EARLY EARTH- 3.
8 billion years ago
Big bang-13.8 billion years ago
Autopoiesis- system which can reproduce and sustain itself EX: biological cell
Evolution def:genetic change in species or populations over time.
Genotype: written on your genes
Phenotype: a physical attribute of your appearance
All organisms perceive
Tree, mushroom, human- consume, reproduce, DNA
Prokaryotic took 1 billion years after life formed and eukaryotic took another 2 billion
Early earth was less oxygenated, hot, gas, wet, dense
Prebiotics- organic compounds essential to life
Spontaneous generation: new species sprang into being from nonliving matter (outdated)
Primordial soup- very little oxygen in young earth's atmosphere independently proposed that organic molecules such as DNA could
form from basic raw materials
Without RNA (simple, one strand), DNA could not form in the early parts of life bc DNA requires lots of energy to make and RNA
catalyzes chemical reactions
RIBOZYMES
Can cut other RNAS, make new RNA’S, splice RNA fragments together, attach amino acids to growing proteins
VESICLES, PROTOCELLS, ENDOCYTOSIS
V: Simple hollow spheres composed of lipids and proteins- they resemble cells by organization, metabolism, growth, and
replication
P: structurally similar to a cell but not alive
E: one cell engulfs another by wrapping around it and pulling it in
What is the theory that explains how mitochondria and/or chloroplasts were incorporated into eukaryotic cells: endosymbiotic
theory
COMPONENTS OF LIFE
Actively maintain organization electrons: neg
Acquire and use materials and energy neutrons: none
Sense and respond to stimuli protons: pos
Growth and development
Reproduce
Evolve
4 primary elements found in life: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
MATTER, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MOLECULES
Matter-anything that occupies space and mass
Compounds- type of molecule with two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Elements- building blocks for all matter
Molecules-smallest unit of an element or compound
PROFESSORS
Francesco Redi-Disproved maggots spontaneously formed on meat, meat covered vs not
-Louis Pasteur and Jon Tyndall
-Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
-Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
-Gunter Wachtershauser
-Thomas Cech and Sydney Altman: discovered a cellular reaction that was catalyzes not by a protein but by a small RNA molecule
MACROMOLECULES
4 categories- carbohydrates(polymer), proteins, nucleic acids(monomer), lipids dehydration r
Enormous, complex molecules
Polymers- linked up monomers
Monomers- similar to a building block, amino acid is a monomer of a protein
Dehydration reaction- removing water to put together →
hydrolysis
Hydrolysis- adds -H onto one component and -OH on another
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Molecules that contain carbon and other elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Carbon is abundant and can easily bond with other elements. Has a “Carbon backbone”
Versatile size, branching pattern
Hydrocarbon- organic compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
BONDS
Chemical bond-attractions that hold together atoms
Chemical reaction- rearrange matter but cannot create or destroy it, includes reactants and products- breaks existing chemical
bonds and forms new ones
IONS-atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons.
Ionic bonds- formed between oppositely charged ions
Covalent bonds- forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, holds atoms into molecule, strongest of all, can be
POLAR or NONPOLAR
4 life sustaining props of water- the cohesive nature of water, the ability to moderate temp(evaporation), the biological significance
of ice floating(water would freeze solid), the versatility of water as a solvent
Acid- a chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution (stomach acid)
Base- a compound that accepts H+ and removes them from solution (bleach)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Question, research, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion and communication
PH
measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution
Physiologic pH- This is where most life thrives except bacteria
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
The part of an organic compound that is involved in a chemical reaction, react more readily with other molecules, EX: nucleotide,
carbohydrate, lipid, protein, amino acid, nucleic acid
These are the macromolecules that make up everything
CARBOHYDRATES- hydrophilic(dissolve in water)
Monosaccharides- large carbohydrates, cannot be broken down. Ex: glucose and fructose sat vs unsat
Polysaccharides- starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
LIPIDS- hydrophobic(cannot mix with water): fats/oils/waxes
Fats are useful for energy storage and cushioning
Saturated- has no double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains
Unsaturated- has double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains
PROTEINS- hydrophilic or phobic depending on function
Composed of large chains of amino acids amino acids:
Peptide bonds- when cells link amino acids together by dehydration reactions this happens
Long chains of amino acids called peptides, polypeptides, and proteins
Peptide: at least 2 amino acids held together by a peptide chain
Protein: one or more peptide chains
4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION- primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
R groups determine how proteins fold differently and can lead to different shapes
Denaturing proteins- quaternary structure is destroyed and loses functionality, All different kinds of disruption does not change
amino acid sequence
NUCLEOTIDE: molecule with three parts-five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitro containing base
Nucleic acids-polymers of nucleotides DNA and RNA and ATP are these, SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE, HYDROGEN BOND
T HOLDS THE DOUBLE HELIX TOGETHER
ATP stores energy in bonds among its phosphate group
It is significant to break a phosphate group off of ATP because a significant amount of energy is released
