GEd 103 - Life and Works of Rizal

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WORLD IN THE NINETEENTH Birth of the middle class

CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT Five (5) Social Classes in the Philippines:

●​ Peninsulares - (Spaniards born in

INTRODUCTION Spain )
●​ Rizal was born in the 19th century, ●​ Insulares - (Spaniards born in the
June 19, 1861. A time marked by Philippines) = Filipino
significant changes in the world. ●​ Middle Class - (Spanish mestizos or
●​ The Philippines was under Spanish mestizos de Español; the principalia;
rule for over 333 years, from 1565 to and the Chinese mestizos or mestizos
1898. de Sangley)
●​ The development of the Spanish ●​ Chinese - (people from China
Galleon Trade, which connected migrated in the Philippines)
Manila with Acapulco in Mexico, ●​ Indio - (Malayan inhabitant in the
facilitated trade and exchange of archipelago) = Filipino
goods between Asia and the
Americans. Tribute System

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

End of Galleon Trade

●​ Filipino farmers and traders finally
had a taste of prosperity.
●​ Incentives to farmers were given for
planting agricultural products that will
be used for the trade.
●​ Peninsulares. They are the highest
Suez Canal
class in the Philippines, entrusted with
●​ The opening of the Suez Canal in
the offices of high rank. Peninsulares
1869 significantly reduced travel time
are pure blooded Spaniards born from
between the Philippines and Europe.
Spain and sent to Spanish colonies to
●​ Incentives to farmers were given for
govern.
planting agricultural products that will
be used for the trade.
●​ Insulares. They are a rank below the
peninsulares. The insulares or criollos
Rise of the Export Crop Economy
are of European descent but born in
●​ The Philippines has been a major
the colonies of Spain. A son or
exporter of agricultural products such
daughter of a Spanish couple is an
as sugar, coconut, and abaca. These
insulare. Eventually, they may have
crops have played a crucial role in the
been inter-marrying with Filipinos or
country's trade and have contributed to
other races here in the country, thus
its economic growth.
producing the mestizos.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
●​ Mestizo de Español. They are
offspring of Spanish people

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interbreeding with Filipinos. Mestizo

is a term given to individuals ●​ Taxation
inheriting foreign ancestry. Cedula - male and female 18 years
-​ They may or may not have old and above will pay every year for
European or other racial the cedula
features despite popular belief. Sanctorum - tax for the church
Originally, the term was used Tribute - it may be paid in cash or in
in Latin America but was later kind
adopted here in the country to
children of racial Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was the first to
inter-marriage. order the payment of tribute. The tribute or
buwis was collected from the natives both in
●​ Mestizo de Sangley. Not all mestizos cash (gold or money) and in kind (e.g. rice,
are indexed or are coming from coth, chicken, coconut oil, abaca, etc.)
Europeans. A person of Filipino or
any racial descent marrying a Chinese, POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
the result is children that will be called
mestizo de sangley. ●​ The political set-up of the Philippines
during those times was headed by the
●​ Inquilinos (Central Luzon) Pacto de Governor-General.
retro (pawn the land or sanglang ●​ The first Governor-General in the
bigay) Philippines under bourbon mandate
was Jose de Basco y Vargas.
●​ Tornatras is an old Spanish term for a ●​ The Governor-General performs dual
person of mixed ancestry from functions Political and Ecclesiastical.
Spanish, Filipino and Chinese ●​ In order to check the powers of the
Governor-General there were officials
●​ llustrados (enlightenment/ being sent by the king of Spain, the
Intellectuals) RESIDENCIA and VISITADORES

The Different Socio-Economic Policies In Local set-up, the government is divided into
imposed by the Spaniards provinces, cities, and barangays.
●​ ALCALDE MAYOR
●​ Reduccion - This policy was ●​ GOBERNADORCILLO
implemented so that the government ●​ CABESA DE BARANGAY
and parish priests could easily monitor
the natives and for the easy conversion ●​ During the 19th century friars became
to Catholicism more influential and powerful because
●​ Bandala - The natives are obliged to of FRAILOCRACY or the rule of the
sell their products to the Spaniards friars.
●​ Polo y Servicios - The forced Labor
of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 Democratic Leadership of Governor
years old for 40-day periods. The only General Dela Torre
way to avoid being forced to do polo y
servicio was to pay the falla. Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada

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●​ He imposed harsh policies and laws,

far from the liberal measures that Dela
Torre implemented.

CAVITE MUTINY
●​ It happened January 20, 1872
●​ That was staged by about 200
personnel of the San Felipe Arsenal in
●​ He gave Filipinos the foretaste of Cavite.
democratic rule. ●​ It was a failed uprising against the
Spaniards, resulting in disarmed,
ACHIEVEMENTS OF GOV. GEN. DELA imprisoned, and dead Filipino soldiers.
TORRE ●​ This led also to the Execution of the
●​ The abolition of the censorship of the GOMBURZA.
press.
●​ The suppression of flogging as the CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
punishment for desertion among
native soldiers and substituting it for a ●​ The Ilustrados, otherwise known as
month of imprisonment. the "enlightened ones", were the
●​ The settlement of agrarian troubles in educated class in Philippine society
Cavite and the appointment of during the Spanish occupation.
Eduardo Camerino, leader of the ●​ They were instrumental in paving the
aggrieved tenants, as captains of way for the creation of the Propaganda
"Guias de la Torre" with the power to Movement.
assist the Guardia Civil. ●​ The Rapid Spread of Higher
●​ His approval of the Morel Decrees of Education among middle and lower
November 6, 1870, which would middle class Filipinos accelerated
secularize certain secondary and Filipino nationalism.
collegiate institutions of learning in
manila. ROLE OF THE JESUITS
●​ He did away with the guard of
halberdiers that watch his palace. ●​ The Jesuits were responsible for the
creation of the Escuela Normal de
Governor General lzquerdo's replacement Maestros and Ateneo de Municipal.
of Dela Torre ●​ They instilled among Filipino students
a sense of nationalism through their
humanistic form of education.
●​ They inculcated in the minds of
students the principles of human
dignity, justice and equality of all men.
●​ The Jesuits were unlike the other friars
who were educators but did not do too
much to educated the Filipinos.
●​ 1871-1873 ●​ Instead of being proud of the excellent
●​ lt was exactly opposite of the Dela performance of their Filipino students,
Torre's Liberal minded rule. most of the friars felt quite suspicious

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with their success and invariable -​ During 1865-1867, his mother, Dona
sought to pull them down. Teodora taught him how to read and
●​ This was one of the reason why Rizal write. At the age of three, Rizal
left the Philippines. mastered and learned the alphabet
taught by his mother.
EXPERIENCE OF FILIPINO STUDENTS
IN SPAIN -​ Uncle Manuel Alberto, who
frequently visited the family in
How did the experience of Filipino students in Calamba, was worried about his
Spain accelerate Filipino Nationalism? nephew's physical development. He
then taught Rizal to develop the skills
●​ After experiencing the liberties in in swimming, fencing, wrestling and
Spain, and noticing how it was other sports.
different compared to the Philippines
●​ They saw the backwardness of Spain
compared to other European nation -​ Uncle Jose taught him to love and
and saw how Spain cannot manage admire the beauty of nature.
their own political problems.
-​ Uncle Gregorio, a scholar, has
INTEREST IN THE FILIPINO PAST instilled in Rizal's mind the love for
education.
●​ Filipinos instilled in their minds a
sense of pride and national identity. PRIVATE TUTORS
●​ They used Philippine history to prove
that three centuries of Spanish rule did ●​ Maestro Celestino was Rizal's first
not lead to any progress, only decline. private tutor
●​ Rizal averred that Filipinos could have ●​ Maestro Lucas Padua was the second
developed on their own before the private tutor
coming of the Spaniards. ●​ Maestro Leon Monroy became the
●​ PRIDE OF BEING FILIPINOS hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. He
was a classmate of Don Francisco
RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD AND EARLY
EDUCATION When he was four years old, his sister
Concepcion, the eighth child in the Rizal
Jose Rizal (Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y family, died at the age of three. This was the
Alonso Realonda) first time he cried as a young boy. As sad as he
-​ born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba, was, the parish priest of Calamba, Father
Laguna. Leoncio Lopez, helped Rizal understand the
-​ Three days after his birth, Rizal was philosophy of life.
baptized on June 22 of the said year at
the Catholic church of Calamba by the Then, after Rizal's tutor Leon Monroy
parish priest Rev. Rufino Collantes. died, his parents decided to transfer Rizal to a
-​ He was the seventh child of Francisco private school in Biñan, Laguna. He was
Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso accompanied by his older brother Paciano,
y Quintos. who acted as his second father during his
school days in Biñan. The school was then

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supervised by Maestro Justiniano Aquino -​ The third child married Antonio Lopez
Cruz. at Morong, Rizal.
-​ a teacher and a musician.
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz -​ (October 29, 1852 – 1939)
●​ formal teacher
●​ Rizal described Maestro Justiniano as ➢​ OLYMPIA RIZAL
tall, thin, long-necked, sharp nosed, -​ The fourth child.
with a body slightly bent forward -​ married to Silvester Ubaldo
●​ The school was is Maestro -​ died in 1887 from childbirth
Justiniano’s house
●​ Pedro (teacher’s son)- wrestling ➢​ LUCIA RIZAL
-​ Married to Matriano Hermosa.
EARLY EDUCATION -​ died of cholera
He excelled in his class in Latin, -​ (1857 – 1919)
Spanish and other subjects in the curriculum
for elementary pupils. Because of this, many ➢​ MARIA RIZAL -"Biang"
of the students became jealous to him and do -​ Married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of
everything to destroy Rizal's name to Maestro Binan, Laguna.
Cruz. While Rizal's interest in painting was -​ (1859 – 1945)
nurtured early on by an old painter named
Juancho of Biñan. ➢​ JOSE RIZAL "Pepe"
-​ The second son and the seventh child.
FAMILY -​ He was executed by the Spaniards on
➢​ Francisco Mercado Rizal December 30, 1896.
-​ His father, a farmer and businessman
-​ (May 18, 1818 – January 5, 1898) ➢​ CONCEPCION RIZAL
-​ The eighth child and died at three.
➢​ Teodora Alonso Realonda -​ (1862 – 1865)
-​ Her mother, an educated woman and
Rizal's first teacher ➢​ JOSEFA RIZAL "Panggoy"
-​ (November 9, 1827 – August 16, -​ The ninth child. An epileptic, died a
1911) spinster.
-​ (1865 – 1945)
➢​ SATURNINA RIZAL - "Neneng"
-​ Eldest child of rizal-alonso marriage, ➢​ TRINIDAD RIZAL "Trining"
married to Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo. -​ Died a spinster and last of the family
-​ (June 4, 1850 – September 14, 1913) to die.
-​ (1868 – 1951)
➢​ PACIANO RIZAL
-​ Only brother of jose rizal studied at ➢​ SOLEDAD RIZAL "Choleng"
san jose college in manila, become a -​ Youngest child, married Pantaleon
farmer and later a general of Quintero.
philippine revolution. -​ (1870 – 1929)
-​ (March 9, 1851 – April 13, 1930)

➢​ NARCISA RIZAL - "Sisa”

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Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olympia, ●​ During his 4th year in Ateneo he

Lucia, Maria, Jose Rizal , Conception , received 5 medals and graduated as
Josefa, Trinidad , Soledad sobresaliente
●​ He graduated on March 23, 1877(16
RIZAL’S LIFE: EDUCATIONAL years old)
BACKGROUND ●​ Received the degree of Bachelor of
Arts, with highest honors not a
EARLY EDUCATION valedictorian
●​ Home Schooling- Rizal’s first teacher
was his mother Dona Teodora HIGHER EDUCATION
●​ she was patient, conscientious and , After graduating , he continued his education
understanding at UST (UNIVERSITY OF SANTO
●​ she discovered that her son had a THOMAS)
talent for poetry ●​ He finished a year in Philosophy and
●​ She encouraged him to write poems Letters
●​ Private Tutors- He was taught Spanish ●​ He decided to shift to a medical course
and Latin by private tutors. ●​ UST was under the Dominicans , rival
of the Jesuits in education
PRIMARY SCHOOL ●​ Remained loyal to Ateneo participated
●​ Biñan, Laguna- In June 1869, Rizal in extracurricular activities in Ateneo
went to Biñan and was taught by and completed a course in surveying
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. ●​ As a Thomasian he won more literary
●​ June, 1869 Rizal left for Binan laurels
●​ Was accompanied by Paciano his older ●​ During his first term in 1877-1878 in
brother UST, he studied Cosmology,
●​ In academic studies, Rizal beat all Metaphysics , Theodicy and History of
Binan boys Philosophy.
●​ He surpassed them all in Spanish, ●​ It was during the school term
Latin, and other subjects. 1878-1879 that Rizal pursued his
studies in medicine
SECONDARY SCHOOL
Ateneo Municipal de Manila Reasons why Rizal wanted to study
●​ Ateneo Municipal de Manila Medicine:
established by the Jesuits
●​ Rizal entered in 1872 ●​ He wanted to be a physician so that
●​ He belonged to the class composed of he could cure his mother’s failing
Spaniards, mestizos and Filipinos eyesight
●​ His teacher was Fr. Jose Bech ●​ Fr. Pablo Ramon, the Father Rector
●​ He was considered as an inferior and of Ateneo whom he consulted for a
was placed at the bottom of the class choice of career, finally answered his
●​ By the end of the month he became letter , and recommended medicine
the emperor and received a prize, a
religious picture Pre- Med Course
●​ To improve his Spanish Rizal took ●​ Curso de Ampiacion or Advanced
private lessons in Santa Isabel College course in Physics, Chemistry and
Natural History.

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●​ Out of the 28 young men taking ●​ Jose Rizal also finished his studies in
Ampliacion only four including Rizal Philosophy and Letters with higher
were granted the privilege of taking grades
simultaneously the preparatory course ●​ He was awarded the Degree of
and the first year of medicine Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
●​ Rizal also received his four year by the Universidad Central de Madrid
practical training in medicine at the June 19, 1885 with the rating of
Hospital de San Juan de Dios in excellent.
Intramuros
●​ During his last year at the University, Ophthalmology studies and travels in
Rizal had obtained the global grade of Europe
Notable(Very Good) in all of his ●​ Jose Rizal went to Paris and Germany
subjects, and he was the second best in order to specialize in
student in a decimated class of seven ophthalmology. Among all branches,
who passed the medicine course. After he chose this specialization because he
which, Rizal decided to study in wanted to cure his mother’s failing
Spain. eyesight.
●​ In 1885, after studying at the
Academic Journey To Spain ( 1882-1885 ) Universidad Central de Madrid, Rizal,
who was then 24 years old, went to
●​ His departure for Spain was kept Paris to acquire more knowledge in
secret from Spanish Authorities, friars ophthalmology
and even his parents especially his ●​ On February 3, 1886, after gathering
mother because she would not allow some experience in ophthalmology, he
him to go left Paris and went to Heidelberg,
●​ To avoid detection , he used the name Germany
Jose Mercado ●​ He worked at the University Eye
●​ On May 3, 1882 he boarded on Hospital under the direction of Dr.
Salvadora bound for Singapore where Otto Becker, a distinguished German
he was the only Filipino passenger ophthalmologist
●​ On November 3, 1882, he enrolled in ●​ On April 22, 1886, Rizal wrote a
Universidad Central de Madrid taking poem entitled A Las Flores de
up two courses: Philosophy an Letters Heidelberg (To the Flowers of
and Medicine Heidelberg) because he was fascinated
●​ On June 21, 1884 , he conferred the by the blooming flowers along the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine Neckar River, which was the light blue
●​ The Following academic year , he flower called “forget-me-not”.
studied and passed all subjects leading ●​ On August 14, 1886, Rizal arrived in
to the degree of doctor of medicine Leipzig. There, he attended some
●​ Unfortunately, he was not able to lectures at the University of Leipzig
submit the thesis required for on history and psychology
graduation nor paid the corresponding
fees Reasons Why Rizal choose to reside in
●​ With that, he was not awarded his germane longer:
Doctor’s Diploma ●​ to gain further his studies in science
and languages

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●​ to observe the economic and political oppressed people from Spanish

conditions of the German nation tyranny.
●​ to associate with the famous scientists
and scholars MAY 3, 1882 Spain
●​ lastly to publish his novel Noli Me -​ Rizal left for the Philippines for the
Tangere first time in Spain.
-​ Boarded on the SS Salvadora bound
Jose Rizal earned a Licentiate in for using a passport of Jose Mercado
Medicine at the Universidad Central de
Madrid, where he also took courses in MAY 9, 1882 Singapore
philosophy and literature. It was in Madrid that -​ SS Salvador docked in Singapore, He
he began writing Noli Me Tangere. He also stayed in Hotel Dela Paz for two days.
attended classes in the University of Paris and, -​ In Singapore, Rizal transferred to
in 1887, he completed his eye specialization another ship
course at the University of Heidelberg. It was -​ Djemnah, a french streamer, which left
also in that year that Rizal’s first novel was Singapore for Europe on May 11,
published in Berlin. 1882.

ADDITIONAL STUDIES MAY 17, 1882 Singapore to Ceylon

●​ Painting and Sculpture - Rizal -​ Rizal arrived at Punta de Gales.
studied painting under Agustin Saez -​ Rizal wrote in his travel diary "The
and improved his sculpture skills general appearance of point Galle is
under Romualdo de Jesus. picturestic but lonely and quiet and at
the same time sad "
●​ Physical Training - He engaged in -​ He then went to Colombo to get
gymnastics and fencing. references in learning the French
language. He defined Colombo as an
elegant town compared to Manila.
RIZAL’S LIFE: Travel Abroad
MAY 18, 1882 Ceylon to Italy
First travel and the propaganda movement -​ At 7:30 a.m he left Punta de Gales for
Colombo. In the afternoon, Rizal
First travel arrived at Colombo in the evening the
trip was resumed
●​ He must get the best education he -​ He was amused when the first time he
could find and answer his life question saw camels in Aden. They traveled in
"What could he do to help his Suez Canal, a route from Asia to
oppressed Motherland?" He has to Europe then docked in Port Said. Jose
study in Madrid but this plan was kept then arrived in Naples, Italy, which
secret. according to Jose as a panoramic
●​ To observe keenly the life and culture, beauty.
languages and customs, industries and
government and laws of the European JUNE 11 JUNE 12, 1882 Italy to France
nations in order to prepare himself of After that, Jose arrived in Naples,
the mighty task of liberating his Italy, which he described as having panoramic
beauty. Rizal was accompanied by a guide for

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a tour of the city, which gave him time to see

Naples. Jose then went to Chateau D'if, a
famous location in The Count of Monte Cristo.

JUNE 15,1882
-​ He left Marseilles for Barcelona on an
express train. Rizal crossed the
Pyreness and stopped for a day at the ●​ "The Death of Cleopatra"
frontier town of Port Bou

JUNE 16, 1882 Barcelona

-​ At 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived at
Barcelona and boarded in the Fonda
De España. Rizal's first impression of
Barcelona, the greatest city of
Cataluña and Spain's second largest
city was unfavorable.
Germany
Life in Barcelona -​ They traveled from Munich to
AUGUST 20, 1882 Nuremberg, the oldest city in the
-​ He wrote an essay entitled "Amor country. They observed the torture
Patrio" (which means Love of machines used during the Catholic
Country) Inquisition in Europe and the huge
-​ His next article was entitled "Los manufacturing of dolls.
Viajes" (which means Travels) and
followed by "Revista De Madrid" Switzerland
(which means Review of Madrid) but -​ They witnessed the largest waterfall in
the latter was returned because the Europe, the Rheinfall.
publication was ceased because of -​ They stayed for two days in
lack of funds. Schaffhausen and continued to tour in
Basel, Bern and Lausanne.
Paris to Germany
Rizal went to Paris and Germany in Germany to Berlin
order to specialize in Ophthalmology. Rizal FEBRUARY 01,1886
chose this brand of medicine because he -​ He left Paris to Germany and arrived
wanted to cure his mother's eye ailment. on February 03, 1886, in Heidelberg a
historic city in Germany Famous for
During his free time, he visited his fellow its old university and romantic
countrymen: surroundings
●​ Trinidad
●​ Felix NOVEMBER 1886 Berlin
●​ Paz -​ Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor, a great
●​ Juan Luna scientist and author of "Travels in the
Philippines".
Rizal posed in Luna's canvas: He also met:
●​ "The Blood Compact" ●​ Dr. Rudolf Virchow

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●​ Dr. Hans Virchow

●​ Dr. W. Joest

Rizal's reason in staying in Berlin

1.​ To gain further knowledge in
Ophthalmology
2.​ To further his studies of sciences and
languages
3.​ To observe the economic and political
conditions of the German nation
4.​ To associate with famous German
scientist and scholars
5.​ To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere 1.​ Circulo Hispano Filipino (1882) - to
addressed to the government
Noli Me Tangere published in Berlin (1887) authorities in Spain all the abuses and
●​ February 21, 1887- the Noli Me harsh treatment being done to the
Tangere was finally finished and ready Philippines and the changes that they
for printing. wanted to be done.
●​ March 21, 1887- The Noli Me
Tangere came off the press 2.​ Los Indios Bravos (1889) - to write
poems, stories and newspaper articles
Rizal's grand tour of Europe with Viola showing the current condition of the
MAY 11, 1887 Philippines in the hands of the
-​ Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train Spaniards and friars.
-​ Dresden is one of the best cities in
Germany 3.​ Hispano-Filipino Association (Jan
-​ Prometheus Bound painting wherein 12 1889) - an organization composed
Rizal was deeply impressed of Filipinos and Spaniards calling for
-​ Teschen (now Decin, reform in the Philippines
Czechoslovakia)- next stopover after
leaving Dresden 4.​ Lodge Revolución (1889-Masonry) -
was organized by Graciano
Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona, Spain
June 2 to 3, 1887- stayed at Schaffhausen, under the auspices of the Grande
Switzerland GENEVA - This Swiss city is one Oriente Español
of the most beautiful cities in Europe.
●​ June 19, 1887- Rizal treated Viola to 5.​ Lodge Solidaridad No 53 Masonry
blow out. It was his 26th birthday. (May 15,1890) - organized by Lopez
●​ Rizal and Viola spent fifteen delightful Jaena, with Marcelo del Pilar and
days in Geneva other Filipino Masons under the
●​ June 23, 1887- Viola and Rizal parted Grande Oriente Español
ways
Note : Through Lodge Solidaridad, masonic
lodges were established in the Philippines,
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Namely:
a.​ Lodge Nilad (1892)

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b.​ Lodge Balagtas d.​ The Letter to Young Women of

Malolos - emphasized reason and
Most read supported the education of women so
6.​ La Liga Filipina that they may be enlightened,
religiousness required reason, without
RIZAL RETURNED TO THE reason there was only religiosity.
PHILIPPINES
e.​ Noli Mi Tangere - It showed the bad
1. La Solidaridad (Abroad) - served as the political, social, and religious
principal organ of the propaganda movement. condition of the Philippines during the
It was the first publication where Filipino Spanish Regime.
writers can published their articles, opinions,
and poems about the Philippines. f.​ El Filibusterismo - among others,
Rizal tackled his idea on revolution.
Rizal's Writings ventilating the Grievances -​ In this novel, Rizal showed that a
of the Filipinos revolution should not be motivated by
personal interest.
a.​ FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN
AÑOS (The Philippines a Century
Hence) - Rizal predicted that (1) Spain RIZAL’S LIFE: FIRST
will eventually grant the Philippines HOMECOMING
the independence she seeks - including 1887-1888
the fair representation in the Spanish
cortes, (2) the Philippines will rise up After five (5) years of staying in
against Spain if it continues to ignore Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines and
her outcry and form her own practiced medicine in Calamba. He lived the
government. quite life of being a doctor. But his enemies,
who were angry about his book “Noli Me
b.​ SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE Tangere” threatened to kill him.
LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence
of the Filipinos) - an explanatory DECISION TO RETURN HOME
writing of Rizal to clarify the alleged ●​ they warned Rizal
idleness/indolence of the Filipino Paciano Mercado- Rizal’s brother
people during the Spanish Regime Silvestre Ubaldo - Rizal’s brother-in-law:
husband of Olimpia
c.​ NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE Jose Ma. Cecilio - one of Rzal’s closest friend
LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR.
ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on REASONS TO GO HOME
Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de 1.​ To operate his mother’s eyes
Morga): 1889 - to recover the lost 2.​ To serve his people who had been long
history of the Filipino people and to oppressed by Spanish tyrants
awaken their consciousness about the 3.​ To find out for himself how the Noli
memories of their past which was Me Tangere and his other writings
obliterated and falsified by the were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards
Spaniards in the Philippines

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4.​ To inquire why Leonor Rivera 3.​ Patients from Manila and other
remained silent. provinces came to Calamba
4.​ Doctor Uliman - nickname for Rizal
In a letter Bluemantritt, written in Geneva as he practice his profession as a
on June 19, 1887 physician.
5.​ Rizal earned much money as a
Rizal said: “Your advice that I live in Madrid physician
and continue to write from there is very 6.​ He build gymnasium for young
benevolent but I cannot accept it. I cannot individuals and use it for sports
endure the life in Madrid where everything is a 7.​ He introduce European sport like
voice in a wilderness. My parents want to see gymnastics, fencing and shooting to
me, and I want to see them also. All my life I discourage the cockfights and
desire to live in my country by the side of my gambling
family. Until now I am not Europeanized like 8.​ Rizal also painted beautiful landscapes
the Filipinos of Madrid; I always like to return and translated German poems.
to the country of my birth”.
The Novel “Noli Me Tangere” and its effect
RIZAL RETURNED TO THE to Filipinos and Spaniards in the
PHILIPPINES Philippines
1.​ He left Rome by train for Marseilles,
a French seaport STORM OVER THE NOLI ME
2.​ From seaport, he boarded the steamer TANGERE
Djemnah on July 3, 1887.
3.​ There were 50 passengers in the Rizal received a letter from Governor
steamer including: 4 Englishmen, 2 General Emilio Terrero y Perinat requesting
Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, him to come to Malacañang Palace
many Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino
(Rizal). Governor General Emilio Terrero y
4.​ The steamer was going to Asia passing Perinat stated somebody told him that Noli
the historic “Suez Canal” and contained subversive ideas
heading to Saigon, Vietnam.
5.​ Rizal transferred to another steamer Rizal explained that he only exposed
Haiphong which was bound to Manila the truth
on July 30, 1887.
6.​ 3 days after, the steamer left Saigon, Rizal visited the Jesuits
Vietnam to Manila on August 2, 1887. ●​ Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask
7.​ Haiphong arrived in Manila on August for their feedback on the novel
5, 1887. ●​ He was gladly welcomed by the
following friars:
RIZAL RETURNED TO CALAMBA, HIS -​ Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
HOMETOWN -​ Fr. Jose Bech
1.​ Rizal established a medical clinic -​ Fr. Federico Faura -told Rizal that
2.​ His first patient is his mother Doña everything in the novel was the truth
Teodora Alonzo, who was almost and warned him that he may lose his
blind head because of it.

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●​ the report of the faculty members from

UST about the Noli Me Tangere states
that the novel was:
-​ Heretical, impious and scandalous in
the religious orders, and anti-patriotic,
subversive of public order, injurious to
the government of Spain and its
function in the Philippine Islands in
JOSE TAVIEL DE ANDRADE the political order.

THE ENEMIES OF RIZAL

●​ Permanent Commission of
Censorship- a committee composed
of priest and laymen
●​ Fr. Salvador Font - Augustinian cura
of Tondo, head of the committee
●​ a young Spanish lieutenant who came ●​ found the novel to contain subversive
from a noble family ideas against the church and Spain,
●​ he was cultured and knew painting and recommended “that the
●​ he could speak French, English and importation, reproduction, and
Spanish circulation of this pernicious book in
●​ they became good friends the islands be absolutely prohibited”
●​ The banning of Noli Me Tangere only
ATTACKERS OF THE NOLI ME served to make it popular
TANGERE ●​ Due to curiosity, everybody wanted to
read it
●​ News about the great book spread
among the masses
●​ Filipinos were able to get hold of
copies of the Noli Me Tangere which
they read secretly at night

●​ Archbishop Pedro Payo- a ATTACKERS OF NOLI ME TANGERE

Dominican
●​ Archbishop of Manila ●​ Father Font- printed his report and
●​ Sent a cop of the Noli Me Tangere to distributed copies of it to discredit the
Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of the controversial novel
University of Santo Tomas to examine ●​ Father Jose Rodriguez - published
the novel pamphlets to blast Noli and other
anti-Spanish writing, the pamphlets
UST AND RIZAL were sold daily in church after the
●​ the committee that examined the Noli mass
Me Tangere were composed of
Dominican professors. The controversial Noli reached Spain and it
was fiercely by various senators

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Vicente Barrantes - formerly occupied high anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an
government position in the Philippines, event considered symbolic of the beginning of
criticized the Noli. the French Revolution.

DEFENDERS OF NOLI ME TANGERE KIDLAT CLUB & INDIOS BRAVOS

●​ Marcelo H. Del Pilar Kidlat Club purely a social society of
●​ Mariano Ponce a temporary nature founded by Rizal simply to
●​ Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor bring together young Filipinos in the French
●​ Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez capital so that they could enjoy their sojourn in
●​ Graciano Lopes-Jaena the city during the duration of the Universal
●​ Don Segismundo Moret Exposition.
●​ Prof. Miguel Morayta
●​ Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt Indios Bravos (Brave Indians)
●​ Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia replaced the ephemeral Kidlat Club its
members pledged to excel in intellectual and
physical prowess in order to win the
admiration of the foreigner.

ΑΝΝΟΤΑΤED EDITION OF MORGA

PUBLISHED

RIZAL'S OUTSTANDING
ACHIEVEMENT IN PARIS WAS THE
PUBLICATION IN 1890 OF HIS
ΑΝΝΟΤΑTED EDITIONS OF MORGA'S
SUCESOS. IT WAS PRINTED BY
GARNIER FRERES.

“ PARIS, LIBERIA DE GARNIER

HERMANOS, 1890 "
He dedicated his new edition of Morga
Rizal's Second Sojourn in Paris And the to the Filipino people so that they would know
of their glorious past. The title page of Rizal's
Universal Exposition of 1889
annotated edition of Morga reads:
In March, 1889, it was extremely
THE PHILIPPINES WITHIN A
difficult for a visitor to find living quarters in
CENTURY
Paris. For a short time, Rizal live in Valentin
Article written by Rizal which he
Ventura's house at No. 45 Rue Maubeuge,
expressed his views on the Spanish
where he polished his annotated edition of
colonization in thePhilippines and predicted
Morga's book.
with amazing accuracy the tragic end of
Spain's sovereignty in Asia.
Universal Exposition
Was a world's fair held in Paris,
THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS
France, from May 6 to 31 of October 1889. It
It is an able defense of the alleged
was held during the year of the 100th
indolence of the Filipinos -Rizal made a

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critical study of the causes why his people did ●​ He then established his residence at
not work hard during the Spanish regime. No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street, No. 2
Rednaxola Terrace
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ●​ He practice medicine, through his
FILIPINOLOGISTS association with Dr. Lorenzo P.
Association proposed by Rizal to Marquez.
establish taking advantage of world attention ●​ Medicine Licence granted
which was then focused at the Universal
Exposition in 1889 in Paris and have its Rizal’s life in Hong Kong (1891)
inaugural convention in the French capital. ●​ He also wrote articles

PROJECT FOR FILIPINO COLLEGE IN

HONG KONG
Another magnificent project of Rizal
in Paris which also fizzled out was his plan to
establish a modern college in Hong Kong.

POR TELEFONO
Another satirical work as a reply to
another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font, who ●​ He started to write the constitution of
masterminded the banning of his Noli, in the La Liga Filipina, through the help of
fall of 1889 -it was published in booklet form Jose Ma. Basa
in Barcelona, 1889, this satirical pamphlet ●​ La Liga Filipina aimed for:
under the authorship of "Dimas Alang" is a
witty satire which ridicules Father Font. AIMS OF THE LEAGUE
●​ To unite the whole archipelago into
SHORTLY AFTER NEW YEAR, RIZAL one vigorous and homogenous
MADE A BRIEF VISIT TO LONDON. IT organization.
MAY BE DUE TO TWO REASONS ●​ Mutual protection in every want and
necessity
(1)​ to check up his annotated edition of ●​ Defense against all violence and
Morga's Sucesos with the original injustice
copy in the British Museum ●​ Encouragement of Instruction,
(2)​ to see Gertrude Beckett for the last Agriculture and Commerce
time. ●​ Study the application of reforms

La Liga Filipina
RIZAL’S LIFE: HongKong and Second ●​ League Motto: Unus Instar Omnium
Homecoming or One like All.
●​ Organizational councils: popular,
RIZAL’S LIFE: HongKong (1891-1892) provincial and supreme.
●​ Qualification in the tests and a
●​ November 20, 1891, he arrived in recommendation from the town's
Hong Kong. council.
* Requires a monthly contribution for the
following Projects:

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1.​ Helping a member or his son who had customhouse. From there I went to The Hotel
problem in financing his studies but de Oriente where occupied room No.22, facing
with excellent aptitude for study. the church of Binondo.
2.​ Helping member who are less
fortunate; In afternoon, at 4:00 o'clock, he went
3.​ Lending funds to a member who needs to Malacanang Palace to seek audience with
finances for his farm or industrial the Spanish governor general, General Eulogio
activities; Despujol, Conde de Caspe. He was told to
4.​ Aiming to help the member to defend come back at the night at 7:00 o'clock.
his rights; Promptly at 7:00 pm he returned to
5.​ Putting up stores to help members in Malacanang and was able to confer with
their needs at a lesser price. Governor General Despujol, who agreed to
pardon his father but not the rest of the family
North Borneo Project and told him to return on Wednesday (June 29)
●​ To establish a Filipino colony in North
Borneo by moving landless Filipino After his brief interview with the
families to territory owned by the governor general, he visited his sisters in the
British North Borneo Company. city- first Narcisa and later Saturnina.

VISITING HIS FRIENDS IN LUZON

CENTRAL
Rizal’s Life: Second Homecoming
6:00 P.M of June 27
SECOND HOMECOMING Rizal boarded a train In Tutuban
Reason: Station and visited his friends in the following
places: Malolos, Bulacan San Fernando,
May 1892 Pampanga Tarlac, Tarlac Bacoor, Pampanga.
-​ To have a conference with governor
despujo regarding his proposal on the 5:00 P.M of June 28
borneo colonization Rizal returned by train to Manila
whether he knew it or not, he shadowed by
June 26, 1892 government spies who was carefully his every
-​ At noon Rizal and his widowed sister movement. The homes he had visited were
Lucia(wife of the late Mariano raided by the Guardia Civil which seized some
Herbosa) arrived in Manila copies of the Noli and Fili and some
-​ Establish La Liga Filipina “subversive”pamphlets.

RIZAL DESCRIBED HIS SECOND Other Interviews with Despujol

HOMECOMING AS FOLLOWS:
June 29 : he did not succeed to have the
I arrived at Manila on 26 June (1892), penalty of exile lifted, but Despujol gave him
Sunday, at 12:00 noon. I was met by many hope with regard to his sisters. As it was the
carabineers headed by a major. There were in feast of St. Peter and St. Paul, the interview
addition one captain and one sergeant of the ended at 9:15.
Veteran Civil Guard. I came Down with my
luggage and they inspected Me at the

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June 30 : they talked about the question of the Katipunan, to seek Rizal's opinion and
Borneo. The general was opposed to it and approval of an armed rebellion against the
told him to come back on Sunday. Spanish authorities.

Sunday : they talked about the sundry things For him, the Filipinos did not need to
and thanked Despujol for having lifted the wage a bloody revolution to gain
exile of his sisters. independence. He believed that Filipinos were
not yet united and fully educated, and that the
July 6, 1982 (Wednesday) Katipunan lacked the machinery to defeat the
Rizal went to Malacanang to resume Spaniards.
his series of interviews with governor general.
The governor general showed some printed The Retraction Controversy
leaflets were entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor The controversy arises from a
Friars). Rizal denied having those leaflets. document that purportedly showed that Rizal
Despite his denial and insistent demand for retracted his anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish
investigation. He was placed under arrest and views just before his execution.
escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol,
the nephew and aide of Governor General. According to some accounts, Rizal signed a
retraction statement in which he renounced his
July 15, 1892 (12:30 a.m.) criticisms of the Church, expressed his desire
Rizal was brought under heavy guard to return to the Catholic faith, and rejected any
to the streamer Cebu which was sailing to association with revolutionary movements,
Dapitan (1:00 a.m.) the streamer under Captain including the Katipunan, which was the
Delgras departed sailing south, passing Filipino revolutionary group fighting for
Mindoro and Panay. independence from Spain.

July 17, 1892 "I retract with all my heart whatever in my

Reached Dapitan at 7:00 in the words, writings, publications and conduct have
evening. Captain Delgras handed Rizal over to been contrary to my character as a son of the
Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish Catholic Church.", this was the statement in
commandant of Dapitan the same night, Rizal the document which made the historians
began his exile in Dapitan which would last believed that Rizal had retracted. However,
until July 31, 1896, a period of four years. there have been claims that the document, as
compared to the original file which was
discovered by Fr. Manuel Garcia, an
Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial and Death archdiocesan archivist in 1935, was a forgery.

Rizal and Katipunan Regardless of these claims, there are several

Andre Bonifacio, the "Great Plebeian, people who believe that the retraction
was showing the seeds of an armed uprising. documents are authentic. These people include
The secret revolutionary society called eleven eyewitnesses who were present when
Katipunan which he founded on July 7, 1892 Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic
was gaining more and more adherents. prayer book, recited Catholic prayers, and the
multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before
Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent as an his execution. Fr. Marciano Guzman, a great
emissary by Andres Bonifacio, the leader of

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grandnephew of Rizal, cites that Rizal's 4 ●​ Rizal renounced his anti-Catholic

confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, writings, particularly in Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
REASONS FOR RETRACTION
1.​ To save his family and town from ●​ He expressed a desire to return to the
further persecution. Catholic faith and sought absolution
for his perceived sins.
Rizal may have been told that he faced
the dilemma of signing the retraction or of ●​ Rizal denied any involvement with
having his relatives pursued by further revolutionary movements and
persecutions. Since he hoped his death would distanced himself from the Katipunan
stop the persecution of his relatives, the and its activities.
retraction may have seemed to him to be the
only way of achieving that purpose.

2.​ To give Josephine a legal status as

his wife.

Rizal, even though he for a time

suspected Josephine as a spy, seems to have
become convinced that she now loved him,
and he may have desired to give her a legal
status in the eyes of the church, and so provide
for her future.

3.​ To secure reforms from the Spanish

government.

4.​ To help the church cut away from

the disease which harmed her.

Rizal did not desire to injure the

Roman Catholic Church, but to remove the
cancer which ruined both church and state in
the Philippines -- friar control of land and
domination by the government. He was also
struggling for freedom of thought and of
conscience to the individual.

The Retraction Controversy

The retraction was allegedly signed on
December 29, 1896, the day before Rizal’s
execution.

18