Namma Kalvi

12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >

cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njL.
1. fhe;jpabfs; njd;dhg;gphpf;ftpy; ,Ue;J ve;jMz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;?;
m) 1915 M) 1916 ,) 1917 <) 1918

2. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf;fy;tp ve;j Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ?

m) 1825 M) 1835 ,) 1845 <) 1855

3. khWgl;l xd;iwj; NjHf.

m) tpy;ypak;N[hd;]; M) rhHy]; tpy;fpd;];
,) khf;];Ky;yH <) mutpe;j; Nfh\;

4.’Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik>mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;‛ - vdf; $wpatH.

m) ghyfq;fhjujpyfH M) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
,) Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; <) ghujpahH

5. gpd;tUtdtw;iw nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHf.

(m) ghyfq;fhjujpyfH - 1. ,e;jpahtpd; Fuy;
(M) jhjhgha;nesNuh[p - 2. nkl;uh];ilk;];
(,) nkf;fhNy - 3. Nfrhp
(<) tpy;ypak;bf;ig - 4. ,e;jpaf;fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;

m) 2>4>1>3 M) 3>1>4>2 ,) 1>3>2>4 <) 4>2>3>1

6. gpd;tUk; vJ xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sJ ?

m) Mq;fpyf;fy;tpr;rl;lk -1843
M) mbikKiwxopg;G -1859
,) nrd;idthrpfs;rq;fk; -1852
<) ,z;bNfhfyfk; -1835

7. gpd;tUk; mikg;Gfs; njhlq;fg;gl;l rhpahd fhythpiriaj; Njh;f.

(i) fpof;fpe;jpaf;fofk; 1866 (ii) nkl;uh]; kfh[d rq;fk; 1884
(iii) nrd;idthrpfs;rq;fk; 1852 (iv) ,e;jpar;rq;fk; 1865

m) ii,i,iii,iv (M ) ii,iii,i,iv ,) iii,iv,i,ii (<) iii,iv,ii,i

8. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpui] epWtpath;

m) Rgh\;re;jpuNgh]; M) fhe;jpabfs; ,) V.X.`pa+k; <) ghyfq;fhjujpyfH

9. ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf;fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiytH.

m) RNue;jpuehj;ghdH[p M) gj;UjPd;jpahg;[p ,) V.X.` pa+k; <) W.C.ghdH[p

10. ’,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjH‛vd miof;fg;gLgtH.

m) ghyfq;fhju jpyfH M) vk;.Nf.fhe;jp
,) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p <) Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];

11.’tWikAk; gphpl;lDf;nfht;thj ,e;jpa Ml;rpAk;‛ vd;w E}iy vOjpatH.

m) ghyfq;fhju jpyfH M) NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy

1
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

,) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p <) vk;.[p.uhdNl

12. $w;W : Mq;fpy murhq;fk; jilaw;w thzpfk; (m) jiyaplhf;n fhs;ifiag;

gpd;gw;wpaJ.
fhuzk;(fh): ,q;fpyhe;jpd; jilaw;w thzpgf; nfhs;ifapdhy; ,e;jpah <lhd
ed;ikiag;ngw;wJ.
m) $w;W rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
M) $wW; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
,) $w;W rhp fhuzk; jtW.
<) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.

13. xhp\h gQ;rk; Fwpj;j gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; rhpahdit vit /vJ ?

$w;W 1 :1866k;M z;by; 15 ,yl;rk; kff; s; xhp\htpy; gl;bdpahy; ,we;jdH.
$w;W 2 : gQ;r fhyj;jpy; 200kpy;ypad; gTzl; ; mhprpia gphpl;lDf;F Mq;fpy
muRVwW; kjpnra;jJ.
$w;W 3 : xhp\h gQ;rkhdJ jhjhghan; esNuh[pia ,e;jpa tWik Fwpj;J
tho;ehs;Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;sj;J}z;baJ.

m) 1>2 M) 1>3 ,) ,tw;Ws;vJTkpy;iy <) ,itmidj;Jk;

14. $w;W ($): jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ,e;jpaj;Njrpaf;fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhf %d;W

KiwNjHT nraa; g;gl;lhH.
fhuzk; (fh): 1905Mk;Mz;L tiuapy; ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fk; murpayikg;G
-thjpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
m) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W rhp Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
<) $w;W jtW Mdhy; fhuzk; rhp.

15. #uj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fhq;fpu]pd;mLj;jj; jiytuhfj;

NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtjwF; ahUila ngaH jPtpuNjrpathjpfshy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ ?
m) mutpe;jNfh\; M) jhjhgha;nesNuh[p
,) ngNuh];\hNkj;jh <) yhyhy[;gjpuha;

16. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfis fhz;f .

(i) 1905 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tq;fg;gphptpid Mq;fpNyahpd; gphpj;jhSk;
nfhs;iff;F kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
(ii) 1905 ,y; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh khehl;by; RNue;jpuehj;ghdH[p gphpl;b \;
nghUl;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; Gwf;fzpf;f miog;GtpLj;jhH.
(iii) 1905 Mf];l; 7 ,y; eilngw;w lTd;`hy; $l;lj;jpy; RNjrp,af;fk; Fwpj;j
Kiwahd mwptpg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nkw;fzl; $w;Wfspy; vJ /vit rhpahdit.
m) (i) kl;Lk; M) (i) kw;Wk; (iii) kl;Lk;
,) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) kl;Lk; <) Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk;

17. gpd;tUtdtw;iw nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHf.

(m) ,e;jpag;gj;jphpifr;rl;lk;>1910 - 1. RaM l;rp.
(M) tpbnts;spf;fofk ; - 2. rhHe;jpUf;Fk;epiyf;F vjpuhd Gul;rp.

2
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

(,) Rauh[;ak; - 3. Njrpamstpyhd nray;ghLfis eRf;fpaJ.

(<) RNjrp - 4. fy;tpf;fhd Njrpaf;fofk;

m) 3 1 4 2 M) 1 2 3 4 ,) 3 4 1 2 <) 1 2 4 3

18. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sJ ?

m) gq;fpk;re;jpurhl;lH[p - Mde;jklk;
M) [p.Rg;ukzpak; - tpbnts;spf;fofk;
,) kpz;NlhgpuG - gy;fiyf;fofrr; l;lk;>1904
<) jPtpuNjrpathjikak; - nrd;id

19. fy;fj;jhtpy;mDrpyd;rkpjpiaepWtpatH.
m) Gypd;g`hhpjh]; M )N`kr;re;jpufhDq;Nfh
,) [l;bd;juehj; ghdH[p kw;Wk; ghpe;jHFkhHNfh\;
<) Fjpuk;Ngh\; kw;Wk; gpuBGy;yhrhf;f p

20. $w;W : 1905 mf;N;lhgh;16 Jf;f ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhuzk;: Nkw;gbehspy; tq;fhsk; Kiwg;gb ,uz;L khfhzq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W rhp fhuzk; jtW. <) $w;W jtW fhuzk; rhp.

21. $w;W : t.c.rpjk;guk; RNjrp fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhH.

fhuzk;: ,e;jpaf; flw;fiufspy; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Kw;Whpikia mtH vjpHj;jhH.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $wi; w tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W rhp fhuzk; jtW. <) $w;W jtW fhuzk; rhp.

22. Rg;ukzpaghujp Fwpj;j gpd;tUk; ve;j $w;W jtwhdJ.

m) ghujp RNjrkpj;jpud; ,jopd;Jiz Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhH.
M) ghujp jpyfhpd; Gjpafl;rpapd; rpe;jhe;jq;fs; vd;w E}iy jkpopy; nkhop
ngaHj;jhH.
,) ghujpapd; FUkzp (MrphpaH) RthkptpNtfhde;juhthH.
<) ghujp ngz;fSf;fhd ’rfu; tHj;jpdp‛vd;w ,jopd;Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhH.

23. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; ahuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ ?

m) jpyfh; M) md;dpngrd;l; ,) gp.gp.thbah <) vr;.v];.My;fhl;

24. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;md;dpngrd;l; gw;wpa rhpahd $w;W vJ ?

1. fh;dy; vr;.v];.My;fhl;bw;Fg; gpwF gpuk;kQhd rigapd; jiytuhf
md;dpngrd;l; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
2. 1914,y;mth; fhkd;tPy; vd;w thuhe;jpu,jio njhlq;fpdhh;.
3. 1915Mk;Mz;L ,e;jpah vt;thW tpLjiyg;Nghiu Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wJ
vd;w jiyg;gpyhd Gj;jfj;ij gjpg;gpj;jhh;.
m) 1 kw;Wk; 2 M) 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,) 1 kw;Wk; 3 <) 1>2 kw;Wk; 3

25. $w;W : [pd;dhit ,e;J -K];ypk; xw;Wikapd;J}jh; vd;W rNuh[pdp

mk;ikahh; mioj;jhh;.
fhuzk;: yf;Ndh xg;ge;jj;jpd; jiyikr;rpw;gp [pd;dh Mthh.;
m) $w;W rhp. fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd tpsf;fky;y.
3
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

M) $w;W rhp. fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd tpsf;fk;.

,) $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp
<) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.

26. gdhu]; ,e;Jg;gy;fiyf;fofk; ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ ?

m) kfhj;khfhe;jp M) kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah ,) jpyfh; <) gp.gp.thbah

27. 1916 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh khehl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

m) K];ypk;yPf; vOr;rp.
M) fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk;yPf; jw;fhypf ,izg;G.
,) fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk;yPf;fpd; jdpj;njhFjp Nfhhpf;ifia
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
<) fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk;yPf;fpd; $l;lkh;tpy; [pd;dhtpd; vjph;kiwNghf;F.

28. gpd;tUtdtw;iw fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfs;cjtpAld; nghUj;Jf.

(m) fjhHfl;rp - i. 1916
(M) epa+,e;jpah - ii. 1913
(,) Rahl;rp,af;fk; - iii. 1909
(<) kpd;Nlh-khHyprPHjpUj;jk ; - iv. 1915

m) ii,iv,i,iii M) iv,i,ii,iii ,) i,iv,iii,ii <)ii,iii,iv,i

29. ’,e;jpaf;fpsHr;rp‛ vd;w Gj;jfj;jpd; MrphpaH.

m) yhyhy[gjpuha; M) Nytz;ild; rpNuhyp ,) jpyfH <) md;dpngrz;l;

30. fjhHfl;rp ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ ?

m) yhyhy[gjpuha; M) V.rp.k[{k;jhH ,) yhyh `Hjahs; <) rq;fHyhy;ghq;fH

31. mfpy ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;f fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy;jiytH ahH?

m) gp.gp.thbah M) [t`Hyhy;NeU ,) yhyhy[;gjpuha; <) rp.MH.jh];

32. fhe;jpabfspd; murpay; FU ahh;?;

m) jpyfh; M) NfhfNy ,) W.C.ghdH[p <) vk;.[p.uhdNl

33. njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gpa fhe;jp jdJ ntw;wpfukhd KjyhtJ

rj;ahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlq;fpa ,lk;.
m) Nflh M) jz;b ,) rk;guhd; <) gHNjhyp

34. irkd; fkp\d; fhq;fpu]hy; Vd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ ?

m) fkp\d;mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;FtJ Fwpj;j
ghpe;Jiu ,y;iy.
M) rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ghJfhg;G mspf;ftpy;iy.
,) mf;FOtpy; ,e;jpaHfs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
<) mJ KOr;Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd thf;FWjpiaf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

35. ,e;jpahtpd; %tHzf;nfhb vg;NghJ Vw;wg;gl;lJ ?

m) brk;gH31>1929 M) khHr;12>1930 ,) [dthp 26>1930 <) [dthp 26>1931

36. 1923 ,y; Nkhjpyhy;NeU kw;Wk; rp.M H.jh];-My; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpapd;

4
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

ngaH vd;d ?
m) Rauh[;af;fl;rp M) fjhHfl;rp ,) Rje;jpuhf;fl;rp <) fk;a+dp];l;fl;rp

37. gpd;tUtdtw;iw nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj;NjHT nra;f .

(m)ehk#j;uh,af;fk; -1. tlNkw;F ,e;jpah
(M)M jpjHk,aff; k; -2. njd;dpe;jpah
(,)rj;aNrhjf;,af;fk; -3. fpof;fpe;jpah
(<)jpuhtpl,af;fk; -4. Nkw;F ,e;jpah

m) 3 1 4 2 M) 2 1 4 3 ,) 1 2 3 4 <) 3 4 1 2

38. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; gy;NtW epiyfis fhythpirg;gLj;Jf.

(1) mkpHjru]; efhpy; gphpl;b\; gilahy; MAjk; Ve;jhj kf;fs; kPJ nfhba
jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
(2) ePjpkd;w tprhuiz ,d;wp vtiuAk; rpiwapy;milf;f nusyl;rl;lk;
nfhzL; tug;gl;lJ.
(3) nrshpnrsuh td;Kiwr;rk;gtk; fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
tpyf;fpf;nfhs;s toptFj;jJ.
(4) fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;Jld;
xj;Jioahik vd;w fhe;jpabfspd; Kd;nkhopit Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

m) 2>1>4>3 M ) 1>3>2>4 ,) 2>4>1>3 <) 3>2>4>1

39. gpd;tUk; vJ xd;W rhpahfg; nghUe;jtpy;iy?

m) gQ;rhg; Jiz MSeH - 1 .nu[pdhy;L ilaH
M) jypj;-gF[d;,af;fk; - 2. lhf;lH.mk;Ngj;fH
,) Rakhpahij,af;fk; - 3. nghpahH <.nt.uh.
<) rj;ahfpufrig - 4. nusyl;rl;lk;

40. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfis rhpahd fhythpirg;gb mikj;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tpilfspypUe;J rhpahdijj; NjHe;njLf;fTk;.
(i) Nflhrj;ahfpufk; 1918 (ii) rk;guhd;,aff; k; 1917
(iii) gpuhkzuy;yhNjhH ,af;fk; 1916 (iv) Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Grj;ahfpufk; 1930

m) ii,iii,i,iv M) iii,ii,i,iv ,) ii,i,iv,iii <) ii,i,iii,iv

41. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ /vit rhpahdit my;y.

(i) fhe;jpabfs;mfkjhghj;jpy; rgHkjp M];ukj;ij epWtpdhH.
(ii) ty;ygha;gNly; xU tof;fwpQH.
(iii) irkd;FOtpid K];ypk;yPf; tuNtw;wJ.
(iv) ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNki[ khehl;by; fhe;jpabfs; fye;J nfhz;lhH.
m) i M) i kw;Wk; iv ,) ii kw;Wk; iii <) iii kl;Lk;

42. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; cs;slf;fpait.

(m) gs;sp kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfis Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
(M) muR toq;fpa gl;lq;fis jpUg;gpaspj;jy;.
(,) cz;zhtpujq;fs; filg;gpbg;gij vjpHj;jy;.
(<) muRf;F vjpuhd rjpNtiyfspy; <LgLjy;.
m) m kw;Wk; M M) M kw;Wk; , ,) m kw;Wk; < <) , kw;Wk; <

5
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

43. $w;W : gp.MH.mk;Ngj;fH kfj;rj;ahfpufj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhH.

fhuzk:; mtH ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fis xUq;fpizf;f Kad;whH.
m) $w;W rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) $w;W rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. <) $w;W fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.

44. $w;W : 1919 ,y; ,e;jpaf;fTd;rpy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nusyl;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

fhuzk;: ,J kpjthjpfis mutizj;J jPtputhjpfis jdpikg;gLj;Jk;
gphpl;b\hhpd; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) $w;W rhp kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W rhp fhuzk; jtW. <) $w;W jtW fhuzk; rhp.

45. fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jiytHfspy; Rauh[;af;fl;rpAld; njhlHgpy;yhj jiytH.

m) uh[h[p M) rpj;juQ;rd;jh]; ,) Nkhjpyhy; NeU (<) rj;a%Hj;jp

46. fhe;jpabfspd; jz;bahj;jpiu gazk; nrd;wile;j Mz;L.

m) Vg;uy; 6>1930 M) khHr; 6>1930 ,) Vg;uy; 4>1939 <) khHr; 4>1930

47. ,e;jpaf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp ve;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?

m) 1920 M) 1925 ,) 1930 <) 1935

48. fy;gdh jj; vjDld; njhlHGilatH?

m) `pe;J];jhd; Nrhryp];l; hpgg;spfd; mNrhrpNa\d; M) tq;fhs rig
,) ,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp <) ,e;jpaf; FbauR ,uhZtk;

49. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;Jf

(m) fhd;g+H rjp tof;F - 1. mbg;gil chpikfs;
(M) kPul;rjp tofF; - 2. #hpah nrd;
(,) rpl;lfhq; MAjf;fplq;F nfhs;is - 3. 1929
(<) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; fuhr;rp khehL - 4. 1924
m) 1> 2> 3> 4 M) 2> 3> 4> 1 ,) 3> 4> 1> 2 <) 4> 3> 2> 1

50. fPo;f;fhz;gtHfspy; 64 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpujj;jpw;Fg; gpwF rpiwapy; caphpoe;jtH

m) Gypd; jh]; M) rr;rpd; rd;ahy; ,) [jPe;jpuehj; jh]; <) gphpj;jp tNjjhH

51. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; nghUshjhug; ngUk; ke;jk; Fwpj;Jr; rhpahdit.

(i) ,J tlmnkhpf;fhtpy; Vw;gl;lJ.
(ii) thy; njUtpy; Vw;gl;l tPo;rr; pahdJ ngUk; ke;jj;ij tpiuTgLj;jpaJ.
(iii) ngUk; ke;jk; trjp gilj;jtHfis kl;LNk ghjpj;jJ.
(iv) tpiytPo;rr; p mile;jjhy; ngUk; ke;jj;jpd; NghJ rpwg;ghd
tho;f;if Kiwia njhopyhsHfs; mDgtpj;jdH.
m) i kw;Wk; ii M) i, ii kw;Wk; iii ,) i kw;Wk; iv <) i, iii kw;Wk; iv

52. KjyhtJ gUj;jpj; njhopw;rhiy gk;ghapy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L.

(m) 1852 M) 1854 ,) 1861 <) 1865

53. nfhLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfis nfhz;L rhpahd $w;iwj; NjHe;njLf;fTk;.

(i) ‚Chittagong Armoury Raiders Reminiscences‛ vDk; E}y; fy;gdh jj; vd;gtuhy;
6
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

vOjg;gl;lJ.
(ii) fy;gdh jj; jha;ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf MAjk; jhq;fp NghuhbdhH.
(iii) fy;gdh jj; NguurUf;F vjpuhfg; NghH njhLj;jhH vdf; Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;lhH.

m) i kl;Lk; M) i kw;Wk; ii ,) ii kw;Wk; iii <) midj;Jk;

54. KjyhtJ gazpfs; ,uapy; 1853 ,y; ve;j ,lq;fSf;F ,ilNa XbaJ?
m) kjuh]; - muf;Nfhzk; M) gk;gha; - g+dh
,) gk;gha; - jhNd <) nfhy;fj;jh - `_f;sp

55. fy;fj;jhtpy; KjyhtJ rzy; Miy njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L .....................

m) 1855 (M) 1866 ,) 1877 <) 1888

56. gpd;tUNthhpy; fhd;g+H rjp tof;fpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltH ahH?

m) vk;.vd;. uha; M) gfj; rpq; ,) v];.V. lhq;Nf <) uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy;

57. fhd;g+H rjp tof;Ff; Fwpj;j gpd;tUk; ve;j $w;Wfs; rhpahdit?

(i) rzy; kw;Wk; gUj;jp njhopw;rhiyfspy; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
(ii) ,t;tof;fpy; fk;a+dp];l;fSk; njhopw;rq;fthjpfSk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ldH.
(iii) ,t;tof;F ePjpgjp H.E. N`hk;]; vd;gthpd; Kd;ghf tprhuizf;F te;jJ.
(iv) tprhuiz kw;Wk; rpiwj; jz;lidahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; fhq;fpu];
eltbf;iffspy; tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

m) i, ii kw;Wk; iii M) i, iii kw;Wk; iv ,) ii, iii kw;Wk; iv <) i, ii kw;Wk; iv

58. KfyhaH fhyj;jpy; mYtyf kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w nkhopahf tpsq;fpaJ vJ?

m) cUJ M) ,e;jp ,) kuhj;jp <) ghurPfk;

59. gpd;tUk; r%f> rkar; rPHjpUj;j epWtdq;fis mit Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljd; fhy

mbg;gilapy; thpirg;gLj;Jf.
1. midj;J ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; 2. Mhpa rkh[k;
3. midj;jpe;jpa ,e;J kfhrig 4. gQ;rhg; ,e;J rig

m) 1> 2> 3> 4 M) 2> 1> 4> 3 ,) 2> 4> 3> 1 <) 4> 3> 2> 1

60. yz;ld; gphptpf; fTd;rpypy; ,lk;ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH ........................

m) u`kj;Jy;yh rahdp M) rH iraJ mfkJ fhd;
,) iraJ mkPH myp <) g‡UjPd; jahg;[p

61. $w;W : 1870 ,y; tq;fhs murhq;f Miz ,];yhkpa njhopy; ty;YeH FOf;fs;
,ilNa Iaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
fhuzk; : mt;thiz cUJ nkhop ghurPf - mugp vOj;J Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf
,e;jpiaf; nfhzL; te;jJ.
m) $w;W rhpƒ Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
M) $w;W rhpƒ fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
,) $w;W jtWƒ fhuzk; rhp.
<) $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.

7
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

62. rhpahd $w;Wfisf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

$w;W I : Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfspy; rpyH Njrpathjj;ij ,e;Jkj mbj;jsj;jpy;
kl;LNk cUthf;f KbAk; vd ek;gpdH.
$w;W II : ,e;J kfhrig Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;> md;dp ngrz;l;
mk;ikahuhy; elj;jg;gl;l gpuk;kQhd rigahy; tYg;ngw;wJ.
$w;W III : Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fhjd; eltbf;iffspy; fhq;fpu];
gq;Nfw;wJ ,e;J - K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa gphpit cz;lhf;fpaJ.

m) I kw;Wk; II M) I kw;Wk; III ,) II kw;Wk; III <) midj;Jk;

63. ,U ehL nfhs;ifia Kjd;Kjypy; nfhz;L te;jtH ...........................

m) ,uh[h[p M) uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L ,) KfkJ ,f;ghy; <) rH thrpH `rd;

64. 1937 ,y; eilngw;w NjHjypy; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

m) 12 khfhzq;fs; M) 7 khfhzq;fs; ,) 5 khfhzq;fs; <) 8 khfhzq;fs;

65. fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp KbTf;F te;j ehspid K];ypk; yPf; kPlG; ehshf nfhz;lhbaJ.
m) 22 brk;gH> 1940 M) 5 gpg;uthp> 1939 ,) 23 khHr;> 1937 <) 22 brk;gH> 1939

66. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHT nra;f.

gl;bay; I gl;bay; II
(m) md;dp ngrz;l; - 1. mypfhH ,af;fk;
(M) iraJ mfkJ fhd; - 2. jahde;j ru];tjp
(,) fpyhgj; ,aff; k; - 3. gpuk;kQhd rig
(<) Rj;jp ,af;fk; - 4. myp rNfhjuHfs;

m) 3 1 4 2 M) 1 2 3 4 ,) 4 3 2 1 <) 2 3 4 1

67. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; ,Ue;J rhpahdtw;iwj; NjHT nra;f.

(i) mypfhH ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jrH iraJ mfkJ fhd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
fhq;fpuir Mjhpj;jhH.
(ii) 1909 ,y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l gQ;rhg; ,e;J rigahdJ ,e;Jkj tFg;Gthj
murpaYfF; mbj;jskpl;lJ.
m) $w;W (i) kw;Wk; (ii) rhp M) $w;W (i) rhp (ii) jtW
,) $w;W (i) jtW (ii) rhp <) $w;W (i) kw;Wk; (ii) jtW

68. vg;NghJ K];ypk; yPf; Neub eltbf;if ehis mDrhpj;jJ?

m) 25 brk;gH> 1942 M) 16 Mf];l;> 1946 ,) 21 khHr;> 1937 <) 22 brk;gH> 1939

69. Ntty; gpuGtpw;Fg; gpd;dH gjtpNaw;wtH.

m) ypd;ypj;Nfh M) ngjpf;yhud;]; ,) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; <) nrk;];‡NghHL

70. $w;W : gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; tFg;Gthjj;ij tsHf;fTk; gug;gTk; gpd;gw;wpaJ

jdpj;njhFjpf; nfhs;ifahFk;
fhuzk; : kf;fs; ,uz;L jdpj;njhFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;ljhy; tFg;Gthj
mbg;gilapNyNa thf;fspj;jdH.
m) $w;W rhpƒ Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
M) $w;W rhpƒ fhuzk; jtW.
,) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; jtW.
8
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

<) $w;W rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.

71. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njLf;fTk;.

(m) ,e;J kj kWkyHr;rp - 1. M.S. Nfhy;thf;fH
(M) fyP‡gh gjtp xopg;G - 2. Mhpa rkh[k;
(,) yhyh y[gjp uha; - 3. 1924
(<) uh\;bhpa RaNrth rq;fk;- 4. ,e;J - K];ypk; khfhzq;fshf
gQ;rhg; gphpj;jy;
m) 2 4 3 1 M) 3 4 1 2 ,) 1 3 2 4 <) 2 3 4 1

72. jdpegH rj;jpahfpufk; vg;NghJ njhlq;fpaJ?

m) khHr; 23> 1940 M) Mf];l; 8> 1940 ,) mf;NlhgH 17> 1940 <) Mf];l; 9> 1942

73. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHT nra;f.

(m) ,e;J - K];ypk; fytuk; - 1. Nkhfd; rpq;
(M) Mf];l; nfhil - 2. Nfhtpe;j; gy;yg; ge;j;
(,) gphptpidj; jPHkhdj;ij Kd;nkhope;jtH - 3. ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
(<) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; - 4. etfhsp
m) 3 4 2 1 M) 4 2 1 3 ,) 4 3 2 1 <) 3 2 4 1

74. fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO ahUila Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;jJ?

m) Ntty; gpuG M) ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
,) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG <) ,tHfspy; ahUkpy;iy

75. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHT nra;f.

(m) mnkhpf;ff; FbauRj; jiytH - 1. Nlh[h
(M) rPdf; FbauRj; jiytH - 2. tpd;];ld; rHr;rpy;
(,) gphpl;b\; gpujkH - 3. \pahq;Nf N\f;
(<) [g;ghd; gpujkH - 4. v‡g;.b. &];nty;l;

m) 1 4 3 2 M) 1 3 2 4 ,) 4 3 2 1 <) 4 2 3 1

76. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpu]py; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;lhH?

m) 1938 M) 1939 ,) 1940 <) 1942

77. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfspd; ‘nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb‛ vd ve;j epfo;tpd; NghJ miog;G
tpLj;jhH?
m) rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; M) xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
,) nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; <) ,it midj;Jk;

78. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ gk;ghapy; ,ufrpakhf thndhyp

epiyaj;ij elj;jpatH ahH?
m) c\h Nkj;jh M) gphpj;jp tNjjhH ,) Mrg; myp <) Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp

79. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtg;giltPuHfs; rhHghf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thjhbatH ahH?

m) [t`Hyhy; NeU M) Nkhjpyhy; NeU ,) ,uh[h[p <) Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh];

80. 1942 ,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;jpahtpd;

murgpujpepjp ahH?
m) Ntty; gpuG M) ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG
9
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

,) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG <) tpd;];ld; rHr;rpy;

81. $w;W : nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhis milatpy;iy.

fhuzk; : mg;Nghija gphpl;b\; muR fLikahd mlf;F Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhpƒ fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhpƒ fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W rhpƒ Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W jtWƒ Mdhy; fhuzk; rhp.

82. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; ve;jehl;L cjtpAld; epWtg;gl;lJ?

m) n[Hkdp M) [g;ghd; ,) gpuhd;]; <) mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;

83. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ngz;fs; gilg;gphptpd; ngaH ....................... MFk;.

m) Rgh\; gilg;gphpT M) f];J}Hgh gilg;gphpT
,) Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp gilg;gphpT <) [hd;]p uhzp gilg;gphpT

84. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; jw;fhypf murhq;fj;ij Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; vq;F

Vw;gLj;jpdhH?
m) ,uq;$d; M) kNyah ,) ,k;ghy; <) rpq;fg;g+H

85. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtg;gil kPjhd tprhuiz vq;F eilngw;wJ?

m) nrq;Nfhl;il> GJnly;yp M) gpdhq;
,) it];hpfy; yhl;[;> rpk;yh <) rpq;fg;G+H

86. 1945 ,y; rpk;yh khehl;ilf; $l;ba murgpujpepjp.

m) Ntty; gpuG M) ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG ,) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG <) fpskz;l; ml;yp

87. 1946 ,y; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; ahUila jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ?

m) [t`Hyhy; NeU M) nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;
,) uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; <) ty;ygha; gNly;

88. rhpahd thpirapy; mikj;J tpiliaj; NjHT nra;f.

(i) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLjy;
(ii) ,uhay; ,e;jpa flw;gilf;fyfk;
(iii) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; kPjhd tprhuiz
(iv) ,uh[h[p jpl;lk;

m) ii, i, iii, iv M) i, iv, iii, ii ,) iii, iv, i, ii <) iii, iv, ii, i

89. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfspd; rhpahd thpiriaj; NjHT nra;f.

(i) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; kPjhd tprhuiz
(ii) Neub eltbf;if ehs;
(iii) Mf];l; nfhil
(iv) jdpegH rj;jpahfpufk;
m) i, ii, iii, iv M) iii, i, ii, iv ,) iii, iv, i, ii <) i, iii, iv, ii

90. ,e;jpaH iffSf;F mjpfhuk; khw;wg;gLk; vd mwptpj;j gphpl;b\; gpujkH ahH?

m) tpd;];ld; rHr;rpy; M) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
,) fpskz;l; ml;yp <) F.D. &];nty;l;

10
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

91. gphpl;b\hH ve;j fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,e;jpahittpl;L ntspNaw KbT nra;jdH?

m) Mf];l; 15> 1947 M) [dthp 26> 1950 ,) [_d;> 1948 <) brk;gH> 1949

92. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHT nra;f.

(m) N[tpgp FO - 1. 1928
(M) rh; rphpy; uhl;fpsp‡g; - 2. khepy kWrPuikg;G Mizak;
(,) gry; myp - 3. 1948
(<) NeU FO mwpf;if - 4. vy;iy tiuaiw Mizak;

m) 1 2 3 4 M) 3 4 2 1 ,) 4 3 2 1 <) 4 2 3 1

93. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fhythpirg;gb mikf;fTk;.

(i) ,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; Fwpj;j ml;ypapd; mwptpg;G
(ii) NeUtpd; jiyikapyhd ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;
(iii) nksz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfspy; ,Ue;J tpilapid NjHe;njLf;fTk;.

m) ii, i, iii M) i, ii, iii ,) iii, ii, i <) ii, iii, i

94. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpr; rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njLf;fTk;.

(m) rPdkf;fs; FbauR - 1. ngy;fpNuL
(M) ghz;Lq; khehL - 2. khHr; 1947
(,) Mrpa cwTfs; khehL - 3. Vg;uy; 1955
(<) mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - 4. [dthp 1> 1950

m) 3 4 2 1 M) 4 2 3 1 ,) 4 3 2 1 <) 3 2 4 1

95. gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfspd; rhpahd thpiriaj; NjHf.

(i) rPdkf;fs; FbauR (ii) rPdhTldhd ,e;jpag; NghH
(iii) murikg;G epHzar; rigapd; $l;lk; (iv) gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;if
(v) NeU - ypahfj; myp fhd; xg;ge;jk;
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfspy; ,Ue;J tpilapid NjHe;njLf;fTk;.
(m) i, ii, iii, iv, v M) iii, i, v, iv, ii (,) iii, iv, i, v, ii <) i, iii, iv, v, ii

96. kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l ehs; ........................

m) [dthp 30> 1948 M) Mf];l; 15> 1947 ,) [dthp 30> 1949
<) mf;NlhgH 2> 1948

97. Me;jpu khepy Nfhhpf;ifapid Kjd;Kjypy; vOg;gpatH ........................

m) nghl;b =uhKY M) gl;lhgp rPj;jhuhikah
,) Nf.vk;. gzpf;fH <) b. gpufhrk;

98. murikg;G epHzar; rigapy; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPHkhdq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jtH.

m) ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; M) [tfHyhy;NeU
,) ty;ygha; gNly; <) nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;

99. gp.MH. mk;Ngj;fhiu ve;j njhFjpapy; ,Ue;J NjHe;njLg;gijf; fhq;fpu]; cWjp

nra;jJ?
m) mNkjp M) gk;gha; ,) ehf;G+H <) kft;

11
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

100. $w;W : uhl;fpsp‡gpd; vy;iy tiuaiw midj;J tifahd Kuz;ghLfisAk;

nfhz;bUe;jJ.
fhuzk; : Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; mJ midtuhYk; xUkdjhf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy
,) $w;W rhp fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W jtW fhuzk; rhp

101. murikg;G epHza rigapd; Kjy;$l;lk; vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ?

m) khHr; 22> 1949 M) [dthp 26> 1946 ,) brk;gH 9> 1946 <) brk;gH 13> 1946

102. murikg;G vg;nghOJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ?

m) [dthp 30> 1949 M) Mf];l; 15> 1947 ,) [dthp 30> 1949 <) etk;gH 26> 1949

103. nkhopthhp mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khepyk; ..............................

m) fh\;kPH M) m];]hk; ,) Me;jpuh <) xhp]h

njhFjp II

104. gpd;tUtdtw;i w fhythpirg;gLj;Jf.

i) [kPd;jhhp Kiw xopg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;
ii) mjpf tpisr;riyj;jUk; tPhpa uf tpijfspd; gad;ghL
iii) jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; epy cr;rtuk;Gr; rl;lk;
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfspypUe;J tpilapidj; Njh;T nra;f
m. ii,i,iii M. i,iii,ii ,. iii,ii,i <. ii,iii,i

105. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; ________ tifahd Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf cWjp G+z;Ls;sJ.

m.Kjyhspj;Jt M. rkjh;k ,. nja;tPf <. njhopw;rhiy

106. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; KjyhtJ jpUj;jk; vg;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

m.1951 M.1952 ,. 1976 <. 1978

107. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilf; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;jp

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f.
m. njhopy; Nkk;ghL nfhs;ifj; jPh;khdk; - 1. 1951-56
M. ,e;jpa mwptpay; epWtdk; - 2. ,uz;lhtJ [e;jhz;L jpl;lk;
,. kfyNdhgp]; - 3. 1909
<. KjyhtJ [e;jhz;L jpl;lk; - 4. 1956

m. 1 2 3 4 M. 3 1 4 2 ,. 4 3 2 1 <. 4 2 3 1

108. epy rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; jkpo;ehl;by; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf vg;NghJ

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
m. 1961 M. 1972 ,. 1976 <. 1978

109. G+kpjhd ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpath;

m. uhk; kNdhfh; Nyhfpah M. n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhazd;
,. tpNdhgh ghNt <. Re;jh;yhy; gFFzh

110. $w;W : [kPd;jhhpKiw xopg;G mjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpy; xU gFjpia vl;baJ.

12
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

fhuzk; : gy epyr;Rthd;jhuhf; s; Fj;jiffhuh;fis ntspNaw;wp epyk; mth;fsJ

Rafl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; Ntshz;ikapy; cs;sjhf chpik Nfhhpdh;.
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

111. njhopy; tsh;rr

; p kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
m. 1951 M. 1961 ,. 1971 <. 1972

112. kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;Gr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
m. 2005 M. 2006 ,. 2007 <. 2008

113. ve;j Mz;L ,e;jpa nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; fLk; neUf;fbiar; re;jpj;jd?

m. 1961 M. 1991 ,. 2008 <. 2005

114. kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;Gr; rl;lk; (MGNREGA)

vj;jid ehl;fs; Ntiytha;g;ig xU jdpegUf;F toq;FfpwJ?
m. 200 M. 150 ,. 100 <. 75

115. lhl;lh mbg;gil Muha;rr

; p epWtdk; vg;NghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
m. 1905 M. 1921 ,. 1945 <. 1957

116. 1951 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; nray;gl;ld.

m. 5 M. 7 ,. 6 <. 225

117. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ Rje;jpukhd th;j;jf efuk; ,y;iy?

m. E}nuk;ngh;f; M. Md;l;nth;g; ,. n[Ndhth <. nrapd;l; gPl;lh;];gh;f;

118. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ rkaj;ij ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F js;spaJ?

m. kWkyhr;rp M. rkar; rPh;jpUj;jk; ,. Gtpapay; fz;Lgpbg;G <. th;j;jf Gul;rp

119. fPo;fz;l Nghg;ghz;lth;fspy; ,j;jhypa kWkyh;rr

; pf;F Mjuthfr; nray;glhjth;
ahh;?
m. [e;jhk; epf;Nfhy]; M. ,uz;lhk; [{ypa];
,. ,uz;lhk; ga]; <. %d;whk; ghy;

120. ntspehl;L epWtdq;fSf;F vtUila ntw;wp nghpJk; Cf;fk; je;jJ?

m. khh;f;Nfh NghNyh M. Nuh[h; Ngf;fd; ,. nfhyk;g]; <. ghh;NjhNyhkpNah la];

121. $w;W: fhfpjk; fp.K. (ngh.M.K) ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpy; Njhd;wpaJ.

fhuzk; : efUk; mikg;gpyhd mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij n[h;kdp fz;Lgpbj;jJ.
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

122. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ kWkyh;rr

; p fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU Nahrid my;y?
m. gFj;jwpT thjk; M. [AwTthjk; ,. murpy;yh epiy <. jdpj;Jtk;
13
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

123. etPd nray;Kiw mwptpaypd; je;ij vdf; fUjg;gLgth; ahh;?

m. mhp]lhl;by; M. gpshl;Nlh ,. Nuh[h; Ngf;fd; <. Yhz;l;];nla;dh;

124. kdpjFyj;ij rkakuG my;yJ mjpfhuk; %ykhf Ml;rp nrYj;jhky; fhuzq;fs;

%yk; Ml;rp nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpath; ahh;?
m. jhe;Nj M. khf;fpaty;yp ,. Nuh[h; Ngf;fd; <. Ngl;uhh;f;

125. JUf;fpah;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghhpy; Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspd; cjtpia ehb ,j;jhypf;F

nrd;wth; ahh;?
m. [pNahtdp mThp];gh M.NkDty; fpiurhnyhu];
,. Nuh[h; Ngf;fd; <. nfhyk;g];

126. $w;W: fypypNah fypyp Njthya tpNuhj Nghf;Ff;fhf fpwp];jt jpUr;rigahy;

Tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;.
fhuzk; : #hpaid ikakhf itj;J Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;w
Nfhgh;epf;f]pd; #hpa ika Nfhl;ghl;il mth; Vw;whh;
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

127. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ rhpahd mwpf;if my;yJ mwpf;iffs;?

mwpf;if 1: ,j;jhypah;fs; jhq;fs; gz;ila itf;fpq;fpd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs;
vd;w ek;gpf;ifia ghJfhf;f Kad;wdh;.
mwpf;if 2: Jg;ghf;fpfs; kw;Wk; ntbkUe;J %ykhf fly; gaz Mgj;Jf;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
mwpf;if 3: fpwp];jt rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk; Mh;tk; Gjpa epyg;gFjpfis
fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; Cf;fk; je;jJ.
mwpf;if 4: ngh;bdhd;l; nkfy;yd; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; gazpj;J gpNurpiyf;
fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
m. 1>2 kw;Wk; 3 M. 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,. 1 kw;Wk; 3 <. midj;Jk; rhp

128. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ ypahdh;Nlh lhtpd;rpapd; Xtpak; ,y;iy?

m. th;[pd; Mg; uhf;]; M. ,Wjp tpUe;J
,. Nkhdyprh <. kNlhdhTk; Foe;ijAk;

129. Nghg;ghz;ltuhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nuhkpy; cs;s nrapz;l; gPll

; h;]; Njthyaj;ij
etPdkhf;fpath; ahh?;
m. Nlhdnly;yh M. uNgy; ,. ypahdh;Nlh lhtpd;rp <. ikf;Nfy; MQ;rpNyh
130. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ rhpahfg; nghUj;jg;gltpy;iy?
m. khhN; yht; - bNlh
M. N\f;];gpah; - fpq; ypah;
,. gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; - NehTk; Mh;fDk;
<. Nuh[h; Ngf;fd; - nlf;fkuhd;

131. $w;W : JUf;fpa ntw;wpfSk; fhd;];lhd;bNehgpspd; tPo;rr

; pAk; fpof;Fg; gFjpf;F
xU fly; topj;jlj;ij fz;Lgpbf;f Cf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
fhuzk; : fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; Njitfs; mjpfhpj;jjhy; fly;
top thzpgj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j [Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; tpUk;gpd .
14
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.

M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

132. nkfy;ydpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF ve;jf; fg;gy; jpUk;gpaJ?

m. rhz;lh khpah M. gpz;l;lh ,. epdh <. tpl;Nlhhpah

133. ];ngapDf;fhf nkf;rpNfhit ifg;gw;wpath; ahh;?

m. ngl;Nuh fhg;uy; M. nfhyk;g]; ,. n`h;dd; fhh;l;]; <. N[k;];Ff;

134. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; vl;lhk;n`d;wpahy; Nkyhjpf;fr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L

vJ?
m. 1519 M. 1532 ,. 1533 <. 1534

135. $w;W: nfhs;is Neha;f;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;f Kbahjjhy; nfhs;is Neha;

Njthyaj;jpd; epiyia gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ..
fhuzk; : Nghg;ghz;lthpd; mjpfhuk; ngUk; rthy;fis vjph; nfhz;lJ.
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW. <. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

136. Vohk; fphpNfhhpahy; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig eltbf;iffspy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp

itf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpahsh; ahh;?
m. Vohk; n`d;wp M. vl;lhk; n`d;wp
,. ,uz;lhk; n`d;wp <. ehd;fhk; n`d;wp

137. tl mnkhpf;fhtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; FbNawpa [Nuhg;gpah;fs;_________

m. Nghh;j;Jf;rpah; M. ];ghdpah; ,. Nldpah; <. Mq;fpNyah;

138. epA+ Mk;]l

; h;lhkpw;F ________ vd kWngah; #l;lg;gl;lJ.
m. th\pq;ld; M. epA+ahh;f; ,. rpf;fhf;Nfh <. Mk;];lh;lhk;

139. $w;W: Mq;fpNyah; ehtha;r; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpdh;.

fhuzk; : fhydp ehLfspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; Mq;fpNyaf; fg;gy;fspd;
%ykhf kl;LNk Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gijr; ,r;rl;lk;
fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ.
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

140. $w;W: 1770 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;J Njapiyiaj; jtpu Vida nghUl;fspd; kPjhd
thpfis uj;J nra;jJ.
fhuzk; : fhydp ehLfspd; kPJ NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth
thptpjpf;Fk; chpik Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jNt Njapiyapd; kPjhd thp jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
15
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

141. gh];ld; NjePh; tpUe;J epfo;T _______ ,y; eilngw;wJ.

m. 1775 M. 1773 ,. 1784 <. 1799

142. $w;W: [hh;[pah jtpu Vida fhydpfisr; Nrh;e;j gpujpepjpfs; nghWj;J

nfhs;sKbahjr; rl;lq;fs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfhhpdhh;.
fhuzk; : mJtiuapYk; Mq;fpyg; nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;gJ vd fhq;fpu];
KbT nra;jJ.
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

143. fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; vJ / vit rhpahdJ / rhpahdit.

$w;W 1: 1776 [{iy 4 ,y; gjpd;%d;W fhydpfSk; ,q;fpyhe;jplkpUe;J
tpLjiy ngw;wjhf mwptpj;jd.
$w;W 2: Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijj; jahhpj;jypy; jhk]; n[gh;rd; kpf Kf;fpag;
gq;fpid tfpj;jhh;.
m. 1 M. 2 ,. ,uz;Lk; jtW <. ,uz;Lk; rhp

144. mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; Mq;fpy gilfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpath;

m. hpr;rl;L yP M. [hh;[; th\pq;ld; ,. tpy;ypak; N`hNt <. uhf;fpq;fhk;

145. fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; vJ / vit rhpahdJ / rhpahdit.

$w;W 1: gpnuQ;R r%fj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp tptrhapfshy; MdJ.
$w;W 2: gpnuQ;R tptrhapfs; gz;iz mbikfsha; ,Ue;jdh;
$w;W 3: thuj;jpy; rpy ehl;fspy; tptrhapfs; jq;fs; gpuGfSf;fhfr; rk;gsk;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Ntiy nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;.

m. 1 kw;Wk; 2 M. 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,. 1 kw;Wk; 3 <. midj;Jk; rhp

146. nld;dp]; ikjhd cWjpnkhopf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;w vjph;g;Gf;Fj; jiyikNaww; gpuG

__________ Mthh;.
m. khul; M. lhz;ld; ,. yf;ghal; <. kpuhG

147. $w;W: tsh;e;J nfhz;bUe;j G+h;\;thf;fs; jq;fs; r%fj; jFjpf;F epfuhd

murpay; mjpfhuk; Ntz;bdhh;.
fhuzk; : murhq;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw Ntz;Lnkd mth;fs; tpUk;gpdh;
m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

148. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfisg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj;

Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. khz;nl];fpA+ - 1. N[Nfhgpah;fs;
M. thy;lh; - 2. Mq;fpy ehl;Lj; jj;Jtthjp
,. gaq;fu Ml;rp - 3. gjpdhd;fhk; Y}apapd; fhyk;
<. [hd; yhf; - 4. rl;lq;fspd; rhuk;
16
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

m. 1 3 4 2 M. 4 3 1 2 ,. 4 1 2 3 <. 1 4 3 2

149. gh];by; rpiw jfh;g;G ________ ,y; ele;jJ.

m. 1789> [{d; 5 M. 1789> [{iy 14 ,.1789> etk;gh; 11 <. 1789> Nk 1

150. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; NghJ mwptpf;fg;gl;l kdpjd; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; chpikfs;

gpufldk; ngz;fisj; jtph;j;J tpl;ljhy; mjd; Nky; ________ mjpUg;jp
nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
m. xypk;Ng b Nfhn[]; M. Nkhp md;lha;ndl;
,. Nuhn[l; b yp];yp <. Nuhg];gpah;

151. gjpdhwhk; Y}apapd; mjpfhug;G+h;tkhd trpg;gplkhf ,Ue;jJ.

m. nth;nra;y;]; M. njsyd; ,. Khh;nra;y;]; <. bA+nyh;];

152. _____ njhlf;fj;jpy; nrapd;l; Nlhkpq;Nfh vd mwpag;gl;lJ.

m. nkf;rpNfh M. gdhkh ,. i`l;b <. `thdh

153. nkf;rpNfhtpy; Gul;rpf;Fj; jiyikNaw;wth; _____

m. irkd; nghypth; M. N[h]; khpah Nkhh;Nyh
,. ngh;bdhd;L b ny];n]g;]; <. kpFty; `ply;Nfh

154. mh;n[d;bdhit tpLjiyailar; nra;jth; _______

m. rhd; khh;l;bd; M. lhk; ngl;Nuh
,. ngh;dhh;Nlh X `pf;fpd;]; <. khpdh Nkhh;y];

155. _______ efuk; ‚fhl;ld; nghyp];‛ vDk; Gidg;ngaiug; ngw;wJ.

m. khd;nr];lh; M. yq;fhrah; ,. ypth;G+y; <. fpsh];Nfh

156. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfisg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj;

Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. ikf;Nfy; ghuNl - 1. Mh;f;iul;
M. vypah]; N`hNt - 2. uhgh;l; Gy;ld;
,. ePh;rr
; l;lfk; - 3. kpd;rhuk;
<. ePuhtpg;glF - 4. ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
m. 1 3 4 2 M. 1 4 2 3 ,. 3 4 1 2 <. 3 4 2 1

157. neg;Nghypad; Kjd;Kjypy; ehL flj;jg;gl;L rpiw itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; _____

MFk;.
m. vy;gh M. nrapd;l; n`ydh ,. fhh;rpNfh <. thl;lh;Y}

158. gphpl;b\;> ngy;[pa kw;Wk; gpu\;af; $l;Lg; gilfshy; neg;Nghypad;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l thl;lh;Y} mikag;ngw;w ,lk; ________
m. gpuhd;]; M. n[h;kdp ,. ngy;[pak; <. ,j;jhyp

159. $w;W : fw;gidthj Nrh\yp];Lfs; cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfisg; nghJtpy; nfhz;l

khjphp r%fq;fisg; ghpe;Jiuj;jdh;
fhuzk; : mth;fs; tWikAk;> Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lKk; xope;j Nrhryp\
r%fj;ij tsh;j;njLf;Fk; njhiyNehf;Fg; ghh;itiaf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
17
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.

M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

160. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopw;rq;fq;fSf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; toq;fg;gl;l Mz;L ______

m. 1815 M. 1822 ,. 1824 <. 1827

161. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfspy; rhpahdtw;iw njhpT nra;J nghUj;Jf.

m. Gjpa fpwpj;jtk; - 1. tpy;ypak; yntl;
M. v epA+ tpA+ Mg; nrhirl;b - 2. Y}ap gpshq;
,. nut;A+ ^ g;uhf;u]; - 3. nrapd;l; rPNkhd;
<. kf;fspd; gl;lak; - 4. ,uhgh;l; Xtd;

m. 2 3 4 1 M. 3 4 2 1 ,. 1 4 3 2 <. 3 1 2 4

162. khh;f;Rk; > Vq;fy;Rk; jq;fspd; fk;A+dp];l; Nkdpng];Nlh vd;w E}iy ______
Mz;by; ntspapl;ldh;.
m. 1842 M. 1848 ,. 1867 <. 1871

163. $w;W: kf;fs; chpik rhrd ,af;fk; xU fytuNkh> Gul;rpNah my;y.

fhuzk; : mJ njhopyhsh; th;f;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,af;fkhFk;.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

164. rhrdj;Jtthjpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w nra;jpj;jhs; _______ MFk;

m. Vio kdpjdpd; ghJfhtyd; M. gl;lak;
,. tlf;fj;jpa el;rj;jpuk; <. ,y; hprhh;[pnkd;Nlh

165. neg;Nghypad; Nghdghh;l;bd; kUkfdhd Y}ap neg;Nghypad; #bf; nfhz;l gl;lk;

_______ vd;gjhFk;.
m. ,uz;lhk; neg;Nghypad; M. %d;whk; neg;Nghypad;
,. Mh;ypad;]pd; Nfhkfd; <. ehd;fhk; neg;Nghypad;

166. Nfhl;nlyh Ner;rh; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; _______ Mthh;

m. rhh;y]; g;G+hpah; M. vl;bad;- Nfg;hpay; Nkhuhyp
,. nrapd;l; rPNkhd; <. gFdpd;

167. $w;W : Njrpathjj;jpw;F 1848 Mk; Mz;L jdpj;Jtkhd ntw;wpfs; fpilj;j

Mz;lhFk;.
fhuzk; : rh;thjpfhuk; kiwe;jJ Nghd;w gpk;gk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

168. ,uz;lhk; rh;tNjrk; _______ efhpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

m. ghhp]; M. ngh;ypd; ,. yz;ld; <. Nuhk;
18
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

169. ,sk; ,j;jhyp ,af;fk; _________ Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

m. 1822 M. 1827 ,. 1831 <. 1846

170. ghh;kh> nkhbdh> l];fdp Mfpa gFjpfs; ______ f;Fg; gpwF gpal;khd;l;-
rhh;bdpah ,uh[;[paj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
m. nghJ thf;nfLg;G M. rhh;y]; My;gh;bd; gilnaLg;G
,. rhy;g;ghpNdh cld;gbf;if <. tpy;yh g;uhq;fh cld;gbf;if

171. ‚,U cyfq;fq;fspd; ehafd;‛; vd nfhz;lhlg;gl;lth; _______ Mthh;

m. rhh;y]; My;gpul; M. gp];khh;f; ,. %d;whk; neg;Nghypad; <. fhpghy;b

172. ______ ,ilNa VO thug; Nghh; ele;jJ.

m. nld;khh;f;> gpu\;ah M. gpal;khz;l; - rhh;bdpah> M];jphpah
,. gpuhd;]; > gpu\;ah <. M];jphpah> gpu\;ah

173. gpuhq;Nfh - gpu\;ag; Nghh; cUthff; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ ______ MFk;

m. fh];nla;d; khehL M. vk;]; je;jp ,. gpNuf; cld;gbf;if
<. my;Nr];> nyhiud; gFjpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; vOe;j rh;ri ; r

174. n[h;kd; Njrj;jpw;F njhlh; nrhw;nghopTfis toq;fpath; _______ Mthh;

m. N[h`d; thd; n`h;lh; M. gpiul;hpf; n\ypnfy;
,. N[.[p. g;gpf;l; <. Ml;Nlhthd; gp];khh;f;

175. $w;W : N[.[p. g;gpf;l; n[h;khdpah;fspilNa Njrpathjj;ij Cl;bdhh;

fhuzk; : g;gpf;l; ,sk; ,j;jhyp ,af;fj;ij Nrh;e;jth; Mthh;
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

176. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfisg; nghUj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj;

Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.
m. nkl;lh;dpf; - 1. gpal;khd;l; - rhh;bdpahtpd; Ml;rpahsh;
M. gj;jhk; rhh;y]; - 2. gpnuQ;R ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;rh;
,. fpuhNkhd;l; - 3. gpnuQ;R kd;dh;
<. rhh;y]; My;gh;l; - 4. M];jphpa- `q;Nfhpapd; gpujk mikr;rh;

m. 1 3 4 2 M. 4 2 1 3 ,. 4 1 2 3 <. 4 3 2 1

177. n[h;kdpapd; Kd;Ndwp te;J nfhz;bUe;j gilfis gpuhd;]; ntw;wpfukhf

jLj;J Njhw;fbj;j Nghhpd; ngah; vd;d?
m. khh;Nd Nghh; M. lhndd;gh;f; Nghh; ,. nth;^d; Nghh; <. Nrhk; Nghh;

178. ‘murpd; jilaw;w ‚ vd;Dk; gjj;ij cUthf;fpath; _________ Mthh;

m. [hd; V.`hg;rd; M. fhh;y; khhf;]; ,. g;gp\h; <. nfsh;Nd

179. An Inquiry into the Nature and Clause of the Wealth of Nations vd;w E}iy vOjpath;
______ Mthh;.

19
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

m. Mlk; ];kpj; M. jhk]; igd; ,. F];Nd <. fhh;y; khhf;];

180. ,q;fpyhe;J ________ Mk; Mz;by; jilaw;w tzpff; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wj;

Jtq;fpaJ.
m. 1833 M. 1836 ,. 1843 <. 1858

181. $w;W: gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ ghjpapy; gy ehLfs; kpif

cw;gj;jpahy; gpur;rpidfis vjph;nfhz;ld.
fhuzk; : kpif cw;gj;jp> ehLfis Gjpa re;ijfisf; fz;Lgpbf;f
mOj;jq; nfhLj;jJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

182. 1879 Mk; Mz;by; ______ fl;lz rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.

m. n[h;kdp M. gpuhd;]; ,. gphpl;ld; <. mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehL

183. _______ f;Fg; gpd; \pkNdhnrfp xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.

m. u\;a - [g;ghdpag; Nghh; M. ,uz;lhk; mgpdpg; Nghh;
,. ,uz;lhk; -Mq;fpNyh- rPdg;Nghh; <. rPd - [g;ghdpag; Nghh;

184. Nghh;l];kTj; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLk; nghUl;L kj;jpa];jk; Ghpe;j ehL _______ MFk;.
m. ];ngapd; M. gphpl;ld; ,. mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehL <. gpuhd;];

185. ve;j ehL 21 eph;g;ge;jq;fis Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rPd Fbaurpd; jiyth; Kd;
rkh;g;gpj;jJ?
m. gpuhd;]; M. u\;ah ,. [g;ghd; <. gphpl;ld;

186. _______ [ mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L my;Ngdpah vDk; GJehL cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

m. Gf;fhnu];l; cld;gbf;if > 1913 M. nth;nray;]; cld;gbf;if> 1919
,. yz;ld; cld;gbf;if> 1913 <. nrapd;l; n[h;nka;d; cld;gbf;if

187. fPo;fhz;gtw;Ws; ve;ehL ikaehLfs; rf;jpapy; mq;fk; tfpf;ftpy;iy?

m. gy;Nfhpah M.M];jphpa- `q;Nfhp ,. JUf;fp <. khd;bePf;Nuh

188. ghhpir neUq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;j jhf;Fjiy czh;e;J gpnuQ;R muR _______

gFjpf;F efh;e;J nrd;wJ.
m. khh;nry;yp]; M. Nghh;bahf;]; ,. ypNahd;]; <. Nth;nra;y;];

189. fPo;fhz;gtw;Ws; nth;nra;y;]; xg;ge;jj;jpd; gFjpahf fUjg;glhjJ vJ?

m. n[h;kdp my;Nr]; kw;Wk; nyhiud; gFjpfis gpuhd;rplk; xg;gilf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
M. rhh; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; gpuhd;rpw;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,. iud;yhe;ij Njhoik ehLfs; Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
<. lhd;rpf; Nghye;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

190. fPo;fhz;gtw;Ws; rhpahfg; nghUj;jg;glhj xd;iwr; Rl;Lf.

m. tpLjiy Miz - ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lh;
M. ,uj;j QhapW - ,uz;lhk; epf;Nfhy];
20
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

,. u\;ahtpy; 500 - Kjyhk; epf;Nfhy];

mbikfspd; fytuq;fs;
<. gpnu];l;- ypNlht;];f; - %d;whk; epf;Nfhy];
cld;gbf;if

191. $w;W: gd;dhl;L rq;fk; mjpfhuj;ij nray;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.

fhuzk; : ‚$l;Lg; ghJfhg;G‛ vd;w nfhs;ifia nka; tof;fj;jpw;Fs;
eilKiwg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

192. $w;W: cyifNa fLikahf ghjpj;jg; nghUshjhu ngUke;jk; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahit

ghjpf;ftpy;iy.
fhuzk; : epyk; r%f cilikahf mwptpf;fg;gl;L Vio kf;fSf;Fg; gphpj;J
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

193. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; nghJ nrayhsuhd vhpf; l;uk;Nkhd;l; _______

ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth; Mthh;
m. gpuhd;]; M. njd;dhg;gphpf;fh ,. gphpl;ld; <. mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehL

194. gd;dhl;L rq;fk; ________ Mk; Mz;L fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.

m. 1939 M. 1941 ,. 1945 <. 1946

195. `pl;yiu n[h;kdpapd; gpujk mikr;ruhf epakpj;jth; ahh;?

m. n[duy; Y}ld;lhh;g; M. thd; `pz;ld;gh;f;
,. n[duy; ];kl;]; <. My;g;gpul; thd; ngj;kz;
196. KNrhypdp Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpa gj;jphpf;ifapd; ngah; ahJ?
m. mte;jp M. g;uht;jh ,. khh;f;rp];l; <. nka;d; fhk;g;

197. fPo;f;fhz;gtw;Ws; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; cUthf vJ fhuzkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy?

m. n[h;kdpNahL Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; ePjpaw;w jd;ik.
M. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpd; Njhy;tp
,. 1930 fspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk;.
<. fhydpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l Njrpa tpLjiy ,af;fq;fs;.

198. nfy;yhf; - gpiuahz;l; xg;ge;jk; ________ Mz;by; ifnaOj;jhdJ.

m. 1927 M. 1928 ,. 1929 <. 1930

199. $w;W: MAjf;Fiwg;G khehL gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jhy; n[dPthtpy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

fhuzk; : gpuhd;Rf;F rkkhf n[h;kdp jsthlq;fis nfhz;bUf;f Kay;tJ
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf Njd;wpaJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
21
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

200. rPdhtplkpUe;J kQ;#hpahit [g;ghd; ve;j Mz;L gilnaLj;J ifg;gw;wpaJ?

m. 1931 M. 1932 ,. 1933 <. 1934

201. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; [Nuhg;gpaf; fz;lj;jpw;Fs; njhopw;Jiwapy;

typikahd rf;jpahf ________ ehL cUthfpapUe;jJ.
m. gpuhd;]; M. ];ngapd; ,. n[h;kdp <. M];jphpah

202. nth;nra;y;]; xg;ge;jj;jpd; ruj;Jf;fspd; gb [dthp 1935 ,y; ______ gFjpapy;

nghJ thf;nfLg;G elj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W KbthdJ.
m. #ll;ld;yhe;J M. iud;yhe;J ,. rhh; <. my;Nr];

203. $w;W: ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; fhyj;jpy; Nghh; Kiwfs; nghpJk;

khw;wkile;jpUe;jd.
fhuzk; : mfopg; Nghh; Kiw xopf;fg;gl;L tpkhd Fz;LtPrR; gpugykhdJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

204. n[h;kdp 1939 ,y; Mf;fpukpg;G jtph;g;G xg;ge;jk; xd;iw _______ ehl;NlhL
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhzl; J.
m. M];jphpah M. ,j;jhyp ,. u\;ah <. gphpl;ld;

205. Ngh;y; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;Ftjw;Fj; jpl;lk; tFj;jth; _______ Mthh;

m. ahkNkhlh M. ];$];dpf; ,. ,uz;lhk; nfa;rh; tpy;ypak; <. `pNuh`plh

206. FbauRj; jiyth; &];nty;l; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fld;-Fj;jif Kiw ______

tifapy; cjtp Ghpe;jJ.
m. ghrpr rf;jpfis vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehLfSf;F $Ljy;
tPuh;fis mDg;Gjy;.
M. A+jh;fis `pl;yhpd; gilfs; fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;l nfhiyntwpj; jhf;Fjypy;
,Ue;J ghJfhj;jy;.
,. Njhoik ehLfspd; tsq;fisg; ngUf;fp> mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
MAjq;fisAk;> ntbnghUl;fisAk; toq;Fjy;.
<. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; fhakile;NjhUf;F kUj;Jt trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

207. mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehl;bd; gilfis Mf];l; 1942 ,y; grpgpf; gFjpapy;
jiyikNaw;W topelj;jpath; _______ Mthh;
m. nkf; Mh;jh; M. [rd;N`hth; ,. n[duy; b fhy; <. [hh;[; khh;\y;

208. [g;ghdpa flw;gilia mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehl;bd; flw;gil Njhw;fbj;jik

______ NghhpyhFk;.
m. gphpl;ld; M. Fthly;fdy; ,. vy; myhkpd; <. kpl;Nt

209. n[h;khdpag; gilfs; Kjy; gpd;dilitr; re;jpj;jJ _______ vd;Dkplj;jpy;

MFk;.
m. Nghl;];lhk; M. vy; myhkpd; ,. ];lhypd; fpuhl; <. kpl;Nt

22
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

210. fPo;f;fhz;gtw;Ws; Nghl;];lhk; khehl;bd; mwptpg;Gfspy; mlq;fhj xd;W vJ?

m. fpof;F gpu\;ah ,U gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; tlf;Fg; gFjp
Nrhtpaj; ehl;ilAk;> njd;gFjp Nghye;ijAk; nrd;W NrUk;.
M. Kd;G Rje;jpu efukhf ,Ue;j lhd;rpf; Nghye;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;
nfhz;L Nrh;f;fg;gLk;.
,. n[h;kdp ehd;F njhopy;kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L> gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;l
xt;nthU gFjpAk; KiwNa Nrhtpaj; ehL> gphpl;ld;> mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehL>
gpuhd;]; Mfpaitfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gLk;.
<. l;hp];bia A kz;lyk; vd;Wk; B kz;lyk; vd;Wk; gphpg;gnjd;whdJ A
kz;lyk; ,j;jhypf;F nfhLf;fg;glTk; B kz;lyk; ANfh];Nyhtpahtpw;F
toq;fg;glTk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

211. fPo;f;fhz;gtw;Ws; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfspy; Nruhj xd;W vJ?

m. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; [Nuhg;ghtpypUe;j gy KbauRfSf;F kuz mb
nfhLj;jJ.
M. gphpl;ldpy; njhopyhsh; fl;rp xU nghJey mbg;gil nfhz;l ehl;il
cUthf;fpaJ.
,. ghrprthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F ntw;wpia
toq;fpaJ.
<. mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehLk;> Nrhtpaj;ehLk; ,U ty;yuRfshf cUntLj;jd.

212. fPo; nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gitapy; rhpahd ,izfs; vJ?

1. n[duy; b fhy; - gpuhd;];
2. N`y; nryh]p - vj;jpNahg;gpah
3. n[duy; gNlhf;ypNah - [g;ghd;
4. ml;kpuy; ahk;NkhNlh - ,j;jhyp
m. 1 kw;Wk; 2 M. 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,. 3 kw;Wk; 4 <. midj;Jk;

213. gpuhd;]; ,uz;lhk; mgpdpg; Nghhpy; gq;nfLj;jJ

m. gphpl;lDf;F cjtpGhptjw;fhf
M. gpuhd;Rf;fhd jdp nry;thf;fpd; Nfhsj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
,. rka nray;ghLfSf;F mDkjpNfhUk; nghUl;L
<. Xgpa tzpfj;jpy; <LgLk; chpikia gpuhd;]; ehl;bdh; epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf

214. kQ;R tk;rj;jpd; fhyk; ______ Mz;L tiu ePbj;jJ.

m. 1908 M. 1911 ,. 1912 <. 1916

215. ];ghdpa- mnkhpf;fg; Nghh; ________ rh;r;iria Kd;dpWj;jp 1898 Mk; Mz;by;
eilngw;wJ.
m. fpA+gh M. gpypg;igd;]; ,. Nghh;Nlhhpf;Nfh <. Glhtpah

216. $w;W: gpypg;igd;]; 4 [{iy 1946 Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyaile;jJ.

fhuzk; : mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehl;bd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPohd njd; fpof;F Mrpa
cld;gbf;if mikg;gpy; gpypg;igd;]; ,ize;jJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

23
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

217. 1947 ,d; ,Wjpapy; fpof;F [Nuhg;ghtpy; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; nry;thf;fpypUe;J

tpLgl;bUe;j xNu ehL _________.
m. fpof;F n[h;kdp M. nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah ,. fphP]; <. JUf;fp

218. $w;W: ];lhypd; rh;rr; piy xU Nghh; tpUk;gp vd tpkh;rpj;jhh;.

fhuzk; : fk;A+dprj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nkw;F [Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; $l;LNru
Ntz;Lnkd
rh;r;rpy; Kd;djhf miog;G tpLj;jpUe;jhh;.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

219. ‘gdpg;Nghh;‛ vDk; nrhy;iy cUthf;fpath;

m. ngh;dhl; g&r; M. [hh;[; Mh;nty; ,. [hh;[; nfd;dd; <. rh;rr
; py;

220. $w;W: khh;\y; jpl;lj;ij ‚lhyh; Vfhjpgj;jpak;‛ vd Nrhtpaj; ntspAwTj;Jiw

mikr;rh; ,fo;e;jhh;.
fhuzk; : Nrhtpaj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; khh;\y; jpl;lnkd;gJ mnkhpf;fhtpd;
nry;thf;ifg; gug;Gtjw;fhd #o;rr ; pNa MFk;.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

221. khh;\y; cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; _________

m. [Nuhg;gpag; nghUshjhuj;ij kWfl;Lkhdk; nra;tJ.
M. Kjyhspj;Jtj; njhopy; Kaw;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gJ.
,. [Nuhg;ghtpy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epWTtJ.
<. Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpw;F vjpuhf ,uhZtf; $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpaJ.

222. l;&kd; Nfhl;ghL ________ ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.

m. fk;A+dprk; guTtijj; jLg;gjw;fhd epjpAjtp.
M. fhydpfspYs;s fpsh;rr ; pahsh;fSf;F MAjq;fs; toq;FtJ.
,. Fpof;F [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapLtJ.
<. mnkhpf;fj; jsgjpapd; jiyikapd; fPo; [.eh rigf;F epue;jug; gilia
cUthf;FtJ.

223. fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw fhythpirg;gb xOq;F nra;aTk;

1. thh;rh cld;gbf;if 2. nrd;Nlh 3. rPl;Nlh 4. Nel;Nlh

m. 4 2 3 1 M. 1 3 2 4 ,. 4 3 2 1 <. 1 2 3 4

224. _______ ghf;jhj; cld;gbf;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ.

m. kj;jpa fpof;fpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; jiyikiag; ghJfhg;gJ.
M. mg;gFjp rhh;e;j vz;iz tsq;fisr; Ruz;LtJ.
,. fk;A+dp];Lfs; nry;thf;ifj; jLg;gJ.
<. <uhf; muir typik Fd;wr; nra;tJ.

24
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

225. nygdhdpy; mnkhpf;fh jiyapl;lij _________ vjph;j;jJ.

m. JUf;fp M. <uhf; ,. ,e;jpah <. ghfp];jhd;

226. ‚%d;whk; cyfk;‛ vDk; gjj;ij cUthf;fpath; ________ Mthh;

m. My;gpul; rhNt M. khh;\y; ,. NkhNyhNlht; <. `hhp l;&kd;

227. nghUe;jpg; ghh;j;J> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilfspy; rhpahdijj; Njh;T nra;f.

m. ,e;NjhNdrpah - 1. [tfh;yhy; NeU
M. vfpg;J - 2. bl;Nlh
,. fhdh - 3. Fthkp Ef;Ukh
<. ANfh];Nyhtpah - 4. fkhy; mg;Jy; ehrh;
c. ,e;jpah - 5. Rfh;Ndh

m. 5 3 4 2 1 M. 1 3 2 4 5 ,. 5 4 3 2 1 <. 1 2 3 4 5

228. mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy; cr;rp khehL _______ y; eilngw;wJ.

m. ngy;fpNuL M. nga;[pq; ,. ghz;Lq; <. Ghyp

229. $w;W: gd;dhl;L rq;fk; xU Njhy;tp vd;gij ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; ep&gpj;jJ.

fhuzk; : kw;nwhU Nghh; Vw;glhtz;zk; jLf;f xU rf;jptha;e;j mikg;ig
cUthf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij jiyth;fs; czh;e;jdh;
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.
<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.
230. [f;fpa ehLfs; rig 1945 mf;Nlhgh; 24 y; _________ cUthdJ.
m. 100 cWg;gpdh;fSld; M. 72 cWg;gpdh;fSld;
,. 51 cWg;gpdh;fSld; <. 126 cWg;gpdh;fSld;

231. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; vf;$w;Wfs; rhpahdit?

$w;W 1: [f;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Njhw;wk; gdpg;Nghhpd; njhlf;fj;Jld; xUq;Nf
eilngw;wJ.
$w;W 2: gdpg;Nghh; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> Nghh;fs; epfohky; jLg;gjpy; [.eh rig
Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpaJ.
$w;W 3: ghJfhg;G rigapd; epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fs; njhlh;Gila gpur;rpidfspy;
[.eh rig nksdkhd ghh;itahsuhf ,Ue;jJ.
m. 1> 2 M. 2> 3 ,. 1> 3 <. Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;Jk;

232. #a]; fhy;tha; nrq;fliy ________ ,izf;fpwJ.

m. Vld; tisFlhTld; M. fhk;Ng tisFlhTld;
,. kj;jpajiuf; flYld; <. mugpf; flYld;

233. [.eh rigapd; nghJr; nrayhsh; bhpf;Ntiy ________ Nrh;e;jtuhthh;.

m. gh;kh M. [g;ghd; ,. rpq;fg;G+h; <. ehh;Nt

234. $w;W: 2017 ,y; gphpl;ld; [Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpypUe;J ntspNa nry;tjhf

mwptpj;jJ.
fhuzk; : gphpl;ldpd; ntspNaw;wk; ‚gpnuf;]pl;‛ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;FfpwJ.
M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;iw tpsf;ftpy;iy.
25
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

,. $w;W rhp. fhuzk; jtW.

<. $w;W jtW. fhuzk; rhp.

235. fpsh];eh];l; Fwpg;gJ __________

m. xspTkiwtw;w ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia
M. Nrhtpaj; fk;A+dpr fl;rpia [dehafg;gLj;jg;gLtij
,. Nrhtpaj; [f;fpa ghuhSkd;wk; kWfl;likg;Gr; nra;ag;gLtij
<. nghJTilikj; jj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; Gj;Japh; mspg;gij

236. Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; __________ ,y; rpw;Wz;lJ.

m. etk;gh; 17> 1991 M. brk;gh; 8> 1991
,. Nk 1 > 1991 <. mf;Nlhgh; 17> 1991.

**********************

,uz;L kjpg;n; gz; tpdhtpilfs;

1. Njrpak;
1. Njrpak; vd;gJ xU ehl;bw;F tpRthrkhfTk; gf;jpNahLk; ,Uj;jy;.
2. jdJ ehl;il Vida ehLfistpl caHthd ,lj;jpy; itj;Jg; Nghw;Wjy;.
3.jdJ ehl;bd; gz;ghL> tpUg;gq;fspd; tsHr;rpapy; rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;jy;.

2. Gjpa epyTilik cupikfshy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfs;

1. epyj;ij tpw;gidg; nghUshf;fpaJ - epyj;jpw;F tpiy eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikia tzpf kakhf;fpaJ - czT cw;gj;jp
jilgl;lJ.
3. epytup nrYj;jhky; ,Ue;jhy; epyq;fis gwpKjy; nra;J Vyk;tpl;ldh;.
4. re;ijf;Fj; Njitahdij kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;a tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldh;.

3. mTup fyfk;
1. ,e;jpaf; Fj;jif tptrhapfis mTupia kl;LNk gapuplf; fl;lhag;gLj;jpdH.
2. gz;izahsh; re;ij tpiyia tplf; Fiwthd tpiyf;F mTupia
thq;fpdh;
3. GJ xg;ge;jq;fs; Nghl kWj;J tptrhapfs; 1859 - 60 ,y; Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

4. ,y;gHl; kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1.INuhg;gpah;fis ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; tprhhpg;gjw;F fLk; vjph;g;Gfs; fpsk;gpd.
2. 1883 ,y; ,y;gHl; kNrhjhtpw;F Mjuthf ,e;jpahtpy; fpsHr;rpfs; ele;jd.
3. Njrpa mstpy; xU murpay; rhH mikg;ig cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd
czh;e;jdh;.
4. xUtpj Njrpa czh;T Njhd;wp ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
cjakhdJ.

5. etPd fy;tpapy; rkag; gug;Gf; FOf;fspd; gq;F :

1. ,e;Jkj gyflTs; Nfhl;ghL> rhjpa Vw;w jho;Tfis fpwp];jth;fs; rhbdH.
2. etPd> kjr;rhHgw;w fy;tpapd; %ykhf fpwp];jtj;ijg; Nghjpf;f Kad;wdh;.
3. fy;tp cupik kWf;fg;gl;l mbj;jl;L kf;fs; fy;tp gapYk; tha;g;ig toq;fpd.
4. gy;NtW r%f> kj rPHjpUj;j ,aq;fq;fs; Njhd;w toptif nra;jJ.

6. Mq;fpyg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fj;jpdH mspj;j Nfhupf;iffs;:

1.Mq;fpNyag; gFjpfs; kfhuhzpahupd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
26
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. ,uaj;Jthup> [kPd;jhup Kiwfis xopj;J tptrhapfis tpLtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

7. ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]{f;F Kd;dH njhlq;fg;gl;l mikg;Gfspd; gl;bay; :

1. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p epWtpa ,e;jpa rq;fk; - 1865
2. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p epWtpa fpof;fpe;jpaf; fofk; - 1866
3. nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk; - 1852 4. nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk; - 1884

8. njhlff; fhy Kf;fpa Njrpathjpfs; :

1. A. O. `pA+k;> W. C. ghdh;[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p.
2. Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p> ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh.
3. yhyh y[gjp uha;> gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;

9. kpjthj Njrpathjpfspd; - ,iwQ;Rjy; nfhs;if :

1. kpjthjpfs; Mq;fpNyahplk; filgpbj;j ftdkhd mZFKiw.
2. jq;fs; Nfhhpf;iffis epiwNtw;wpl Mq;fpNyauplk; kd;whLjy;.
3. mikjpahd topapy; Mq;fpNyauplk; kDf;fisr; rkHg;gpj;jy;.

10. kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j uhdNl tpsf;Fk; RNjrpf; nfhs;if :

1. kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j uhdNl 1872 ,y; g+dhtpy; nrhw;nghopT epfo;j;jpdhh; .
2. RNjrp vd;gjd; nghUs; xUtuJ ehl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd vd tpsf;fpdh;.
3. xUtuJ nrhe;j ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghL
Fiwthd kdepiwitf; nfhLj;j NghjpYk; Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.

11. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; jPtpu Njrpathjpfspd; ikakhf tpsq;fpa jiytHfs; :

1. gQ;rhg;gpy; - yhyh y[gjp uha.;
2. fy;fj;jhtpy; - gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;.
3. gk;ghapy; - ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;.

12. jPtpu Njrpathjk; 1908 f;F gpd;dH Fiwe;jJ - fhuzk; :

1.1907 Mk; Mz;L #uj;jpy; eilngw;w khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg;
gphpe;jJ.
2. RNjrp ,af;fj; jiyth;fs; r%fj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp kf;fis CLUtj;
jtwpdh;.
3. ,e;Jkj ek;gpf;iffshy; Kyhk; G+rg;gl;l Njrg;gw;iw K];ypk;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy.

13. Njrpa ,af;fj;ij xLf;f fhydpa muR Nkw;nfhz;l mlf;F Kiwfs; :

1.1904 - gy;fiyf; fofr; rl;lk; 2. 1904 - mYtyf ufrpar; rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk;.
3. 1907 - nghJf; $l;lq;fs; rl;lk; 4. 1908 - ntb kUe;Jr; rl;lk;
5. 1908 - J}z;Ljy; Fw;wr; rl;lk; 6. 1910 - ,e;jpa gj;jpupifr; rl;lk;

14. 1903 - 1914 Mfpa fhy fl;lq;fspy; Njrpa ,af;fk; tsHe;J tUtij
fl;Lg;gLj;j Mq;fpy muR Nkw;nfhz;l mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs; :
1.1903 - fHrd; gpuG Fw;w csTj; Jiwia (CID) cUthf;fpdhH.
2. 1908 - gj;jpupf;iffs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ntbnghUl;fs; rl;lk;.
3. 1910 - ,e;jpa gj;jpupf;iffs; rl;lk;.
4. 1911 - NjrJNuhf $l;lq;fs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;.
5. 1914 - ntspehl;bdH mtrur; rl;lk;.

27
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

15. fpyh‡gj; ,af;fk; Jtq;Ftjw;fhd gpd;dzp :

1. Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j JUf;fp jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. nrt;Nu]; cld;gbf;if JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd; epiyia jho;j;jpaJ.
3. rpupahTk;> nygdhDk; gpuhd;]pd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;ld.
4. ghy];jPdKk; N[hHlDk; gpupl;b\hh; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;ld.

16. md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Gj;jfk; kw;Wk; thuhe;jpug;

gj;jpupf;iffspd; ngaHfs; :
1. thuhe;jpug; gj;jphpf;if - fhkd; tyP ; (1914).
2. Gj;jfk; - ,e;jpah vt;thW tpLjiyg; Nghiu Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wJ (1915).
3. jpdrhpg; gj;jphpf;if - epA ,e;jpah (1915).

17. 1915 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rl;lk; :

1. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ mtru fpupkpdy; rl;lkhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
2. Njrpathj kw;Wk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
3. re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkhdtHfs; kPJ tof;Fj; njhlu ,r;rl;lk; mDkjpj;jJ.
4. ,r;rl;lk;> ,e;jpag; ghJfhg;G xOq;FKiwfs; rl;lk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.

18. Nty;]; ,sturh; ,e;jpahtpd; tUif mike;jpUe;j tpjk; :

1. 1921 ,y; Nty;]; ,sturhpd; tUifia ,e;jpa kf;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.
2. ehL KOtJk; njhopyhsHfSk; tptrhapfSk; NtiyepWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldH.
3. Nty;]; ,sturhpd; tUifahy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; NkYk; tYtile;jJ.

19. fhe;jpabfspd; rk;guhd; rj;ahfpufj;jpd; NghJ cld; nrd;w cs;@H jiytHfs;

1. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; kw;Wk; k[hUy;`f;
2.Mr;rhHa fpUgpshdp kw;Wk; k`hNjt Njrha;
3. cs;@H jiytHfSld; Nrh;e;J fhe;jpabfs; rk;guhd; rj;ahfpufk;
elj;jpdhh;.

20. ,e;jpa gzpahsH rq;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;glf; fhuzk; :

1.,e;jpah;fSf;F eyg;gzpfspy; gapw;rp toq;Ftjw;fhf 1905 ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ.
2.gpd;jq;fpa> Cuf kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf nrayhw;Wjy;.
3.epthuzg; gzp> fy;tpawpt+l;ly; kw;Wk; ,ju r%ff; flikfspy; <LgLjy;.

21. gfp\;fphpj; `pjfHdp rgh :

1. mk;Ngj;fH - g`p\;fphpj; `plhfhpdp rig vd;w mikg;ig epWtpdhH.
2. jdpj;J tplg;gl;ltHfspd; eyDf;fhd mikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
3. mk;Ngj;fH %f; ehaf; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia njhlq;fp elj;jp te;jhh;.
4. jPz;lj;jfhjtHfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l ,lh;ghLfisf; fisa ghLgl;lhH.

22. Njrpathjpfshy; nusyl; rl;lk; vjpHf;fg;glf; fhuzk; :

1. fhydp Mjpf;f muR ,aw;wpa mlf;FKiw rl;lq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W.
2. ve;jtpj ePjpkd;w tprhuizAkpd;wp vtiuAk; rpiwapy; milf;fyhk; vd;wJ.
3.1919 ,y; kj;jpa rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdh;fspd; vjpHg;ig kPwp epiwNtw;wpaJ.

23. g+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. g+dh xg;ge;jk; mk;Ngj;fh; - fhe;jpabfs; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;lJ.
2. jPz;lj;jfhj kf;fspd; jdpj;njhFjpfs; xJf;fPLf;F cj;juthjk; mspj;jJ.
3. ,lxJf;fPL njhFjpfs; vd;w rl;l mk;rk; murpay; rhrdj;jpy;
NrHf;fg;gl;ld.
28
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

4. Vuthlh rpiwapy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;j fhe;jpabfspd; capiuf;

fhg;ghw;wpaJ.

24. gp.MH. mk;Ngj;fh; top elj;jg;gl;l k`j; rj;ahfpufk; :

1. jPz;lhik nfhLikf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfis
kPl;Lj; ju njhlq;fg;gl;l mikg;G.
2. fpzWfs; kw;Wk; Cuzpfspy; kf;fSf;F juNtz;ba mbg;gil chpikfis
kP;l;lhh;.
3. jPz;lhik nfhLikf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp ngw
Kaw;rpj;jhh;.

25. fhe;jp - ,Htpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lit :

1. fhe;jp tpLjiyahd gpwF rj;ahfpufg; gpur;rhuj;ijf; iftpl cWjp Vw;whH.
2. rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpaHfis tpLjiy nra;a ,Htpd; rk;kjpj;jhH.
3. 1931 fhe;jp - ,Htpd; xg;ge;jk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; Kbitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

26. ,e;jpahtpy; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpia cUthf;f fpNul; gphpl;ldhy; mDg;gg;gl;l

%d;W Mq;fpy fk;a+dprthjpfspd; ngaHfs;.
1.gpypg; ];g;uhl;> 2.ghd; g;uhl;yp> 3.ny];lH `l;rpd;rd;

27. kPul; rjp tof;fpy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l Fw;wthspfSf;F Mjuthf thjhba

Tof;fwpQh;fs;
Nf.vBg;. ehhpkd; kw;Wk; vk;.rp. rf;yh MfpNahh; Fw;wthspfSf;F Mjuthf
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thjhbdH.

28. Gfo;ngw;w Nfhuf;g+H ePjpgjpahd H.E. N`hk;]; gw;wp mwptd:

1. H.E. N`hk;]; Nfhuf;G+H ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wp Gfo;ngw;wth;.
2. nrshp nrsuh tof;fpy; 172 tptrhapfSf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jhh;.
3. fhd;G+h; rjp tof;if ,th; Kd;dpiyapy; tprhuizf;F te;jJ.

29. ,uz;lhtJ yh$H rjp vd;wwpag;gLk; epfo;T :

1. gphpl;b\; fhty;Jiw mjpfhhp rhz;lH]; nfhiy tof;Nf ,uz;lhtJ yh$h;
rjp tof;F vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,e;j tof;fpy; uh[FU> RfNjt;> [jPe;jpuehj; jh];> gfj;rpq; cl;gl NkYk; 21
Ngh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

30. ,e;jpahtpd; etPd njhopw;rhiyapd; je;ij vd N[.vd;. lhlh miof;fg;glf;

fhuzk; :
1. N[.vd;. lhlh ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ntw;wpfukhd njhopyjpgH.
2. 1868 ,y; epWtg;gl;l tHj;jf epWtdk; lhlh FOkkhf tsh;rr ; p ngw;wJ.
3. gk;ghapy; ‘RNjrp‛ vd;w ngahpy; xU epWtdj;ij cUthf;fpdhh; .

31. nfsuhf;\pdp rig :

1. nfsuhf;\pdp rig - gR ghJfhg;Gr; rq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
2. tl,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; Nghh; Fzk; nfhz;ljhfr; nray;gl;lJ.
3. gR tij kw;Wk; gRf;fspd; tpw;gidapy; gyte;jkhf jiyapl;lJ.

32. ,e;Jf;fs; - K];ypk;fs; ,ilNa gphptpid Vw;glf; fhuzkhd Mhpa rkh[j;jpd;

,uz;L ,af;fq;fs; :
1. Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; ,uz;L ,af;fq;fs; - Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fjd;.
29
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. ,t;tpU ,af;fq;fspYk; fhq;fpu];fhuHfs; mjpfk; gq;Nfw;wdh;.

3. fhq;fpu]; kPJ K];ypk;fs; ek;gpf;if ,oe;jjhy; gphptpid Vw;gl;lJ.

33. Mfhfhd; jiyikapyhd K];ypk; ypf; Kd;itj;j Nfhhpf;iffs; :

1. muRg; gzpfspy; K];ypk;fspd; rjtPjj;ij caHj;Jjy;.
2. caH ePjpkd;wq;fspy; K];ypk; ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;.
3. mur gpujpepjpapd; MNyhridf; FOtpy; K];ypk; cWg;gpduhjy;.

34. 1923 ,y; thuzhrpapy; eilngw;w MwhtJ ,e;J kfhrig khehL :

1. ,e;J kfhrig gpujpepjpfs; 968 Ngh; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;ldH.
2. 56.7 rjtPjk; NgH If;fpa khfhzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jdH.
3. nrd;id> gk;gha;> tq;fhsk; Mfpa %d;Wk; 6.6 rjtPjk; Ngiu mDg;gpaJ.

35. yh$H jPHkhdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. 1940 khHr; 23 ,y; yh$h; jPh;khdj;ij K];ypk; yPf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
2. K];ypk;fSf;F jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifNa jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wpaJ.
3. ,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jpaJ.

36. Mf];l; nfhilapd; rpwg;G :

1. tiuaWf;fg;glhj xU Njjpapy; nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy;.
2. murgpujpepjp FOtpy; ,e;jpaHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpj;jy;.
3. jq;fSf;nfd murpay; rhrdj;ij ,aw;w ,e;jpah;fSf;F tha;g;gspj;jy;.

37. fphpg;]; Kd;nkhopitf; fhq;fpu]; epuhfhpf;ff; fhuzk; :

1. nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy; vd;gJ Vkhw;wk; mspg;gjhff; fUjpdh;.
2. murpay; rhrd tiuTf; FOtpy; epakd cWg;gpdHfis mDkjpj;jJ.
3. ,e;jpag; gphptpid gw;wpa Fog;gk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ.

38. rpk;yh khehl;bd; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; Kwpe;jplf; fhuzk; :

1. murgpujpepjpapd; FOtpw;F cWg;gpdHfis mDg;Gtjpy; fhq;fpu]; - K];ypk;
yPf; ,ilNa chpikg; gpur;rid Njhd;wpaJ.
2. fhq;fpu]; xU K];ypikNah my;yJ xLf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jtiuNah
cWg;gpduhfmDg;Gtij K];ypk; yPf; vjph;j;jJ.

39. Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjk; :

1. Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; iftplg;gl;l gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; mjpfhhp.
2. [g;ghdplk; gpbgl;l NghHf; ifjpfs; Nkhfd; rpq; jiyikapd; fPo; te;jdH.
3. 1942 ,y; 40>000 Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij cUthf;fpdhH.

40. ,izg;GWjp Mtzk; :

1. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1935 fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU rl;lg;G+Ht Mtzk;.
2. ,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpidapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;ge;jkhFk;.
3. ,e;jpa RNjr murHfis jhd; tpUk;Gk; ehl;Lld; ,iza mDkjpj;jJ.

41. murikg;G epHza rigapd; mikg;G :

1. ,e;jpa murikg;G eph;za rig 1946 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. murikg;G eph;za rigapd; jiytuhf ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; NjHthdhH.
3. murikg;G tiuTf; FOtpd; jiytuhf mk;Ngj;fh; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.

30
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

42. murikg;gpd; \uj;J 370 ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. murikg;gpd; \uj;J 370 - [k;K fh\;kPUf;F jdp me;j];J toq;fpAs;sJ.
2. [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpw;nfd kj;jpa muR Rakhf rl;lk; ,aww; KbahJ.
3. ,e;jpa murikg;gpd; \uj;J 238 [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;JfF; nghUe;jhJ.

43. i`juhghj; rk];jhdj;ij ,e;jpa a+dpaDld; NrHf;f vLf;fg;gl;l fhty;Jiw

Eltbf;ifapid epahag;gLj;jpait :
1. i`juhghj; ep[hk; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza kWj;J tpLjiyg; gpufldk;
nra;jhh;.
2. ep[hKf;F vjpuhf njYq;fhdh kf;fs; ,af;fj;ij fk;a+dp];Lfs;
Top elj;jpdH.
3. ep[hkpd; ,uhZtkhd ,urhf;fHfs; kPJ jq;fs; Nfhgj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.

44. N[tpgp FO ghpe;Jiufspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs; ‘FWfpa gpuhe;jpathjj;ij‛ typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
2. nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs; ehl;bd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F mr;RWj;jyhf cUthFk;.
3. nkhopahdJ gpizf;Fk; Mw;wiy kl;Lky;y gphpf;Fk; Mw;wYk; cilaJ.

45. ehL tpLjiy mile;jNghJ ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; epiyfs;

1. nghUshjhuk; tYtw;wjhfTk; tWikmsT mjpfkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
2. kf;fspy; 80NgH Ntshz;ik rhHe;J ,Ue;jdH. jyh tUkhdk; FiwT.
3. iftpidQHfs; tho;thjhuk; ,oe;jpUe;jdH.

46. [t` Hyhy;NeU jiyikapyhd Gjpamurhq;fj;jpd; Kd;dpUe;j Kf;fpa

flikfs;
1. nghUshjhuj;ij tsHj;J tWikia Fiwj;jy;.
2. Ntshz;ik epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
3. Ntiytha;g;ig ngUf;fp cw;gj;jpJiw tpupthf;fk; nra;jy;.

47. rkjHk r%f mikg;G

1. Ruz;liy xopj;J Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwj;jy;.
2. nry;tk; Xuplj;J Ftpf;fg;gLtij jLj;jy;.
3. midtUk; fy;tp Ntiytha;g;gpy; rktha;g;G ngWjy;.

48. ,e;jpah tpLjiymile;jij njhlHe;J nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fismikg;gJ

njhlHghf itf;fg;gl;l ,uz L; Kf;fpafUj;Jf;fs;
1 .fUj;jpay;epiy:
rktsHr;rpf;F nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ murpd; fl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
2. eilKiwrhHe;jJ :
fdufnjhopy;fis cUthf;fNtz;ba nghWg;ig muRVw;wy;.

49. g+kpjhd ,af;fk;

1. ,t;tpaf;fk; njhlq;fpatH tpNdhgh ghNt.
2. ngU epycilikahsHfs;jhkhf Kd;te;J cgupepyq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,k;Kaw;rp kf;fis ngupJk; ftHe;jJ.

50. fpwp];jt rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;Jf;F vu];k] ; topaikj;jy;

1. Njthya tof;fk; NghjidfSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhH.
2. mtuJ rpwe;j gilg;G klikapd; Gfo;r;rp MFk;.
3. fpwp];JtJwtpfs; NghjfHfis ,e;E}y; Nfyp nra;jJ.
31
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

51. gpshud;]pd; nkbrp FLk;gk;

1. gpshud;]; efupy; rf;jptha;e;j FLk;gkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
2. fhrpNkhnkbrp vd;ghH ,j;jhyp KOtJk; tq;fpfis elj;jpdhH.
3. ikf;Nfy; MQ;rNyh>lhtpd;rp MfpNahUf;F nkbrpFLk;gk; MjuT mspj;jJ.

52. 1493 Mk; Mz;bd; Nghg;gpd; Miz

1. ntHbKid jPTfSf;F Nkw;Nf 320 iky; njhiytpy; tlf;F njw;fhf xU
Nfhl;bid tiua Mizaplg;gl;lJ.
2. Nkw;fpd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ];ngapDfF; nrhe;jk; vd;W $wpaJ.
3. NghHr;Rfy; ,g;gpufldj;jhy; kfpo;r;rp milatpy;iy.

53. ];ngapd; ehl;L fg;gw;gilapd; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j tpisT

1. ];ngapd;murH ,uz;lhk; gpypg; jdJ fg;gy;gilia ,q;fpyhe;J kPJ NghH
njhLf;f mDg;gpdhH.
2. Mq;fpNyaHfs; vspjhf ];ngapd; gilia tPo;j;jpdH.
3. etPd cyfpy; gpupl;ld; xU tYthd rf;jpahf cUntLj;jJ.

54. NthHk;]; rigapd; ntspg;ghL

1. Nghg;Y}jH Ngr;RthHj;ij Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
2. Y}jupd; Gj;jfq;fs;mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;L vupf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Y}jH rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghdtH vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lhH.

55. el;rj;jpu Nrk;gH cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fk;

1. jdJ M l;rpf;F gpuGf;fshy; Vw;gl;l mr;RWj;jiy ePf;f Vohk; n`d;wp
KbT nra;jhH.
2. fpsHr;rp nra;Ak; gpuGf;fis mur rigapd; tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;j
vz;zpdhH.
3. ePjpkd;w muz;kidapd; Rtupy; el;rj;jpu Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;ljhy; mt;thW
miof;fg;gl;lJ.

56. ,ilf;fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; epyg;gpuGj;Jt eilKiw Njhy;tp

1. INuhg;ghit jhf;fpa nfhs;is Neha;gpug;Gj;Jt Ml;rpia tYtpof;fr;
nra;jJ.
2. gpuGf;fs; tuptUtha; ,oe;jNjhL Ntiyahs;fisAk; ,oe;jdH.
3. rpYitg;NghHfspd; NghJ gpuGf;fs; gyH capupoe;jdH.

57. nuhl;bAk; jpuhl;ir urKk; cz;gJ ,NaRtpd; uj;jk; rijia cz;gjw;F rkk;
vd;w rkar;rlq;F
1. ,NaRehjupd; ,Wjp tpUe;ij Nghd;w rkarlq;if fj;Njhypf;fH gpd;gw;wpdH.
2. ,NaRtpd;jpahq;fs; epidT$Wk; tifapy; ,J elj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. nuhl;bAk; jpuhl;ir urKk; cz;gJ ,NaRtpd; rijAk; uj;jKk; vd;W ek;gpdH.
58. ];ngapdpy; rka tprhuiz ePjpkd;w mikg;G
1. gpuhl;l];lz;Lfis vjpHnfhs;s ,e;jtprhuiz mikg;G
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2. rkatpNuhjpfs; ,e;j mikg;ghy; jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.
3. rhl;ilab njhlq;fp capUld; vupg;gJ tiu jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.

59. ahHf; kw;Wk; yd;fh];bupad; FLk;gq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nkhjy; Vd;

Nuh[hg;g+ NghH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
32
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

1. mtHfs;KiwNa nts;is>rptg;GNuh[h Fwpfis mzpe;jdH.

2. cs;ehl;Lg;Nghupy; n`d;wpba+lH ntw;wpngw;W ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Gjpa murhl;rp
mikatoptFj;jhH.
3. mtH ahHf; FLk;gj;jpd; vyprngj;Jld; jpUkz cwTnfhz;lhH.

60. buz;l; rigapd; gzp

1. iggps;kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
2. Nghg;ghz;ltupd; mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpaJ.
3. midj;J Njthyaq;fspYk; fpwp];J >Nkupapd; cUttopghl;il Mjupj;jJ.

61. tuyhw;wpy; N[hd;Mg; MHf; kq;ifapid epidT $wg;gLtJ

1. E}w;whz;Lg;Nghupy; gpuQ;RmurH Vohk;rhHy];f;F Mjuthf gq;F ngw;whH.
2. tPuj;Jld; Nghupl;L MHypad;]; Nghiu ntd;whH.
3. vdNt MHypad;]; gzpg;ngz; gl;lk; N[hd;Mg;MHf;Ff;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

62. tl mnkupf;fhtpd; INuhg;gpa fhydpfs; g+HtFb kf;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk;

1. jq;f Ruq;fq;fs; Njhz;l fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldH> M q;fpNyaH
2. INuhg;gpa Neha;fspdhYk; nfh^ugzp #oypdhYk; mtHfs; NguopTf;F
cs;shdhHfs;.
3. 11 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Kw;wpYk; kiwe;J NghdhHfs;.

63. gh];ld; NjePH tpUe;J

1. gh];ld; gLnfhiyia njhlHe;J 100 fpsHr;rpahsHfs; nrt;tpe;jpaHfs;
Ntlk;jupj;jdH.
2. gh];ld;JiwKfj;jpy; fg;gypy; Vwp mq;fpUe;j 342 Njapiy ngl;bfis
flypy; tPrp vwpe;jdH.
3. ,e;j epfo;rr; p gh];ld; NjePHtpUe;J vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

64. mnkupf;f tpLjiyg;NghUfF; jhk];ngapdpd; mwpTj;jpwd; rhHe;j gq;fspg;G

1. Mq;fpNyaHjhk];ngapd; nghJmwpT vd;w gpuRuk; xd;iw vOjpdhH.
2. mjpy; FbNaw;w ehLfspd; Nfhupf;iffis epahag;gLj;jpdhH.
3. ,g;gpuRuk; kf;fspilNa ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

65. ruNlhfh Nghupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. ruNlhfhNghH Kidapy; Mq;fpygil jsgjp n[duy; GHNfha;d;
ruzile;jhH.
2. ahHf; lTdpYk; ,q;fpyhe;J gilfs;mnkupf;f gilfsplk; ruzile;jd.
3. ,j;Jld; tlf;F FbNaw;wq;fs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wd.

66. gz;ila Ml;rp Kiwapd; %d;W v];Nll;Lfs;

1. m. kjFUkhHfs; M .epyg;gpuGf;fs; ,.rhjhuz kf;fs;.
2. kjFUkhHfSk; gpuGf;fSk; tuptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;ldH.
3. rhjhuz kf;fs; fLk; tuptpjpg;gpd; nfhLikfis vjpHnfhz;ldH.

67. kdpjd; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; cupikg; gpufldj;jpd; rhuhk;rk;

1. jdp kdpj cupikfisAk; $l;L cupikfisAk; tiuaiw nra;jJ
2. kf;fs; xg;Gjypd;wp tupfis caHj;jf;$lhnjdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
3. midj;J kdpjHfSk; gpwg;gpy; Rje;jpukhfTk; cupikfspy; rkkhfTk;
cs;sdH vd;wJ.

33
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

68. ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f tpLjiyf;F irkd; nghyptupd; gq;fspg;G

1. nghyptH xU rf;jptha;e;j uhZtmurpay; rf;jpahf cUthdhH.
2. fpof;F Mz;b]; kiyg;gFjp tiu jd; gilfis elj;jp nrd;whH.
3. Nghafh NghHf;fsj;jpy; jd; giftHfis Njhy;tp milar; nra;jhH.

69. njhopw;Gul;rpapd; rpwg;Gf;$Wfs;

1. epyf;fup>,Uk;G>ePuhtp Nghd;w Mw;wYf;fhd %yg;nghUs;fs; gad;ghL.
2. cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;G.
3. Nghf;Ftuj;J> nra;jpnjhlHgpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;.

70. rhKnty; rpNyl;lH Vd; mnkupf;f njhopw;Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;

1. rpNyl;lH; mnkupf;fhtpd; Kjy; [Tsp Miyia ,af;fpdhH.
2. mnkupf;fH gyH rpNyl;lupd; Miyiag; NghyNt gy Miyfis
cUthf;fpdH.
3. mnkupf;f FbauRj;jiytH rpNyl;liu mnkupf;f njhopw;Gul;rpapd;
je;ij vdg; Nghw;wpdhH.

71. gPl;lHY} gLnfhiyapd; gpd;dzp

1. 1819y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopy; ke;jKk; czTnghUs; tpiyNaw;wKk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
2. vdNt kf;fs;n`d;wp `z;l; jiyikapy; MHg;ghl;lk; elj;jpdH.
3. kf;fs; kdepiyia fz;l mjpfhupfs; Fjpiug;gil nfhz;L jhf;f
cj;jutpl;ldH.

72. MW ruj;Jf;fis nfhz;l 1836 Mk; Mz;bd; kf;fspd; gl;la k;

1. midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik> thf;FrPl;by; thf;fspj;jy;
2. Ntl;ghsHfSf;F nrhj;Jj;jFjp epHzakpy;iy
3. kf;fsitf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;ltHf;F epjprYif
4. rkmstpyhd NjHjy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fy;
5. tUlhe;jpug; ghuhSkd;wk;.

73. mWgJ egHfs; toq;fpa mwpf;if

1. ,t;twpf;if 1789d; gpuQ;RGul;rp murpay; rkj;Jtk; kl;LNk
Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;wJ.
2. nghUshjhurkj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.
3. ciof;Fk; tHf;fj;ij ciog;gtNu gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;
vd;wJ.

74. vjdhy; 1848 Mk; Mz;bd; [_d; 24 Kjy; 26 tiuapyhd fhyk; uj;j
[_d; jpdq;fs;
1. Y}apgpshq;fhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gl;liufis %bajw;F njhopyhsHfs;
muir vjpHj;jdH.
2. vdNt ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; kf;fs; gpuhd;rpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
3. gjpNdhuhapuk; Gul;rpahsHfs;rpiwapyilj;Jk; ehL flj;jg;gl;Lk;
jz;bf;fg;gl;ldH.

75. nkl;lHdpf; rfhg;jj;jpy; INuhg;gpa $l;L

1. INuhg;ghtpy; xOq;if epiyepWj;jp mjpfhu rkepiy fhj;jpl ghLgl;lJ.
2. cs;ehl;L fytuj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapl;lJ.
3. jq;fs; Kbit ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;>kPJ jpzpj;jJ.
34
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

76. ,j;jhypia nkl;lHdpf; ntWk; g+Nfhs ntspg;ghNl

1. tpad;dh fhq;fpurhy; ,j;jhyp vl;L khepyq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,j;jhypapd; tlgFjp M];jpupaH trk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,j;jhyp 12 khepyq;fs; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.
4. vdNt nkl;lHdpf; ,j;jhypia ntWk;g+Nfhs ntspg;ghNl vd $wpdhH.

77. ,utyH rl;lq;fs;

1. gpupl;ldpy; vyprngj; murpapd; Ml;rpapy; ,r;rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
2. tajhNdhH>Nehahspfs;>Foe;ijfSf;F epthuzk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Mw;wy; ,Ue;Jk; Ntiyapy;yhNjhUf;Fk; epthuzk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

78. 1864y; Jtq;fg;gl;l Kjy; gd;dhl;L coif;Fk; Mz;fspd; rq;fk;

Mw;wpagq;F
1. gd;dhl;L coif;Fk; kf;fspd; $l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;JtNj mjd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. ,g;gd;dhl;L ciog;ghsH mikg;gpy; kpjthjpfs; fye;J tplhky; jLj;jJ.
3. yrhy;gFdpd; Nghd;w Nrh\yprthjpfs; Eioe;J tplhky; ,J
Kide;J nray;gl;lJ.

79. fhHnghdup ,j;jhypa If;fpaj;Jf;F nra;j njhz;Lfs;

1. Rje;jpu fUj;Jf;fisAk; ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk; typAWj;jpaJ.
2. jhuhsika Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fis capHngw nra;jd.
3. ,jdhy; Neg;gps; ];yk;ghHb gFjpfspy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ.

80. gpuhq;fha;]; gNgg;

1. gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rpapd; NghJ nry;thf;fhd murpay; fpsHr;rpahsH.
2. Gul;rpahdJ tptrhap>njhopyhsH Njitia ntspf;nfhzutpy;iy
vd;whH.
3. jdpAilik xopj;J epyj;ij nghJthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd thjpl;lhH.

81. N]hy;tnua;d; vdg;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk ;

1. gpu\;ah N]hy;tnuad; vd;w Rq;f Ia;f;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2. n[Hkdpapd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfs; ,jpy; ,ize;jd.
3. ,g;gFjpfs; nghJg;nghUshjhu epHthfj;jpd; fPo;tUk; #oy; cUthdJ.

82. Nghypahd nghUshjhu gfl;Lf;fhyk;

1. coif;Fk; tHf;fk; xd;W jpul;lg;gl;l rfhg;jk; Jtq;fpa fhyk;.
2. Nrh\yprKk; njhopyhsH ,af;fKk; gyehLfspy; Vw;wk; ngw;wd.
3. njhopy;ka mjpNtf gutyhy; $yp mjpfupj;jJ.

83. mnkupf;f nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpy; 1873Mk; Mz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. 1873y; cyfnghUshjhu ngUke;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
2. ,J mnkupf;fhit fLikahf ghjpj;jJ.
3. mnkupf;f ,Ug;Gg;ghij epWtdk; jpthyhdJ.

84. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij tiuaWj;J [hd;` g;rd; Kd;itj;j fUj;J

1. Vfhjpgj;jpak; vd;gJ njhopiy fl;Lg;gLj;JNthH jq;fs; nry;tj;jpd;
Ghijia tprhyg;gLj;JtJ vd;whH.
2. cs;Supy; tpw;f Kbahj nghUs;fis gad;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;L tu
35
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

Kaw;rpg;gH.
3. ,jw;fhfmay;ehl;L re;ijfis gad;gLj;JtH.

85. n[Hkdp gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;j Kide;jJ

1. gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;ag; Nghupy; gpuhd;]; my;Nr];nyhiud; gFjpia ,oe;jJ.
2. ,jw;F gpuhd;]; gopthq;f $Lk; vd;W mtH vjpHghHj;jhH.
3. mjdhy; gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;j Kide;jhH.

86. gpupl;lDf;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa 1904y; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l

ehLfSf;fpilNa el;Gwtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. nkhuhf;Nfh vfpg;J rhHe;j gpzf;F jPHf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. nkhuhf;Nfhtpy; jd;dpr;irahf nray;gl gpuhd;]; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. gpupl;ld; vfpg;ij Mf;fpukpj;jikf;F gpuhd;rpd;mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wJ.

87. ghy;fd; rpf;fypd; tpisTfs; cs;slf;fpa rpwg;Gf;$ Wfs;

1. gy;NfupaHfs; jhq;fs; tQ;rpf;fg;gl;ljhy; nrHgpahit gopthq;f Jbj;jdH.
2. nrHgpaHfs; kpjkpQ;rpa ntw;wpf;fspg;gpy; jpisj;jdH.
3. M];jpupahTf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; nrHgpah Ngh];dpahtpy;
jPtputhj jd;ikf;F khwpaJ.

88. ‚%tH jiyaPL ‛

1. \pkNdhnrfp cld;gbf;ifgb [g;ghDf;F ypNahLq; gFjpia rPdh
toq;fpaJ.
2. [g;ghdpd; ,e;j jpBHtsHr;rpia fz;L INuhg;gh mQ;rpaJ.
3. vdNt gpuhd;];>,q;fpyhe;J>u\;ah Mfpa ehLfs; [g;ghid ypNahLq;
gFjpia xg;gilf;f nra;jd.

89. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; fhyj;jpy; fpof;F jpirapy; thd` pz;ld;gHf; Mw;wpa gq;F
1. u\;ag;gilfs; gpu\;ahtpd; fpof;Fg;gFjp tiu CLUtpd.
2. ,g;gilfis n[Hkhdpa jsgjp thd`pz;ld;gHf; vjpHnfhz;lhH.
3. lhdd;ngHf; Nghupy; `pz;ld;gHf; NghHjpwj;jhy; u\;ah Njhw;wJ.

90. [l;yhe;J Nghupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. nld;khHf;fpd; [l;yhe;J jPgfw;gj;jpy; ele;j Kf;fpakhd flw;NghuhFk;.
2. ,g;NghH xU KbTngwhj Nghuhf ,Ue;jJ.
3. [l;yhe;J NghH Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; kpfg;ngUk; flw;NghuhFk;.

91. epfpyprk;
1. gy;yhz;L fhy r%fmikg;ig vjpHFk; czHtpd; gpujpepjpj;JtNk
epfpyprk;.
2. epfpyprk; ehl;bd; muR>FLk;g>fpwpj;jt Mya mjpfhuj;ij kWj;jJ
3. mjd; ek;gpf;iffs; tpQ;Qhd cz;ikia Rw;wpNa mike;jpUe;jJ.

92. fpuPRf;Fk; gy;NfupahTf;Fk; ,ilNa 1925y; vOe;j rHr;iria gd;dhl;L rq;fk;

vt;thW jPHj;J itj;jJ.
1. 1925y; fpuP]; gy;Nfupah kPJ gilnaLj;jJ.
2. gd;dhl;L rq;fk; NghHepWj;j Mizia ntspapl;lJ.
3. tprhuiz Nkw;nfhz;L fpuPir e\;l<L toq;f Mizapl;lJ.

93. Nyl;lud; cld;gbf;if vt;thW KNrhypdpapd;mjpfhuj;Jf;F rl;l uPjpahd

36
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

mq;ffP huk; toq;fpaJ.

1. thbfd; efUf;F jdpehL mq;fPfhuk; toq;fp fj;Njhypf;f rigia
<Hj;jhH.
2. fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig ,j;jhypa Nguuir mq;fPfupj;jJ.
3. ,j;jhypapd; Njrpa rkakhf Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

94. %d;whtJ nuar;;

1. %d;whtJ nua;r; vd;gJ `pl;yupd; eh[pmuR MFk;.
2. n[Hkdpapy; kf;fshl;rpf;F ,J KbTfl;baJ.
3. ,jdhy; n[Hkdp KOikahd ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l murhdJ.

95. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuHfs; &H gFjpia Mf;fpukpj;j gpwF n[Hkdpapy; cUthd

,U jpiukiwT ,af;fq;fs;
1. ngHypd; efupy; Y}lz;lHg; vd;gtH Kd;dhs; giltPuHfs; nfhz;l
,af;fj;ij Vwg; Lj;jpdhH.
2. kw;nwhd;W %dpr;efupy; Kd;dhs; gilj;Jiw mYtyH jiyikapy;
nrayhw;wpaJ.
3. mtH Njrpa Nrh\ypr n[Hkd; njhopyhsH fl;rpia epWtpa `pl;yH
MthH.

96. nfy;yhf;- gpiuahz;l; cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. nfy;yhf; - gpiuahz;l; xg;ge;jk; 1928 Mk; Mz;by; ifnaOj;jhdJ.
2. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpy; mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehL cWg;gpduhftpy;iy vd;w NghJk;
$l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lJ.
3. ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd; gb cyfehLfs; midj;Jk; Nghiu iftpLtJ vd;W
cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf; nfhz;ld.

97. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1933 Mk; Mz;by; n[h;kdp Vd; ntspNawpaJ.
1. MAjf;Fiwg;G khehl;by; gpuhd;rpw;F ,izahf n[h;kdpAk; kW
MAjkhf;fy; Nfhhpf;if tpLj;jJ.
2. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;j Nfhhpf;iff;F cld;gl kWj;Jtpl;ldh;.
3. vdNt> gpuhd;rpd; kWg;gpw;F gjpybahf `pl;yh; gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpypUe;J
n[h;kdpia tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;.

98. Nuhk; - ngh;ypd; mr;rpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Gykhf mikag; ngw;wJ vJ

1. KNrhypdpapd; vj;jpNahg;gpag; gilnaLg;ig gphpl;lDk; gpuhd;Rk; fz;bj;jd.
2. ,J `pl;yUf;F ,j;jhypNahL neUq;fpa el;ig tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s tha;g;ig
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ.
3. ,JNt Nuhk; - ngh;ypd; mr;rpd; Jtf;fkhf mike;jJ.

99. %dpr; xg;ge;jj;jpd; $Wfs;

1. %dpr; khehl;by; gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;];> n[h;kdp kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp Mfpa ehLfspd;
gpujk mikr;rh;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
2. #ll;ld;yhe;ij n[h;khdpag; gilfs; Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
3. nrf;Nfh];Nyhthfpahtpd; gFjpfis Nghye;jpw;Fk;> `q;Nfhpf;Fk; gphpj;Jf;
nfhLg;gJ vd;Wk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

100. lq;fph;f; ntspNaw;wk;

1. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; gpnuQ;R JUg;Gfs; lq;fph;f; flw;fiuf;F
tpul;lg;gl;ld.
37
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. mq;fpUe;J mth;fs; glFfspYk;> rpW fg;gy;fspYk; Gwg;gLk; gbahd epiy

Vw;gl;lJ.
3. mt;thW lq;fph;f;fpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l tPuh;fNs Rje;jpu
gpnuQ;Rg;gilapd; fUthf nray;gl;lhh;fs;.

101. Ngh;y; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;fpajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. mnkhpf;fh [g;ghdpd; kPJ Nghh;g;gpufldk; nra;jJ.
2. KOikahd cyfg;NghUf;F toptFj;jJ.
3. gphpl;lDk;> rPdhTk; mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehl;NlhL ifNfhh;j;jd.

102. ml;yhz;bf; gl;laj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

1. kf;fspd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; gpuNjr rPuikg;Gfs; Vw;gLj;jyhfhJ.
2. muir Njh;e;njLf;f KO chpik nfhz;lth;fs; Fbkf;fNs.
3. fly; fle;J nry;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpgLj;Jjy;.
4. Mf;fpukpg;G mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk; ehLfis MAjf;Fiwg;gpw;F
cl;gLj;Jjy;.

103. ehd;fpq; xg;ge;jk;

1. Kjyhk; mgpdpg;Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; ehd;fpq; cld;gbf;if
ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
2. ,t;Tld;gbf;if gphpl;lDf;F rPdhtpd; fjTfisj; jpwe;Jtpl;lJ.
3. rPdh `hq;fhq;if tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jNjhL ,og;gPlhf xU njhifiaAk;
toq;fpaJ.

104. Ngha;b XNlhkh - mjd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1. fpof;fpe;jpa jPTfspy; njspthd Njrpathjj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpa Kjy;
mikg;G
Ngha;b XNlhkh MFk;.
2. [hthtpd; Fbikg;gzpahsh;fisAk;> khzth;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
mikg;ghd ,J xU fyhr;rhu mikg;ghf khwpaJ.
3. Mdhy; rw;W fhyj;jpy; Ngha;b XNlhkh nraypoe;J rNufj; ,];yhk; vDk;
mikg;G tsh;e;jJ.

105. gpypg;igd;]py; 1902 y; epWtg;gl;l mnkhpf;f Ml;rpapd; cldb tpisTfs;

1. Kjd;ikahd fhydpa epWtdq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
2. Mq;fpy top fy;tp Kiw> Njh;Tfs; mbg;gilapy; Fbikg;gzp> ePjpj;Jiwia
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
3. Njh;jy; %yk; efuhl;rp kw;Wk; khfhz muRfs; epWtg;gl;ld.

106. lr;R-,e;NjhNd\pa cld;gbf;ifapd; gpd; Neh;e;j Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;

1. [hth kw;Wk; Rkj;uhit tpLjiy ngw;w Fbaurhf lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ldh;.
2. gpw jPTfis $l;lhl;rp Kiwapy; ,izj;J ,e;NjhNd\pa [f;fpa ehL
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. vdpDk; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,UKiw ,e;NjhNd\pahtpd; mikjpiaj; jfh;f;f
Kad;wdh;.

107. fitl; fpsh;rr; p

1. fitl; fpsh;rr ; pia fhl;Lkpuhz;bj; jdkhf;f ifahz;l nrayhdJ
gpypg;igd;rpy; NjrpaTzh;it tsh;e;njLf;f nghpJk; cjtpaJ.
38
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. gpypg;igd;]; ehl;bd; mwpthh;e;j kf;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

3. FWfpafhy tprhuizf;Fg; gpd;dh; %d;W FUf;fs; nghJntspapy;
Jhf;fpyplg;gl;L jpahfpfshdhh;fs;.

108. mnkhpf;fh> Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; Mfpatw;wpd; csT epWtdq;fs;

1. mnkhpf;fhtpd; csT epWtdkhd kj;jpa Gydha;T Kfik 1947 y;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
2. Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; csT epWtdkhd KGB 1954 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

109. fk;A+dprj;ijf; fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jy; Nfhl;ghL

1. Nghhpdhy; rPuopf;fg;gl;l [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;ijg; Gduikj;Jf;
fk;A+dprj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j mnkhpf;fh tpUk;gpaJ.
2. ,jw;fhf l;&kd; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; khh;\y; jpl;lj;ijAk; Kd; itj;jJ.
3. NkYk; 1948 ,y; [Nuhg;gpag; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G epWtdk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

110. [.eh. rigapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ‘mikjpf;fhf ,izfpNwhk;‛ vDk; jPh;khdk;

1. mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kd;Kaw;rpapy; [.eh nghJr;rig mtrukhff; $b
,j;jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
2. ,jd; %yk; ghJfhg;G rigahdJ xU neUf;fbapy; cld;ghl;il vl;l
Kbahtpl;lhy;> nghJ rig ,uhZtj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; ghpe;Jiuiar;
nra;ayhk;.
3. ,j;jPh;khdk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ vd Nrhtpaj; u\;ah epidj;jJ.

111. ‚Nfhkpq;ghh;k;‛
1. Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Nfhkpq;ghh;k; vDk; mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ.
2. ,t;tikg;gpy; [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspd; midj;J fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfspd;
gpujpepjpfSk; mq;fk; tfpj;jdh;.
3. ,t;tikg;G fk;A+dp];l; my;yhj ehLfSldhd tzpf cwTfisj; jLf;f
Kad;wJ.

112. gdpg;Nghh; fhyfl;lj;ij Nrh;e;j kiwKf Nghh;fs;

1. kiwKf Nghh;fSf;F kpfr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: nfhhpag; NghUk;>
tpal;ehkpag; NghUk;.
2. ,t;tpU Nghh;fspYk; tlnfhhpahtpYk;> tl tpal;ehkpYk; ,Ue;j fk;A+dpr
muRfSf;Fr; Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; Mjutspj;jJ.
3. mnkhpf;fh njd; nfhhpahtpw;Fk; njd; tpal;ehkpw;Fk; Jizahf epd;wJ.

113. `q;Nfhpar; rpf;fypd; gpd;dzp

1. `q;Nfhpapy; ,k;hp Nefp kPz;Lk; mjpguhtij u\;ah Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
2. mth; gyfl;rp Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;J xU $l;lzpahl;rpia epWtpdhh; .
3. ,jdhy; Nfhgk; nfhz;l u\;ah `q;Nfhpf;Fs; gilfis mDg;gp fpsh;rr ; pia
xLf;fpaJ.

114. \{kd; jpl;lk;

1. gpuhd;rpd; ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;ruhd uhgh;l; \{kd; gpuhd;Rf;Fk;
n[h;kdpf;Fk; ,ilNa rkurk; Vw;gl;lhy; mJ ,UehLfSf;Fk; ed;ik
vd;whh;.
2. ,U ehLfspd; epyf;fhp kw;Wk; vf;F Mfpatww; pd; $l;L cw;gj;jpia>
cah;kl;l Mizak; %yk; eph;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Kd;nkhope;jhh; .
39
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

3. nghUshjhu xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd ,j;jpl;lk; gu];gu Mh;tj;ij cUthf;fp

,UehLfisAk; jhdhfNt ,izj;jJ.

115. gpnu];j;l; Nuhfpah Nfhl;ghL

1. Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpy; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; khehl;by; Nfhh;gNrt; gpnu];j;l;
Nuhfpah gw;wp mwptpj;jhh;.
2. murpay;> nghUshjhu kWfl;likg;gpd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J gpnu];j;l; Nuhfpah
tpsf;FfpwJ.
3. ,jd; %yk; Nfhh;gNrt; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpy; gy epWtdq;fspdpd; kPjpUe;j
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfisj; jsh;j;jpdh;.

***************
%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;

1. nkf;fhNyapd; ’,e;jpaf; fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;‛ :

1.1835 ,y; nkf;fhNyapd; ‘,e;jpaf; fy;tp Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;‛ ntspahdJ.
2. Mq;fpy topapy; Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tp fwg; pf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd thjpl;lhH.
3. ,e;jpa kf;fs; uj;jj;jpYk; epwj;jpYk; kl;Lk; ,e;jpah;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. tpUg;gj;jpy;> fUj;jpy;> xOf;fj;jpy;> mwptpy; Mq;fpNyauhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. 1853 ,y; ,e;jpar; rPHjpUj;jf; fof jiytupd; nrd;id tUif :

1. H.D. nra;NkhH ,e;jpar; rPHjpUj;jf; fofj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
2. nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fj;jpd; kDit tprhhpf;f 1853 ,y; nrd;id te;jhH.
3. Fz;^H> flY}H> jpUr;rp> Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa ,lq;fis
ghHitapl;lhh;.
4.1853 - gl;lar; rl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpy; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp njhlu mDkjp
mspj;jJ.

3. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa czHtpid cUthf;fpajpy; gj;jpupiffspd; gq;F :

1. jd;dhl;rp> kf;fshl;rp> Fbik cupikfs; Nghd;w rpe;jidfisg; gug;gpd.
2. murpaiy tpkHrdk; nra;jd. ehl;bidg; ghjpf;Fk; gpur;ridfis Ngrpd.
3. kf;fs; eyd; rhHe;j nghJthd nray;fis kf;fSf;Ff; fw;Wj;ju Kad;wd.
4. Njrpa> gpuhe;jpa nkhopg; gj;jpupiffs; kf;fsplk; Njrpa czh;it tpijj;jd.

4. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; xg;ge;jf; $yp njhopyhsH Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs; :

1. njhopw;Gul;rpahy; Ntiy ,oe;j ,e;jpah;fs; xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf nrd;wdh;.
2. 1833 kw;Wk; 1843 ,y; Vw;gl;l gQ;rq;fs; ,e;jpah;fis $ypfshf khw;wpaJ.
3. 1843 ,y; mbikKiw xopf;fg;gl;ljhy; xg;ge;jf; $ypKiw Cf;fk; ngw;wJ.
4. twl;rp kw;Wk; tWikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf khwpdh; .

5. 1884 Nk khjj;jpy; eilngww; nrd;id kfh[d rq;fj;jpd; njhlf;f tpohtpy;

gq;Nfw;w Kf;fpaj; jiytHfspd; ngaHfs; :
Rg;ukzpak; > tp[auhfthr;rhup > mde;jhrhHY > uq;ifah > ghyh[puht;
Nryk; uhkrhkp

6. njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,yq;iff;F njhopyhsHfs; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l Kiw :

1. 1815 ,y; rpNyhd; MSeH ,yq;iff;F ‘$ypfis‛ mDg;gp itf;ff;
NfhhpdhH.
2. 1837 ,y; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J RkhH 10>000 Ngh; $ypfshf ,yq;if
nrd;wdh;.
40
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

3. 1846 ,y; 80>000 NgUk;> 1855 ,y; 1>28>000 NgUk; vd jkpoHfs;

Fbngah;e;jdh;.
4. 1877 ,y; Rkhh; 3>80>000 jkpo; $ypj; njhopyhsHfs; gzpapy;
mkHj;jg;gl;ldH.

7. ,e;jpa epHthfr; nrytpd tptuq;fs; :

1. yz;ldpy; thOk; fk;ngdpapd; gq;FjhuHfSf;F yhgj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; gq;F.
2. ,Ug;Gg;ghijj; Jiwapy; KjyPL nra;jtHfSf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba tl;b.
3. gzp epiwT nra;j mjpfhupfSf;Fk; jsgjpfSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; Xa;t+jpak;.
4. NghHfSf;fhf ,q;fpyhe;jplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w flDf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba tl;b.

8. fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg; gpsTglf; fhuzkhd #uj; khehl;bd; nray;Kiwfs; :

1. fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf kpjthjpfs; uh\;gpfhup Nfh\; ngaiu Kd;nkhope;jdH.
2. fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf jPtputhjpfs; yhyh y[gjp uha; ngaiu
Kd;nkhope;jdH.
3. ,af;fj;jpy; gpsT Vw;gLtijj; jtph;f;f yhyh y[gjp uha; Nghl;bapl kWj;jhH.
4. kpjthjpfs; fy;fj;jh jPHkhdq;fis ePf;ff; Nfhupaij jPtputhjpfs;
vjph;j;jdh;.

9. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ mjpfupj;j jdpegH td;KiwfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :

1.me;epa mlf;FKiw Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,isQHfs; nghWik ,oe;J
fhzg;gl;ldh;.
2. ,isQHfs; murpayw;w Mf;frhH nray;ghLfis XusNt Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ldH.
3. ,isQHfSf;Fj; jiyikNaw;W Nghuhl;lk; elj;j jPtpu Njrpathjpfs;
jtwpdh;.
4. Gul;rpfNs ,e;jpa Mz;ikj; jd;ikia kPl;nlLf;Fk; FwpaPL vd ek;gpdh;.

10. ngUthupahd kf;fis xd;W jpul;l rkpjpfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gzpfspd;

rpwg;gk;rq;fs; :
1. cWg;gpdHfSf;F clw;gapw;rp mspj;jy;. mwnewpfisf; fw;Wj; jUjy;.
2. gQ;rq;fs; Vw;gl;l NghJk; Neha;fspd; jhf;f j;jpd; NghJk; Nrit Ghpjy;.
3. tpohf; fhyq;fspd; NghJ RNjrp nra;jpfis kf;fsplk; gug;Giu nra;jy;.
4. cs;@h; mstpy; gs;spfisAk; eLtH ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; cUthf;Fjy;.

11. 1908 ,y; eilngw;w Nfhuy; E}w;ghiy NtiyepWj;jk; :

1. t.c.rp. kw;Wk; Rg;gpukzpa rpth ,UtUk; njhopyhsHfsplk; ciuahw;wpdH.
2. Nfhuy; E}w;ghiyj; njhopyhsHfs; 1908 khHr;rpy; NtiyepWj;jk; nra;jdH.
3. ,ij Kwpabf;f J}j;Jf;Fb efupDs; $l;lq;fs; elj;j muR jil tpjpj;jJ.
4. Miy Kjyhspfs; Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;jp Nfhupf;iffis Vw;f Kd;te;jdh;.

12. mypg;G+H ntbFz;L tof;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. mutpe;j Nfh\;> ghPe;jh;Fkhh; Nfh\; cl;gl NkYk; 35 Ngh; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
2. mypg;G+H ntbFz;L tof;fpy; Gul;rpahsHfs; rhh;gpy; rp.Mh;. jh]; thjhbdhH.
3. Nghjpa Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy; mutpe;j Nfh\; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhH.
4. gyh; ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;. kf;fs; Kd;dhy; ,th;fs; fjhehafHfshf khwpdh;.

13. gpgpd; re;jpughypd; tpLjiy jpdj;ij jpUney;Ntypapy; Rauh[;a jpdkhf RNjrp

41
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

,af;fj; jiytHfs; nfhz;lhl jpl;lkpl;ljpd; tpisT :

1. t.c.rp. kw;Wk; Rg;ukzpa rpth Njr JNuhff; Fw;wj;jpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.
2. jpUney;Ntypapy; efurigf; fl;blKk; fhty; epiyaKk; jP itf;fg;gl;ld.
3. filailg;G ele;jpdH. njhopyhsHfs; E}w;ghiyiatpl;L ntspNawpdh; .
4.fytuj;jpy; fhty;Jiw elj;jpa Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;by; ehy;tH nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

14. t. c. rpjk;guj;jpd; RNjrp ,af;f Kaw;rpfs; :

1.Mq;fpNyaupd; flw;gaz Kw;Wupikf;F vjpuhf RNjrp fg;gy; fk;ngdp
epWtpdhh;.
2.1906 ,y; t.c.rp. RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpiag; ( SSNC ) gjpT
nra;jhH.
3. t.c.rp. , S.S. fypah> S.S. yhNth vd;Dk; ,uz;L ePuhtpf; fg;gy;fis
thq;fpdhH.
4. 1907 ,y; gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; tpLjiyahdij RNjrp jpdkhff;
nfhz;lhbdhH.

15. fnyf;lH M\;> thQ;rpehjdhy; nfhy;yg;glf; fhuzk; :

1. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij xLf;f jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lJ.
2. jpUney;Ntyp epfo;Tf;Fg; gop thq;Ftjw;fhf xU rjpj;jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;lJ.
3. ghujkhjh vd;w Gul;rpfuf; FOtpy; thQ;rpehjd; xU cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jJ.
4. INuhg;gpa mjpfhupfisf; nfhy;tjd; %yk; Rauh[;[pak; mila tpUk;gpaJ.

16. ,U NtW Rahl;rp ,af;fq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; :

1. 1916 ,y; jpyfh;> md;dp ngrz;l; ,U jd;dhl;rp ,af;fq;fis njhlq;fpdh;.
2. mit ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
3. gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; jd;dhl;rpia Vw;gLj;JtJ.
4. jha;ehL gw;wpa ngUik czh;it ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa Vw;gLj;JtJ.

17. fjH ,af;fk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; xU mj;jpahakhf fUjg;glf;

fhuzq;fs; :
1. NfhkflkU vd;w fg;gy; ,e;jpaf; FbNawpfSld; fdlhtpy; ,Ue;J
jpUk;gpaJ.
2. fg;gy; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpaTld; gpupl;b\; NghyprhUld; Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ.
3. fg;gypy; ,Ue;j gy gazpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH my;yJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.
4. ,e;j epfo;T ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F Mokhd tLit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

18. 1920 khHr;rpy; eilngw;w ghup]; mikjp khehl;by; fpyh‡gj; ,af;fj;jpd;

rhHghf Kd; itf;fg;gl;l Nfhupf;iffs; :
1. JUf;fpapd; Ry;jhd; fyPghthf ,ilA+wpd;wpj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;.
2. ,Ryhkpag; Gdpjj; jyq;fs; Ry;jhdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. Ry;jhdplk; NghJkhdg; gFjpfis toq;fp ,Ryhkpa kjj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;.
4. muhgpah> rpupah> <uhf;> ghy];jPdk; Mfpad mtuJ ,iwahz;ikapy;
tpLjy;.

19. nrd;id njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. njhopyhsHfs; Nkhrkhf elj;jg;gLtij kjuh]; njhopw;rq;fk; vjph;j;jJ.
2. kjuh]; njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; ehl;bd; ,ju gFjpfSf;Fg; gutpaJ.
3. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; gy njhopw;rq;fq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
4. njhopw;rq;fk; rhHe;j nfhs;iffs; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F xU MAjkhf ,Ue;jd.

42
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

20. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy :

1. 1919 Vg;uy; 13 ,y;> kpff; nfhLikahd murpay; Fw;wq;fs; ,iof;fg;gl;ld.
2. [hypad; thyhghf; gFjpapy; 2000 f;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; FOkpapUe;jdH.
3. kf;fis Fwpitj;J Fz;Lfs; jPUk; tiu RLkhW n[duy; ilaH
cj;jutpl;lhH.
4. 379 Ngh; ,we;jjhf muR $wpaJ. utPe;jpuehj; jh$H jdJ gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;;.

21. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw :

1. 1919 ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rpia
nfhz;Lte;jJ.
2. khfhz muRfSf;F eph;thfj;jpy; mjpf msTg; nghWg;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. rl;lk; xOq;F> epjp Nghd;w Kf;fpa Jiwfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> cs;shl;rp Nghd;w Jiwfs; ,e;jpah;fSf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

22. g+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. g+dh xg;ge;jk; mk;Ngj;fh; - fhe;jpabfs; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;lJ.
2. jPz;lj;jfhj kf;fspd; jdpj;njhFjpfs; xJf;fPLf;F cj;juthjk; mspj;jJ.
3. ,lxJf;fPL njhFjpfs; vd;w rl;l mk;rk; murpay; rhrdj;jpy;
NrHf;fg;gl;ld.
4. vuthlh rpiwapy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;j fhe;jpabfspd; capiuf;
fhg;ghw;wpaJ.

23. gpuhkzuy;yhj ,af;f jiytHfs; fhydp murhq;fj;ij ifahs;tjpy; njhlf;f

fhy Njrpathjpfs; filg;gpbj;j mNj Af;jpapid ifahz;ldH :
1. fhydpa muR kw;Wk; fpwp];Jth;fs; njhlq;fpa fy;tp epiyaq;fis
Mjupj;jJ.
2. kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G mwpf;ifapd;gb jq;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik
NfhhpaJ.
3. Gjpa rhjp mikg;Gf;fisj; njhlq;fp jq;fs; r%fj;jpd; tsh;rr; pf;F
cioj;jJ.
4. Mq;fpNyah;fsplk; khdpak; ngw;W fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G ngw cjtpaJ.

24. khw;wj;ij tpUk;GtHfs;> khw;wj;ij tpUk;ghjtHfs; - NtWgLj;Jf .

khw;wj;ij tpUk;GtHfs; :
1. Rauh[;ah fl;rpiaj; njhlq;fp Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;wdh; .
2. jPtpu murpaypy; <LglTk;> rl;lg; Nguitfis Klf;fTk; tpUk;gpdh; .
khw;wj;ij tpUk;ghjtHfs; :
1. NjHjy; murpay; Njrpathjpfspd; ftdj;ijj; jpir jpUg;Gk; vd;wdH.
2. E}y; E}w;gJ> jPz;lhik xopg;G Nghd;w fhe;jpag; gzpfis nra;jdh;.

25. gpujk mikr;rH uhk;Nr kf;N lhdhy;bd; tFg;Gthj mwpf;if :

1. 1932 Mf];by; gphpl;b\; gpujkH uhk;Nr kf;Nlhdhy;bd; mwpf;if ntspahdJ.
2. fhe;jpabfs; - mk;Ngj;fH ,ilNa jdpj;njhFjpfs; Fwpj;J tpthjk; ele;jJ.
3. gphpl;b\; gpujkH jiyapl;L KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd KbT vl;lg;gltpy;iy.
4. ,lxJf;fPl;Lld; $ba jdpj; njhFjpfis gphpl;b\ ; muR Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

26. %d;W tl;lNkir khehLfspd; Kbtpd; Njhy;tpf;F gpwF fhq;fpu]; jil

nra;a g;glf; fhuzk; :
1. 1932 ,y; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij kPz;Lk; ifapy; vLf;f fhq;fpu];
jPHkhdpj;jJ.
43
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. tptrhapfSk; njhopyhsHfSk; kw;Wk; VidNahUk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

<Lgl;ldh;.
3. [t`h;yhy; NeU> fhe;jpabfs; cl;gl RkhH xU yl;rk; Ngh; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
4. Njrpathj gpuRuq;fs; rl;lj;Jf;F vjpuhdJ vd;W mwptpj;J gwpKjy;
nra;jdh;.

27. rpl;lfhq; MAjg;gilj; jhf;Fjiy elj;j #hpah nrd; jpl;lkpl;l topKiwfs; :

1. #hpah nrd; rpl;lfhq;iff; ifg;gww; nfhhpy;yh jhf;Fjy; elj;jj;
jpl;lkpl;lhH.
2. nfhhpy;yh ghzp jhf;Fjy; vd;gJ kiwe;jpUe;J jhf;Fjy; elj;Jk;
KiwahFk;.
3. 1930 Vg;uy; 18 md;W ,uT rpl;lfhq; gilj;jsk; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. rpl;lfhq;if jdpikg;gLj;j uapy;Nt> jfty;njhlHG Mfpatw;iw
Jz;bj;jdh;.

28. lhlh ,Uk;G kw;Wk; v‡F epWtdk; (TISCO) :

1. Njhug;[p lhlh mnkhpf;fh nrd;W ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; gapw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
2. mnkhpf;fd; ,Uk;Gj; njhopyfq;fspy; gy EZf;fq;fisf; fw;Wj; NjHe;jhH.
3. Njhug;[p lhlh 1907 ,y; lhlh ,Uk;G kw;Wk; v‡F epWtdj;ij epWtpdhH.
,jd;%yk; jdJ je;ij N[.vd;. lhlhtpd; ePz;lfhy fdit edthf;fpdhh;.

29. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;fhfr; rpq;fhuNtyH Mw;wpa

gq;fspg;Gfs; :
1. jpU.tp.f. Tld; Nr;he;J njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gy njhopw;rq;fq;fis epWtpdhH.
2. 1923 ,y; ehl;by; Kjd;Kiwahf Nk Kjy; ehis Nk jpdkhf
nfhz;lhbdhH.
3. 1928 ,y; jpUr;rpapy; njd;dpe;jpa uapy;Nt NtiyepWj;jj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhh;.
4. jpUr;rp nghd;kiyapy; uapy;Nt NtiyepWj;jk; elj;jpajw;F jz;lid
ngw;whH.

30. 1921 ,y; eilngw;w kyghH fyfj;ijg; gw;wpa fhe;jpabfspd; fUj;J :

1. 1921 ,y; kyghh; gFjpapy; K];ypk; tptrhapfs; fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh; .
2. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsHfs; kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf fyfk; nra;jdh;.
3. fhe;jpabfs; kyghh; fyfj;ij ,e;J - K];ypk; NkhjyhfNt kjpg;gpl;lhH.
4. kyghh; fyfj;Jf;F K];ypk;fs; nghJ kd;dpg;G Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whh; .

31. ,];yhkpaHfSf;fhf kj;jpapy; Kjypy; mikf;fg;gl;l murpay; fl;rpapd;

Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; gphpl;b\; murplk; cz;ikAlDk;> ed;wpAlDk; elj;jy;.
2. K];ypk; yPf; mikg;gpd; kPJ muRf;F vOk; jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis ePf;Fjy;.
3. ,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfis ghJfhj;jy;.
4. ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; kw;w ,dj;jthplk; gifik ghuhl;Ltijj; jLj;jy;.

32. 1909 Mk; Mz;bd; kpd;Nlh - khHyp rPHj;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

1. K];ypk;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp my;yJ tFg;Gthhpj; njhFjp xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. mq;F K];ypk;fs; kl;LNk K];ypk; Ntl;ghsUf;F thf;fspf;f KbAk;.
3. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 27 ,lq;fspy; 8 K];ypk;fSf;F toq;fpaJ.
4. khfhzq;fspy; kjuh]; - 4> gk;gha; - 4> tq;fhsk; - 5 ,lq;fis xJf;fpaJ.

44
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

33. tFg;Gthjk; xU fUj;jpayhf tiuaWf;fg;gLk; tpjk; :

1. NeUtpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘tFg;Gthjk; vd;gJ ‘gpw;Nghf;Fthjpfs; etPd
cyfj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhj> fhyhtjpahd xU fUj;ij tplhg;gpbahff; gpbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ. ,J Njrpathjk; vd;w fUj;jpw;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhdjhfTk;
cs;sJ‛.
2. kw;nwhU mwpQhpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘tFg;Gthjk; vd;gJ xU FO FWfpa Nehf;fpy;
kw;w FOf;fs; my;yJ murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J tUk; vjpHg;ig kilkhw;wk;
nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;Jld; mzpjpul;Lk; jpl;lkpl;l Kaw;rpNa MFk;‛.

34. 1927 Mk; Mz;L nly;ypapy; eilngw;w K];ypk; yPf; khehl;bd; Kd;nkhopTfs; :
1. gk;ghapy; ,Ue;J rpe;J gFjpiaj; jdpahfg; gphpj;njLg;gJ.
2. gYr;rp];jhidAk; mjd; vy;iyfisAk; rPHjpUj;JtJ.
3. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; K];ypk;fSf;F 33 tpOf;fhLfs; ,lxJf;fPL .
4. gQ;rhgpYk; tq;fhsj;jpYk; kf;fs;njhif mbg;gilapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.

35. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fhj mikg;Gfspd; ngah;fs; :

1. midj;J ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf;.
2. uh\;bhpa RaNrth rq;fk;.
3. ,e;J kfhrig.
4. rpNuhkzp mfhyp jsk;.

36. rH ];lh‡NghHL fphpg;]; mtHfspd; Kd;nkhopTfs; :

1. nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy;> murpay; rhrd tiuTf;FO cUthf;Fjy;.
2. tiuTf;FOtpy; khfhz rigfspd; NjHe;njLj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;.
3. RNjr muRfspd; rhh;gpy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ug;gh;.
4. Gjpa murpay; rhrdj;ij Vw;fhj khfhzk; gphpl;b\; muRld; Gjpa xg;ge;jk;.

37. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;J Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ePf;fg;gl;ljw;fhdf;

fhuzq;fs; :
1. Ngh]; fhq;fpurpd; mLj;j jiytuhdjhy; fhe;jpabfs; mjph;rr ; p mile;jhh;.
2. fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpa Nky;kl;lj; jiytHfs; mtNuhL xj;Jiof;f kWj;jdH.
3. Rgh\;; re;jpu Ngh]; Gjpjhf ‡ghh;th;L gpshf; fl;rp xd;iw njhlq;fpdhh;.
4. mth; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; mr;R ehLfSf;F Mjuthfr; nray;gl;lhh;.

38. 1946 ,y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w K];ypk; yPf;

gpujpepjpfs; :
1. Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh.
2. ypahfj; myp fhd;.
3. KfkJ ,];khapy; fhd;.
4. Fth[h rH ep[hKjPd;.
5. mg;Jy; ug; ep\;jH.

39. fhe;jpabfs; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; gw;wp rpe;jpj;j #o;epiy :

1. tpLjiyf;fhd ve;j cWjpAk; nfhLf;fhky; fhydpa muR ,Oj;jbj;jJ.
2. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; mr;R ehLfis Mjhpj;jhh;.
3. 1942 ,y; Ngh]; n[Hkdpapy; ,Ue;J Mrhj; `pe;J NubNah %yk; NgrpdhH.
4. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; fhe;jpiaAk; rHr;rpy; ntWg;Gld; ghh;j;jhH.

40. fh\;kPH murH ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;l eilKiwfs;:

1. 1947 mf;Nlhghpy; ghfp];jhdpaHfs; rpyH fh\;kPiur; #iwahbdhh;fs;.
45
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. ghfp];jhdpaHfis tpul;l fh\;kPh; murh; ,e;jpahtpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.

3. ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhy; cjTtjhf gNly; $wpdhh;.
4. fh\;kPH kfhuh[h `hprpq; ,izg;GWjp Mtzj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;.

41. ,e;jpa murikg;gpd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; :

1. Fbkf;fSf;F mbg;gil chpikfis cWjp nra;Ak; XH Mtzkhf cs;sJ.
2. Rje;jpukhd NjHjy; Mizak;> taJ te;NjhHf;F thf;Fhpik cWjp nra;jJ.
3. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;Fr; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; ,iwahz;ikia cWjp nra;jJ.
4. ,e;jpa murikg;G ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj; jd;ikiaAk; cWjp nra;jJ.

42. gphptpidahy; Vw;gl;l fLikahd tpisTfs; :

1. ehL KOtJk; ,e;J - K];ypk; ,ilNa tFg;Gthj fytuq;fs; ntbj;jd.
2. td;Kiwapy; Rkhh; 2 ,yl;rk; Kjy; 5 ,yl;rk; Ngh; tiu caphpoe;jdh.;
3. gQ;rhg; tq;fhsk; topahf Rkhh; 15 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,lk; ngaHe;jdH.
4. ,lk; ngaHe;jth; tpl;Lr; nrd;w nrhj;Jfis cs;@h; kf;fs; mgfhpj;jdh;.

43. gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifapd; Ie;J Nfhl;ghLfs; :

1. xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bd; epyvy;iy kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ikia kjpj;J
elj;jy;.
2. ,U ehLfSk; xd;iwnahd;W Mf;fpukpf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.
3. xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhky; ,Uj;jy;.
4. ,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNa rkj;Jtk;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W gadila $l;LwT.
5. rkhjhd rftho;T.

44. Fj;jif rPHjpUj;jq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs;

1. Fj;jifia Kiwg;gLj;jp Fj;jifjhuHfspd; cupikia ghJfhg;gJ.
2. epyTilikahsHfsplkpUe;J epyj;ij gwpKjy; nra;jy;.
3. epyj;jpw;fhd cupikia Fj;jifjhuHfSf;F mspj;jy;.

45. ,e;jpahtpy; gRikg;Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

1. Ntshz; cw;gj;jpjpwd; mjpfupj;jJ.
2. czT jhdpa cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT ngw;wJ.
3. tptrhapfsplkpUe;j cgup czT jhdpaq;fis muR Nrkpg;G fplq;Ffspy;
Nrkpj;J itj;jJ.
4. kf;fSf;fhd czTghJfhg;G cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

46. kj;jpamuR 1980 fspy; nfhz;L te;j xUq;fpize;j CuftsHr;rp jpl;lk;

1. fpuhkg;Gw FLk;gq;fspd; rpy nrhj;Jf;fis muR thq;Fjy;.
2. tWik tpul;l gRf;fs; MLfs;toq;fg;gl;ld.
3. fil itf;f >tpahghuk; nra;a cjtp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
4. ,e;j cjtpngWk; FLk;gj;Jf;F khdpaq;fs;cz;L.

47. ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikapd; gpd;jq;fpa epiyf;f hd fhuzq;fs;

1. epWtd kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g fhuzpfshf gpupf;fyhk;.
2. epWtd fhuzp: epyTilik kw;Wk; tptrha njhopyhsHfs; ,ilNa
epytpa r%f nghUshjhu rpf;fy;.
3. njhopy;El;gfhuz p: rpwe;jtpijfs;>cuq;fs;>ePHghrdk;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;
gad;gLj;jhik.

48. nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; Fiwe;j nray;ghl;bw;fhd fhuzpfs;

46
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

1.fl;Lkhd gzpfis Kbg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; jhkjj;jhy; mjpf KjyPl;L nryT.

2. Njitf;Fk; mjpfkhd gzpahsHfs; NjHT.
3. epHthf nryTfs; vg;NghJk; fl;Lf;Fs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

49. kWkyHr;rpapd; jhafk; ,j;jhyp

1. cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfis fhl;bYk; ,j;jhypapy; rka rhHgpd;ik fyhr;rhuk;
,Ue;jJ.
2. fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa fle;jfhy gilg;Gfis fz;Lgpbj;jdH.
3. rl;lk; jj;Jt gbg;GfSf;F gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
4. fpof;F ehLfSldhd tHj;jfj;jpy; ,j;jhypa efuq;fs; Gj;JapH ngw;wd.

50. kWkyHr;rp fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,yf;fpa rhjidfs;

1. N\f;];gpaH> khHNyht;> gpuhd;rp]; ghf;fd; Kf;fpakhdtH MtH.
2. khHNyht;bNlh> jpFapd; Mg;fhHNj[; Mfpatw;iw je;jhH.
3. N\f;];gpaH 38 ehlfq;fis md;G>Nfhgk;>nghwhik Mfpa kdpj
czHTfis nfhz;L gilj;jhH.
4. Xnjy;Nyh> `hk;nyl; NuhkpNah [{ypal; Mfpad Kf;fpakhdit.
5. mDgt thjj;jpd; je;ijahd gpuhd;rp];Ngf;fd; J}z;ly; gFj;jwpT
vd;gNj tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mbg;gil vd;whH.

51. ,j;jhypa kw;Wk; Mq;fpNya fly; gazpfspd; rhjidfs;

1. ,j;jhypa flw;gazp [hd;Nfgl; fdlhit fz;Lgpbj;J Mq;fpy
fhydpahf;fpdhH.
2. [pNahtdplh ntHuhrNdh vd;ghH gpuhd;]; ehl;Lf;fhf fpof;F fdlh
khfhzq;fis ,izj;jhH.
3. Mq;fpy fly;gazp n`d;wp`l;rd; tlmnkupf;fhtpypUe;J grpgpf;
fly;gFjpf;F ghij fhz Kad;whH.

52. tHj;jfg;Gul;rpapd; vjpHkiw tpisTfs;

1. mbikj;jdk; Gj;JapHngw;wJ. Ruq;f Njhl;l NtiyfSf;F mbikfs;
Njitg;gl;ldH.
2. g+HtPf mnkupf;fHfis mbikahf;f Kbahjjhy; Mg;gpupf;f mbikfs;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ldH.
3. ,J etPd cyif cUthf;Ftjpy; mtkhdkhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
4. tHj;jfg;Gul;rp njhopw;Gul;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.

53. n[dPthtpy; gpuhl;l];lz;l; ,af;fj;ij xUq;fpizg;gjpy; [hd;fhy;tpd;

Mw;wpa gq;F
1. fhy;tpd; xU ngupa xUq;fpizg;ghsH.fpwp];jt rka epWtdq;fs; vd;w
Gj;jfj;ij vOjpdhH.
2. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F n[dPthit jk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUe;jhH.
3. iggps;mbg;gilapy; fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd r%fk; gilf;f Kad;whH.
4. n[dPthtpy; mtuJ rkag;gpupT fhy;tPdpak; gpugykile;jJ.

54. INuhg;ghtpy; vjpHrPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;Jf;F ,NaRrigapd; gq;fspg;G

1. ,f;Nd\pa]; yNahyh vd;gtuhy; ,NaRrig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
2. gpuk;kr;rupak;>fPo;gbjy; Mfpa cWjpnkhopfis filgpbj;jdH.
3. Njthyaj;Jf;Fk;>Nghg;Gf;Fk; njhz;lhw;w rpwe;j kf;fis cUthf;f
gapw;rp toq;fpdH.
4. ,r;rigapd; njhz;lHfs; n[#l;Lfs; cynfq;Fk; gs;sp> fy;Y}upfs;
47
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

njhlq;fpdH.

55. 1942 y; nfhyk;g]; Nkw;nfhz;l gazk;

1. ];ghdpa Ml;rpahsHfspd; cjtpAld; flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
2. nfhyk;g]; 1492 Mf];l; 3 y; ghNyh]; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J %d;W
fg;gy;fspy; gazpj;jhH.
3. 2 khjj;Jf;F gpd; ,e;jpah vd;W mtuhy; ek;gg;gl;l epyg;gFjpia
mile;jhH.
4. Mdhy; mJ cz;ikapy; mnkupf;fh vd;Dk; Gjpa fz;lkhFk;.

56. NghHj;JfPrpa fly;gazp ngl;Nuhfhg;uy; ,e;jpahTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l gaz k;

1. th];Nfhlfhkh topia gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpah te;jile;jhH. rhkupd; xU
Nfhl;ilfl;b tHj;jfk; nra;a fhg;uiy mDkjpj;jhH.
2. muG tzpfHfSld; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;ljhy; Nkhjy; epfo;e;jJ.
3. nfhr;rpdpy; tHj;jfk; nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. fz;zD}upy;
JiwKfj;ij epWtpdhH.
4. ,Wjpahf 1501 [_d; 23y; NghHr;Rfy; jpUk;gpdhH.

57. 1783 y; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l ghup]; cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa ruj;Jf;fs;

1. mnkupf;f If;fpaehLfs; cUthf;fj;ij ,q;fpyhe;J mq;fPfupj;jJ.
2. Nk.,.jPTfs;> ,e;jpah> Mg;gpupfhtpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd rpy
gFjpfis gpuhd;]; ngw;wJ.
3. ];ngapd; ,q;fpyhe;jplkpUe;J GNshuplhit ngw;wJ.
4. `hye;Jk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; NghUf;F Ke;ija epiyia gpd;gw;wpd.

58. mnkupf;f Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. kf;fshl;rp FbauR Nghd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; tpupthf gutyhapd.
2. murpay; r%fkhw;wq;fs; rkj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;ld.
3. $l;lhl;rp Nfhl;ghLfs; gutyhdJ. fy;tp rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.

59. 1789 M k;Mz;L Gul;rpf;F ePz ;lfhyj;Jf;F Kd;djhfNt fUj;Jf;fspd;

fsj;jpy; xU Gul;rp ele;jJ
1. gpuQ;RGul;rpf;F Kd;djhf rKjhaj;ij mwpthHe;j kf;fs; jahH nra;jdH.
2. thy;NlH>&Nrh vOj;Jf;fs; Gul;rpf;F J}z;L Nfhyhapd.
3. khz;nl];fpa+ mjpfhuf; Ftpg;ig vjpHj;jhH.
4. &Nrh Ms;NthUf;Fk;> kf;fSf;Fkhd cwT xg;ge;j fl;Lg;ghL
Ntz;Lnkd;whH.

60. nrg;lk;gH gLnfhiyfs;.

1. Kbahl;rp J}f;fp vwpag;gl;l gpd;dH murpay; ifjpfs; vjpHGul;rpahsH
rjpapy; ,izag; Nghtjhf kf;fs; ek;gpdH.
2. ,jdhy; kf;fs; rpiwr;rhiyfis jhf;fpdH.
3. murFLk;g MjuthsHfs;midtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
4. ,e;j nrg;lk;gH gLnfhiy epfo;tpy; 1200 ifjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

61. njd;mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf gpNurpypy; murpayikg;G rhHe;j Kbahl;rp

muR mike;jw;fhd #o;epiyfs;
1. 1808y; neg;Nghypad; gilaLg;gpd; NghJ NghHr;Rfy; murH lhk;N[hNth
gpNurpYf;F jg;gpdhH.
2. Mdhy; N[hNth mjpfhuj;Jf;F vjpuhf gpNurpypy; rthy;fs; Njhd;wpaJ.
48
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

3. vdNt gpNurpiy jd;kfd; lhk; ngl;Nuhtplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L nry;y

KbntLj;jhH.
4. 1822y; gpNurpy; NghHr;Rfy;yplkpUe;J tpLjiyngw;W murpayikg;G
nfhz;l KbaurhdJ.

62. njhopw;Gul;rpapd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;jpy; n[Hkdpapy; ele;jJ

1. n[Hkdp ngUk; njhopy;ka ehlhdJ.
2. njhopy;Gul;rpapd; jhafkhd ,q;fpyhe;ij kpQ;rpaJ.
3. mnkupf;fhtpd; Nghl;bahsuhf jd;id epiyehl;baJ.
4. thfdk;>,Uk;G vf;F njhopypy; jdJ Kj;jpiuia gjpj;jJ.

63. gpuhd;]; Jk;kpdhy; INuhg;ghTf;F [yNjh\k;

1. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; INuhg;gh KOtJk;
Jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2. INuhg;ghtpy; vOe;j kf;fshl;rp czHit xLf;f nkl;lHdpf; Kide;jhH.
3. mtuJ $w;Wjhd; gpuhd;]; Jk;kpdhy; INuhg;ghTf;F [yNjh\k; gpbf;Fk;.
4. Gul;rp ntbj;j 1789>1830>1848 Mz;Lfspy; gpuhd;]; Jk;kpajhf nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

64. Nrh\ypr fUj;Jf;fs; cUg;ngw njhopy;Gul;rpNa Kfhe;jpuk; mikj;jJ

1. Muk;gj;jpy; njhopyhsHfs; jq;fs; Kjhyhspfis ek;gp tho;e;jdH.
2. xUq;fpizg;G Vw;glhjtiu epue;ju Kd;Ndw;wk; rhj;jpakpy;iy vd
czHe;jdH.
3. vdNt njhopw;rq;fq;fs; Vw;gLj;j tpioe;jdH.
4. njhopyhsH eyd;fhf;fTk; ,J topfhl;baJ.

65. jdJ njhopw;rhiyapy; gzpapypUe;j CopaHfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F

,uhgHl; Xtd; Nkw;nfhz;l Kd;Ndhb jd;ikapyhd eltbf;iffs;
1. mtuJ njhopw;rhiyapy; gj;J taJf;F Fiwthd Foe;ijfis
gzpakHj;j kWj;jhH.
2. jdpAilikiaAk; yhgNehf;ifAk; tpkuprpj;jhH.
3. njhopiy $l;lhf nray;gLj;Jk; xU $l;LwT r%fj;ij typAWj;jpdhH.
4. fw;gidthj Nrh\ypr Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpdhH.

66. gpuhd;rpy; 1830y; ele;j [_iy Gul;rp INuhg;ghtpd; gpwgFjpfis

vt;thnwy;yhk; ghjpj;jJ
1. INuhg;ghtpy; gy gFjpfspy; fpsHr;rp ntbj;jJ.
2. nejHyhe;jpy; Gul;rp ntw;wpngw;W ngy;[pak; Rje;jpu ehlhdJ.
3. fpNuf;fHfs;JUf;fpauplkpUe;J tpLjiy mile;jdH.
4. u\;ahtpy; rhHkd;dUfF; vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Nghye;J Njhy;tp
mile;jJ.

67. ,q;fpyhe;NjhLk; gpuhd;NrhLk; KOikahd Njrq;fshf ,j;jhypAk;

n[HkdpAk; Vd; cUg;ngw;W ntspg;glKbatpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
1. Gdpj Nuhkg;NguuR ngaustpy; kl;Lk; Nguurhf tpsq;fpaJ.
2. n[Hkdp 300 ypUe;J 400 tiuahd jdpehLfis nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
3. kd;dHfNs ,e;ehLfis epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp Njrkhf;fpdH.

68. ghup]; fk;a+id Nehf;fp topelj;jpr; nrd;w rk;gtq;fs;

49
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

1. Njrpakd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf kd;dH MjuthsHfs; ,Ue;jJ

ghup]; efukf;fis frg;gila nra;jJ.
2. jiyikf;F ijaH]; vd;w 71 taJ kdpjiu epakpj;jik kf;fis
Vkhw;wkila nra;jJ.
3. Kiwahd uhZtk; gpu\;a xg;ge;jj;jhy; fiyj;J tplg;gl;ljhy; ghup];
Kf;fNs MAjNke;jpdH.

69. Viokf;fSk; ciof;Fk; tHf;fKk; Vw;wk; ngw ghup]; fk;a+d; vLj;j

eltbf;iffs;
1. mLkidapy; ,uTg;gzpia jilnra;jJ.
2. %lg;gl;l njhopw;rhiyfis njhopyhsHfis nfhz;L jpwe;jJ.
3. tpjitfSf;F Xa;t+jpaKk; Foe;ijfSf;F fl;lzkpy;yh fy;tpAk;
nfhLj;jJ.
4. Kw;Wif fhyj;jpy; thq;fg;gl;l fld;fis t#ypf;fhky; jLj;jJ.

70. gpupl;ldpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; ePz;l ngUke;j fhyj;jpy; cUthd

njhopyhsH tHf;f Nghuhl;lq;fs;
1. gpupl;ldpy; N`hk;];nll; vf;F gl;liu Nghuhl;lk; Jg;ghf;fp rz;il tiu
NghdJ.
2. mnkupf;f ,Ug;Gghij njhopw;rq;f NtiyepWj;j Nghuhl;lk; epHthfj;jhy;
xLf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. gpupl;ld; kfspH jPg;ngl;b Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
4. yz;ld; JiwKf fg;gy; nrg;gdpLk; gl;liwapy; Nghul;lk; ntbj;jJ.

71. Kjy; nkhuhf;Nfh rpf;fy;

1. gpuhd;]; nkhuhf;Nfhtpy; jdJ jpl;lq;fSf;F nray;tbtk; nfhLf;f
epidj;jJ.
2. gpnuQ;r; J}Jf;FO ng];efiu te;jile;jJ.
3. mij gpuhd;rpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F cl;gl;l gFjpahf fUjp nray;gl;lJ.
4. ,jw;F n[Hkdp vjpHg;G njuptpj;jjhy; ,e;j rHr;iria INuhg;gpa
khehl;Lf;F vLj;J nry;y gpuhd;]; cld;gl;lJ.

72. mfopg;NghH
1. Kjy; cyfg;NghH tPuHfis jq;fs; capiuf;fhf;f epyj;ij Njhz;b mjDs;
milf;fyk; Njl itj;jJ.
2. mfopKiw vd;gJ ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F mfopfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
,izahf nry;tjhFk;.
3. ,tw;iw tise;J nespe;J tbtikj;jdH.
4. vjpupfs; Rl;lhYk; rpy mbfSf;F Nky; Njhl;lh nry;yKbahJ.

73. kpf Mgj;jhd U-glFfs; kw;Wk; Q-fg;gy;fs;

1. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupy; n[Hkdp nfhz;bUe;j MAjk; U-glFfshFk;.
2. gpupl;ld; fg;gy;fs; midj;ijAk; %o;fbf;Fk; cj;jpia n[Hkdp
filgpbj;jJ.
3. gpupl;ldpd; Q-fg;gy;fs; n[Hkdpf;fhd gjpybahFk;.
4. ,f; fg;gy;fs; thapyhf n[Hkdpia jhf;f J}z;ba gpd; gjpyb
nfhLf;Fk; cj;jpia ifahz;lJ.

74. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupy; mnkupf;fh Eioe;j gpwF epfo;e;jitfs;

1. mnkupf;f EioT NerehLfSf;F ntw;wpia Kd;Ng cWjpnra;jJ.
50
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. Kjypy; gy;Nfupah ruzile;jJ.

3. JUf;fpaH NghH epWj;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl;ldH.
4. n[Hkdp jdpNa Nghiu njhlu Ntz;bajhapw;W.

75. u\;ag;Gul;rp me;ehl;Lf;F ntspapy; Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;Gfs;

1. ,g;Gul;rp cyfkf;fspilNa ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2. gyehLfspy; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Nrhtpaj; If;fpak; gy fhydpehLfspd; tpLjiyNghUf;F cjtpaJ.
4. epyTilik>njhopyhsHeyd; Nghd;wit cyfpy; tpthj nghUshdJ.

76. u\;ahtpy; 1905y; epfo;e;j Gul;rpapd; fhuzq;fSk; Nghf;Fk;

1. u\;ah kQ;#upahTf;Fs; EioAk; nghUl;L 1904y; [g;ghid J}z;baJ
Nghupy; Kbe;jJ.
2. ,g;Nghupy; u\;ahtpd; Njhy;tp mq;F fytuj;ij cUthf;fp rhH kd;dUf;F
vjpHg;G tYj;jJ.
3. epNfhy]; murpay; rhrdk; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;ij cUthf;f
epHge;jpf;fg;gl;lhH.
4. ,lJrhupapdH gPl;lH];gHf; efupy; njhopyhsH gpujpepjp mitia
cUthf;fpdH.

77. gd;dhl;L rq;fk; ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J itj;j rpf;fy;fs;

1. Mye;J jPTfspd; kPJ ];tPlDk; gpd;yhe;Jk; cupik Nfhupd.
2. gd;dhl;L rq;fk; mj;jPT gpd;yhe;ij Nru newp Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
3. iryPrpahit Nghye;Jk; n[HkdpAk; NfhupaNghJ rq;fk; jiyapl;L
ntw;wpfukhf jPHj;jJ.
4. fpuP]; gy;Nfupahtpd; kPJ NghH njhLj;jNghJ rq;fk; NghHepWj;j
Mizia ntspapl;L Nghiu epWj;jpaJ.

78. nghUshjhu ngUke;jk; vt;thW murpay;fsj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ

1. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopyhsH fl;rp NjHjypy; Njhy;tpAw;wJ.
2. mnkupf;fhtpy; ngUke;jj;Jf;Fg;gpd; 20 Mz;Lfs; FbauRfl;rp
Ml;rpia ,oe;jJ.
3. ghrpr ehrpr fl;rpfs; ,j;jhypapYk; n[HkdpapYk; mjpfhuj;ij mile;jd.
4. mHn[z;bdh>rpyp>gpNurpy; Mfpa ehLfspYk; muR khw;wk; epfo;e;jJ.

79. ];lhypd;fpuhil Mf;fpukpg;gjw;F `pl;yhpd; mf;fiw kw;Wk; ‚thl;lh;Y}thf

khwpaJ‛
1. kpfg;ngUk; njhopy; efuhd ];lhypd;fpuhl; ntw;wpf;fdpahf jq;fSf;F
fpilf;Fk; vd;W `pl;yh; ek;gpapUe;jhh;.
2. vz;nza; tsk; kpf;f fhfr]; gFjpapd; kPJk; mtuJ fz;fs; glh;e;jpUe;jd.
3. N[hrg; ];lhypdpd; ngah; nfhz;l efiu Mf;fpukpg;gJ jdJ ngUikia
Cah;j;Jk; vd `pl;yh; ek;gpdhh;.
4. Mdhy; n[h;khdpa ,uhZtj;jhy; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F ];lhypd;fpuhil
jq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gJ njspthfj; njhpe;j
gpwFk;> `pl;yh; gpd; thq;f kWj;jhh;.

80. ehLfs; n[h;kdp kPJ FzL; tPrp jhf;fpaJ gaq;fu jhf;Fjy; gpur;rhuq;fSf;F
milahskhf mike;jJ.
1. n[h;kdpapd; l;nu];ld; efiu Kw;wpYkhf mopj;jJ.
2. ,j;jhf;Fjy;fs; n[h;kdpf;F vjpuhd ‚jpfpY}l;Lk; Fz;L tPr;Rf;fshfNt‛
51
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
3. ,r;rkaj;jpy; 6>00>000 n[h;kd; Fbkf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;fs;.
4. gbg;gbahf n[h;khdpag; gilfs; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;ld.

81. xU Vfhjpgj;jpa rf;jpahf [g;ghdpd; jpl;lq;fs;

1. n[h;kdpapd; mDFKiwia fpof;F Mrpahtpy; [g;ghd; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
2. ijthidAk;> nfhhpahitAk; fhydpfshf cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lNjhL
kQ;#hpahitAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.
3. mjd; Nguuir epiwe;j ghh;it lr;R fpof;fpe;jpag; gFjpfs; kPJk; kNyah>
rpq;fg;G+h; Nghd;w gFjpfs; kPJ tpOe;jJ.
4. ,g;Nguuir ,e;Njh-rPdhtpy; mikag;ngw;w gpnuQ;R fhydpfs; kPJk;
mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehLfs; trkpUe;j gpypg;igd;]; gFjp kPJk; tpOe;jJ.

82. `f; fpsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. gpypg;igd;rpd; nghJTilikthj tptrhapfs; `f; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
2. murpd; gilfshy; `f;Ffspd; gFjpfs; jhf;fjYf;F cs;shdjhy; mth;fs;
nfhhpy;yhg;Nghh; Kiwia ifahz;ldh;.
3. `f;Ffs; mij jw;fhg;gG mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk vjph; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
4. gpypg;igd;]; muR mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehl;bd; Mjuitg; ngw;W ‚`f;
fpsh;r;rpia‛ xLf;fpaJ.

83. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; Kf;fpa tpisTfs;

1. ngUk; rf;jp vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J n[h;kdp tPo;e;jJ.
2. [Nuhg;gh jdJ me;j];ijAk;> nfsutj;ijAk; ,oe;jJ.
3. nghUshjhuk; rhpe;J nehWq;fpaJ.
4. cyfpd; ,U Mjpf;f rf;jpfshf mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehLk; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTk;
cUthdJ.
5. Nghhpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tpisT fhydpa ehLfspy; epfo;e;j
khw;wNkahFk;.

84. rPdhtpy; epfo;e;j ghf;]h; fpsh;rr

; p
1. ghf;]h;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhh; \hd;Lq; khfhzj;ij gpwg;gplkhf
nfhz;l tptrhapfNsahth;.
2. ghf;]h;fs; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; kQ;R tk;rj;ij Kbtpw;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtjhFk;.
3. KiwNflhf rYiffisg; ngw;W te;j Nkw;fj;jpah;fis rPdhit tpl;L
mg;Gwg;gLj;j Kad;wdh;.
4. ghf;]h;fs; Njthyaq;fisAk;> may;ehl;bdhpd; tPLfisAk;
jPf;fpiuahf;fpdh;.

85. rPd Njrpa murpaypy; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; gq;F

1. rd; ahl; nrd; Nlhf;fpNah efhpy; cUthf;fpa murpay; fl;rp Nfhkpd;lhq;
fl;rp vd;W MdJ.
2. ,t;tikg;gpd; ce;J rf;jpahf tpsq;fpa rd; ahl; nrd; xU Fbauir
tpUk;gpdhh;.
3. rd; ahl; nrd; kiwe;j gpd; Nfhkpd;lhq; nfhs;iffs; nghJTilik
rpe;jidia cs;slf;fpajhf ,y;iy.
4. Nfhkpd;lhq; epyf;fpohh;fs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspfspd; Mh;tq;fis
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ.

52
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

86. ,e;NjhNd\pa tpLjiyf;F Rfh;Ndh Mw;wpa gq;F

1. Rfh;Ndh ,e;NjhNd\pa Njrpa fl;rpia epWtpdhh;.
2. ,e;j fl;rp> Nkw;fj;jpa tho;f;if Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUe;j kjr;rhh;gw;w
th;f;fj;jpduhy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Mdhy; 1931 y; Rfh;Ndh ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mtuJ fl;rpAk; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. [g;ghdpd; MjuTld; lr;Rf;fis ntspNaw;wp ,e;NjhNd\pahtpd;
Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpdh;.

87. mnkhpf;fhthy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nel;NlhTf;fhd gjpy; eltbf;ifNa Nrhtpaj;

u\;ahtpd; cld;gbf;if
1. Nkw;F n[h;kdp Nel;Nlh mikg;gpy; cWg;gpduhdjhy; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah vjph;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
2. Nrhtpaj; A+dpaDk; mjd; el;G ehLfSk; gu];gu el;G> kw;Wk; gu];gu cjtp
vDk; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld.
3. Nghye;jpd; jiyefuhd thh;rhtpy; ,J ifnaOj;jplg;gl;ljhy; ,J thh;rh
cld;gbf;if vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ.
4. cWg;G ehLfspy; VNjDk; xU ehL ntspehl;Lg; gilfshy;
jhf;fg;gLNkahdhy; Vida cWg;G ehLfs; jhf;fg;gl;l ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f
cjtpf;F tuNtz;Lnkd ,t;Tld;gbf;if $wpaJ.

88. [.eh rigapd; rhrdk; Kbthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fs;

1. lk;ghh;ld; Xf;]; vDk; khspifapy; rPdh> Nrhtpaj; A+dpad;> mnkhpf;fh
kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J Mfpa ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs; xd;W $b cyf
mikg;Gf;fhd Xh; nray;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
2. kh];Nfh gpufldk; gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhfg; gd;dhl;L mstpy; xU
mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jJ.
3. ahy;lh khehl;by; ghJfhg;G rigapy; thf;fspf;Fk; Kiw Fwpj;J gw;wpa
Nfs;tpfs; vOg;gg;gl;ld.
4. rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh khehl;by; ,it njhlh;ghd tpthjq;fSk;
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfSk; elj;jg;gl;L [f;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; rhrdk; ,Wjp
nra;ag;gl;lJ.

89. Nel;Nlh cUthf;fg;gl;ljpd; gpd;dzp

1. mnkhpf;fhTld; el;GwT nfhz;bUe;jhYk; Nkw;F [Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; jhq;fs;
ghJfhg;ghf ,y;iy vd;Nw czh;e;jd.
2. nrf;Nfh];yhthf;fpahtpy; fk;A+dp];Lfs; ngw;w ntw;wp mth;fspd; mr;rj;ij
mjpfhpj;jJ.
3. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Nkw;F [Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; xU $l;Lg;ghJfhg;Gj; jPh;it
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;gk; nfhz;ld.
4. ,g;gpd;dzpapy; jhd; Nel;Nlh mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. ,jd; cWg;GehLfs; midj;Jk; jq;fspy; ahuhtJ xUth; jhf;fg;gl;lhy;
mj;jhf;Fjy; midth; NkYk; njhLf;fg;gl;l jhf;fjyhff; fUJtjw;F
xj;Jf; nfhz;ld.

90. #a]; fhy;tha; rpf;fy;

1. 1956 ,y; vfpg;jpd; FbauRj;jiytuhf ,Ue;j fkhy; mg;Jy; ehrh; #a];
fhy;thia Njrpakakhf;fpdhh;.
2. ,f;fhy;tha; Mq;fpNyh- gpnuQ;R- #a]; fhy;tha; fofk; vDk; jdpahh;
epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ.
53
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

3. ,jd; tpisthf ,];Nuypa> gphpl;b\; kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; gilfs; rpdha; jPgfw;gk;

kPJ gilnaLj;jd.
4. [.eh rigapd; gilfs; ,];Nuypa> gphpl;b\; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rg;gilfis 1957
,y; khh;r; khjj;jpy; ntspNaw;wpd.

91. Nel;Nlhitg; Nghy Vd; rPl;Nlh gpugykilatpy;iy

1. rPl;Nlh vDk; ,t;tikg;G Mrpa grpgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Nel;Nlhtpd;
gpujpepjpahf mike;jjhFk;.
2. Mdhy; gpypg;igd;]; > jha;yhe;J Mfpa ,uz;L njd;fpof;f Mrpa ehLfs;
kl;LNk ,jpy; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;e;jd.
3. Vida ehLfs; ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapy; gq;Nfw;f kWj;jd.
4. rPl;Nlh xU MNyhrid kd;wkhf kl;LNk nray;gl;lJ.
5. cs;ehl;by; Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jf;fisg; nghWj;jkl;bYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehLfNs
mtw;iw vjph; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
**************

[e;J kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;

1. ,e;jpa eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpapd; jhf;fj;ijAk; gpd;dH> mJ

,e;jpar; r%fj;ij rPHjpUj;jTk; kw;Wk; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;jpl Mw;wpa gq;fpid
Tpthjpf;fTk;.
,e;jpa eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpapd; jhf;fk; :
1. eLj;ju th;f;fj;jpdh; Mq;fpNyahpd; epHthfj;jpd; fPo; gzpGhpa kWj;jdh;.
2. jq;fsJ tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw Rje;jpu ,e;jpah Ntz;Lnkd czHe;jdh;.
3. Vida kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsHj;njLg;gjpy; rpwg;ghdg; gq;fhw;wpdH.
4. Njrpa mstpy; gy mikg;Gfspy; ,ize;J ehl;L kf;fis xd;W jpul;bdh;.

,e;jpar; r%fj;ij rPHjpUj;jTk; kw;Wk; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;jjpy; Nkw;fj;jpaf;

fy;tpapd; gq;F :
1. gpuk;k rkh[k;> mypfhh ; ,af;fk; Nghd;w rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
2. Mhpa rkh[k;> jpNahge;j; ,af;fk; Nghd;w kPl;G ,af;fq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
3. rPHjpUj;jthjpfspd; kPs;rpe;jid tpisthf ,e;jpa Njrpa czHT
cjakhdJ.
4. rjp tof;fk;> ngz;rpRf; nfhiy> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; Mfpad xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. tpjit kWkzk;> ngz;fy;tp> Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

2. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa czHT Njhd;wf; fhuzkhd r%fg; nghUshjhuf;

fhuzpfs; :
1. ,e;jpahtpd; kuG rhHe;j epyTilik Kiwia Mq;fpNyaHfs; rpijj;jdH.
2. twl;rp> gQ;rk; Vw;gl;l fhyq;fspYk; epytupiag; gzkhff; fzf;fpl;ldH.
3. Gjpa epytUtha; Kiwfs; epyq;fs tpw;gidg; nghUshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
4. Ntshz;ik tzpf kakhf khwpajhy; czT cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Fiwe;jJ.
5. re;ijf;Fj; Njitahdij kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;AkhW fl;lhag;gLj;jpdh;.
6. epytup / Fj;jif nrYj;jhky; ,Ue;jhy; epyq;fisg; gwpKjy; nra;jdh;.
7. Mq;fpy muR fl;Lg;ghLfsw;w Rje;jpu tzpff; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
8. Mq;fpNyaHfs; gQ;rq;fspd; NghJk; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdH.
9. xg;ge;jf; $ypj; njhopyhsH Kiwapy; kf;fs; gy ehLfSf;F Fbngah;e;jdh;.
10.,e;jpahtpy; njhopy;fs; ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; gyh; Ntiy ,oe;jdh; .

54
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

3. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa tpopg;GzHTf;Ff; fhuzkhd gpupl;b\hupd; mlf;FKiw

nfhs;iffs; :
1. 1870 ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk;> gpupT „124 V… mlf;FKiw XOq;fhw;Wr; rl;lk;.
2. 1878 ,y; gj;jpupf;iffisj; jzpf;iff;F cl;gLj;jpa gpuhe;jpa nkhopr; rl;lk;.
3. ,q;fpyhe;J gUj;jpapio Jzpfspd; kPjhd Rq;ftup ngUksT
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; gUj;jpapio Jzpfspd; kPjhd cs;ehl;Lj; jPHit
caHj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. upg;gd;gpuG Ml;rpapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,y;gHl; kNrhjhtpy; jpUj;jk;
nra;jdh;.
,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa tpopg;GzHTf;Ff; fhuzkhd gpupl;b\hupd; ,dntwpf;
nfhs;iffs; :
1. Mq;fpNyah; ,dg;ghFghL kw;Wk; ,e;jpa vjph;g;Gf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdh;.
2. murpd; caH gjtpfspy; ,e;jpaHfis epakdk; nra;ahky; tpyf;fp itj;jdh;.
3. Fbikg; gzpf;fhdj; NjHTfs; vOj taJ tuk;G 21 vd epHzak;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
4. ICS Njh;tpy; ,e;jpaHfspd; ntw;wpiaj; jLf;f taJ tuk;ig 19 vd
Fiwj;jdh;.
5. ICS Njh;Tfis ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu Neuj;jpy; elj;j muR
kWj;jJ.

4. ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; gpupl;b\ ; Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy

ngWtjw;F Muk;g fhy Njrpathjpfs; mspj;j gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpfs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
2. epytupia Fiwj;J [kPd;jhHfspd; Ruz;lypypUe;J tptrhapfs; ghJfhj;jy;.
3. RNjrpg; nghUl;fSf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ,wf;Fkjp tupia
Cah;j;Jjy;.
4. ICS NjHTfspy; ntw;wp ngWtjd; %yk; epHthfg; gzpfis ,e;jpa
kakhf;Fjy;.
5. Ml;rp epHthfj;ijAk;> ePjp epHthfj;ijAk; Kw;wpYk; jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;jy;.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy ngWtjw;F Muk;g fhy Njrpathjpfs;

mspj;j gq;fspg;Gfs; :
1. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ’nry;tr; Ruz;ly;‛ vDk; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd; itj;jhH.
2. jpyfH ’Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Gupik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;‛ vd
Koq;fpdhh;.
3. RNue;jpuehj; ghdH[p ngq;fhyp vd;Dk; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupauhfg;
gzpGupe;jhH.
4. jpyfH Nfrup> kuhl;lh Mfpa ,uz;L gj;jpupiffspd; Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhH.
5. nesNuh[p ,e;jpahtpd; Fuy;> u];l;Nfhg;jhH Mfpa gj;jpupiffis elj; jpdhh;.

5. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; yhy; - ghy; - ghy; Mfpa %tupd; gq;fspg;G

yhyh y[gjp uha; :
1. 1916 Mk; Mz;L mnkhpf;fhtpy; xU jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh; .
2. muRf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhf khz;l;Ny rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
3. irkd; FO vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ Nghyprhhpd; jbabapy;
fhakile;jhh.;
55
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; :

1. kpjthjpahf jdJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fp gpd; jPtpu Njrpathjpahf
khwpdhh;.
2. tq;fhsj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;L Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhh;.
3. mdy; gwf;Fk; Ngr;Rf;fshy; Njrpathjj;ij %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; gug;gpdhh;.
ghy fq;fhju jpyfh; :
1. jpyfH ’Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Gupik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd;‛ vd
Koq;fpdhh;.
2. jpyfH Nfrup> kuhl;lh Mfpa ,uz;L gj;jpupiffspd; Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhH.
3. 1916 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uypy; G+dhtpy; xU jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;fpdhh;.

6. jkpo;ehl;by; RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; :

1.jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; eilngw;w RNjrp ,af;fk; ngUk; Mjuitg;
ngw;wJ.
2. muRf;F vjpuhd $l;lq;fspy; tl;lhu nkhopapy; nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;j;jpdH.
3. 1907 ,y; gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> nrd;idapy; nkhpdhf; flw;fiuapy;
Ciuahw;wpdhh;.
4. khztHfs; te;Nj khjuk; vd;w Kof;fj;Jld; INuhg;gpaHfis
tho;j;jpdhHfs;.
5. nkupdhf; flw;fiuapYk; %H khHf;nfl; tshfj;jpYk; $l;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
6. 1906 ,y; t.c. rpjk;guk; RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpia epWtpdhh;.
7. 1908 ,y; Nfhuy; E}w;ghiyj; njhopyhsHfs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;ldH.
8. [p. Rg;ukzpak; jp ,e;J kw;Wk; RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jpupiffisj; njhlq;fpdhH.
9.1908 ,y; t.c.rp.Ak;> rpthTk; jpUney;Ntyp fytuj;jpy; ifjhfp rpiw
nrd;wdh;.
10. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l fnyf;lh; M\; Jiuia thQ;rpehjd; Rl;Lf;
nfhd;whh;.

7. yf;Ndh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; :

1. eph;thfk; kw;Wk; epjp tp\aq;fspy; khfhzq;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
2. kj;jpa> khfhz rl;l Nkyitapy; 4/5 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
3. kj;jpa> khfhz rl;lg; Nguitapy; 4/5 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;jy; %yk;
Njh;e;njLj;jy;.
4. eph;thf rigapy; 1/2 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLj;j ,e;jpah;fshf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
5. khfhz rigj; Njh;jy;fspy; K];ypk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjpfs; toq;f
rk;kjpj;jJ.
6. ,e;J kw;Wk; rPf;fpa rpWghd;ikapdUf;F rpy ,lq;fs; toq;f xg;Gf;
nfhz;ldh;.
7. jq;fs; rigfspd; jPh;khdq;fs;gb kj;jpa> khfhz muRfs; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
8. xU jPh;khdk; Xuhz;Lf;Fs; kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wpdhy; mJ nray;ghl;Lf;F
tUk;.
9. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ ,e;J - K];ypk; xw;Wikf;F topaikj;jJ.
10. muR mYty;fSld; njhlh;Gila vtUk; rkepiy ngw;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. jpyfH kw;Wk; md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahh; MfpNahupd; fPo; Jtf;fg;gl;l Rahl;rp

56
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

,af;fq;fspd; nray;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.

ghyfq;fhju jpyfhpd; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; :
1. 1916 Vg;uypy; ngy;fhkpy; ele;j khehl;by; jpyfhpd; Rahl;rp ,af;fk;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
2. jpyfhpd; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;Jf;F nkhj;jk; MW fpisfs; xJf;fg;gl;ld.
Kf;fpaf; fpisfs; - kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh> kj;jpa
khfhzq;fs;>nguhh;.
3. 1918 Mk; Mz;L mjd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 32 Mapukhf
mjpfhpj;jJ.
4. jd;dhl;rp gw;wp Ngrpajw;fhf 1916 [_iy 23 ,y; jpyfh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahhpd; Rahl;rp ,af;fk; :

1. 1916 nrg;lk;ghpy; md;dp ngrz;l; kjuh]py; Rahl;rp ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;fpdhh;.
2. Kf;fpaf; fpisfs; - fhd;G+h;> myfhghj;> gdhu];> kJuh> fhypfl;> mfkJefh;.
3. ,e;jpah KOtJk; jd;dhl;rp fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;Gtjw;F jPt pu gpur;rhuk;
nra;jhh;.
4. 1917 [_d; khjk; md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahh; Cl;b rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
5. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; gpugykile;j gpwF kjuh]; muR mjid mlf;f
epidj;jJ.

9. kyghh; khg;gps;is fpsh;r;rpapd; fhuzq;fs; :

1. khg;gps;is fpsh;rr; p 1921 ,y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
ele;jJ.
2. fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; njhlh;rr ; pahf kyghh; K];ypk;fs; fpsh;rr; papy;
<Lgl;ldh;.
3. ntspehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F vjpuhd fpsh;rr ; pahfj; njhlq;fpaJ.
4. jq;fs; tptrhaj;ij mopj;j ntspehl;bdUf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwapy;
<Lgl;ldh;.
5. ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdh; k#jpia cilj;Jr; nrd;W %d;W Ngiuf; ifJ
nra;jdh;.
kyghh; khg;gps;is fpsh;r;rpapd; Jau tpisTfs; :
1. khg;gps;is fpsh;rr; p ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf khwp ,e;Jf;fs; gyh;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
2. ,e;Jf;fs; fl;lha kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ldh;. gy Nfhapy;fs; ,bf;fg;gl;ld.
3. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; ghjpg;gile;jJ. ,e;J - K];ypk; xw;Wik
rPh;Fiyj;jJ.
4. 1922 [dthpapy; muR ,uhZtj;jpd; JizNahL fpsh;rr ; pia Kwpabj;jJ.
5. 97 Ngiu ifJ nra;jdh;. mjpy; 40 Ngh; uapy; ngl;bapy; %r;rilj;J ,we;jdh;.

10. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpa #oy; :

1. fpyhgj; khehl;by;> 1920 ,y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij njhlq;f KbT
nra;jhh;.
2. fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G jpl;lk; myfhghj;jpy;
KbthdJ.
3. muRld; xj;Jioahikf; filgpbg;gnjd fy;fj;jhtpy; jPHkhdk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. me;epag; nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;> muR gl;lq;fis jpUk;gpj; jUjy;
Nrh;j;jdh;.
57
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

5. thpf;nfhlh ,af;fKk;> rl;lkWg;G ,af;fKk; ,jDld; ,izf;f KbT

nra;jdh;.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; tpisTfs; :

1. cs;@H kf;fshy; gy gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk; tpj;ah gPlq;fs;
epWtg;gl;ld.
2. tof;fwpQHfs;> gs;sp - fy;Y}hp khztHfs; muR epWtdq;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jdH.
3. 1921 ,y; Nty;]; ,sturhpd; ,e;jpag; gazk; kf;fshy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ehL KOtJk; tptrhapfSk; njhopyhsHfSk; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy;
<Lgl;ldH.
5. 1922 ,y; nrshp nrsuh td;Kiwr; rk;gtk; eilngw;wjhy; gyh; ifjhapdh; .

11. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpypUe;J rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; vt;topfspy; khWgl;bUe;jJ

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; :
1. 1920 ,y; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; MjuNthL njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;Jf;fs; - K];ypk;fs; ,ilapyhd xw;Wik czh;it NkYk;
tYg;gLj;jpaJ.
3. muR fy;tp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fis ehL KOtJk;
Gwf;fzpj;jdh.;
4. me;epag; nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpj;jdh;. muR gl;lq;fisj; jpUk;g
xg;gilj;jdh;.
5. thpf;nfhlh ,af;fKk;> rl;lkWg;G ,af;fKk; ,jDld; ,izf;f KbT
nra;jdh;.
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; :
1. 1930 ,y; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij fhe;jpabfs; Kiwg;gbj; njhlq;fp itj;jhh;.
2. rl;lq;fis kPWtJk;> muRf;F thpfs; nrYj;jhky; Gwf;fzpg;gJk;
eilngw;wd.
3. midj;J gphpT kf;fSk; gad;gLj;Jk; cg;G kPjhd thpia ePf;FkhW
Nfhhpdhh;.
4. 1930 ,y; fhe;jpabfs; jz;b ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhzL; rl;lj;ij kPwp cg;G
vLj;jhh;.
5. murpd; td;Kiw jhf;Fjy;fshy; 1934 ,y; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; KbTf;F
te;jJ.

12. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; gq;F :

1. 1919 ,y; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij Mjhpj;jNjhL mjd; khehl;LfspYk;
gq;Nfw;whh;.
2. 1920 ,y; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij ,e;J - K];ypk; MjuNthL
njhlq;fpdhh;.
3. gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; toq;fpa gl;lq;fisAk; tpUJfisAk; jpUk;g
xg;gilj;jhh;.
4. 1922 ,y; nrshp nrsuh rk;gtj;jhy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij jpUk;gg;
ngw;whh;.
5. 1930 ,y; rl;lq;fis kPWtjd; %yk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fp
itj;jhh;.
6. 1930 ,y; 375 fp.kP. J}uk; jz;b ahj;jpiu nrd;W rl;lj;ij kPwp cg;G vLj;jhh; .
7. 1931 ,y; fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;gb ,e;jpah;fis rpiwapy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpj;jdh;.

58
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

8. 1931 ,y; yz;ldpy; 2-tJ tl;lNkir khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; rhh;ghf

gq;Nfw;whh;.
9. tFg;Gthup njhFjp xJf;fPLfis vjph;j;J rhFk;tiu cz;zhtpujk;
,Ue;jhh;.
10. 1932 ,y; vuthlh rpiwapy; mk;Ngj;fUld; G+dh xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

13. xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F r%f ePjpia ghJfhf;f lhf;lH. mk;Ngj;fh; ftdk;

nrYj;jpa fy;tp Kiw :
1. fy;tp %yNk xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdh; r%f me;j];j;ij mila KbAk;
vd;whh;.
2. rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f ePjpia epiyehl;l fy;tp mtrpak; vdf; fUjpdhh;.
3. xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;Lnkd fLikahf
Nghuhbdhh;.
4. rhjp kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghbd;wp rkkhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; cUthf;fpl
Nfhhpdhh;.
5. jPz;lhikia xopf;f midj;J rhjpapdUk; xNu tFg;giw mkuNtz;Lk;
vd;whh;.
6. xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdh; cah;fy;tp gapy fy;tp cjtpj;njhif toq;ff;
Nfhhpdhh;.
7. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Mfpatw;iw fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd
$wpdhh;.
8. xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;nfd jdpahf fy;tpf; $lq;fs; njhlq;f
Cf;Ftpj;jhh;.
9. r%f ePjpia ghJfhf;f fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; ,lxJf;fPL
mky;gLj;jpdhh;.
10. ,ytrf; fy;tp> fy;tp cjtpj;njhif> ,ytr jq;Fk; tpLjpfs; toq;f
ghLgl;lhh;.

14. gfj;rpq;fpd; Gul;rpfu Njrpathjk; kw;Wk; Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; mtiu J}f;F

Nkilf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ :
1. gfj; rpq; ,sikf; fhyk; KjNy ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;whh;.
2. Muk;gj;jpy; et;[thd; ghuj; rgh mikg;gpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
3. gpd;dh; `pe;J];jhd; hpgg;spfd; mNrhrpNa\d; vd;w mikg;gpy; ,ize;jhH.
4. `pe;J];jhd; Nrhryp];l; hpgg;spfd; mNrhrpNa\d; vd;W ngaiu khw;wpdhh;.
5. u\;ag; Gul;rp kw;Wk; Nrh\ypr rpj;jhe;jq;fshy; gfj;rpq; nghpJk; ftug;gl;lhh;.
6. Gul;rp vd;gJ kdpj Fyj;jpd; gphpf;f Kbahj chpik vd;W gfj;rpq; fUjpdhh;.
7. 1929 Vg;uy; 8 ,y; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fs; Fz;L tPrpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhh;.
8. gphpl;b\; fhty;Jiw mjpfhhp rhz;lH]; nfhiy tof;fpy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
9. 1930 mf;NlhgH 7 md;W gfj;rpq;fpw;F kuz jz;lid jPh;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.
10. yh$H rpiwr;rhiyapy; 1931 khHr; 23 md;W mjpfhiyapy;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.

15. 1919 - 1939 Mk; Mz;LfSf;F ,ilapy; fhydp Mjpf;f ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l
njhopy; tsHr;rp :
1. ,e;jpaj; njhopy;fspd; tsHr;rp cyf ruhrhpia tplTk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
2. 1923 - 24 f;Fg; gpd; nerTj; njhopy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf nray;gl Muk;gpj;jJ.
3. jwpfs; kw;Wk; Roy; mr;Rf;fspd; vz;zpf;if fzprkhd msT caHe;jd.
4. 1929 - 30 fspy; ntspapy; ,Ue;J gUj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; EfHT 44 rjtPjk;.
5. 1933 - 34 fspy; gUj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp 20.5 rjtPjkhf Fiwe;jJ.
59
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

6. rHf;fiu cw;gj;jp> rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ed;F tsh;rr ; p ngw;wd.

7. NghHfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l Mz;Lfspy; fg;gy; njhopYk; tsHr;rpiaf; fz;lJ.
8. 1919 Mk; Mz;L rpe;jpah ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdp ypkpnll; epWtg;gl;lJ.
9. 1939 ,y; mJ gphpl;b\hhpd; gk;gha; ePuhtpf; fg;gy; epWtdj;ij thq;fpaJ.
10. ,ae;jpu cw;gj;jp> tpkhdk;> uapy; ngl;b> uapy; vQ;rpd; cw;gj;jp tphptile;jJ.

16. nghUshjhug; ngUk; ke;jk; Vw;gl;lNghJ r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;

yl;rpaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; fuhr;rp khehl;bd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
1. tptrhapfs; fprhd; rgh vd;w tptrhapfs; rq;fj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhz;ldh;.
2. Miyj; njhopyhsHfs; njhopw;rq;fq;fspy; ,ize;J Nghuhlj; njhlq;fpdh; .
3. 1930 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; xU ngUk; kf;fs; fl;rpahf cUntLj;jJ.
4. NeU jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; r%f - nghUshjhu rkj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp NgrpaJ.
5. ty;ygha; gNly; mbg;gil chpikfs;> flikfs; jPh;khdj;ij nfhzL;
te;jhh;.
6. chpikfs; gl;baypy; fhe;jpa nfhs;iffs;> NeUtpd; Nrhrypr ghHit
,Ue;jd.
7. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> nghUshjhur; Rje;jpuk; ,uz;ilAk; gphpf;f KbahJ
vd;wJ.
8. rhjp xopg;G> jPz;lhik xopg;G kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtk; cUthf;fpl Kaw;rpj;jJ.
9. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu nfhs;if gw;wp njspthd ghh;itia
je;jJ.
10. mJ Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpw;F fhq;fpurpd; nfhs;if mwptpg;G tpsf;fkhf
khwpaJ.

17. gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; tFg;Gthjj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp :

1. Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; %yk; murpaypy; ,e;J kWkyHr;rpf;fhd Fuy; xypj;jJ.
2. tl,e;jpahtpy; gR ghJfhg;Gf; fofq;fs; %yk; ,e;J tFg;Gthjk; tsHe;jJ.
3. ,];yhk; mypfhH ,af;fj;jpd; topahfj; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
4. th`hgp ,af;fkhdJ ,e;J - K];ypk; cwtpy; NkYk; tphpriy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5. gphpl;b\; muR tFg;Gthj murpaYf;F rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; toq;fpaJ.
6. 1883 f;Fg; gpd; ehl;by; gRtijj; njhlHghd fyfq;fs; mbf;fb eilngw;wd.
7. Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fjd; mikg;Gfspy; fhq;fpurhh;
gq;Nfw;wdh;.
8. fhq;fpurpd; %d;whtJ $l;lj;jpy; gRtij Fw;wk; vd;w jPHkhdj;ij
itj;jdh;.
9. fhq;fpu]; ,e;Jf;fSf;fhd mikg;G vd;W gy K];ypk; jiytHfs;
thjpl;ldH.
10. 1880 f;F gpwF cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; tFg;Gthj murpay; tsu
toptFj;jd.

18. Mq;fpNyaHfspd; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;if ,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; :

1. $l;L ,e;jpa milahsk; cUthtijj; jLg;gNj gphpl;b\hhpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. gphpl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,e;jpahtpy; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;ifiaf; ifahz;lJ.
3. ‘gphpj;jhSjy; vd;gJ ekjhf Ntz;Lk;‛ vd;W vy;gpd;];Nlhd; vOjpAs;shH.
4. gphpl;b\; muR tFg;Gthj rl;lg+Htkhd mq;fPfhuj;ij mspj;jJ.
5. midj;J fl;rpfSk; FWfpa tFg;Gthj murpay; mZFKiwiag;
gpd;gw;wpd.
6. tl,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fs; ,ilNaahd gifik tsHe;jJ.
7. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; gy;NtW ,e;J - K];ypk; fytuq;fs; ntbj;jd.
60
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

8. 1882 [_iyapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Nryj;jpy; xU ngUq;fyfk; eilngw;wJ.

9. ,e;J Njrpak;> ,];yhk; Njrpak; vd;w fUj;J gphptpidf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
10. ,e;J - K];ypk; xw;Wik rPh;Fiye;jjhy; fhq;fpu]; jdJ typikia
,oe;jJ.

19. ,e;J Njrpak;> ,];yhkpa Njrpak; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpak; Mfpait ,e;jpag;
gphptpidf;F rkgq;fhw;wpaJ :
,e;J Njrpak; :
1. ,e;J];jhdpy; cs;s kf;fs; ,e;J gz;ghL> nkhopia Vw;Wf; nfhs;s $wpaJ.
2. ,e;Jf;fs; my;yhjth;fs; me;epaHfshf ,Ug;gij epWj;jpf; nfhs;s $wpaJ.
3. ,e;J Njrj;jpw;Ff; fPo;g;gbtNjhL chpik NfhuhjtHfshf ,Uf;ff; $wpaJ.
,];yhk; Njrpak; :
1. fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp Kbtile;jij kPl;G ehshf 1939 brk;gH 22 ,y;
nfhz;lhbaJ.
2. 1940 yh$hpy; K];ypk; yPf; jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifj; jPHkhdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
3. 1946 Mf];l; 16 md;W Neub eltbf;if ehspy; <Lgl miog;G
tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Njrpak; :
1. Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; Rj;jp kw;Wk; rq;fjd; mikg;Gfspy; fhq;fpurhh;
gq;Nfw;wdh;.
2. ,e;J tFg;Gthj murpay; rf;jpfis vjph;f;fhky; fhq;fpu]; nksdk; fhj;jJ.
3. mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FOtpd; gphptpid jpl;lj;ij fhq;fpu]; vjph;f;ftpy;iy.

20. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; Nghf;F :

1. 1942 ,y; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij fhe;jpabfs; njhlq;fpdhh;.
2. fhe;jpabfs; kf;fis Nehf;fp ‘nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb‛ vd miog;G tpLj;jhh;.
3. 1942 Mf];l; 9 md;W mjpfhiy fhe;jpabfs; cl;gl gyiu ifJ nra;jdh;.
4. filailg;Gfs;> kwpay;fs;> Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;> td;Kiw Nkhjy;fs; ele;jd.
5. Muk;gj;jpy; efuq;fspYk; ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; fpuhkq;fspYk; ,af;fk;
gutpaJ.
6. fhty; epiyaq;fs;> ,uapy; epiyaq;fs;> mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs;
Nrjg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
7. fhe;jpabfs; 1943 gpg;uthp 10 ,y; rpiwapy; 21 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpujk;
,Ue;jhh;.
8. 1943 Mk; Mz;bd; Kbtpy; 91>836 Ngiu ifJ nra;jdh;. 1060 Ngh;
gypahfpdh;.
9. Gul;rpahsHfs; gk;ghapy; ,ufrpakhf thndhyp xypgug;G Kiwikia
epWtpdH.
10. fhe;jpabfs; cly;eyk; rhHe;j fhuzq;fSf;fhf 1944 Nk 6 ,y;
tpLjiyahdhh;.

21. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tprhuiz jPtpug;gLj;jpaJ :

1. nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tprhuiz elj;jg;gl;lJ.
2. [t`Hyhy; NeU ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tPuHfspd; rhHghf thjhbdhH.
3. ,e;j tof;F tprhuiz nghJ kf;fsplk; xUtpj jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
4. fhq;fpu]; ehL KOtJk; nghJf; $l;lq;fis elj;jp kf;fisj; jpul;baJ.
5. ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; 1935 ,d; gb tpiutpy; Njh;jy; tUtjhf ,Ue;jJ.
6. Xl;Lf; Nfl;gijtpl ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt tprhuiz gw;wpNa Ngrg;gl;lJ.
7. \h eth]; fhd;> P.K. n\fy; kw;Wk; G.S. jpy;yhd; kPJ jdp tprhuiz ele;jJ.
8. ,e;jpa gj;jphpiffs; ahTk; ,t;tprhuizia czHr;rpfukhfg; gpuRhpj;jd.
61
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

9. filailg;Gfs;> CHtyq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ NtiyepWj;jq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld.

10. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt thuk; filgpbj;jdh;. tof;F nrytpw;F epjp
jpul;bdh;.

21. ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; :

1. ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; vd;gJ 1944 ,y; ,uh[h[p toq;fpa Kd;nkhopTj; jPHkhdNk.
2. NghUf;Fg; gpd;G gphptpidg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s xU Mizak; mikj;jy;.
3. ,];yhkpaHfs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; njhlH khtl;lq;fisg;
gphpj;njLj;jy;.
4. taJ jFjp itj;J thf;nfLg;G elj;jp ghfp];jhd; cUthf;fk; gw;wp
KbntLj;jy;.
5. xUNtis Xl;nlLg;gpd; Kbtpy; gphptpid cWjpahdhy; xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
6. ghJfhg;G> njhiyj;njhlHG Nghd;w Kf;fpakhdij nghJtpy;
nray;gLj;Jjy;.
7. ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; thOk; ,U ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l ehLfis
cUthf;Fjy;.
8. vy;iyapy; mike;j khtl;lq;fs; VNjh xd;wpy; NrHe;J nfhs;s
tha;g;gspj;jy;.
9. ,itahTk; KOikahd mjpfhu khw;wk; Vw;gl;l gpwF nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
10. uh[h[p jpl;lk; Fwpj;j fhe;jp - [pd;dh Ngr;RthHj;ij Njhy;tpapy;
Kbtile;jJ.

22. ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;f tuyhw;wpy; fg;gw;gil fyfk; xU rpwg;ghd mj;jpahak; :

1. B.C. jj; vd;gth; HMIS jy;thH vd;w NghHfg;gypy; khYkpahfg;
Gzpahw;wpdhh;.
2. B.C. jj; mf;fg;gypd; gf;fthl;by; ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW‛ vd;W
vOjpdhH.
3. mf;fg;gypy; gzpahw;wpa 1>100 khYkpfs; cldbahf Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,wq;fpdH.
4. Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfspd; epwntwpiaAk; mlf;F KiwfisAk; fz;bj;jdH.
5. B.C. jj;ijf; ifJ nra;jjhy; 1946 gpg;uthp 18 ,y; fyfk; ntbf;f
Muk;gpj;jJ.
6. kWehs; Nfhl;ilf; nfhj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;j khYkpfSk; fyfj;jpy; ,ize;jdh;.
7. HMIS `pe;J];jhd; fg;gypd; khYkpfs; fuhr;rpapy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Jtf;fpdH.
8. 78 fg;gy;fspYk; 20 fiurhHe;j gzpaplq;fspYk; 20>000 khYkpfs; Nghuhbdh;.
9. fg;gypy; fhq;fpu];> fk;a+dp];l;> K];ypk; yPf; nfhbfis xUq;Nf fl;bdhh;fs;.
10. xU ePz;l tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; filrp mj;jpahakhf ,f;fyfk;
cs;sJ.

23. RNjr muRfis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;Jld; ,izg;gJ njhlHghf Vw;gl;l

gpur;rpidfs;:
1. i`juhghj; ep[hk; jdJ i`juhghj; muir Rje;jpu murhf mwptpj;jhh;.
2. [{dhfj; murH kf;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf ghfp];jhDld; Nru tpUk;gpdhH.
3. fh\;kPhpd; ,e;J murh; kfhuh[h `hprpq; fh\;kPiu Rje;jpu murhf
mwptpj;jhh;.
4. 500 f;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;j RNjr muRfis ,e;jpahNthL xUq;fpizj;jy;.
RNjr muRfis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;Jld; ,izg;gij gNly; kw;Wk; NeU
jpwikahf ifahz;ldh;.
1. i`juhghj; ep[hkpd; ,uhZtk; ,urhf;fHfs; kPJ kf;fs; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdh;.
62
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. i`juhghj; kPJ fhty;Jiw eltbf;if vLj;jgpd; ,e;jpahTld; ,izj;jhh; .

3. [{dhfj; murUf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
4. ,e;jpa muR [{dhfj; kf;fsplk; thf;nfLg;G elj;jp ,e;jpahTld;
,izj;jhh;.
5. fh\;kPh; uh[h `hprpq;fhy; ghfp];jhdpaHfs; #iwahliy jLf;f
Kbatpy;iy.
6. fh\;kPH ,e;jpahNthL ,ize;jhy; cjTtjhf $wp ,e;jpahTld;
,izj;jhH.
7. ,e;jpahNthL ,izAk; RNjr muRfSf;F kd;dH khdpaq;fis
toq;fpdhh;.

24. 1920 Kjy; 1956 tiu ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;ljpd; gy;NtW epiyfs;
1. 1920 ehf;G+h; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; nkhopthhp khfhz Nfhhpf;if vOe;jJ.
2. 1928 NeU mwpf;ifapy; khepyq;fis nkhopthhp kWrPuikf;ff; NfhhpaJ.
3. 1945 ,y; fhq;fpu]; NjHjy; mwpf;ifapy; nkhopthhp khfhz fUj;J ,Ue;jJ.
4. 1948 ,y; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs; Mizaj;ij
mikj;jhH.
5. 1948 ,y; Mizaj;jpd; mwpf;if nkhopthhp khfhz kWrPuikg;ig
vjph;j;jJ.
6. nkhopthhp khfhzf; Nfhhpf;ifia Muha;tjw;F N[.tp.gp. FO
Mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
7. 1949 ,y; N[.tp.gp. FO nkhopthhp khfhzq;fs; kWrPuikg;ig
js;spg;Nghl;lJ.
8. 1952 ,y; nghl;b =uhKY jdp Me;jpuh Nfl;L cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;J
,we;jhH.
9. 1955 ,y; gry; myp jiytuhf khepy kWrPuikg;G Mizak; mwpf;if
mspj;jJ.
10. 1956 ,y; khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L gy khepyq;fs; cjakhapd.

25. ,e;jpa ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; :

1. Vfhjpgj;jpak;> fhydp Mjpf;fk;> ,d xJff; y;> ,dntwp Mfpatw;iw
vjph;j;jy;.
2. ty;yuR ehLfSld; mzp Nruhik> Mg;gphpf;f - Mrpa ehLfSld; xw;Wik.
3. gpwehLfspd; cs;ehl;L epfo;Tfspy; jiyaplhik> Mf;fpukpg;G nra;ahik.
4. xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik kwW; k; epy vy;iyia kjpj;jy;.
5. cyf mikjpia ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpy; Mg;gphpf;f Mrpa ehLfis ,izj;jjpy; gpujkH NeU
mtHfspd; gq;F :
1. [t`Hyhy; NeU Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapd; rpw;gpahthh;.
2. 1955 ,y; eilngw;w ghz;Lq; khehl;by; Mg;gphpf;f> Mrpa ehLfs;
gq;Nfw;wd.
3. ngy;fpNul; efhpy; ,e;j ehLfs; $b mzpNruh ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd.
4. 1961 ,y; mZrf;jp MAjf;Fiwg;G kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;jpw;F miog;G tpLj;jhH.
5. mzpNruhikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjd; Njit gw;wp NeU tpsf;fpdhH.

26. Cuf kWrPuikg;G njhlHghf ,e;jpa muR gpd;gw;wpa eltbf;iffis

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jf.
[kPd;jhupKiw xopg;G:
1. [kPd;jhHfspd; cupikfis xopj;J mtHfsplkpUe;J epyq;fis kPl;L
tptrhapfSf;F jUtJ murpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
63
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

2. 1951 kw;Wk; 1955k; Mz;by; muR epiwNtw;wpa rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; %yk;

1956 y; ,k;Kiw Kw;wpYk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,Ue;jhYk; ,r;rHP jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; jpl;lkpl;l Nehf;fj;jpd; rpW gFjpia
kl;LNk vl;lg;gl;lJ.
Fj;jif rPHjpUj;jk;:
1. ,jd;gb Fj;jifia Kiwg;gLj;jp epy clikahsuplkpUe;J epyj;ij
gwpKjy; nra;J mjd; cupikia Fj;jifjhuUf;F mspg;gJ.
2. Fj;jif cupikia kuGupikahf;f ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.
3. epycr;rtuk;G jpl;lk; ,y;yhj #oypy; Fj;jif rPHjpUj;jk; gadw;W Nghapd.

27. epyr;rPH;jpUj;jq;fs; mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fspy; Njhy;tpaile;jJ Vd;

1. epyj;jpd; juk; xNukhjpup ,y;yhjjhy; epy cr;rtuk;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
epyj;ij msit epHzapg;gJ rpf;fyhdJ.
2. epy cr;rtuk;G rl;lj;jpy; tpjp tpyf;Ffis rpyH gad;gLj;jpa tpjk;
Fwpj;J tpkHrdk; vOe;jJ.
3. nghUshjhu uPjpahf epycupik ngw;w Fbkf;fs; fPo; Ntshz;ik
nropf;Fk; vd;gJ fdthf ,Ue;jJ.
4. czuj;jf;f mstpy; nray;jpwd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
5. xl;L nkhj;jkhf epyr;rHP jpUj;jrl;lk; ngUk; ntw;wpia ngwtpy;iy.

28. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk; .

1. 1951y; 18.3% Mf ,Ue;j vOj;jwpT 2011y; 74% Mf caHT.
2. Mz;fspy; 82% ngz;fspy; 65% vOj;jwpT ngw;Ws;sdH.
3. muR gs;sp> fy;Y}upfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; ngUfpaJ.
4. jdpahHgs;sp>fy;Y}up>gy;fiyfofq;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. ,ilepw;wy; Viof;FLk;gq;fspy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
6. ,ilepw;wiy jtpHf;f midtUf;Fk; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; cUthdJ.

29. Kjy; ,uz;L Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fspd; rhjidfs;

KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; :
1. Ntshz; cw;gj;jpapy; ftdk;. 31% KjyPL Ntshz;ik ePH;ghrdj;Jf;F
xJf;fPL.
2. gpd;dH njhopw;Jiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk:;
1. fduf njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
2. njhopw;Jiwapd; gq;F 24% MdJ.
3. Kjypuz;L jpl;lq;fSk; 4% tsHr;rp ngw ,yf;F .
4. 4% tsHrp mile;jjhy; ,it ntw;wpngw;w jpl;lq;fshFk;.

30. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd; Vw;gl;l mwptpay; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g

epWtdq;fs; tsHr;rp
1. mwptpay; Ma;T Cf;Ftpf;f lhlh Muha;rr ; p epWtdk; mikg;G.
2. GNdapy; Ntjpapay;>nly;ypapy; ,aw;gpay; Ma;tfk; mikg;G.
3. mZ mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mZ rf;jp Kfik mikg;G.
4. Ntshz;ik Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F ,e;jpa Ntshz; Ma;Tf;fofk;.
5. Kjy; IIb fhuf;g+upYk; gpd;dH nly;yp>gk;gha;>nrd;id>fhd;g+upYk;
Mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopyf Ma;Tkd;wk; vd;Dk; Filapd; fPo; ngUk;ghyhd
Ma;T epWtdq;fs; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.

64
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

31. ,j;jhypa kWkyHr;rpf;F gpshud;]; efukf;fs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G

1. cyfpd; Gfo;ngw;w rpe;jidahsHfis gpshud;]; efuk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
2. jhe;Nj: nja;tPf ,d;g,ay; MrpupaH. ,iwaUs; %ykhf ,ul;rpg;G
ngw KbAk; vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; fUg;nghUshFk;.
3. ngl;uhHf;: ,j;jhypa kWkyHr;rp ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij MthH.
4. rprNuhtpd; fbjq;fis mtH fz;Lgpbj;jJ ,j;jhypa kWkyHr;rpapd;
Kf;fpa jUzkhFk;.
5. nghf;fhrpNah: ngl;uhHf;fpd; rPlH. 100 fijfspd; njhFg;ig
nlf;fkuhd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspapl;lhH.
6. khf;fpaty;yp: jp gpupd;]; vd;w murpay; topfhl;b E}ypd; MrpupaH.
7. ehl;bd; Ml;rpahsH ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig guhkupg;gJ jiyaha
flik vd;Wiuj;jhH.

32. ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];> ];ngapd; Mfpait Njrpa muRfshf cUntLj;jy; .

1.,q;fpyhe;J :
1. rpk;khrdj;ij mila Nuh[hg;g+ NghHfs; eilngw;wJ.
2. ,jpy; n`d;wp ba+lH ntw;wp ngw;W Gjpa murhl;rpf;F toptFj;jhH.
3. Vohk; n`d;wp vd ngaH #l;bf;nfhz;L ahHf; FLk;g vyprngj;ij
kze;jjhy; ,q;fpyhe;J Njrpa murhdJ.
2.gpuhd;];:
1. N[hd;Mg; MHf; E}w;whz;Lg;Nghupy; murH rhHy];f;fhf Nghupl;L
MHypad;]; Nghiu ntd;whH.
2. N[hd; Mg;MHf; kiwTf;Fg;gpd; E}whz;Lfs; Nghiu njhlHe;jJ gpuhd;];.
3. ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W 1483 Mz;L kd;duhl;rp murhf khwpaJ.
3. ];ngapd;:
1. ,e;ehl;bd; gFjpfs; %Hfs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ.
2. muhfd;murH ngHl;bdhz;l; ,sturp ,rngy;yhit kze;jhH.
3. %Hfis tpul;bmbj;jhH. gpd;dH rigapy; ,Ue;j gpuGf;fis ePf;fpajd;
%yk; ];ngapid xd;wpizj;jhH.

33. fpof;Fg;gFjpf;F fly;topj;jlq;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; NghHj;Jfy; kw;Wk;

];ngapd; Mfpa ehLfspd; Kd;Kaw;rp> etPd cyfpd; nghUshjhu
tuyhw;wpy; Vd; ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;thf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
1. NghHr;Rfy; ehl;bd; Kd; Kaw;rpfshy; nkBuh mNrhH jPTfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
2. fpwp];NlhgH nfhyk;g]; ,e;jpah vd;W ek;gp mnkupf;fhit fz;Lgpbj;jhH.
3. th];Nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahTf;F fly;top fz;lJ Neub tHj;jf
tha;g;Gfis jpwe;Jtpl;lJ.
4. ngl;Nuhfhg;uy; gpNurpiy fz;Lgpbj;J NghHr;Rfy; fhydpahf;fpdhH.
5. gpd; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; te;j mtH nfhr;rpdpy; tHj;jfk; nra;J fz;Z}upy;
JiwKfj;ijAk; epWtpdhH.
6. ];ngapdpd; n`Hdd;fhHl;]; vd;gtH nkf;rpNfhit ifg;gw;wpdhH.
7. mtNu njd;mnkupf;fhtpy; ,d;fhmuir tPo;j;jp ngU ehl;il
ifg;gw;wpdhH.
8. ,j;jifa gFjpfSf;F fly; topj;jlq;fis fz;Lgpbj;J fhydpfs;
Njhw;Wtpj;j NghHj;Jfy; kw;Wk; ];ngapd; MfpaehLfspd; Kd; Kaw;rpfs;
Kw;w INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; J}z;L Nfhyhapw;W.

65
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

34. gpuhl;l];lz ;l; rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs; > n[Hkdpapy;

khHl;bd;Y}jH ,e;j ,af;fj;ij vt;thW xUq;fpizj;jhH
1. ,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpa kf;fs; fpwp];jt flTs; Mw;wypy; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;ldH.
2. Njthya mjpfhuk; ngUfp Nghg;gpd; mjpfhuj;ij kjpf;fhj Nghf;if
td;Kiwahy; ifahs Njthyk; KbT nra;jJ.
3. Njthya KiwfSf;F vjpuhf fpsHr;rp Vw;gLj;jpatHfs; gpuhl;l];lz;l;
vdg;gl;ldH.
4. khHl;bd;Y}jH Njthya CoYf;F vjpuhf 95 GfhHfis vOjp
tpl;ld;gHf; Njthya fjtpy; njhq;ftpl;lhH.
5. iggps; cd;djkhdJ Nghg; kw;Wk; gp\g;fs; ,y;iynad thjpl;lhH.
6. gpuhl;l];lz;l; newpKiwfis tFj;jjd; %yk; gpuhl;l];lz;l;
,af;fj;ij xUq;fpizj;jhH.

35.mnkupf;f tpLjiyNghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; mjd;Nghf;F tpisTfs;

1. ehtha; rl;lq;fs;> rHf;fiu rl;lk;> Njapiy tuptpjpg;G rl;lk;>
lTd;n\z;l; rl;lk; Nghd;w nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj rl;lq;fs;
mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fspilNa ngUk; td;Kiw Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
2. ,r;rl;lq;fis ePf;f Ntz;b ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dH %d;whk; [hH[{f;F
Mypt;fpis tpz;zg;gkD mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mJ kd;duhy;
epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 1776 [_iy 4y; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; jq;fs; tpLjiyia mwptpj;jd.
,jdhy; NghH jtpHf;f Kbahjjhapw;W. mnkupf;f gilfSf;F [hH[;
th\pq;lDk; ,q;fpyhe;J gilfSf;F tpy;ypak; N`hTk; jiyik jhq;fpdH.
4. N`ht; Kjypy; rpy ,lq;fspy; ntw;wpia <l;bdhYk; gpd;dH 1777y;
ruNlhfh NghupYk; mjid njhlHe;J ahHf;lTd; NghupYk; ,q;fpyhe;J
tPo;j;jg;gl;lJ.
5. 1783y; ,q;fpyhe;J mnkupf;f ,ilNa ghup]; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jhdJ.
mnkupf;f tpLjiy ,q;fpyhe;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. [hH[; th\pq;ld;
mnkupf;fhtpd; Kjy; mjpguhdhH.

36. gh];by; rpiw jfHg;G Kjy; Nuhg];gpaH nfhy;yg;gl;lJ tiuapYkhd

gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F
1. mj;jpahtrpa nghUs; tpiyNaw;wj;jhy; JaUw;w ngz;fs; re;ijfis
Kw;Wifapl;L fpsHr;rp nra;jdH. kd;dH jd; gilfis ghup]; efu
tPjpfSf;F nry;y cj;jutpl;lij mLj;J NfhgKw;w kf;fs; 1789
[_iy 14y; gh];by; rpiwia jfHj;J ifjpfis tpLtpj;jdH.
2. 1791y; Njrpa rl;lkd;wk; murpayikg;ig cUthf;fp murH mjpfhuk;
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 25taJ epuk;gpa tupnrYj;Jk; Mz;fs; thf;Fupik
ngw;wdH. Mdhy; kf;fs;Jauk; Fiwatpy;iy. vdNt jq;fs; Fiwfis
ePf;f eLj;ju kf;fs; N;[f;Nfhgpad; FOit cUthf;fpdH.
3. vjpHGul;rpahsH rjpapy; murpay; ifjpfs; ,izag;Nghtjhf kf;fs;
ek;gpaij njhlHe;J muR MjuthsHfs; 1200 NgH 1792 nrg;lk;gH 2y;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. ,J nrg;lk;gH gLnfhiyfs; MFk;.
4. murH 16k; Y}apAk; murp md;lha;dl;Lk; $l 1793y; fpy;ybdpy;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.
5. Gul;rp njhlq;fpa Kjy; ehd;F Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfis
Nuhg];gpaH ,of;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. jd;Dila rHthjpfhu Ml;rpapy;
N[NfhgpaHfs; fpuhz;baH jiytHfis rpur;Nrjk; nra;jhH.
6. 1793f;Fk; 1794f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; jPtpu rPHjpUj;jfhykhf ,Ue;jJ.
66
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

muRk; r%fmbj;jsKk; msTf;F Nkyhf jPtpu kakhf;fg;gl;ljhy;

Nfhgk; nfhz;l cWg;gpdHfs; Nuhg];gpaUf;F vjpuhf jpUk;gpajhy;
mtUk; Fw;wk;rhl;lg;gl;L 1794y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.

37. mnkupf;f Gul;rpAk; gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rpAk; i`l;bapy; Gul;rp Vw;gl J}z;LNfhyha;

mike;jd‛
1. fuPgpad; flypy; rHf;fiu tsk; kpFe;j gpuQ;R fhydpahjpf;fehL
i`l;b. Nkw;F `p];ghdpNahyh gFjp epyTilikahsHfs; mjpf
mstpy; Mg;gpupf;f mbikfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jdH.
2. gpuhd;rpy; gh];by; rpiw jfHg;G nra;jpia njhlHe;J MSeUf;F vjpuhf
MAj vjpHg;G ele;jJ. Kyhl;Nlh gpuptpd; tpd;nrd;l; X[; vd;gtH jiyikapy;
eilngw;w fpsHr;rp xLf;fg;gl;L mtH J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.
3. 1790y; gpuhd;]; fUg;gpd Kyhl;NlhfSf;F FbAupik toq;fpaJ.
Mdhy; nts;isaH kjpf;ftpy;iy vdNt kPz;Lk; Nkhjy; ntbj;jJ.
4. 1790y; gilj;jsgjp ^irz;l; vy; XtHr;rH gy gFjpfis jd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
nfhz;L te;jhH. ,ij kPl;f 12000 giltPuHfis neg;Nghypad;
mDg;gp itj;jhH.
5. jsgjp nlriyd;]; fUg;gpd kf;fis xUq;fpizj;J neg;Nghypad;
gilfis Njhw;fbj;jhH. 1804y; i`l;b fUg;gpd kf;fspd; Rje;jpu
ehlhdJ.

38. njhopw;Gul;rp Vd; Kjypy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhlq;fpw;W? etPd r%fj;jpd; kPJ mJ

vd;d jhf;fk;
njhopw;Gul;rp Vd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
1. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; rhjfkhd Gtpapay; mikg;G> Ntshz;ikg;Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;.
Gjpafz;Lgpbg;GfSk;> ,ae;jpuq;fspd;mwpKfKk;.
2. njhopy;KidNthuplk; fhzg;gl;l MHtk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; KjyPl;L tsHr;rp.
3. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; FbNaw;wq;fs; fr;rhg;nghUs;fis toq;fpd. cw;gj;jp
nghUs;fSf;F ey;y re;ijahfTk; tpsq;fpd.
etPd rKfj;jpd; kPJ mjd; jhf;fk;
1. cw;gj;jp ngUfpajhy; nry;tk; ngUfpaJ. ,ae;jpu cw;gj;jpahy; iftpidQh;
Ntiy ,oe;jdh;.
2. njhopw;rhiyfs; Mgj;J epiwe;jitahfTk; Rfhjhuf; FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
3. Kjyhsp> njhopyhsp th;f;f Ngjk; Vw;gl;ljhy; njhopyhsh;fs; rq;fq;fs;
cUthfpd.

39. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w $l;L rpe;jidahsHfis

milahsg;gLj;jp mtHfs; Nrh\ypr rpe;jidia nrOikahf;fM w;wpa gq;F
1. vl;bad; Nfg;upay; nkhuhyp 1755y; jdJ E}yhd Nfhl;Nlyh Ner;rH
vd;gjpy; jdpAilikia kWj;J r%fj;ij nghJTilikahf;f khw;w
Kd;nkhope;jhH.
2. f;shl ; n`d;wp nrapz;l; irkd; vd;w gpnuQ;Rf;fhuH rkaFUf;fspd;
,lj;ij tpQ;Qhdpfshy; epug;g Ntz;bdhH.
3. rhHy]; g+upaH r%fj;jpy; midtUf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;r Njitfs; fpilj;J
tpl;lhy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis flf;f KbAk; vd;whH.vdNt $l;LwT r%fj;ij
a+fpj;jhH.
4. ,uhgHl ; Xtd; vd;w ,q;fpyhe;Jf;fhuH 1818y; jhd; ntspapl;l E}yhd
r%fj;jpd; GjpaghHit vd;gjpy; fy;tpnfhs;if Ntiyaw;NwhUf;F
nghJg;gzp tWik xopg;Grl;lq;fspy; rPHjpUj;jk; Mfpatw;iw tpthjpj;jhH.
5. gpaHup N[hrg; gpnusd; jhd; ntspapl;l Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;jpy; clikfs;
67
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

ahTk; jpUlg;gl;litNa vd;whH. midj;J tif muRfSk; mlf;FKiw

jd;ik nfhz;litNa vd;whH.
6. fhHy;khHf;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; MfpNahupd; Nrh\ypr rpe;jid fk;a+dprk;
vdg;gl;lJ. khHf;]; jdJ jh];Nfg;gply; E}ypy; coif;Fk; tHf;fj;ij
Kjyhsp tHf;fk; Ruz;Ltij $wpAs;shH.

40. 1848 Mk; Mz;by; ele;j gpnuQ;Rg;Gul;rp INuhg;ghtpd; gpwgFjpfspy;

murpay; Njhy;tpfs;
1. 1848y; gpuhd;rpd; gpg;utup Gul;rpia njhlHe;J ,j;jhypapd; gpal;khz;l;
rhHbdpah> kpyd;> yk;ghl;up gFjpfspy; kf;fs; fpsHr;rp ntbj;jJ.
2. ,jd; tpisthf ,g;gFjpfspy; jhuhsf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l murpay;
rhrdk; toq;fg;gl;lJ .
3. Gul;rpg;gFjpfspd; kd;duhd rhHy]; yk;ghHb ntdp\pah kPJ gilnaLj;jhH.
Mdhy; u\;ahtpd; cjtpiangw;W M];jpupah mtiu Njhw;fbj;jJ.
4. kd;dH rhHy]; gl;lk; Jwe;jNjhL jd;kfd; tpf;lH ,k;kDNtiy
mLj;j kd;duhf;fpdhH.
5. gpal;khz;l; rhHBdpah Njhy;tp mile;jJ Nghy gy uh[;[paq;fspYk;
vOe;j fpsHr;rpfs; xLf;fg;gl;lhYk; Njrpathjk; jhf;Fg;gpbj;J epd;wJ.

41. ,j;jhypa ,izT vt;thW rhj;jpakhf;fg;gl;lJ

1. fht+H %isahfTk; kh]pdp Md;khthfTk; fupghy;b thl;gilahfTk; epd;W
,j;jhypia xUq;fpizj;jhHfs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
2. kh]pdp: ,j;jhypa xUq;fpiztpw;fhf ghLgl;l fhuzj;jhy; ehL
flj;jg;gl;l mtH 1848y; tlf;F ,j;jhypapy; Gul;rp ntbj;j #oiy
gad;gLj;jp Nuhk; jpUk;gpdhH. FbauR gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd; nghWg;Ngw;w
%tH epHthff;FOtpy; kh]pdpAk; gq;F ngw;whH.
3. fht+H: 1847y; uprhH[pnkd;Nlh vd;w nra;jpjhis gpuRupj;jhH.
mr;nra;jpj;jhspd; ngaNu ,j;jhypa ,izT nrhy;yhf cUthdJ.
rhHBdpahtpd; gpujkuhf nghWg;Ngw;w gpd; NghiuAk; uh[je;jpuj;ijAk;
gad;gLj;jp ,j;jhyp ,idit Vw;gLj;j Kad;whH.
4. fupghy;b : nfhupy;yh NghHKiwia nfhz;L ,j;jhypia xUq;fpizf;f
Kad;whH. rprpypa kf;fs; Kbahl;rpf;F vjpuhf Nghuhba Neuj;jpy; mtHfs;
miog;ig Vw;W jd;dhHtyHfSld; rprpypia mile;jhH. 20000 tPuHfs;
nfhz;l Neg;gps;];rpd; gilfis ntd;whH.
5. gpnuQ;Rg;gilfs; 1871y; ele;j gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;ag;Nghupy; gpd;dilit
re;jpj;J Nuhiktpl;L mfd;wjhy; ,j;jhyp Nuhik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
,t;thwhf ,j;jhypa ,izT KOik ngw;wJ.

42. xUq;fpize;j n[Hkdpapd; cz;ikahd tbtikg;ghsH gp];khHf;Nf

1. gpu\;ahtpd; gpujkuhf gjtp tfpj;j gp];khHf; gpu\;ahtpd; jiyikapy;
n[Hkhdpa gFjpfs; xd;wpizf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd fUjpdhH. ,jw;fhf
mtH uj;jKk; ,Uk;Gk; vd;w tYthd nfhs;ifiaiff; nfhz;lhH.
n[Hkhdpa xUq;fpizit mila %d;W NghHfis elj;Jk;gb Mapw;W.
2.nld;khHf; cldhd NghH:
1. n\y;];tpf;Fk; N`hy;];bDk; nld;khHf;fpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j
n[Hkhdpa khfhzq;fshFk;.
2. 1864y; M];jpupa gpu\;ahtpd; $l;Lg;gilfs; nld;khHf;if
Njhw;fbj;J tpad;dh cld;gbf;ifapd; fPo; mt;tpU gFjpfSk;
ngwg;gl;lJ.
3.M];jpupa gpu\;ag; NghH: M];jpupahit ntdP\pa gFjpia tpl;L
68
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

mg;Gwg;gLj;j tpUk;gpa mtH gpal;khz;l; rhHBdpa Mjuit ngw;whH.

M];jpupa gpu\;aNghH VO thu NghuhFk;. ,jpy; M];jpupahit nfhdpf;uhl;];
Nghupy; Njhw;fbj;jhH.
4. gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;a NghH: njw;F n[Hkhdpa khfhzq;fis xd;wpidf;Fk;
nghUl;L gpuhd;ir vjpHf;f Jzpe;jhH. vk;]; je;jp gpuhq;Nfh gpu\;aNghH
Vw;gl toptFj;jJ. gpuhd;]; gpu\;ah kPJ NghHgpufldk; nra;jJ.
5. nrlhdpy; ele;jNghupy; gpuhd;]; tPo;j;jg;gl;L mjd; kPJ fLikahd
ruj;Jf;fis gp];khHf; jpzpj;jhH. ,t;thW n[Hkhdpa xUq;fpiztpd;
tbtikg;ghsuhf gp];khHf; jpfo;e;jhH.

43. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; tpisTfs;

fhuz q;fs;:
1. n[Hkdpapd; Nguhirkpf;f fhydp Mjpf;f Nguhjpf;f eltbf;if.
INuhg;gpahTld; Vw;gl;l ufrpa uhZt xg;ge;jq;fs;.
2. cyfehLfspd; Mjpf;f ntwpia jLf;f rHtNjr mikg;G ,y;yhik.
u\;ah> n[Hkdp> gpuhd;]; ehLfs; gilgyj;ij mjpfg;gLj;jpaik.
3. INuhg;gpa ehLfspilNa FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjpYk; tzpf
eltbf;iffspYk; Vw;gl;l Nghl;b.
4. Mg;gpupf;f ehlhd nkhuhf;Nfhit gpuhd;]; ifg;gw;wpaij n[Hkdp
Vw;fhik. Kjy; ghy;fd; Nghupy; JUf;fp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Nghupd;
Kbtpy; fpilj;j gFjpfis gpupg;gjpy; Vw;gl;lgpur;rid.
5. Ngh];dpa jiyefH nruNaNth efupy; M];jpupa gl;lj;J ,sturH
ngHl;bdhz;Lk; murp ,rngy;yhTk; Rl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lJ cldbf;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
tpisTfs;:
1. 1919 ghup];mikjp khehl;bd; %yk; Kjy;cyfg;NghH KbTf;F te;jJ.
2. n[Hkdp kPJ mtkhdfukhd ntHnra;y;]; cld;gbf;if jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfspd; kPJ gy;NtW cld;gbf;iffs; nra;J nfhs;sg;
gl;lJ.
4. M];jpupah n[Hkd;> `q;Nfup> biuadhd;>gy;Nfupah epa+yp> JUf;fp
nrtN;u]; cld;gbf;iffspy; ifnaOj;jpl;ld.
5. mnkupf;f mjpgH cl;Nuhtpy;rdpd; 14 mk;rNfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
cld;gbf;if ruj;Jf;fs; tiuag;gl;ld.

44. khHf;]; jPg;nghwpia toq;fTk; mij nydpd; jPgkhf Vw;wpdhH

1. khHf;];Rk; Vq;fy;Rk; Nrh\ypr Gul;rpf;F ciof;Fk; kf;fs; vt;thW
mtrpaNkh mJNghyNt eLj;ju kf;fSk; Njit vd fUjpdH.vdpDk;
Nrh\ypr rpe;jidfis tpl xLf;fg;gl;l tho;f;if #oy; mike;j ,lj;jpy;
khHf;rpaNk nropj;J tsHe;jJ. ngUk; epWtd Mw;wy; nfhz;l nydpd;
khHf;rpaj;jpd; jpwd; ngw;w jiytuhdhH.
2. u\;ahtpy; rhH kd;dH ,uz;lhk; epNfhy];mDgtkpy;yhjtH. mtH
Ml;rpapy; ,uj;j QhapW rk;gtj;jpy; epiwa nghJkf;fs; khz;lJk;
mtupd; Kbit vjpHj;j ghuhSkd;wk; ^khmbf;fb fiyf;f g;glJk;
mtUf;F mtg;ngaiu je;jJ.
3. 1917 gpg;utupapy; czTg; gw;whf;Fiwahy; ngz; njhopyhsHfs; Ntiy
epWj;jj;jpy; ,wq;f mtHfSf;F Mjuthf 4 yl;rk; njhopw;rhiy
gzpahsHfs; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,wq;fpdH. khHr;15 md;W kd;dH gjtp
tpyfpdhH.
4. murpd; nray;ghLfis vLj;Jr;nry;y ^khtpy; ,Ue;jtHfs;
Nrhtpaj;Jfspd; xg;Gjy;ngw;W ,ilf;fhy muir epWtpdH.
69
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

5. Gul;rp njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy; nydpd; Rtpl;rHyhe;jpy; ,Ue;jhH. midj;J

mjpfhuq;fSk; Nrhtpaj;JfSf;Nf vd;w mtuJ $w;W njhopyhsHfis
<Hj;jJ.
6. ,ilf;fhymuR Gupe;j jtWfs; Nghy;\;tpf;Ffs; jiyikapy; ngl;Nuhfpuhl;
fpsHr;rpia jPtpukhf;fpaJ. gpd;yhe;jpy; kiwe;jpUe;j nydpd; jtpu kw;w
Nghy;\;tpf;Ffs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH. nfud;];fp gpujkuhdhH.
7. mf;NlhgH khjk; nydpd; Nghy;\;tpf; fl;rpaplk; xU Gul;rpia elj;j
mwpTWj;jpdhH. mjw;F l;uhl;];fp nray;tbtk; nfhLj;jhH. muR
fl;likg;G ahTk; etk;gH 3 md;W Gul;rpgilahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
8. 1917 etk;gH 8 md;W nydpd; jiyikapy; GJ nghJTilik muR
gjtp Vw;wJ.

45. ntHnra;y;]; xg;ge;jk; n[Hkdpia nghWj;jkl;by; fLikahdjhfTk;

mtkhdg;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk; njupe;jJ -
1. ntHiry;]; xg;ge;j;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l e\;l<Lk; gpwruj;JfSk; ngUk;
mjpUg;jpiaAk; rpukj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.
2. n[Hkdp gilfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. n[Hkdp jd;dplkpUe;j
my;Nr];nyhiud; gFjpfisg; gpuhd;rplk; xg;gilj;jJ.
3. tsk;kpf;f rhH epyf;fupRuq;fj;ij 15Mz;Lfs; Fj;jif cupikahf
gpuhd;Rf;F mspj;jJ.
4. n[Hkdpapd; fly; fle;j FbNaw;wq;fs; ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfshy;
gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
5. n[Hkdp M];jpupah JUf;fp ehLfspy; kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrf;N;fh];Nyhthfpah Nghye;J vd;w GjpaehLfs; Njhd;wpd.
ypJNtdpah yhl;tpah v];Njhdpah ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wd.

46. KNrhypdpAk;> `pl;yUk; ghrpr muRfis KiwNa ,j;jhypapYk; n[HkdpapYk;

epWt rhjfkhd #oy; vOe;jik
ghrprk; :
1. Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gq;F ngw;wjd; tpisthf ,j;jhypapd; nghUshjhuk;
rPuope;jJ. Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ Mdhy; mikjp ,oe;jJ.
2. epiyahd Ml;rp ,y;yhikahy; kf;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jdH> ehl;bd;
fld;Rik gd;klq;fhdJ.
3. 1922 mf;NlhgH 30 Mk; ehs; ghrp];Lfs; Nuhk;efupy; gpuk;khz;l
mzptFg;ig elj;jpdH. murH tpf;lH ,khDNty; murikf;Fk;gb
KNrhypdpf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhH.
ehrprk; :
1. Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ `pl;yH gNtupa uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhH.
a+j khHf;rpathjpfis ntWj;jhH.
2. 1923y; rupahf jpl;lkplhky; %dpr; GwefH gFjpapy; mtH elj;j Kad;w
Gul;rp Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;J rpiwgLj;jg;gl;lhH.
3. rpiwapy; ,Ue;jfhyj;jpy; jd;rpe;jidfis nkapd;nfk;g; vd;Dk;
E}yhf vOjpdhH.
4. 1931y; cyf ngUke;jk; n[Hkdpia rpf;f itj;jJ. ,jdhy; Kjyhspfs;
epyTilikahsHfs; ghrprj;jpd; gf;fk; rha;e;jdH.`pl;yH ,ij ed;F
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH.
5. n[Hkdpapy; FbauRfl;rp Ml;rp tPo;e;jij njhlHe;J njhopyjpgHfs;
je;j mOj;jj;jhy; FbaRj;jiytH `pz;ld;gHf; `pl;yiu n[Hkdpapd;
rhd;ryuhf epakpj;jhH.
6. `pl;yupd; ehrprmuR n[Hkdpapy; ghuhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp Kiwf;F
70
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jJ.

47. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpijfis nth;nra;y;]; xg;ge;jNk JhtpaJ -

fhuzq;fs;
1. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; Kbtpy; n[h;kdpapd; kPJ gy fLikahd tpjpKiwfs;
Rkj;jg;gl;ld.
2. mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j fhydpa ehLfs; gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;ljhy; mjd;
gilasT Nkhrkhf RUq;fpaJ.
3. my;Nr];> nyhiud; gFjpfis gpuhd;rplk; tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jJ.
4. rhh; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; gpuhd;]; jw;fhypfkhfg; gilfis epWj;jpf; nfhs;s
n[h;kdp eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. njhopw;rhiyfs; epiwe;j gFjpahd irNyrpahit Nghye;jplk; xg;gilf;f
n[h;kdp fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
6. 6600 kpy;ypad; gTz;Lfs; Nghh; ,og;gPlhf n[h;kdpaplk; Nfhug;gl;lJ.
7. M];jphpah n[h;kdpaplkpUe;J gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. ,j;jifa Nkhrkhd ruj;Jf;fs; gpd;dhspy; n[h;kdpapy; eh[p fl;rpapd;
murpay; ntw;wpf;F toptFj;jJ.

48. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Vw;gl n[h;kdpAk;> `pl;yUk; ve;j mstpw;Ff;

fhuzkhdth;fs;
1. nth;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gb 1935 y; rhh; gFjpapy; nghJ thf;nfLg;G
elj;jp mij n[h;kdpNahL ,izj;jhh;.
2. nth;nra;y;]; xg;ge;jj;ij kPwp 1936 y; `pl;yh; kPz;Lk; iud;yhe;jpy;
,uhZtj;ij Ftpj;jhh;.
3. `pl;yhpd; eph;g;ge;jj;jhy; eh[p muR Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. mjd; gpd; n[h;khdpa gilfs; tpad;dhtpw;Fs; Eioe;J me;ehl;bd; kPJ
fl;Lg;ghl;il epWt Muk;gpj;jd.
5. #l;ld;yhe;jpy; nghJthf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;dNu `pl;yh;
#l;ld;yhe;jpy; ,uhZtj;ijf; nfhz;L Muk;gpj;jhh;.
6. %dpr; khehl;by; gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;];> n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp Mfpa ehLfspd; gpujk
mikr;rh;fs; ,jw;fhd mDkjpia toq;fpdhh;fs;.
7. nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpahtpw;Fs; Vw;gl;l Kud;ghl;il fhuzk; fhl;b `pl;yh;
mq;F n[h;khdpag; gilfis mDg;gpdhh;.
8. [Nuhg;gh KOtJk; Mf;fpukpf;Fk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;bUe;j `pl;yh; 1939
nrg;lk;gh; 1 y; Nghye;jpd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhh;.
9. Nghye;jpypUe;J n[h;kdpia ntspNaw gphpl;ld; tpLj;j ,Wjp vr;rhpf;if
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; %z;lJ.

49. rPdhtpy; nghJTilik muR cUthf khNr-Jq;fpd; gq;fspg;G

1. 1918 k; Mz;by; khh;f;rpaj;ijg; gbg;gjw;fhd xU rq;fk; gPfpq;
gy;fiyfofj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. mjd; gapyuq;fj;jpy; gq;nfLj;j khzth;fspy; ,sk; cjtp E}yfuhd khNr
- Jq;Fk; xUth;.
3. rPdhtpy; Nfhkpd;lhq; muR Coy; kype;jjhfTk;> td;Kiw Fk;gy;fspd;
gpbapy; rpf;fpAk; rPuope;jJ.
4. Nfhkpd;lhq;fpd; gpb efh;g;Gwq;fspy; ,Wf;fkhf ,Ug;gij czh;e;j khNth
Tptrhaf; Fbfis xd;W jpul;Ltjpy; jdJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhh;.
5. fpahq;]pw;Fk; `_dhDf;Fkpilg;gl;l fhLfshy; #og;ngw;w
kiyg;gFjpfspy; mth; jQ;rkile;jhh;.
6. gpd;dh;> khNth ghJfhg;ig fUj;jpy; nfhz;L `_dhid tpl;L mfy KbT
71
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

nra;jJ.
7. 1934 y; nghJTilik ,uhZtk; Nkw;nfhz;lNj ‚ePz;l gazk;‛
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. ePz;l gadj;jpd; tpisthf khNth rPdhtpy; kf;fspd; Ml;rpahsh; Mdhh;.

50. ,e;NjhNdrpah kw;Wk; gpypg;igd;]; ehLfspd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;

nghJthd kw;Wk; NtWgl;l $Wfs;
nghJthd $Wfs;:
1. ,uz;L ehLfSNk [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspd; fhydpahf ,Ue;jd.
2. ,uz;L ehLfspYk; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf
nghJTilikthjpfs; Fuy; nfhLj;jdh;.
3. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ ,uz;L ehLfSNk [g;ghdpd;
Mf;fpukpg;gpy; rpf;fpd.
4. ,uz;L ehLfSNk ,uz;lhk; tpLjiyg;NghUf;Fg; gpd; tpLjiy ngw;wd.
NtWgl;l $Wfs;:
1. gpypg;igd;]; ];ghdpa fhydpa Ml;rp ehL> ,e;NjhNd\pah lr;R
fhydpa Ml;rp ehL.
2. NjrpaTzh;T gpw gFjpapy; Njd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ng
gpypg;igd;]; thrpfsplk; Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;NjhNd\pahtpy; jhkjkhf
cUthdJ.
3. gpypg;igd;]py; fitl; fpsh;rr
; p fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhf ifahz;l
nray; NjrpaTzh;it tsh;f;f cjtpaJ. ,e;NjhNd\pahtpy;
Njrpathjj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpa Kjy; epfo;T cah; Kaw;rp vDk;
mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J Jtq;fpaJ.
4. mnkhpf;f [f;fpa ehl;bd; MjuNthL 1946 y; gpypg;igd;];
tpLjiyngw;wJ. [.ehtpd; ghJfhg;Gf;FO nfhLj;j mOj;jk;
fhuzkhf 1949 y; ,e;NjhNd\pah tpLjiy ngw;wJ.

51. mdpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;

1. mbg;gil kdpj chpikfis kjpj;jy;.
2. [f;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; rhrdj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk;> Nehf;fq;fisAk;
kjpj;jy;.
3. midj;J ehLfspd; ,iwahz;ikAk; mtw;wpd; vy;iyg;gug;G
xUikg;ghl;ilAk; kjpj;jy;.
4. midj;J ,dq;fSk;> ehLfSk; rkk; vd mq;fPfhpj;jy;.
5. mLj;j ehl;bd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhkYk; FWf;f PL nra;ahkYk;
,Uj;jy;.
6. xUehL kw;w ehLfSf;F vjpuhf neUf;fbfis jUjy; vd;gijg;
gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
7. midj;Jg; gd;dhl;Lg; gpur;rpidfSk; mikjpahd topapy; jPh;T
fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
8. ePjp kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

52. muG- ,];Nuypa Kuz;ghl;bd; Njhw;wk; > njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l epfo;Tfs; 1900y;
ngUk;Nghh; Vw;glf;fhuzq;fs;
1. 1947 etk;ghpy; ghy];jPdj;ij mugpah; ehL > A+jh;fs; ehL vd
,uz;lhfg; gphpg;gjw;F [.eh rig thf;fspj;J KbT nra;jJ.
2. ghy];jPdj;jpy; mugpah;fSf;Fk;> A+jh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghh; %z;lJ.
3. ghy];jPdj;jpypUe;J Mq;fpyg;gilfs; ntspNawpa gpd;dh; ,];Nuy; jd;id
Rje;jpu ehlhf mwptpj;jJ.
72
 www.nammakalvi.in
12 Mk;tFg;G tuyhW Kidth;.K.GNuh];fhd; K.J.E.M.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp >
cjtpj; jiyikagrphpah; gukf;Fb.

4. ,];Nuy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;Nj [.eh rig murpay; KbTfs; vLg;gjpy;

xusNt <LghL nfhz;lJ.
5. 1966 thf;fpy; mnkhpf;fh ,];NuYf;F Gjpa uf Nghh; tpkhdq;fisAk;>
VTfizfisAk; toq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.
6. 1967 k; Mz;L ,];NuYf;Fk; rphpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; gPuq;fpg; ghpkhw;wq;fs;
,Ue;jd.
7. rphpahtpd; flw;fiuf;Fr; rw;W njhiytpy; mnkhpf;fhtpd; MwhtJ
fg;gw;gil epiy nfhz;lJ.
8. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J vfpg;J ilud; ePh;rr
; e;jp topahf ,];Nuypd; fg;gy;fs;
gazg;gLtjw;Fj; jiltpjpj;jJ. vdNt ,];Nuy; vfpg;ijj; jhf;fpaJ.

53. ‚ghJfhg;Gf; fTd;rpypd; epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fs; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;s

gpur;rpidfspy; [.eh rig nksdkhd ghh;itahsuhfNt ,Ue;jJ. gdpg;Nghh;
fhyj;J mDgtq;fs;‛
1. 1956 etk;gh; 5 y; gphpl;b\; kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; Mfpatw;wpd; gilfs; vfpg;jpd;
JiwKf efukhd nra;j;jpy; ,wq;fpd.
2. nghJ rig mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kd;Kaw;rpapy; mtruf; $l;lnkhd;iwf; $l;b
vfpg;jpd; kPjhd gilnaLg;igf; fz;ldk; nra;jJ.
3. ,jdhy; ,];Nuy;> fpNul; gphpl;ld; kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; Mfpa ehLfs; Nghiu
epWj;jpd.
4. ,k;hp Nefp gy fl;rp Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;J xU $l;l zpahl;rpia
`q;Nfhpapy; epWtpdhh;.
5. ,jdhy; Nfhgk; nfhz;l Nrhtpaj; u\;ah `q;Nfhpf;Fs; etk;gh; 4 y;
gilfis mDg;gp fpsh;rr ; pia xLf;fpaJ.
6. ,];Nuy; - ghy];jPd Nkhjiy Kw;wpYkhfj; jPh;j;J itg;gjw;F > gd;dhl;L
mikjp khehl;il jdJ Mjutpy; ele;j [.eh rig kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
Kaw;rpj;jJ.
7. Nkw;fz;l gpur;rpidfspy; ghJfhg;G rigapd; epue;ju ehLfs; jq;fsJ
kWg;ghizia gad;gLj;jp rpf;fiy jPh;j;jd.
8. ghJfhg;G rigapd; epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fNs gpur;rpidfspy; <Lgl;lth;fshf
,Ue;jjhy; [.eh rig xU nksdkhd ghh;itahsuhfNt ,Ue;jJ.

54. Nghhp]; nay;l;rpdpd; murpay; tsh;r;rp> Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; tPo;rr ; papy; tfpj;j
gq;fpd; kPJ ftdk;.
1. Nghhp]; nay;l;rpd; 1961 y; nghJTlikf; fl;rpapy; Nrh;e;j ,th; 1968 y;
fl;rpapd; KONeu Copauhdhh;.
2. gpd;dh; fl;rpapy; Kf;fpag; gjtpfis tfpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
3. kh];Nfh fl;rp mikg;gpYs;s Coy;fis fiytjw;fhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
4. 1986 y; nay;l;rpd; nghypl;gPNuhtpd; cWg;gpduhf cah;j;jg;gl;lhh;.
5. gpd;dh; kh];Nfhtpd; NkauhfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
6. fl;rp $l;lq;fs;> rPh;jpUj;jg;gzpfs; kpf nkJthf eilngWtjhf ,th;
tpkh;rdk; nra;jjhy; Nfhh;g;gNrtpd; vjph;g;igr; rk;ghjpj;jhh;.
7. eph;thfk; [dehafg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;> nghUshjhuk;
rPh;jpUj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;whh;.
8. Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; xU ,lj;ijg; ngWtjpy;
ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
9. Nfhh;g;gNrtpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nrhtpaj; ghuhSkd;wk; nay;l;rpid
u\;a Fbaurpd; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLj;jJ.
10. Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; tPo;rr ; pf;Fg; gpd;dh; 1991 y; kf;fshy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; jiytuhdhh;.
73