1,2,15,16,27,30,47,49,50

WHAT IS A CIVIL CASE:

Article 1: The Code of Civil Procedure governs court proceedings in matters falling
under the subject matter and scope of civil, family and custodial law as well as labour
law and in matters falling under the subject-matter and scope of social insurance,
and other matters to which the provisions of this Code apply by operation of special
acts of law (civil cases).

· Examples of civil cases: remuneration (tort law), payments, rent

· Family: marriage, divorce,
o Invalidity of marriage: siblings
o Matrimony non-existence: situation marriage has never been concluded
o Parental responsibility: term related to minors, they could be suspended,
privates or limited
o Contacts: children of divorced parents
o The procedure to deny the patrimony or matrimony: when someone’s has
risen not his biological son (has be lied).
· Custodial law: guardian or custodial, for example when it has legal incapacity.
· Labour: employer and employee,
o Social insurance cases: social security cases do not belong to private law,
that’s because the law said so.
The judge of duty is who gives the approvals to extraordinaries cases, against your
will.

Article 2: Presumption, civil cases examined by the code of civil procedure

Article 1.
The Code of Civil Procedure governs court proceedings in matters falling under the
subject-matter and scope of civil, family and custodial law as well as labour law and in
matters falling under the subject-matter and scope of social insurance, and other matters
to which the provisions of this Code apply by operation of special acts of law (civil
cases).
Article 2.
§ 1. Sąd Najwyższy [the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland] shall dismiss an appeal
if it should have been dismissed by the court of a lower instance, does not comply with
the requirements specified in Article 4245 § 1 or is otherwise inadmissible.
§ 1a. (repealed).
§ 2. (repealed).
§ 3. Civil cases are not heard through court proceedings where specific provisions
allocate them to the competence of other bodies.
LEGAL PROFESSIONS:
Judge
Lawyer: graduated + professional (exam pass) attorney at law, solicitor, barrister.
- Paralegal: graduated (jurista)
Public prosecutor: who accuse in criminal cases (fiscal)
Public notary: the document is a deed, a notary act
Bailiff or execution officer: alguacil

TYPES OF COURTS:

Common courts:
- District courts: 1º instance
- Regional courts: upper instances or 1º instances in difficult cases and appellations
- Courts of appeal: higher court

The Supreme Court: only one, examines extraordinary cases

PARTS:

In trial: dispute, two partes the claimant and the defendant, the first one present the
claim what start the trial. To sue someone.

Non trial: a motion starts this procedure, no opposites parts only participants.
Inheritance cases or parental responsibility (because there no conflict only for the
best of the minor).

RATIONE MATERIALE SUBJECT OF THE DISPUTE, COMPETENCE:

Article15:

1. Upon filing an action, the court of competent jurisdiction upon filing an action
remains competent until completion of the procedure, even if the grounds for its
jurisdiction change in the course of the action.

2. The court may not decide it has no jurisdiction if it acquires jurisdiction in the
course of proceedings.

Article 16:
1. District Courts shall hear all cases with the exception of cases over which jurisdiction is
reserved for Regional Courts.
Article 17: The jurisdiction of Regional Courts shall include cases:
1) Concerning non-property rights and property claims pursued jointly, with the exception of
cases to establish or negate the descent of a child, to determine the ineffectiveness of the
recognition of parentage and dissolution of adoption,
2) (repealed),
3) Concerning claims under the Press Law,
4) Concerning property rights, where the value of the matter at issue exceeds seventy-five
thousand Polish zlotys, except cases involving maintenance, trespass, establishment of
separate property between spouses, reconciliation of the content of a Land and Mortgage
Register with the actual legal status and cases reviewed in electronic proceedings by writ of
payment,
41) to issue a ruling replacing a resolution on the demerger of a cooperative society,
42) to repeal, declare the nullity or establish the existence or non-existence of resolutions by
the authorities of legal persons or organisational units other than corporate persons with
legal capacity granted by this Act;
44) for compensation on the grounds of damage caused by an unlawfully issued non
appealable ruling;
45) Concerning claims resulting from violation of rights under the provisions on the
protection of personal data;

Article 18:
1. If in the course of adjudicating a case at the District court a legal issue arises that causes
major doubts, the District court may refer that case for trial by a regional court. Any decision
to refer a case to a regional court must be duly justified.

2. Before the first hearing, the regional court may refuse to hear a case and return it to the
district court if the regional court decides that there are no major doubts. Such decision shall
be taken by three judges and shall be substantiated. The same case may not be re-referred
by the district court.

Article 27 (natural persons): An action shall be brought before the court of the first
instance in whose region the defendant's place of residence is located.

Article 30 (legal): An action against a legal person or another entity other than a
natural person shall be brought on the basis of the location of his registered office.

Exceptions: EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION

- In these cases, the general rule change:

ownership or other rights in rem in real property where is placed the thing

inheritance, legacy, testaments is the last place of residence where the death person
was living
Actions related to marital relations may be brought exclusively before the court in
whose region spouses had their last place of residence, if at least one of the
spouses still has a place of residence or stay in such region. Art.41.

SPECIFIC PROVISIONS:

Article 43: when both courts are competent of one big region, the plaintiff is who
choose.

Article 44: what if we know which court is competent, but this court can´t solve the
problem? the court superior to that court shall designate another equivalent court.

Article 45: what happen if according to the provision I don´t know which court is
competent (miss of information)? The Supreme Court shall designate the court
before which an action should be brought.

- In practice, you have to brought it to some court that will declare itself not
competent and send it to the Superior.

COURT COMPOSITION:

Art.47.1: A single judge hears cases in the court of the first instance, unless
otherwise provided for in specific provisions.

Art.47.2: in exact cases it will be one judge and two jurors, labour cases, family field

Legal incapacitation is examined by 3 professional judges as a exception

Art. 47.4: The president of the court may order for a case to be heard by three
judges if they deem it advisable due to the particular complexity or precedent
character of the case

Exclusion of Judge
Article 48.
1. A judge shall be excluded by operation of this Act:
1) In cases to which the judge is a party or remains in such legal relationship with
one of the parties that the outcome of the case affects their rights and obligations
2) In cases involving the judge's spouse, lineal relatives and relatives by affinity in the
same line, collateral relatives to the fourth degree and relatives by affinity in different
lines to the second degree;
3) In cases involving persons related to the judge by way of adoption, custody or
guardianship;
 4) In cases where the judge was or still is a court agent or legal advisor to one of the
parties;
5) In cases where the judge co-issued the ruling that is subject to appeal in the court
of lower instance, as well as in cases relating to the validity of a legal act co-issued
by the judge or heard by the judge, or in cases where the judge acted as the
prosecutor; (hay una apelación y el juez de segunda instancia es el mismo que el de
la primera instancia)
6) In cases for compensation on the grounds of damage caused by an unlawfully
issued a non-appealable ruling, if the judge co-issued said judgement. (cuando un
juicio causa un perjuicio y al perjudicado se le paga con dinero público)

2. Grounds for exclusion shall survive termination of the marriage, adoption, custody or
guardianship which justifies that exclusion.

3. A judge who has participated in the issuance of a ruling covered by a petition for
reopening or by an extraordinary complaint shall not decide on such a petition or complaint.

Article 48
1. If a judge is excluded pursuant to Article 48 § 1 (1) to (4), the court shall apply to its
superior court to designate another court to hear the case, whereas the superior court shall
designate another equivalent court.

ART 48
los jueces en polonia son independientes (nadie puede replicar nada) (igual q en españa)
imparcial (no puede tener relación con el acusado) (pareja, parientes de sangre y por
afinidad)

poder judicial: independiente, imparcial

-​ si no cumple con estos requisitos es excluido del caso

Article 49.
1. Notwithstanding the grounds listed in Article 48, the court shall exclude a judge at the
judge's own request or at the request of a party, if there are circumstances that could lead to
reasonable doubts as to the impartiality of the judge in a given case. (si hay circunstancias
probadas que nos hacen sentir que el juez no es imparcial se le excluye del caso)

2. The circumstances referred to in § 1 do not refer to the judge expressing an opinion

regarding the law and facts when explaining judicial activities to the parties or encouraging
them to reach a settlement.

THE EXCLUSION OF THE JUDGE:

1.​ EX LEGE (IPSO IURE)
2.​ MOTION

nadie decide si echarlo o no se hace pq simplemente es un acto registrado en la ley

Article 50.
§ 1. A petition for the exclusion of a judge shall be submitted in writing or verbally for
the record, at the court of trial, and such petition should substantiate the grounds for
exclusion.
§ 2. Moreover, the party which intervened should substantiate that the grounds for
exclusion occurred or became known to them at a later date.
§ 3. Until the petition for the exclusion of a judge is adjudicated upon:
1) the judge in question may undertake further activities;
2) a ruling or order ending proceedings in the case may not be issued.

Article 379. Proceedings shall be null and void:

1) if a case did not qualify for legal action;
2) if a party did not have the capacity to be a party to and conduct court proceedings, did not
have a representative authority or a legal representative, or if an agent of a party was not
duly authorised,
3) if an action concerning the same claim between the same parties brought at an earlier
date is pending, or if a non-appealable judgment has already been issued in such action,
4) if the composition of the court of trial was not in accordance with relevant legal regulations
or if a case was heard in the presence of a judge who was subject to exclusion by operation
of this Act, (el procedimiento será parado y anulado si el juez no cumple los requisitos
legales)
5) if a party did not have a chance to defend his rights,
6) if a district court adjudicated a case which falls under the jurisdiction of a regional court
notwithstanding the value of the matter at issue.

QUIEN PUEDE SER PARTE Y QUIEN PUEDE ACTUAR EN UN PROCEDIMIENTO

CIVIL: natural person with full legal capacity

Capacity to Be a Party to and Conduct Court Proceedings

Article 64.
1. Each natural and legal person (una SL, non-governmental organisations) has the capacity
to be a party to court proceedings (capacity to be a party to court proceedings).
11. Organisational units other than legal persons which have their legal capacity granted by
this Act also have capacity to be a party to court proceedings.

(un niño puede ser parte de un procedimiento legal pero no actuar en el)
QUIEN TIENE CAPACIDAD PARA ACTUAR EN UN PROCEDIMIENTO CIVIL
Article 65.
1. Natural persons with full capacity to perform acts in law, legal persons, and the
organisational units referred to in Article 64 § 11 have the capacity to act in proceedings
(capacity to conduct court proceedings).
2. Natural persons with limited capacity to perform acts in law have the capacity to conduct
court proceedings in cases related to such acts in law that they have the capacity to perform
independently.

(pueden actuar en procedimientos legales una persona que tenga capacidad de obrar
(mayor de edad y no declarado incapaz por un jurado))

QUÉ PASA CON LAS PERSONAS QUE NO TIENEN CAPACIDAD DE OBRAR

¿QUIEN LOS REPRESENTA?

Article 66. A natural person without the capacity to conduct court proceedings may only
perform procedural actions via his legal representative.

(los guardianes legales/curadores/tutores legales son los que toman las decisiones por
estos sujetos)

QUE PASA SI UNA DE LAS PARTES DEL PROCEDIMIENTO NO EXISTE

Article 378.
1. The court of the second instance hears a case insofar as it is subject to appeal; however,
the court shall consider ex officio the possible invalidity of proceedings.
2. The court of the second instance may also hear a case ex officio on behalf of participants
who did not appeal from a judgment, provided that they share the rights or duties that are the
subject-matter of the appeal. Such participants shall be notified of a trial; they can file pre
trial pleadings. (si me muero no hay procedimiento sabes)

Court Agents
Article 86. Parties and their authorities or legal representatives may act before court
individually or be represented by court agents. (las partes pueden elegirlo)

Hay una excepción en el artículo 87(1):

Article 87(1).
1. In proceedings before the Supreme Court, parties shall be represented by solicitors or
legal counsels, and in cases concerning intellectual property - also by patent attorneys. Such
representation shall also apply to procedural actions related to proceedings before the
Supreme Court, performed before a lower instance court.
2. The provision of § 1 shall not apply to proceedings for exemption from court fees and the
appointment of a solicitor, legal counsel or patent attorney, and where a party, its body,
statutory representative or representative is a judge, prosecutor, notary public, or professor
or associate professor of law, and where a party, its body or statutory representative is a
solicitor, legal counsel or a counsellor from the General Counsel to the Republic of Poland,
whereas in cases concerning intellectual property - a patent agent.

QUIEN PUEDE SER UN REPRESENTANTE DE LA PARTE

Article 87.​
§ 1. A representative may be an attorney in law, in cases concerning intellectual
property - also a patent attorney, and in cases concerning restructuring and
bankruptcy - also a person holding a certificate of a restructuring adviser, as well as
a person managing the property or interests of a party, and a person being in a
permanent contractual relationship with a party, where the object of the case falls
within the extent of such contract, co- participant in a dispute, as well as a spouse,
siblings, ascendants or descendants of a party, and persons related to a party by
adoption. (puede ser el representante un hermano, padre…)

proxy es lo mismo q power of attorney (representante)

Cuando presento una demanda tengo que especificar quien es mi representante para
cuando vaya al juzgado se sepa, es un documento firmado a mano por las partes o
oralmente durante el juicio

COMO PROXY QUE PUEDO HACER EN NOMBRE DE MI REPRESENTADO

Article 91.

By virtue of law, court agency authorises to:​

1) conduct all and any procedural actions related to a case, including
counter-complaints, petitions to reopen a case and proceedings caused by filing
thereof, as well as direct intervention against the authorising party;​
2) conduct all and any actions related to interim remedies and enforcement;​
3) pass on the authority of legal representation to an attorney or legal advisor;

4) reach a settlement, relinquish a claim or recognize a complaint, provided that the

same is not excluded in a given instrument of authority;​
5) collect court costs from the adverse party.

(basicamente de todo) (dejo de ser proxy cuando mi cliente ya tiene capacidad,

muere, si el caso acaba…)

QUE PASA SI NO TENGO DINERO PARA PAGAR UN ABOGADO

Article 117.​
§ 1. A party who is exempted by the court from the whole or part of court costs may
request to be appointed an attorney or legal advisor.
§ 2. A natural person who is not exempted by the court from court costs may request
to be appointed an attorney or legal advisor if he submits a statement to the effect
that he is not in a position to bear the costs of an attorney or legal advisor's fee
without affecting the support of himself and his family.

COURT APPOINTED ATTORNEY (abogado de oficio) (asistencia juridica gratuita)

(si no tengo dinero para permitirme defensa y lo demuestro, el Estado me la da)

§ 5. The court shall accept a petition if the court decides the participation of an
attorney or legal advisor to be necessary. The basis for repealing the petition may
not be the fact of the natural person taking advantage of a free legal assistance or a
free civic guidance referred to in the Act of 5 August 2015 on Free Legal Assistance,
Free Civic Guidance and Legal Education (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 294 and of
2020, items 875 and 1086).

(te dan el abogado si es necesario solo, que seas pobre no es el motivo principal,
tambien se tiene en cuenta la complejidad del caso y que tu te lo merezcas por asi
decirlo)

(todos los attorneys estan en una asociacion que es la que decide que abogado
mandar, el juez llama y la asociacion manda a un novato al q le van a pagar mal xd)

Article 118.​
§ 1. Appointment of an attorney or legal advisor by a court shall be synonymous with
granting the authority of court agency.

(el cliente no tiene que firmar que soy su abogado porque ya me ha mandado el
juzgado, ya se entiende que lo soy)

Civil cases are examing by:

1.​ Common courts
A)district courts- cortes de primera instancia
B) regional courts-cortes de un nivel mas elevado (primera instancia en los casos mas
especiales ) Si se hace en primera istancia la apelacion se hace en la corte regional
C) courts of appeal- corte mas elevada, simepre sera de segunda instacia.
D) The supreme court (en varsovia y es especial examina medidas extraordinarias y recursos de
casaciones).
 Art.1 cases of civil
●​ TORT LAW
●​ FAMILY AND CUSTODIAL LAW - DIVORCE, MARRIAGE, CUSTODY, INCAPACITY (REVISAN TRES
JUECES)
●​ SOCIAL SECURITY CASES S

LEGAL PROFFESIONS
1.​ JUDGE
2.​ ADVOCATE/ATTTORNEY AT LAW/AOLLICITOR/BARRISTER (ONLY GRADUATED- PARALEGAL)
3.​ PUBLIC PROSECUTOR- FISCAL
4.​ PUBLIC NOTTARY - NOTARY ACT (A DEED)
5.​ BAILIFF/EXECUTION OFFICER

●​ Arts. 2-6 regulan principios

●​ Art. 9 -los casos se leen en publico , todo el mundo puede entrar en la corte, salvo
excepciones como el divorcio.

Los casos pueden ser examinados en:

1.​ Trial --> disputa y conflicto hay conflitos entre ellos (claimant vs defendent) claimant present
the claim (pleading documet presented) to sue (demandar).
2.​ No trial procedings- no conflict between the parts. Parent custody, legal incapacitation

FALTA CLASE 29 DE NOVIEMBRE

Exclusion of the judge ART. 48 CC

1.​ IPSO IURE - EX LEGE
2.​ MOTION- JUDEX SUSPECTUS
El juez tiene que ser parcial en caso contrario el juez puede ser excluido del procedimiento
6 casos:
1.​ En el caso de que el juez sea una de las partes
2.​ En caso en el que una de las partes sea el esposo, personas con relacion de sanf¡gre es decir
famillia directa o familia colateral
3.​ En casos de que una de la spartes este relacionada con el juez por adopcion, custodia o
guardia
4.​ Que el juez sea o fuese un agente o un legal advisor de una de las partes
5.​ Cuando un juez que estaba en primera instancia al ser promocionado a segunda instancia
recibe un caso que le mismo resolvio en primera instancia
6.​ La En los casos de indemnización por daños causados por una sentencia ilegal no recurrible,
si el juez ha emitido dicha sentencia conjuntamente.

Los motivos de exclusión seguirán vigentes después de la terminación del matrimonio, la adopción, la
custodia o la tutela que justifique dicha exclusión.
Art. 379.4 CC si la composición del tribunal de primera instancia no se ajusta a las disposiciones
legales pertinentes o si el caso se ha oído en presencia de un juez que haya sido excluido por
aplicación de la presente Ley,

WHO CAN BE A PARTY AND WHO CAN ACT

ART.64 Toda persona física o jurídica tiene capacidad para ser parte en un procedimiento judicial; Las
unidades organizativas distintas de las personas jurídicas que tengan la capacidad jurídica reconocida
por esta ley también tienen capacidad para ser parte en los procedimientos judiciales.

ART.65
§ 1. Las personas físicas con plena capacidad para realizar actos jurídicos, las personas jurídicas y las
unidades organizativas a que se refiere el artículo 64 § 11 tienen la capacidad de actuar en los
procedimientos (capacidad de dirigir los procedimientos judiciales).
§ 2. Las personas físicas con capacidad limitada para realizar actos jurídicos tienen la capacidad de
dirigir procedimientos judiciales en casos relacionados con tales actos jurídicos que tienen la
capacidad de actuar independientemente.

Artículo 66.
Una persona física que no tenga capacidad para dirigir un procedimiento judicial sólo podrá llevar a
cabo acciones procesales por medio de su representante legal.
Los tutores legales son los que toman estas decisiones

ART.379.1
Las actuaciones serán nulas de pleno derecho:
1) si un caso no reúne las condiciones para ser objeto de una acción judicial;

Artículo 86.
Las partes y sus autoridades o representantes legales podrán actuar ante el tribunal individualmente
o hacerse representar por agentes judiciales. No siempre es obligatorio ser representado legalmente.
EXCEPTION: Art. 87 (1)
§ 1. En los procedimientos ante el Tribunal Supremo, las partes estarán representadas por abogados
o asesores jurídicos y, en los casos relativos a la propiedad intelectual - también por abogados de
patentes. Esta representación se aplicará también a las acciones procesales relacionadas con los
procedimientos ante el Tribunal Supremo, que se lleven a cabo ante un tribunal de instancia inferior.
§ 2. La disposición del párrafo 1 no se aplicará a los procedimientos de exención de honorarios
judiciales y al nombramiento de un abogado, asesor jurídico o abogado de patentes, y cuando una
parte, su órgano, representante legal o representante sea juez, fiscal, notario, o profesor de derecho,
y cuando una parte, su órgano o su representante legal sea un abogado, asesor jurídico o consejero
del Consejo General de la República de Polonia, mientras que en los casos relativos a la propiedad
intelectual - un agente de patentes.
§ 3. Además, la disposición del § 1 no se aplicará cuando el Tesoro Público o una persona jurídica del
Estado esté representada en un procedimiento judicial por la Prokuratoria Generalna
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej [la Procuraduría de la República de Polonia].
Artículo 87.
§ 1. Un representante puede ser un ABOGADO, en los casos relativos a la propiedad intelectual -
también un abogado de patentes, y en los casos relativos a la reestructuración y quiebra - también
una persona que posee un certificado de asesor de reestructuración, así como una persona que
administra los bienes o intereses de una parte, y una persona que está en una relación contractual
permanente con una parte, cuando el objeto del caso se encuentra dentro del alcance de tal
contrato, coparticipante en un conflicto, así como un cónyuge, hermanos, los ascendientes o
descendientes de una parte, y las personas relacionadas con la parte por adopción.

Legal representative=PROXIE

HOW TO GIVE THE PROXIE

PRESENT THE POWER OF ATTOREY SING BY ONE OF THE PARTY HANDWRITTEN (ORIGINAL SING OF
THE PARTY) OR ORALY AND IT WILL BE RECORDER

WHEN THE AUTORITHATION EXPIRE : DEATH OF THE ATTORNEY OR HIS CLIENT, ONE OF THEM IS
DECLARED LEGALLY INCAPACITY

Artículo 117.
§ 1. Una parte que haya sido eximida por el tribunal de la totalidad o de una parte de los gastos
judiciales podrá solicitar que se le nombre un abogado o asesor jurídico.
§ 2. Una persona física que no esté exenta por el tribunal de los gastos judiciales podrá solicitar la
designación de un abogado o asesor jurídico si presenta una declaración en el sentido de que no está
en condiciones de soportar los gastos de un abogado o asesor jurídico sin afectar a la prestación de él
y su familia.

ART.118
§ 1. El nombramiento de un abogado o asesor jurídico por parte de un tribunal será sinónimo de la
concesión de la autoridad de agencia judicial.