competition for colonies and
resources.
Social Changes: Rise of middle class, workers’ rights, and
scientific progress.
6. The 20th Century: Wars and Globalization
6.1 World War I (1914–1918)
Causes and Consequences: Nationalism, alliances, and Treaty of
Versailles.
6.2 World War II (1939–1945)
Rise of Totalitarianism: Fascism in Germany, Italy, and Japan.
The Holocaust and Atomic Bombings: Devastation and post-war
consequences.
6.3 The Cold War (1947–1991)
USA vs. USSR Rivalry: Nuclear arms race and ideological conflicts.
Space Race and Technological Advancements.