 Volume of semen in boar - 250 ml

 Drug of choice for theileriosis – Buparvaquone

DISCLAIMER  Most effective drug for cestodiasis – Praziquntal
 Lambert suture not applied in which of the following organ a) rumen b) uterus c) stomach d)
esophagus(answer)
This is solely a study material which is compiled and edited. There is no such a copyright to  Anti nutritional factor present in cotton seed – Gossypol
restrict the knowledge and efforts of anyone in the field of education. There is no such an  Drug which prevent platelet aggregation – Aspirin
intention to hurt anybody to whosoever have prepared. I have tried to collect all the material  Range of rumen ph – 5-7
whichever available for only and only ment for STUDY purpose.  Number of lumbar vertebrae in dog – 7
 Longest muscle in the body – Longissmus dorsi
 Organism which causes aflatoxicosis -Penicillium leberi ( aspergillus flavus not found in the
Sources:- answer choices)
 Organism causing brooder pneumonia - Aspergillus fumigatus
 Editor‟s question bank  Gnrh secreted from – Hypothalamus
 Editor‟s beloved seniors and teacher efforts  Hormone that is released in high amount in 2 nd stage of labour – Oxytocin
 Amigos (TNPSC notes)  Dilated pupil and fish eye appearance seen in which stage of anesthesia – Stage iv
 Vetcos  Heart of bovine is attached to – Pericardio sternal ligament
 Internet souces  Largest antibody type - Ig M
 Karnataka state Question bank  Antibody which is lining in the mucosal surface – Ig A
 Viral genome contain a) RNA b) DNA c) Either RNA or DNA ( answer)
 Virus which contain reverse trascriptase enzyme – Retroviridae
 For closing of uterine incision sutures should be started from a) cervical end b) ovarian end
(answer)
 Catgut obtained from sub-mucosa of – Sheep
 Horse is which type of animal – Seasonally polyestrous
 Purkinje cells present a) myocardium b)cerebrum c) cerebellum (answer)
 Drug inhibiting cell wall synthesis – Penicillin
 Organism devoid of cell wall – Mycoplasma
 Microscopic lesion in bse - Vacuolation of neurons
 Cyclozoonosis related to – Ecchinococcosis
 Long acting local anesthetic – Bupivaquone
Editor dedicated this compilation to the vets and student who preparing for ICAR-JRF and
make so much easy for them to read. It‟s very difficult to get proper reading material from  Which dose is related to highly toxic drugs – 1-50 mg / kg body weight
here and there. So, editor efforts to compile this material and to serve directly towards the  Accepted fluoride content in water – 1mg / lit water
student for the studing.  Vector for leishmaniasis – Phlebotomus
 Stomach fluke of bovine – Paramphistomiasis
 Pipe stem liver is caused by - Fasciola hepatica
 Organism not having filaments – Mycobacterium
 Irritable non ionic drug should be administered in which route – Intravenous
 Example of brachiocephalic breed – Pug
 Acute gangrenos myositis associated with – Black quarter
 Organism causing interstitial nephritis – Leptospira
 Most abundant leukocytes type in bovines – Lymphocyte
 Blood cells containing granules toxic to parasite – Eosinophils
 Nucleated thrombocytes seen in – Fowl
 Camel is which type of animal – Induced ovulator
 Diffused pus in the connective tissue is known – Phlegmon
 Bilateral tubular inpatency causes a) anestrous b) Repeat breeding(answer) c) early embryonic
mortality
 Reference test for rabies – FAT
Declairation  Rabies is which type of virus – Neurotrophic
Editor doesn‟t have any copyright for this material even didn‟t put any rights for their own  Gasping observed in which disease – Infectous laryngeo tracheitis
material which is compiled.  Immuno deficiency in IBD is due to destruction of - B-Lymphocytes
 T-cell maturation occurs in – Thymus
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  Infective stage of schistosoma – Cercaria  Organ to be examined in post mortem examination of trichinella spiralis a) lung b) liver c) intestine
 Cuboni test for pregnancy diagnosis done in which animal – Mare d) Diaphragm
 Duration of spermatogenesis in buffalo – 64 days  Glial cells present in - Brain
 Drainage of middle ear provided through – Zepps operation  Calcitonin secreted from - a) Thyroid gland b) parathyroid gland
 Feline distemper is known as – Feline panleukopenia  Which one is not related to mycoplasma – a)CCPP b) CBPP c) CRD d) BSE
 Ketone bodies in the urine is due to – Hypoglycemia  Liver develops from – a) ectoderm b) Endoderm c) mesoderm
 Smallest virus – FMD virus  Which one of the following is called as endogenous antigen a) MHC I b) MHC II c) MHC III
 Which one of the following is a live vaccine –Brucella s-19 vaccine  Inflammation of hoof is known as – a) bursitis b) synovitis c) laminitis
 Breech presentation is also known as – Posterior longitudinal  Lung is distinctly lobulated in a) cattle b)fowl
 Diagnosis of camphylobactor is done by – Vaginal mucous agglutination test
 Dolphins and whales breath through a) gills b) Lungs(answer) c)spiracles
 Agar contains - a) protein b) lipid c) Carbohydrates d) all the above CLINICAL MEDICINE
 Raw egg feeding in dogs causes deficiency of – Biotin
 Paralysis of hind quarters is known as – Paraplegia 1. Methods of physical examination in cattle
 Garlic odour of food content is seen in -Phosphorus poisonining a. Inspection- observing through eyes.
 Antidote for lead poisoning – Ca-Na EDTA b. Palpation - feeling through hands.
 Bronze coloured liver is seen in a)Fowl typhoid b) pullorum disease c)fowl cholera c. Percussion - tapping through fingers.
 Ulcers in abomasum is seen in –Theileriosis d. Auscultation - listening through stethoscope.
 Caecal coccidiosis is caused by – Eimeria tenella 2. The phonendoscope is used for auscultation purpose in case of ruminants.
 Sugar needed for multiplication of brucella – Erythrital 3. Sites of recording pulse rate.
 Brucella ovis in sheep causes – a) orchitis b) prosthitis c)Epididymitis a. Cow &Buffalo - Coccygeal artery, Maxillary artery, facial artery.
 Ovulation occurs after end of estrous in which species of animal – bovine b. Calf- femoral artery.
 Largest deer species in india a) sambar b) spotted deer c) Barasinga c. Dog & cat - femoral artery.
 Route of infection in anchylostoma species – Skin penetration d. Sheep & goat - femoral artery.
 Vagus nerve is a a)sensory b)motor c) mixed e. Horse, donkey& mule - External maxillary artery, median artery, facial artery.
 Pearls is seen in a) Squamous cell carcinoma b) basal cell carcinoma 4. Types of respiration
 Ingestion of lantana plant associated with – Photosensitivity a. Costal (Thoracic) - dog and cat.
 Motility of bacteria is due to a) plasmid b) pili c) Fimbriae b. Abdominal - cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat.
 Which one of the following is an extracellular organism a) babesia b)anaplasma c) Trypanasoma c. Costo-abdominal - Horse, mule, donkey and Ass.
 Diabetes insipidus is due to deficiency of – Antidiuretic hormone 5. Normal parameters
 Recent out break in avian influenza is due to – H5N1
 Thawing temperature of semen- 37C for 30 sec Species Respiratory rate Normal temperature Pulse rate
 Hjarres disease is caused by – E coli
 Chemical used for control of snail population – Copper sulphate Cattle 10-30/minute 38.5ºC(101.5ºF) 60-80/minute
 Agent for blister - Bin iodine of mercury
 Dry matter feeding of cattle a) 3% of body weight b) 3% of metabolic body weight Horse 8-10/minute 38.0ºC(100.5ºF)
 In right side torsion animal should be casted on a) right side b) left side
 Nerve block done for examination of penis and prepuce – Pudental block Sheep 10-20/minute 39.0ºC(102.0ºF) 70-90/minute
 Destruction of free radicals associated with which vitamin – Vitamin-E
Goat 25-35/minute 39.5ºC(103.0ºF) 70-90/minute
 Example for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor – Captopril
 For horn surgery in goat nerve to be blocked a) cornual nerve b) infratrochlear nerve c) cornual
Pig 10-20/minute 39.0ºC(102.0ºF)
nerve &infratrochlear nerve
 For preventing radiation hazard wear a apron made of – Lead Dog 14-30/minute Large-37.5-38ºC Large-70-
 Spermatid is basically – Haploid
(99.5-101.5ºF) 90/minute
 Epsilon toxin is associated with – Enterotoxaemia
 Which ligament should be cut in CLP – Median patellar ligament
Small-38.5-39.5ºC Small-90-
 Navicular bone is the name of – Distal sesamoid bone
 Vitamin administered in dicoumarol poisoning – Vitamin-K (101.5-102.5ºF) 120/minute
 ‗Bioterrorism‘ associated with which disease – Anthrax
 Visceral larva migrants is caused by – Toxocara canis
 Organism present in pulmonary artery – Dirofilaria immitis
 Programmed cell death is known as – Apoptosis
 Gestation period of horse – 11months 11days 6. Normal rumen fluid pH - 6.2-7.2.

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 7. Rumen fluid pH in acid indigestion - 4-5. 46. Depraved or perverted appetite is known as pica/ allotriophagia.
8. Rumen fluid pH in protein putrefaction/alkaline indigestion-8-10. 47. Coprophagia is the eating of its own or other animal‘s faeces.
9. Pulse is characterized by rate, rhythm and quality or volume. 48. Pilophagia is the licking of hair and body coat.
10. Site of blood collection 49. Normal rumen motility is 7-12/5 minutes.
a. Cattle, Buffalo, sheep & goat - Jugular vein, ear vein. 50. The interval between two rumen motility should not be more than 2 minutes.
b. Horse - Jugular vein 51. Rumen hypermotility is seen in conditions like bloat, acidosis, simple indigestion, TRP.
c. Dog - Recurrent tarsal vein, cephalic vein. 52. Grunting can be heard on auscultation of traumatic reticulo- peritonitis.
d. Pig - Ear vein, anterior vena cava. 53. Pole or Bamboo test is the raising of Animal forcefully by placing the pole on the xiphoid
11. Site of CSF collection: cartilage of sternum in lower third of the chest. It will make the animal to grunt. Used in TRP.
a. Cattle & Buffalo- lumbo sacral or 1st, 2nd coccygeal region 54. In dogs the liver enzyme SGPT is measured.
b. Horse - Sub occipital or lumbo sacral region. 55. In large animals the liver enyzme SGOT is measured.
c. Dog - cisternal puncture. 56. Diaphragmatic hernia is common in Buffaloes.
d. Sheep & goat - suboccipital or lumbo-sacral region. 57. Liptak test is used for the diagnosis of LDA.
12. Normal pulse and respiration ratio - 4:1 58. Abomasal pH is 2-4.
13. Bloat - Drum like sound(on percussion) 59. ECG means atrial depolarization and ventricular repolarization.
14. Left abomasal displacement - simultaneous auscultation and percussion over an area between the 60. In ECG, prolongation of P wave indicates left atrial enlargement.
upper third of the 9th and 12th ribs of abomasal wall - sounds heard are; Ping sound/metallic 61. In ECG, increased P wave amplitude indicates right atrial enlargement.
sound/ penny dropping sound/ tinkling sound/ splashing sound/ pebble in well sound. 62. In ECG, tall R wave and prolongation of QRS complex indicates left ventricular enlargement.
15. William‟s auscultation is the simultaneous auscultation of reticulum and palpation of rumen in 63. In ECG, deepening of S wave indicates Right ventricular enlargement.
Traumatic reticulo peritonitis. 64. In ECG, peaked T wave indicates hyperkalemia.
16. Recording and Measurement of heart sounds is done by Phonocardiography. 65. The predominant bacteria in rumen fluid are gram negative. In case of acidosis it is gram
17. CSF pressure is measured by Manometer. positive.
18. The 2nd to 5th intercostals space is the site for the auscultation of heart. 66. Acid indigestion due to ingestion of large amounts of highly fermentable carbohydrates.
19. Somnolence is the state when animal is depressed to the point that it is unable to hold its head. 67. Diagnostic tests used for simple indigestion are sediment activity test and cellulose digestion test.
20. Dorsal bending of spinal column is known as Kyphosis. 68. Acute pancreatitis in dogs leads to a praying stance.
21. Ventral bending of spinal column is known as Lardosis. 69. TRP is characterised by leucocytosis with neutrophilia -left shift.
22. Lateral bending of spinal column is known as Scoliosis. 70. Vagus indigestion has papple shaped abdomen that is pear shaped in the right side and apple
23. A cow sits on the sternum and rests on the flank in Milk fever. shaped in right side.
24. In downer cow syndrome, a cow has no defect in eating, defecation or urination but will be unable 71. Normal blood calcium level is 9-11mg/dl in a cows
to stand and remains in sternal recumbancy. 72. Time of occurrence of milk fever is within 48 hours.
25. Amaurosis is total blindness. 73. The rectal temperature in case of milk fever is 36-38ºC.
26. Amylopia is partial blindness. 74. CPK and ALT liver enzyme levels are increased in downer cow syndrome.
27. Abducted elbow with extension of head and neck in a cow with brisket edema and jugular pulsation 75. Ketosis in cows mainly due to negative energy balance.
is seen in traumatic pericarditis. 76. Pregnancy toxaemia in sheep is ketosis and in cattle is called fatty liver syndrome.
28. A male dog urinating like a bitch in cystitis and urolithiosis. 77. Lactation tetany in horse is due to hypocalcemia.
29. A horse adopting a dog sitting posture with kicking at the belly is seen in acute gastric dilatation. 78. Lactation tetany in cattle is due to hypomagnesemia.
30. Goose stepping gait in pigs is due to the deficiency of pantothenic acid. 79. Eclampsia in bitches is due to hypocalcemia and hypoglycaemia.
31. High stepping gait with rigidity of limbs is seen in tetany. 80. Nervous signs of ketosis due to production of isopropyl alcohol which is a breakdown product of
32. Knuckling of fetlock is seen in neuritis and nerve paralysis. acetoacetic acid in the rumen.
33. A pulse which is brief, small and hard in nature is called the wiry pulse. 81. Blood glucose level in case of ketosis is 20-40mg/dl.
34. When the pulse wave is small,weak and prolonged it is termed as thready pulse. 82. The normal blood ketone body level is 50mg/dl.
35. The respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata. 83. Diagnostic choice for fatty liver syndrome is liver biopsy.
36. Euphoea is the normal quiet breathing with usual respiratory rate in an animal. 84. Time of occurrence of bovine ketosis is 60 days after parturition.
37. Hyperpnoea is the increased rate of respiration with an increased or decreased depth of respiration. 85. Time of occurrence of post parturient haemoglobinuria is 2-4 weeks after parturition.
38. Polypnoea is the increased rate of respiration with reduction in depth. 86. Low milk fat syndrome due to a decreased formation of acetate in rumen is due to low fibre diets.
39. Oligopnoea is the decreased rate of respiration. 87. Milk is a poor source of copper and iron. It is a rich source of calcium and phosphorus.
40. Apnnoea is the complete cessation of breathing. 88. Sulkowich test is used for the estimation of calcium in the urine during hypocalcemia.
41. Cheyne-strokes respiration is the gradual decrease in the depth of respiration in a renal and 89. Xylidill test used for estimation of magnesium in urine in hypomagnesemia.
cardiac disease. 90. Occurrence of post parturient haemoglobinuria is due to feeding of cruciferous plants.
42. Biot‟s respiration is characterised by altering periods of Hyperpnoea and apnea ( in meningitis). 91. Myoglobinuria and muscle degeneration are the pathological changes seen in the case of azoturia
43. Kussmaul‟s respiration or air hunger is the respiration which is forceful and regular but expiration in horses.
is unaffected ( in uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis). 92. The normal ratio of Calcium and Magnesium in blood is 6:1.
44. Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/heaves in horse is characterized by double expiration. 93. Prepartum diet containing high amount of sulphur and chloride(anions) reduces the chances of
45. Septic shock occurs predominantly due to Gram positive organism. milk fever.
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 94. The prepartum diet contains high amount of sodium and potassium (cations) which increases the
chance of milk fever.
95. Eclampsia in bitches is characterised by clinical signs like opisthotonus arch, tonoclonic
conulsion, high rise in temperature (108ºC).
96. Phosphorus deficiency may reduce glucose utilization leading to reduced production of ATP
which is essential to maintain the integrity of RBC.
97. Phosphorus deficiency may cause reduction of red cell glycolysis and decrease in ATP synthesis. 2.NUTRITION
98. Normal level of phosphorus is 4-7mg/dl. In case of deficiency it decreases to 0.5 to 3 mg/dl.
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF FEEDS (Weende analysis)
99. In horse azoturia the serum creatinine phospho kinase(CPK) level is highest in skeletal and
cardiac muscle degeneration. The AST level is also increased.
Moisture Drying at 100-105oC
100. Normal serum magnesium level is 1.7 to 3 mg/dl. In hypomagnesaemia it reduces to 0.5mg/dl.
101. Fatty liver syndrome is treated by administering choline chloride ( which facilitates the
Estimated indirectly by estimation of N2 and Multiplying
transportation of fatty acids from liver to fat deposits) and vitamin B12.
102. Baby pig disease due to hypoglycaemia. by 6.25 (i.e.100 units of protein contains 16 units of
Total Protein Nitrogen)
103. Thiamine hydrochloride helps in lactate metabolism and is given for acid indigestion.
104. TRP is also called as hardware disease.
105. Vagus indigestion is also called as Hoflund syndrome. Protein= N2 * 6.25
106. In vagus indigestion constipation is an important clinical sign.
Ether extract (fat) Extraction with petroleum ether in soxhlet apparatus
107. In vagus indigestion failure of two sites is seen;
a. Omasal transport failure
Done with ether extracted sample.
b. Pyloric outflow failure-causes hypochloric metabolic alkalosis
108. Bradycardia can be considered as a diagnostic factor for vagal indigestion.(ATROPINE test: given Crude fiber Boiling with weak acid (HCl) & weak alkali (NaOH).
30 mg of atropine sulphate s/c and heart beat is monitored for every 2 to 5 minutes)
Residue left represents CF.
109. LDA is common in high yielding dairy cows rather than RDA.
110. Ping sound (high-pitched) is heard in case ofLDA,RDA, cecal dilatation and tortion, intestinal Ash Ignite at 500oC to 600oC in muffle furnace.
tympany associated with acute obstruction or paralytic ileus, pneumoperitonium, tortion of the coile
colon. NFE ( Nitrogen Free Extract ) 100 - Sum of other fractions.
111. Pung(low pitched ping) is heard in gas filled rumen.
112. The etiology for secondary bloat is oesophageal obstruction,vagus indigestion, diaphragmatic (Not estimated by analysis) calculated by difference
hernia, tetanus, TRP, tumors, hypocalcemia, hydatid cyst, worm infestation(amphistomosis)
113. Treatment of choice for acid indigestion is 5% sodium Bicarbonate.  None of the proximate principles is a chemical compound
114. Treatment of choice for milk fever is 25% calcium borogluconate.
115. Treatment of choice for eclampsia in bitches is 10% calcium borogluconate. Order of priority for nutrients
116. Treatment for ovine ketosis is 5% dextrose
117. Treatment of choice in bovine ketosis is 50% dextrose (replacement therapy). As hormonal Water, Energy, protein, Minerals, Vitamins (Water is also a nutrient.)
therapy it is dexamethasone.
118. Treatment of hypomagnesaemia is with 25% calcium borogluconate and 5% magnesium ANTI NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
hypophosphate.
119. Milk fever is common in Jersey cows. Anti nutritional factor Source Remarks Methods of removal
120. Ketosis is common in Guernsy cows.
121. Downer cow syndrome is common in Holstein Friesian. Substances decreasing metabolic utilization of protein

Protease inhibitors Seeds of Heat treatment

legumes
Trypsin inhibitors
(Kunitz inhibitors Soya bean
&Bowman Brick
inhibitors)

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Lectins or Castor bean Heat treatment Horses& Ruminants
Ricin(haemagglutinins) more resistant.

Anti vitamins
Saponin Lucerne Bloat in
ruminants Raw soya Lowering of vit A Heating in steam
Soyabean Anti vitamin A beans carotene in Blood
Poultry- (Lipoxygenase) plasma
depression of
growth Anti vitamin D Isolated soya Autoclaving
protein
Poly phenolic Sal seed meal Physical–soaking & working
compounds Anti vitamin E Raw kidney Muscular dystrophy Autoclaving
Sorghum Chemical – Poly ethylene
bean
Tannins glycol (PEG),Polyvinyl
pyroldone (PVP) Anti vitamin K Sweet clover Sweet clover
Alkali (NaOH)Formaldehyde, (Dicoumarol) disease
Methanol Anti Pyridoxine Linseed meal Autoclaving
(Linatine)
Substances interfering with mineral utilization

Phytic acid Soya bean, Forms Zn-phytate Anti Biotin Raw egg white Avidin binds with Heating
complex. biotin.
Cotton seed
meal Ruminants can
hydrolyse using Cyanogens - Cyanogenics glycosides.
phytase enzyme
 Converted to prussic acid or hydrocyanic acid.
Oxalic acid Beet Forming insoluble  Produce anoxia of the central nervous system.
calcium oxalate  Ruminants are more susceptible especially cattle.
Spinach complex.Causes  Immature sorghum green fodder/ tapioca leaves feeding should be avoided.
hypocalcaemia  Rx- Cattle 3g sodium nitrate & 15g sodium thiosulaphate in 200ml H2O
Sheep 1g sodium nitrate & 2.5g sodium thiosulaphate in 50ml H2O
Glucosinolates Brassica sp – Depress Synthesis
(Injected intravenously)
cabbage , of thyroid hormone.
turnips Cooking
mustard seed Ruminants appear
to be less Fodder
susceptible.
 The ensiling process requires 2-3 weeks for converting forage into silage.
Toxic to pigs &  Chief acid of silage is Lactic acid
poultry  Flieg index is a commonly used method for evaluation of Silage quality
 Zero grazing or soiling is a method in which herbage is cut each day and brought to animals in
containment.
 The central fodder seed production farm is located at Hesserghata
Gossypol Cotton seed Forms complex Toxic effect can be
 Oat and Berseem are rabi crops
with Iron. overcome by
 Sorghum maize and soya bean are kharif crops
supplementing ferrous
Pigs & rabbits more  Molasses Brix is a term used to refer the amount of sugar content in molasses
sulphate  Molasses can be used upto10-15% in ruminant ration and 25% in poulty feed.
susceptible.
 Dry matter consumption in cattle‘s about 2-2.5 kg for every 100 by of live weight.
 Domesticated ruminant with high dry matter consumption is goat (5-7%).
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 Moisture content of Haylage is 40-45%  Which nutrient is considered first while formulating ration? Energy
Moisture percentage of hay should not exceed 15%  1 kg of TDN is equivalent to 4400 Kcal of DE and 3520 Kcal of ME
Hay prepared from mixed crops of legumes and non-legumes is known as mixed hay.  Bomb calorimeter is used to estimate Gross energy of feed.
The best time for cutting a crop for hay making is when it is one third to a half in blossom.  Reference standard in a Bomb calorimeter is Benzoic acid
The loss of nutrients in hay making occurs through bleaching, leaching and shattering.  Digestible energy is represented by portion of feed energy consumed which is not excreted in
Which feed supplies both by pass protein and by pass fat? cotton seed meal. faeces.
Feeding schedule of animal should be based on body weight  Net energy is the ideal method of expressing the nutritive energy of feed.
Feed additive is a non – nutritive product that affect the feed utilization or performance of animal  Any surplus in the concentration of ATP favours formation of phosphocreatine, a major storage
Oyster shell and lime stones are used as grit in poultry feeds. form in all domestic animals
Antibiotics as feed additives is recommended only in pigs & poultry  The calorific value of glucose is 673 kcal
Kernel is a dehulled seed.  In glycogenesis 2 ATP are used in incorporation of glucose into glycogen
A uniform mixture of one or more micro ingredients and a carrier used in the introduction of micro  Muscle glylogen serve as ATP or fuel reserve where as liver serve as glucose reserve.
ingredients into a larger mixture is known as pre-mix  Calorific value of fat is 9.3 kcal/ gram
 Alkaloid in legume which predispose bloat is Saponin  The net gain of ATP from oxidation of mole of a palmitic acid is 130
 In a digestibility trial, the causal faecal collection period for ruminants is about 10 days  In glycogen molecule straight chain bonding is of alpha 1, 6 glucosidic bond and branching takes
 The dry matter of plant origin according to Van-Soest method consists of cell wall contents and cell place at alpha 1,6 glucosidic bond.
contents  Gluconeogenesis is almost reverse of glycolsis
Rumen  Gluconeogenesis differs form glycolysis by four enzymes.
 Glucose is also known as Grape Sugar or Dextrose.
 The urease activity of rumen bacteria converts urea to ammonia in rumen.  D-Glucose is the sugar of the body.
 The unsaturated fatty acids under go Biohydrogentaion reaction inside the rumen.  Only naturally occurring ketohexose is fructose
 The temperature of rumen varies from 38-42 oC with an average of 39oC  Sweetest of all sugar is fructose.
 The main gases inside reticulo-rumen CO2, CH4 and N2 occurs in 65%, 25% and 7% respectively.  Cow milk contains about 4.5% lactose (milk sugar)
 Ruminal gas production 30 lit /hr after feeding of animals  In terms of structure glycogen is similar to amylopectin
 Ruminal gases CO2, CH4, H2.N2.  Break down of glycogen is catalyzed by phosphorylase enzyme
 4.5 gms of CH4 Produced from 100 gms of carbohydrates  Complete hydrolysis of cellulose yields only D-glucose while partial hydrolysis yields cellobiose.
 Most of the rumen protozoa are ciliated  In horse VFA is are absorbed through Caecum & colon
 Ruminal fermentation by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa‟s  Carbohydrate provides more than 50% of the energy value of the diet.
 Starch provides carbon skeleton for better utilization urea  Ketosis and acidosis are the result of imbalances between input and output of energy in ruminant
 Methane production require 8% of gross energy intake animals.
 Average number of micro-organisms in rumen liquor/ ml  Ketosis is said to be developed if the ketone concentration of blood 50mg/100ml or more
o Total bacterial count - 1 x 1010  The branching enzyme of glycogen synthesis is Glulosyl 4,6 transferase and the de branching
o Protozoa - 1 x 106 enzyme is Glucosidase
o Oscilospira - 1 x 104  VFA having maximum absorption rate is Butyrate
o Yeast - 1 x 103  Starch digestibility in rumen ranges from 63-70%.
 Buytric acid converted to ketone bodies by the the ruminal epithelium.  Chief cellulose degrading bacteria of rumen is Fibrobacter succinogens
 Urea toxicity results when the rumen ammonia level exceeds 80 mg/100ml.  Only VFA present in appreciable quantity in peripheral blood as an important energy source is
 Under normal conditions the calf rumen becomes functional in about six to eight weeks Acetate
 E.coli produces panthothenic acid  The products of CHO fermentation in ruminants supply energy and carbon skeleton for the synthesis
Water of amino acid for microbial protein synthesis
Protein
 The bulk of the water in extracellular and intracellular fluids which acts as solvent for inorganic and
organic compounds is known as free water.  Rice bran must have 14% CP and less than 14% crude fiber
 The water available to the animal body by biochemical reaction is known as metabolic water.  Microbial yield of protein ranges from 90g- 230g for kg of organic matter digested.
 Water bound with proteins in colloidal system or water present inside cells as hydrated ions is bound  Iodinated casein has the same physiological effect as thyroxine.
water.  DTP + CP = protein equivalent
 Approximately loss of more than 10% of water may result in death 2
 Water content in the boby of new born calf is about 80%
 The conversion factor for converting milk‘s nitrogen to CP is 6.38 instead of 6.25
 Stutzer‟s reagent is used for the determination of true protein.
Energy  The net protein utilisation of bacterial protein is about 0.59
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  Biological value of microbial protein is about 80 Vitamins
 The great demand of undegradable protein is in the diet of high yielders and young ruminants
(rumen not developed.)  Vitamin D3 is cholecalciferol
 Methionine hydroxyl Analogue (MHA) is an amino acid analogue used in by pass protein Rhodopsin is also known as visual purple.
principle.  If no green is fed to ruminants the concentrate mixture should have Vitamin A at the rate of 5000
 Absorption of amino acid occurs mostly in proximal jejunum of SI. IU/Kg
 The amino acids which give rise to Acetyl Co-A and consequently the potential fatty acid producers  Fatal syncope in calves and pigs is due to deficiency of Vitamin E
are called as ketogenic aa . Others
 Leucine is the only true ketogenic amino acid.
 More than 80% of the urinay nitrogen is excreted in the form of urea  Growth rate of male and female calves is similar up to age of 3 months
 The approx metabolic faecal nitrogen in ruminants is 5 gram  In Camels, Llamas, Alpacas and Vicunas which are also ruminants but omasum is missing, so may
 Uric acid is a catabolite of purine. be called as pseudo ruminants
 For the conversion of uric acid to allantoin uricase enzyme is required.  Maximum permitted level of aflatoxin in animal feeds (as per prevention of food adulteration act is
 Chief end product of purine metabolism in ruminants is Allantoin about 30 ppb (0.03 ppm)
 The minimum nitrogen excretion from a animal on a protein free diet through faeces and urine is  N: S ratio of wool is 5 :1
known as MFN and EUN respectively.  Richest source of Prostaglandins is seminal fluid of sheep
 The excess body amino acids are disposed by transamination & oxidative deamination process.  Synthetic analogues of naturally occurring prostaglandins are called prostanoids.
 Citrulline is an amino acid produced in the urea cycle
 Protein does not store as a reserve like fat, CH2O TRUE/FALSE
 Sequence of protein depletion Liver>kidney>heart>skeletal muscles
 Animals yielding as high as 10 liters of milk can be maintained solely on green fodders T/F
Fat  Most of the rumen bacteria are non-spore forming gram positive anaerobes T/F
 Considering energy yield to cell and anaerobic glycolysis is the more efficient mechanism. T/ F
 The referral temp at which lipid (fat) is a solid & lipid (oil) is a liquid is 25oC
 Glycolysis may proceed in the presence or absence of oxygen -T /F.
 The diff in melting point of lipid reflects the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid constituents.  Glucose and sucrose have same calorific value but glucose less sweetest than sucrose. T/F
 In the body linoleic acid is converted to Arachidonic acid.  Insulin secretion in the ruminant is stimulated by a rise in VFA concentration -T/F
 Phosphatidyl choline is commonly known as lecithin  If blood glucose falls milk yield tends to fall in parallel- T/F
 Phosphatidyl ethanolamine is commonly known as cephalin.  The digestibility of protozoa protein is lower than the bacterial protein T/F
 The simplest glycolipid is cerebroside and the complex one is ganglioside  In denaturation hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins occur T/F
 Low density lipoproteins are the chief carries of cholesterol.  While formulating a ration single protein source is always recommended- T/ F(Only combination of
 HMP shunt or pentose phosphate pathway is an important way to produce NADPH for fat synthesis. protein source is recommended.)
 Dietary fatty acids apperars in the lymph as chylomicrons .  Each amino acid has its own characteristic isoelectric PH T/F
 In ruminants glucose cannot be converted in to fat as it lacks ATP citrate lyase and NADP malate  Bile juice contains no enzymes T/F
dehydrogenase  Chylomicrons do not enter the portal blood directly but enter body primarily through lymph system-
 Fatty acid synthase complex contains seven number of enzymes. T/F
 Mitrochondrial elongation of fatty acid starts usually with palmitic acid  Chemical substances that increase bile secretion are called choleretics.-T/F
 The catabolism of fatty acids to Co2 & H20 occurs by sequential combination of beta- oxidation  Body doesn‘t excrete iron T/F
cycle and TCA cycle  Alkali disease is due to the deficiency of selenium T/F
 Fatty liver syndrome due to feeding of cereal grains – deficiency of BIOTIN
Questions
 Nervous form ketosis is caused by Isoproponol
 Biosynthesis of fatty acids pigs – adipose tissue Birds- liver, cattle, sheep – liver and adipose  Rumen degradable protein content is highest for ?
tissue a. Soybean meal
b. Coconut cake
Minerals
c. Groundnut cake
 Enzootic neonatal ataxia is caused due to the deficiency of copper in young animals. d. Fish meal
 Which of the following is most important in inhibiting the digestibility of paddy straw ?
 The animal feed mostly contains iron as ferric (Fe+++) which is converted to ferrous by the acid
a. Lignin
medium of stomach.
b. Silica
 Deficiency of iron causes Microcytic hypochromic anaemia in pigs and chicks, but in calves it
c. Hemicellulose
causes microcytic normochromic anaemia.
d. Oxalate
 Enzootic marasmus is a deficiency disease of cobalt.  Concentration of Ammonia and Total VFA in rumen is highest for?
 Phosphorus content of bran is 1.2-1.5% a. Goat
 Transport form of copper Ceruloplasmin with α2 globulin in blood and plasma b. Buffalo
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 c. Sheep  Casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin
d. Cattle  Rich in lysine and valine
 Most promising initial symptomof Vitamin A deficiency in cows and horses?  Casein constitutes 80% of total protein
a. Copius lacrymation  Casein exist as Ca-caseinate phosphate
b. Copius salivation  α-lactalbumin is not coagulated by rennet and acids but by heat
c. Xeropthalmiia  lactoferritin and lysozyme have bioprotective effect
d. Night blindness LACTOSE:
 ……….% NDF in total ration is critical for maintenance of normal milk fat
a. 66%  Whey is the rich source of lactose
b. 18%  Lactose is least variable factor
c. 73%
 Important factor for cheese, dahi, and buttermilk
d. 36%
MINERALS:
 Urea supplement is not recommended if CP content of ruminant diet is above ?
a. 18%  Buffalo milk have more of Ca and less of inorganic P than cow milk
b. 25%
 In mastitis milk chloride : lactose ration is high
c. 7%
VITAMINS:
d. 13%
DAIRY SCIENCE  Good source of thiamine & riboflavin
 Poor source of Vit C & D
PIGMENTS:
COMPOSITION OF MILK
 Fat soluble - carotene & xanthophylls
Water Fat SNF Protein Lactose Ash  Water soluble - riboflavin
FLAVOUR:
Cow 86.6% 4.6 9.25 3.4 4.9 0.7
 Growth of bacteria – fruity, malty ,acid
Buffalo 84.2% 6.6 9.86 3.9 5.2 0.8  Lipase – rancid
 Processed milk – cooked flavour due to sulphydrl group
Goat 86.5% 4.5 7.75 3.5 4.7 0.8  Oxidation – cardboard flavour
 Dried milk – tallowy
Ewe 79.4% 8.6 11.39 6.6 4.3 1.0  Other products – metallic or paint
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MILK:
Sow 89.6% 4.8 5.86 1.3 3.4 0.9
 PH -6.5-6.7
Human 87.7% 3.6 8.82 1.8 6.8 0.1
 Alkaline PH - Mastitis milk
Ass 90.0% 1.3 8.44 1.7 6.5 0.5  Acidic PH - Added colostrums or bacterial deterioration
 Natural acidity is due to casein, acid phosphatase and citrate
 Developed acidity is due to lactose
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
 Milk – clean lacteal secretion with SNF not less that 8.5% and fat not less than 3.5% after 72 hours
of calving or free from colostrum.  Specific gravity of Cow milk is 1.028-1.032
 Water act as carrier for other constituents  Specific gravity of Buffalo milk is 1.030-1.034
FAT:  Determined by lactometer at 15.60C
 More fat content leads to low SG and vice versa
 Fat is the most variable factor  Addition of water decreases SG
 Size of fat globule become smaller and more in number as lactation in advance.  Addition of solids increases SG
 Larger size of fat leads to quicker rise to cream and easy to churn FREEZING POINT:
 Small fat globules are best suited for cheese making since less fat is lost in whey.
 Melting point of fat is 33 – 33.50C  Cow milk = -0.512 to -0.572
 Milk fat is rich in vitamin A and D  Buffalo milk = -0.521 to -0.575
MILK PROTEIN:  Determined by Cryoscopy
BOILING POINT:

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  Boilingt point of milk - 100.170C to 1010C  Extend milk to 15 to 30 days
BACTERIA IN MILK: HOMO GENISATION :

 Pscyrophillic: 3 - 20 0C eg: Pseudomonas fragi, P.flourescens  Reducing fat globule size to 1 micron or less.
(Optimum is 7 0C)  Disintegration of fat globule is achieved by turbulence and cavitations
 Raw milk upon homogenisation before pasteurization results in rancidity due to activation of lipase
 Mesophillic: 20 - 50 0C eg: Streptococcus cremoris, S.lactis activity.
(Optimum is 37 0C)

 Thermophillic: Above 50 0C eg: Lactobacillus thermophillus,

Bacillus calidolactis

 Lactose fermenters – Homofermentative - Strep.cremoris, S.lactis

Heterofermentative - Lactobacillus sp, Leuconostoc sp, CREAM:

 Proteolytic bacteria: B.subtilis, B.cremori, Pseudomonas putrifaciens Water Fat Protein Lactose Ash Total solid SNF
 Lipolytic: P.fragi, P.flouresence
CHANGE IN COLOUR OF MILK: 68.2% 25% 2.54% 3.71% 0.56% 31.8% 6.8%

 Blue – Pseudomonas syncyanea (Bluish Gray), S.lactis (Dark Blue)  Not less than 25% fat.
 Yellow – P synxanthia, Flavobacterium  Pasteurization temperature for cream by LTLT is 71 0C for 20 mts
 Red - Serratia macescans, Brevibacterium erythrogenes, Micrococcus rosenes  Pasteurization temperature for cream by HTST is 95 -100 0C for 15–16 sec
 Brown - P.putreafaciens, P.flourescens  Cream separator works by strokes law (centrifugal force).
ADULTERATION:  If fat screw IN – More fat in cream
 If skim milk screw OUT – more fat in cream
Water up to 3% allowed Types of cream:
Presence of neutralizers is identified by Rosalic acid test
In Rosalic acid test appearance of pink color - NaOH, KOH,CaOH  Table Cream, Light Cream, Coffee Cream – 20 – 25 % milk fat
In Rosalic acid test appearance of rose red color – sodium carbonate or sodium bi carbonate  Whipping Cream, Heavy Cream – 30 – 40 % milk fat
In Rosalic acid test appearance of brown color – Absence of any neutralizers  Plastic Cream - 65 -80 % milk fat
BUTTER :
Presence of starch is identified by Iodine test. Blue color indicates positive.
Gelatin is identified by Picric acid test. Yellow precipitate is positive. Moisture 16.2%
Cane sugar is identified by Resorcinol test. Red color is positive
Glucose is identified by Barfoed test. Red precipitate is positive. Fat 80.2%
Buffalo milk in cow‟s mild is identified by Hansa test.
Skin milk powder is identified by Nitric acid test. Orange color is positive. Yellow color is normal Curd 1.1%
milk.
 Vanaspathi in milk is identified by Baudoin test. This is because vanaspathi contains sesame oil. Salt 2.5%
 Delvotest kit detects Anti biotics and sulpha residues.
PASTEURIZATION :  Not less than 80% fat not more than 16% moisture and not more than 3 % salt
 Flavouring agent for butter is Diacetyl. It must not exceed 4 ppm.
 Holding and continuous  Cream for butter making should contain 30 – 40 % fat and pasteurized at 630C for 1 hour or 88 C for
 LTLT - 63 0C for 30 min 10 mins
 HTST – 72 0C for 15 sec  Churning is done at 10 0C not exceeding 30 – 40 min, lose in butter milk should not exceed fat of
 UHT – 135 to 150 0C for fraction of seconds / with no hold. 0.2 %
 Glycol is used as coolant in HTST.  Sweat cream butter have acidity with in limit of 0.2 % if it exceeds 0.2 % then it is sour cream butter.
THERMISATION:  Neutralizers for butter is soda (sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) and lime (CaOH, CaO)

 Heating below pasteurization temperature to temporally inhibit bacterial growth.

 63 to 65 0C for 15 sec GHEE:
ULTRA PASTEURIZATION :
 Clarified milk fat
 115- 130 0C for 2 to 4 seconds and cooling below 4 0C.  99% or more of fat, moisture not more than 0.5%
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  Potential source of energy - 9.3 cal/g Standardized Toned milk Double Skin milk Recombined
 Melting point 28 to 44 0C specific gravity is 0.93 to 0.94 milk toned milk milk
 Antioxidants like ethyl gallate and hydroquinine is used
CHEESE: Fat 4.5 3.0 1.5 0.5 3.0

Water Fat Protein Ash SNF 8.5 8.5 9.0 8.7 8.5

Cheddar 36.8 33.8 23.7 5.6

Cottage 69.8 1.0 23.3 1.9 PASTEURIZATION TEMPERATURE

 By coagulating casein Batch method Continuous method

 Hard cheese not more than 43% moisture not less than 42 % fat Milk 63 0C for 30 min 72 0C for 15 sec
 Freezing done at – 4.5 C for fresh cheese and -14.5 C for one year old cheese Ice cream 68 0C for 30 min 80 0C for 25 sec
 Cottage cheese is prepared from pasteurized skim milk Cream 71 0C for 20 min 95 – 100 0C for 20 sec
 Mozzarella cheese is best suited for pizza making
ICE CREAM:

Fat SNF Sugar Total solid

Economy 10-12 10-11 13-15 35-37

Good ice cream 12-14 8-9 13-16 37-39

Deluxe 16-20 5-9 13-17 40-41

 Not less than 10% fat

 Rapid freezing of pasteurized milk with agitation to in corporate air IMPORTANT TEMPERATURES
 Emulsifiers not more than 0.5 %
 Over run in ice cream not exceeding 80 % PROCESS TEMPERATURE
 Phosphatase test negative 0
Crystallization of condensed milk 35-40 C

Bactofugation 55-600C

MILK POWDER: Homogenization 60-650C

 Drying under low temperature LTLT 630C(15 mts)

 Moisture less than 5 %
Thermization 680C(15 sec)
 Fat not less than 26%
Whole milk powder Skim milk powder HTST 720C(15 sec)
Moisture 3.5% 3.5% Stassanization 740C (7 sec)
Fat 27.5% 0.8%(not more than 1.5%) Clarification of ghee 1100C
Protein 26.4% 35.4% Pilot sterilization 1170C(15 mts)
Lactose 37.7% 52.3% Ultra pasteurization 1300C(2-4 sec)
Ash 5.9% 8.0% UHT milk 135-1500C

Freezing points

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Milk -0.525 to -0.5650C B.burgdorferi Lyme disease
Bortodella B.avium Turkey coryza
0
Evaporated milk -1.3 C B.parapertusus Wooping cough – children
B.bronchiceptica Kennal cough/atropic rhinitis
Condensed milk -14. 90C Morexella M.bovis Infectious kerato conjunctivitis/Pink
0 eye/new forest disease
Cheddar cheese -4.5 C
Fusobacterium F.necrophorum Bull nose – pigs
Thrush – horse
Meat -1 to -1.50C
Bush foot – pigs
Black pox/black spot
Bacterioides B.nodosus Foot rot - sheep
PFA STANDERDS Mycoplasma M.mycoides CBPP
CCPP
PRODUCT MORE THAN(>) LESS THAN(<) STORAGE TEMP M.agalactiae Contagious agalactiae
0
M.gallicepticum Chronic respiratory disease
Cream 25% Fat 5-10 C Infectious sinusitis - turkey
M.hypopneumonia Enzootic pneumonia/endemic
Butter 80% Fat 1.5% Curd -23 to -280C
pneumonia - pigs
3% Salt M.meleagridis Air sacculitis - turkey
0
Ice cream 10% Fat 3.5% protein -23 to -28 C
36% Total solids GOLD STANDERD TEST
0.5% Stabilizers&
Glanders Compliment fixation test(CFT)
Emulsifiers
Leptospira Microscopic agglutination test
Hard cheese 42% Fat 43% Moisture Cold curing(0-40C) Rinder pest Virus neutralization test
Rinder pest Compliment fixation test(CFT)
Warm curing(10-160C) ( confirmatory test )
PPR Virus neutralization test
Whole milk powder 26% Fat 5% Moisture 240C Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI)
Influenza
1.2% Acidity Rabies Fluorescent antibody test(FAT),
Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN)
Skim milk powder 5%Moisture 240C Swine fever FAVN
FMD Competitive ELISA
1.5%Fat Blue tongue Competitive ELISA, AGID, PCR
1.5%Acidity African horse sickness Indirect ELISA, CFT
IBD Quantitative AGID
Unsweetened 8% Fat 5-160C Equine infectious anemia Coggins test
condensed
milk(Evoporated 26% Milk solids
milk)

Sweetened 9% Fat 100C DON‟T CONFUSE

condensed milk
31% Milk solids Fowl coryza Hemophilsalis gallinarum
Turkey coryza Bartodella avium
40% Cane sugar
Gangrenous coryza Malignant catarrhal fever
Ghee 99% Fat 0.5% Moisture 210C Nutritional coryza Vitamin A deficiency

Mad dog disease Rabies

Mad cow disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
ANESTHESIOLOGY
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Kennel sickness Salmonella ATP sparer Creatine phosphate
Kennel cough Bartodella bronchiceptica Fat sparer Insulin
Protein sparer Growth hormone
Sweet itch/Queensland itch Culicoides
Dairy man itch Sarcoptic mange Deadly night shade Atropa belladona
Golden/black night shade Solanum nigrum
Bush foot Fusiformis necrophorus Woody night shade Solanum dulcamera
Bush disease Chlamydia psittaci
Bush sickness Cobalt deficiency

Liver rot Fasciola

Fleece rot Pseudomonas
Foot rot(sheep) Bacterioides nodosus
Foot rot (cattle ) Fusiformis necrophorus
Wool rot Dermatophilus congolensis

Shipping fever (Cattle) Pasturella

Shipping fever (Horse) Equine influenza

Thrush (horse) Fusobacterium

Thrush (poultry) Candidiasis TOTAL CONTROL

BRAIN PART FUNCTIONS

Pink eye (cattle) Moraxella bovis
Cerebrum Memory, initiative, volition, intelligence
Pink eye (horse ) Equine influenza
Sensory impulses like sight, smell, taste, etc.,
Blue eye Infectious canine hepatitis
Fear, anger, emotion
Grey eye/pearl eye Marek‘s disease
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Black eye New castle disease
Cerebellum Unconscious control
Balance
Co-ordination
Atrophic rhinitis Pasturella ,Bartonella Hypothalamus Hunger
Necrotic rhinitis IBRT Thirst
Body temperature
Enzootic abortion (cattle) Brucella Sleep
Enzootic abortion(ovines) Chlamydia Thalamus Relay center between sensory nerves& cerebral cortex
Epizootic abortion(cattle ) Campylobacter Basal ganglia Control muscular activity
Medulla oblongata Involuntary reflex actions like, respiration, coughing,
Infectious jaundice Leptospira vomiting,
Malignant jaundice Clostridium novyi type - B Salivary secretion
Heart beat rate
Red water disease Clostridium hemoglobinuria Reflex part of swallowing
Red water fever Babesia Amygdala Social ranking
Limbic system Aggressive behavior
Spleenic fever Anthrax
Malta fever/undulent fever Brucella
Q fever Coxiella burnetti

Black tongue Niacin deficiency

Red tongue Biotin deficiency

Vitamin A sparer Vitamin E

Vitamin E sparer Selenium
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 Cat plaque Feline panleukopenia
Rabbit plaque Tularensis
Duck plaque Duck viral enteritis
Bubonic plaque Yersinia pestis
Lung plaque CBPP
White plaque Mycobacterium tuberculosis
FATHERS
BLACKS
Veterinary science Salihotra Black quarter Clostridium chauvoei
Anatomy Cladius galon Black leg Clostridium chauvoei
Bacteriology Robert koch Black head Histomonas meleagridis
Cellular & modern pathology Rudolph virchow Black disease Clostridium novyi - Type B
Chemotherapy Paul ehrlich Black flies Simulium indicum
Experimental pathology John hunter Black death Yersinia pestis
Immunology Edwerd jenner Black tongue Niacin deficiency
Microbiology Louis pasteur PSEUDOS
Medicine Hippocrates Pseudo FMD Blue tongue
Vet medicine Ranatus vegetius Pseudo cow pox Milkers nodule
Vet pharmacology Rudolph bucheu Pseudo rinder pest PPR
Parasitology Fraucisco redi Pseudo tuberculosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Surgery Sasruta Pseudo rabies Aujeskeys disease/infectious bulbar paralysis
Modern toxicology M.J.B.Orfila Pseudo fowl plaque New castle disease
Vet protozoology leukart Pseudo glanders Equine epizootic lymphangitis
Vet radiology Richerd BODIES
Sociology August comte Bollinger bodies Fowl pox
Economics Adam smith Joset bodies Borna disese
Nutrition Lavoisier Dohle‘s bodies Aggregates of ribosomes in neutrophils
Modern embryology Karl ernst van baer Koch blue bodies Theileriosis
Meat inspection Ostertag Councilman bodies Yellow fever in man
Animal breeding Robert bakewell Negri bodies Rabies
Marketing Philip kotler Guarnieri bodies Cow pox

ORIGINS

ECTODERM ENDODERM MESODERM

Nervous system Skeletal system Digestive system
Pituitary gland Muscular system Respiratory system
Salivary gland Urinary system Liver
Sweat gland Genital system Pancreas
Mammary gland Blood vessels
Stomodium (mouth) Spleen
Enamel kidney
Skin - Epidermis Skin – Dermis & Corium
Sense organs(Ear&Eye) Middle ear
External ear
Internal ear
Nasal cavity
PLAQUES Anus
Cattle plaque Rinder pest Tongue & palate
Equine plaque African horse sickness Nail, hoof, horn &hair
Goat plaque PPR
Fowl plaque Avian influenza
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specimans Bile pigment in urine Pouchet test
Insects, fleas, lice 70% alcohol or 50% formalin Gmelins test
Urine Chemical analysis Toluene or 40% formalin Bile salt in urine Hay‘s test
Ammonia, Creatine Thymol(0.1 gm /100ml of urine)
Calcium& phosphorous Conc Hcl Casoni‘s test Hydatidosis
ketosteroids Chloroform Tricin test Trichomoniasis
Cytological studies 40% ethanol Mucous agglutination test Trichomoniasis
Hormones No preservatives Capillary agglutination test Anaplasma & Babesia
Bacteriological No preservatives Sabin & Feldman dye test Toxoplasma
examination Farmal gel test Trypanasomiasis
Blood Stilbamidine test
Blood smears Bacteria Heat fixation Mercuric chloride test
Protozoa & DLC Methyl alcohol & absolute alcohol Coggins test Equine infectious anemia
Blood samples Bacterial culture No preservative Cuboni‘s test Pregnancy diagnosis mare(estrogen in urine)
Virus isolation Buffered glycerine Ascheim zondek test(AZ Test) Pregnancy diagnosis mare(PMSG in serum)
Biochemical Blood urea Potassium oxalate Malachite green test Test for imperfect bleeding of meat
analysis Hotis test Streptococcus agalactiae
Blood sugar Sodium fluoride or potassium oxalate Dick test Streptococcus pyogens
Calcium Heparinized blood Bacitracin test Streptococcus pyogens
Ketones Oxalate or sodium fluoride Elek‘s test Corynebacterium
Pyruvate Citrate /10% Trichloro acetic acid/3% Antons test Listeria
perchloric acid Ascoli‘s test Anthrax
Serum Serological test Phenol/methiolate/unpreserved String of pearls test Anthrax
CSF Electrolyte EDTA Stormont test Tuberculosis
Glucose Sodium fluoride Spoligo test Paratuberculosis
Milk Bacteriological Unpreserved in ice Eijkman test E.coli
TB organism 0.1% Boric acid Ames test Salmonella
Biopsy samples 10% formalin Card test Brucella
Tissues Bacteriological studies Unpreserved in ice Rivanol/Mercaptoethanol test
Viral studies 5% glycerine Abortus bang ring test
Histopathology 10% formalin Rose Bengal test
Synovial fluid EDTA/sodium citrate Kanagawa test Vibriosis
Coomb‘s test Brucellosis &Auto hemolytic anemia
TEST FOR YOU Halothane test Porcine stress syndrome
COFAL test Lymphoid leucosis
Mcfadean reaction Bacillus anthracis
Milk fever Sulkowitch test(Ca in urine) Nagler reaction Clostridium perfringens
Hypomagnesemia Xylidil test(Mg in urine) Stormy clot reaction Clostridium perfringens
Simple indigestion Sedimentation activity test Weilfelix reaction Ricketsia
Ketosis Rothra‘s test(ketone bodies in urine) Quelling/swelling reaction Klebsiella
Ross test/Cow side test(ketone bodies in milk) Caslicks operation Pneumovagina in horse
LDA Liptak test Whipples operation Vaginal prolapse in dog
Mules operation For prevention of blow fly strike
TRP Pole or Bamboo test
Hobday operation Roaring in horse
Cyanide poisoning Picrate test ADULTERATION OF MILK
Nitrate poisoning Diphenylamine blue test Storch test/Guaicol test Heated milk with fresh milk
Starch iodine test Freezing point depression Water in milk
Hematuria Benzedine test(RBC in urine) Rozalic acid test Alkali neutralizers in milk
Glycosuria Benedicts test(Glucose in urine) Iodine test Starch
Proteinuria Hellers test Picric acid test Gelatin
Biuret test Barfoed‘s test Glucose
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Hansa test Buffalo milk in cow milk Fatty liver kidney syndrome Avidin- Antri nutritional factor
Nitric acid test Skim milk powder in milk Choline Perosis /slipped tendon
Baudoin test Sesame oil in ghee
Pytosterol acetate test Vegetable oil in ghee
Phosphorous test Pasteurization efficiency
MINERALS

MINERAL DEFICIENCY REMARKS

Calcium Rickets - young Bood level = 9-12 mg/dl
VITAMINS Osteomalacia - adults
Parturient paresis - cattle
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY REMARKS Lactation tetany - horse
Vitamin A (Retinol) Night blindness Anti infectious vitamin Eclampsia - dog
Xerophthalmia Rods –dim light-rhodopsin Soft shelled eggs - poultry
Nutritional roup - chicken Cons – bright light - iodopsin Phosphorus Pica or Allotriophagy Blood level = 4-12 mg/dl
Lamsiekte (lame sickness) Pica predisposes botulism.
Vitamin D(calciferol) Rickets – young Anti rachitic factor
Potassium Muscle weakness Intra cellular ion
Osteomalacia –adults Calcifediol –circulatory form
Sodium Corneal keratinization Extra cellular ion
Rickety rosary -chickens Calcitriol –active form
Cannibalism &feather pecking - Birds
VitaminE(tocopherols) Crazy chick Anti sterility factor
Sodium chloride Heat exhaustion In the absence of aldosterone,
disease/encephalomalacia- Vitamin A sparer
(salt) Dehydration Nacl cannot be reabsorbed by
chicks Potent antioxident
kidney – Addison‘s disease.
Exudative diathesis-chicks
Nutritional muscular dystrophy
– chicks Sulphur For efficient utilization of urea a Sulphur containing
Stiff lamb disease – lamb nitrogen : sulphur ratio of 10:1 is Amino acid– Cystine,
White muscle disease-calf suggested. Cysteine,Methionine
Mulberry heart disease-pig Hormone – Insulin
Vitamin – Biotin&Thiamine
Vitamin K Haemorrhagic blemishes Dicumerol – Anti vitamin K
Sweet clover disease Treatment of sweet clover Magnesium Hypo magnesemic tetany/grass Blood level = 1.7-4 mg/dl
poisoning tetany/grass staggers/lactation tetany NH3 prevents absorption of Mg.
Wheat poisoning K depresses serum Mg.
Vitamin C(Ascorbic Haemorrhagic diathesis Stored in adrenal & pituitary
Stepping syndrome - pigs
acid/hexuronic acid) Scurvy gland
Enzyme L-gluconolactone Iron Piglet anemia Ferritin – storage form
oxidase necessary for its Thumps Transferrin – circulatory form
synthesis Absorption form – Fe2+ (ferrous)
Circulatory form –Fe3+(ferric)
Vitamin B1(Thiamin) Beri – beri/peripheral neuritis Energy releasing vitamin
Star gazing attitude Raw fish contain thiaminase Zinc Parakeratosis Stored in bones
Chastek paralysis enzyme Swallon hock syndrome
Wernick‘s encephalopathy Crooked leg
Vitamin B2(riboflavin) Curled toe paralysis –chicks Manganese Perosis Enlargement of Tibiometatarsal
Clubbed down condition Slipped tendon joint
Cheilosis - man Slipping of gastrochnemious or
Achilles tendon
Vitamin Black tongue – dogs Tryptophan is pro vitamin to
B3(Niacin/Nicotinic acid) Pig pellagra niacin Copper Salt sick - cattle High molybdenum causes
Enzootic ataxia - lambs conditional Copper deficiency
Vitamin B6(pyridoxine) Goose stepping gait Eluate factor
Steely wool - sheep
Vitamin Pernicious anemia Animal protein factor
Sway back/swing back/gingin Rickets ↑S ∫ Cu
B12(Cyanocobalamin) Microbes of family
– lambs&calves ↑Mo ∫ defieciency
Actinomycetacea can synthesis it
Falling disease - cattle
Pantothenic acid Scaly dermatitis Filtrate factor
Dissecting aneurysm - chicks
Dog sitting posture in pigs
Scouring/peat scours/teart - cattle
Folic acid Macrocytic anemia
Iodine Goiter
Biotin Scaly dermatitis Preventive against ―Egg white
Critinism – young
Red tongue injury‖
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 Myxedema - old Fresh bone 45%
Cobalt Enzootic marasmus Silage 60 – 65%
Hill sickness RBC 60 – 75%
Bush sickness Animal body 65%
Coast disease Whole egg 65%
Wasting disease Meat 72%
Nakuritis Animal cell 70-85%
Pinning Milk 87%
Embryo 90%
Molybdenum Toxicity Plasma 91%
Teart Bile 97%
Peat scours Spinal fluid 99%
Fluorine Toxicity
Shifting lameness
Mottling teeth TRIVIALS
Selenium Muscular dystrophy (white muscle Influence Vit E absorption
disease) Antagonistic to sulphur  Amount of energy lost through methane production – 7%
Predisposes retained placenta and Improves hatchability of eggs  Rate of gas production in rumen – 30 litres/hour
abortion in sheep Toxicity
 Amount VFA in rumen fluid - 60 – 120 meq/lit
Blind staggers(Acute)
Alkali disease(Chronic)  Life span of RBC in birds – 28-35 days
 Feulgen stain is used for demonstration of nucleus in DNA
 Degnala disease is caused by feeding of Mycotoxin contaminated straw
RARE DISEASES
 Larva of Anguina agrostis causes nematode poisoning
Corridor disease Theileria lawrensi  Standard unit for measuring radiation - Becquerel
Border disease (sheep) Togoviridae  Suppression of immune response (anergy) can be treated with levamisole
Edema disease (pigs) E.coli  Temperature of blood in the body – 38 – 40 0C
Chewing disease(horse) Centaurea solstitialis  Bracken poisoning causes Bright blindness in sheep
Derzsy‘s disease(goose) Goose parvo virus I
 Cat has, proportionately to the size of its body, the largest brain
Sleepy foal disease Actionbacillus equli
Gilchrist disease(man) Blastomycosis  Edema disease in pigs is caused by E.coli
Graves disease Exophthalmic goiter  Reagent used in California mastitis test - Teepol Reagent
Grouse disease Trichostrongylus tenuis  Earliest recognized carcinogen – Soot
Morels disease Gram positive micrococci  False pregnancy in goat is also termed as – cloud burst
Nairobi sheep disease Bunyavirus  Removal of infected tissue from a wound surface is called debridement
New forest disease Infectious bovine keratitis
 A gap between front & cheek teeth in ruminants is diastema
Pullet disease Reo virus
Vent disease Treponema cuniculi  Drug used in flea collars – Dichlorvas
Schmorl‘s disease(rabbit) Bacteroides necrophorus  Dog sitting posture in pigs is seen in pantothenic acid deficiency
Creutzfeldt –jacob disease(human) Prions  ELISA was developed by Engvall & Perlmann
Tzaneen disease Theileria mutans  New market cough is a synonym for Equine influenza
Wesslsborn disease Flavi virus  Self replicating infectious protein is called as prions
Cat scratch disease Bartonella henselae
 Ursodeoxycholic acid is used for dissolving gallstones
Kysanur forest disease Flavi virus
Jacob disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathy  First recombinant viral vaccine developed was FMD vaccine
 Inflammation of tongue – Glossitis
 Guinea pigs do not synthesize Vitamin C hence more liable to scurvy
PERCRNTAGE OF WATER  Blood in sweat – Haematidrosis
Enamel 4%  Rat bite fever or haver hill fever is caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis
Cereals & straw 10 – 15%  Ivermctin is toxic to Collie breeds of dog
Hay 15%  Kitchen death is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning
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  Thyroid cartilage of larynx has Adams apple o Biconcave - Dog, Cow, Sheep
 Inflammation of vagina – colpitis/vaginitis o Shallow/flat - Goat
 Inflammation of nipple – mamillitis o Shallow concave - Horse, Cat
 Inflammation nail & claws – onychia o Elliptical, sickle shape - Camel , Deer
 Toxic principle in onion – n propyl disulphide o Elliptical & nucleated - Birds, Amphibians
 Removal of diseased ovary – Ovariotomy  Poikilocytosis – variation in cell shape
 Removal of normal ovary – Oopherectomy  Aniosocytosis – variation in cell s size
 Persistent erection of penis is called as priapism  Larger size RBC – in dog (7.3 micron)
 Trochlear nerve is also called as pathetic nerve  Smaller size RBC – in goat (4.1 micron)
 Papain is used to tenderize meat  Mature RBC derive energy from Anaerobic EMP pathway and HMP shunt since they have no
 Toxic principle in potato – solanine mitochondria
 Best time for abdominal palpation of pregnancy in dogs – 24 – 32 days  Aplastic anemia lacks functional bone marrow
 Urine drinking is a symptom seen in sodium deficiency  True PCV = venous PCV*0.96(Correction factor for trapped plasma)
 Adjuvant used in inactivated vaccine – Aluminium hydroxide  Rouleaux formation is seen in equines and dogs
 Vero cells are taken from kidney of African green monkey  ESR is negatively influenced by Reticulocyte and Albumin
 Site of synthesis of Monocytes - Lymphoid tissue of bone marrow and spleen
 In ruminants Haemal lymph nodes functions as spleen
 Vit B12 and folic acid are essential for maturation of RBC
I. PHYSIOLOGY  Methemoglobin is formed by oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron
 LOCOMOTION  Hb has 200 times more affinity for CO than O2
 Each gram of Hb binds with a maximum of 1.34 ml of O2
 PM Contraction - Rigor Mortis
 Average life span of RBC is 120 days (20-30 days in poultry)
 PM Cooling - Algor Mortis
 Destruction of RBC in dog is in bone marrow
 PM Staining - Livor Mortis
 Creatine phosphate in muscle is referred to as ATP sparer or energy buffer  RETICULO ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
 Each molecule of glucose produce – 38 ATPs
 About 5-6 hrs after death, all muscles of the body assume a state of contracture – Rigor Mortis o In liver and spleen –Stellate Or Kupfer Cells
 The efficiency of muscle contraction is – 45% o In tissues - Histiocytes Or Macrophages
 Muscle contraction without shortening in length – Isometric Contraction o In blood - Monocytes
 Whole cardiac muscle obeys all or none law because of Syncytium  The ratio of WBC to RBC is more in goats(1:1300) and less in cattle(1:800)
 Refractory period is the brief period during which muscles undergoing contraction for a first stimuli  Shift to left is an increase in number of immature neutrophils characteristic of bacterial infections
is unable to respond to a second stimuli  T-lymphotes provide cellular immunity
 The energy of contraction of muscle is directly proportional to the length of the fibre- Sterling law  B-lymphocytes provide humoral immunity
 Tetanisation is the fusion of successive twitches when the frequency of stimuli is given at a rapid  Suppressor or regulatory T cells regulate the activities of Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
rate  Life span
 Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder in which auto antibodies are produced against Ach o Granulocyte - 4-8 hrs
receptors o T lymphocytes - 2-3 yrs
o B lymphocytes - 3-4 days
 BLOOD o Monocytes - 24 hrs
 Plasma constitutes about 55-70% of blood o Platelets - 8-11 days
 Viscosity in blood is provided by gamma globulins  Platelets are nucleated in birds and reptiles
 Arterial blood is more Alkaline than venous blood  Albumin acts as a primary carrier to fatty acids
 Yellow colour of the plasma is due to Bilirubin  Plasma proteins acts as blood buffer and thus maintains pH(7.4)
 Serum differs from plasma lacking fibrinogen, prothrombin and other coagulation factors  Prostaglandin
 RBC of species o PGG2,PGH2 - Platelet aggregation

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 o PGI2 - Vasodilator
o PGI2 - Platelet aggregation inhibitor  Exchange between atmospheric air and pulmonary capillary is External respiration
 Vitamin K is necessary for the formation of prothrombin and clotting factors V, VII, IX and X  Gas exchange occurs in Alveoli
 Heller And Paul Mixture =Ammonium oxalate : potassium oxalate = 3:2  Dead space is the respiratory passage from the External nares to alveoli
 Sodium fluoride is ideal anticoagulant for estimation blood glucose level  Hyperventilation is increased in alveolar ventilation cause respiratory alkalosis
 Hemophilia A due to deficiency in factor VIII  Hypoventilation is decreased in alveolar ventilation cause respiratory acidosis
 Heparin is produced by mast cells and Basophils  Inspiration is an active process, Expiration is passive process
 Blood groups  In horse even under rest, expiration is active
o Dogs - 8 groups  Hypernea is state of breathing in which rate, depth or both are increased
o Horse - 8 groups  Polypnea - rapid, shallow panting type of respiration
o Cattle - 11 groups  Tidal volume – air breathed in during a quite normal respiration
o Sheep - 7 groups  The entry of air in to pleural cavity is called Pneumothorax
o Pigs - 13 groups  Residual volume represents the amount of gas remaining in the lung even after forced expiration
 Respiratory quotient(RQ)= Volume Of CO2/ Volume Of O2
 HEART AND CIRCULATION o RQ of CHO - 1
o RQ of Lipids - 0.7
 Systemic Circulation - 84% of Blood o RQ of protein - 0.8
 Pulmonary circulation - 8% of Blood  Partial pressure of O2 in alveoli pO2=100 mmHg
 Coronary circulation - 7% of Blood  Partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli pCO2=40 mmHg
 SA node controls the rate of heart  One gram of Hb can transport 1.34 ml of O2
 Excitatory stimuli originate outside SA node - Ectopic foci  Arterial blood venous blood
 Conduction velocity is fastest in Purkinje fibres
 Cardiac sounds can be recorded by using an instrument called phonocardiogram pO2= 100 mmHg pO2 =40 mmHg
 Lub sound (S1) – closure of AV valve
pCO2=40 mmHg pCO2=45 mmHg
 Dub sound (S2) – closure of pulmonary valve
 Electriocardiograph is an instrument to measure electrical changes of heart  Greater portion of CO2is transported in blood in chemical combination as HCO3
 QRS complex shows spreading of electrical potential through A.V node, bundle of his ,purkinje  Chloride shift or hamburger shift – in venous blood HCO3 ion comes out of RBC and to replace
fibres, ventricular muscles Cl ion goes in to RBC
 Output of each ventricle is referred as stroke volume  Binding of O2 to Hb displaces CO2– a phenomenon referred to as ―Haldane effect‖
 Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by either the left or right ventricle through the aorta  Asphyxia is hypoxia combined with hypercapnea
or pulmonary artery per minute  Hering Breuer reflex – inhibits inspiration so that prevents further inflation during over stretch
 Starlings law = Energy liberated by cardiac muscle is directly proportional to fibre length  Central chemoreceptor area is in medulla, peripheral chemoreceptor area is in carotid and aortic
 Vagus nerve is negative chronotropic and negative inotropic bodies
 Two baroceptors one in carotid sinus (sinus or buffer nerve) and one in aortic body (cardio
depressor nerve)  RESPIRATION IN BIRDS
 Endothelin is the most potent of all the mammalian vasoconstrictor substances
 True capillaries are the place of nutrient exchange  Both inspiration and expiration are active
 Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure  Syrinx - is the vocal organs in birds
 Blood pressure using Sphygmomanometer is measured using femoral artery in dogs and Coccygeal  Exchange of gases between lungs and blood occur in Parabronchi
artery in cattle  Since Air sacs are Avascular, no gaseous exchange occurs
 Increased blood flow to tissues in response to increased metabolic rate is called as Active  Diverticula from airsacs are connected to many bones , hence they are pneumatic
Hyperemia
 Cerebrospinal fluid produced from lateral, third and fourth ventricle of brain  NERVOUS SYSTEM

 RESPIRATION  Astrocytes closely attached to blood vessels of CNS

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  Microglia or microcytes formed from leucocytes o Sneeze trigeminal
 Schwann‟s cell (neurilemma) produce myelin sheath, insulating and coating nerve fibre  Sleep is a state of reversible unconsciousness
 Nodes of ranvier aid in flow of ions between ECF and ICF  Sleep inducing centre is located in thalamic reticular area
 Velocity of myelinated nerve fibre ranges from 30 -100m/sec, whereas in unmyelinated  Serotonin is a sleep inducing substance secreted by raphe nuclei
30 m/sec  The central motor control system include the motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum
 The duration of activity of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft last only for 1-2 m sec  Coordination of slow or ramp movements is associated with basal ganglia
 Specific type of neuron synthesis and release only one type of neurotransmitter substance at nerve  Membranous labyrinth is the functional part of vestibular apparatus
terminal – Dale‟s principle  The terminal portion of the spinal cord, the meninges and nerves are collectively referred to as cauda
 Neurotransmitters susceptible to anoxia and anesthetic agents equinae
 Excitatory neurotransmitters : Glutamate,Substance P, L-Aspartate  Brachial plexus – C6,C7,C8,T1&T2
 Inhibitory neurotransmitters: Glycine, GABA, Dopamine, Serotonine, Taurine, Morphine,  Lumbosacral plexus – L3,L4,L5,S1&S2
Endorphine  Mixed(both motor sensory) cranial nerves: Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus
 Both excitatory and inhibitory : Ach, Nor Epinephrine, Epinephrine, Histamine, PG  Sensory cranial nerves: Optic, Olfactory/Vestibulotrochlear
 Neurotransmitter Aminoacid Precursor
o Norepinephrine phenyl alanine
o Glycine serine  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
o GABA L-glutamic acid  Salivary secretion in cattle – 100 – 200 lit/day
 Exteroreceptors and proprioreceptors are collectively called Somatoreceptors  Organ of prehension in dog & cat – fore limb
 Proprioreceptors – for posture and balance  Fundic glands
 Fore brain – Proscencephalon  Body chief cells/peptic cells – pepsin & rennin
 Mid brain - Mesencephalon  Neck chief cells – intrinsic factor & mucin
 Hind brain – Rhombencephalon  Parietal/oxyntic cells – HCl
 Two cerebral cortices are connected by transverse myelinated fibres known as the corpus collasum  Acetate : propionate :Butyrate ratio
 The ability of one hemisphere to control movement, reducing that burden for the other half is called  Forage diet – 70:20:10
Cerebral Dominance  Grain diet - 60:30:10
 Thalamus functions as sensory relay nuclei  Normal VFA content of rumen – 60 -120 meq/lit
 Limbic cortex primarily functions as visceral brain  Ketone bodies serves as energy source in CNS & heart
 Hypothalamus acts as a principal motor output pathway of the limbic system and controls the  Pancreas
vegetative functions of the body  Secretin – stimulates secretion of bicarbonates from pancreas
 Formation and recall of memory require the function of amygdala and hippocampus  CCK – stimulates secretion of enzymes from pancreas
 Melatonin released from pineal gland in response to darkness  Sphincter of oddi gaurds terminal part of common bile duct
 Melatonin inhibits gonadal activity  Jaundice
 Tri geminal, Abducent, facial, vestibular originates from pons  Obstructive jaundice – conjugated bilirubin
 Cerebellum is important in the planning and execution of ballistic movements  Hepatic jaundice – free bilirubin
REFLEX CRANIAL NERVE  Hemolytic jaundice – both free & conjugated
o Pupillary light Oculomotor  Duodenum acts as pace maker of intestine
o Corneal  CHO in the Small Intestine stimuli for GIP secretion
 Blink Ophthalmic division of trigeminal  Fat & protein in the Small Intestine stimuli for CCK secretion
 Lachrmation -do-  Acid in the Small Intestine stimuli for secretin secretion
o Salivary reflex Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal  Reverse peristalsis is a normal feature in colon
o Emetic glossopharyngeal, vagus,vestibular  Absorption
o Sucking trigeminal and facial  Glucose & amino acid – active transport (Na+ Co transport )
o Swallowing vagus, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal  Short chain fatty acid & glycerol – passive diffusion
o Mastication trigeminal, facial,GP  Intact protein & triglycerides – pinocytosis
o Cough reflex vagus  EXCRETORY SYSTEM
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  Serum magnesium level is constantly increased during hibernation
 Renal function is the total cardiac out put that passes through the kidneys (21% in man; 20%  Brown fat present in hibernating animals helps them to awake from hibernation
in dogs)  Estivation /summer sleep is observed in – frog, crocodiles & alligators
 Glomerular filtration rate – 180 lit/day  Amount of heat loss by evaporation of 1g of water is 580 calories
 Glomerular membrane is completely impermeable to plasma proteins  Sweat glands – Eccrine in man ; Apocrine in animals
 Filtration fraction – percentage of the renal plasma flow that becomes glomerular  Among farm animals sheep & cattle have lowest critical temperature
filtrate(normal plasma flow – 650 ml/min ; normal GFR – 125 ml/min)  Raise in 10c in body temperature can cause increase of 10 -20% in the basal metabolism
 Glucose &amino acid are reabsorbed entirely from glomerular filtrate  Oily secretion of preen glands makes the plumage resistant to wetting
 Ethology is the study of animal behavior
Part Amount Of Remarks
GFR  ENDOCRINOLOGY
Reabsorbed  Carbolic acid is the first disinfectant identified by joseph lister
Proximal tubule(action of 65% Decrease Ca excretion  Idoxuridine is the first antiviral drug identified by Kaufman
PTH)  Secretin is the first hormone identified by bayliss & starling
Descending loop of henle 15% More permeable to water  Oxytocin & vasopressin are the peptide hormones
Less permeable to urea & sodium
 Precursor of steroid hormones – cholesterol
Ascending loop of henle Less permeable to water  RECEPTORS
More permeable to urea o Protein ,peptide hormones
& catecholamines - cell surface
Distal tubule(action of 10% Active Na+ transport o Steroid hormones - cytoplasm
aldosterone) Secretion of K+ o Thyroid hormones - nucleus
 First messenger – hormone
Collecting tubule(action of 9.3% Permeable to water
 Second messenger – c AMP, Calmodulin, Cytosolic Calcium, Diacyl Glycerol, Inositol
ADH)
Triphophate
 Third messenger – phosphokinase

Plasma load – total amount of substance in the plasma that passes through the kidneys each
 Physiologically, the pituitary gland is a master gland
minute ( plasma load of glucose -600mg/min)
 Arachidonic acid is a precursor for prostaglandins
 Tubular load – fraction of plasma load that is filtered as glomerular filtrate(tubular load of
glucose – 125 mg/min)  Long day light promote reproduction in horse – long day breeder
 Urine is thick in horse  Sheep & goat – short day breeders
 Tubular fluid contain 2 buffer system namely – phosphate buffer & Ammonia buffer  α - receptors control catecholamine release from sympathetic nerve endings
 Presence of fat in urine is not pathological Hormone No of Type of action Remarks
 Glucosuria is a characteristic finding in enterotoxemia Amino
 When the pressure in bladder reaches 150 mm H2O, contraction of bladder begins acid
 Avian kidney has 2 types of nephrons – Mammalian type(25% glomerular filtrate) & reptilian Growth hormone 190 Anabolic hormone Deficiency-Dwarfism
type(75% glomerular filtrate)
 Metabolic end product of protein in mammals – urea where as in birds & reptiles it is uric Protein sparer Excess – gigantism (young)
acid Agromegaly (adult)
GROWTH & BEHAVIOR
 Only 3% of the cells with in adult body is capable of dividing Prolactin Lactogenic hormone Crop milk secretion – pigeons
 Shape of Growth curve is sigmoid or „S‟ shape Broodiness – birds
 GH does not have effect on growth during the fetal life
Maintenance of CL – sheep
 Krypton gas is used to measure body weight indirectly by dilution method
&goat
 Thermo neutral zone for most farm animals 60 -900F
 Torpor is a stage in which animals or birds make their metabolic activities decline Metarnal behavior - animals

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 Vasopressin 8 Deficiency Catecholamines Non shivering thermogenesis
( adrenal medulla)
Diabetes insipides

Oxytocin 8 Let down of milk

Sperm transport
Contraction of uterus

Thyroxine Potent Galactopoitic Metamorphosis – amphibians

hormone
Moulting – birds II. VETERINARY ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCE
Catabolic hormone
Deficiency ACTS YEAR
T4(Thyroxin) – more
predominant than T3 Cretinism(young) Livestock importation act 1898 modified on 1952
T3 is more active than T4 Myxedema(adult) The Glanders &Farcy act 1899
Para thyroid 84 Increases Ca absorption The dourine act 1910 modified on 1957
hormone
Minute to minute regulation of The poisoning act 1919 modified on 1952
(Chief cells of blood calcium
parathyroid gland) Dangerous drugs act 1930

Calcitonin 32 Rapid but short time regulation Drugs and cosmetics act 1940
of blood calcium Drugs and cosmetics rules 1945
(C cells of thyroid
gland – animals Prevent post prandial hyper Prevention cruelty to animal‘s act 1960
calcemia
Ultimobronchial Prevention cruelty to animals to drought& pack 1965
gland –reptiles, animals rules
amphibians &
birds) Prevention cruelty to animals (licensing of Farriers 1965
rule)
Insulin 51 Hypoglycemic factor Fat sparer
Prevention cruelty to captured and wild animals 1972
(β cells of Deficiency - diabetes mellitus
pancreas) Wild life ( protection ) act 1972
Glucagon 29 Hyperglycemic factor Project Tiger 1973
(α cells of Ketogenic hormone Prevention cruelty to animal‘s registration of cattle 1978
pancreas) premises

Mineralocorticoids Electrolyte balance Transportation of animals rules 1978

( zona glomerulosa
of adrenal cortex) Blood pressure homeostasis Experimental animals act 1982

Eg - aldosterone Animal welfare board of India 1982

Glucocarticoids Anti inflammatory Project Elephant 1992

(zona reticularis of
Deficiency –Addisons disease Note :-
adrenal cortex)
Excess – cushing syndrome  Livestock importation act 1898 not permitting transport of following diseased
Eg - Cartisol animals -Tickpest,Anthrax,Glanders,Farcy,Scabies
 Applicable in all states of India except in J&Kstate

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  Cloning in sheep - 1997, DOLLY.  There are two populations of T cells – T helper cells (TH cells) and cytotoxic T cells (TC cells).
 Phook or doomdev injection air or any materials in to the female genital organ  Differences Between Humoral & Cell Mediated Immunity
THE INDIAN PENAL CODE
Cell mediated immunity
THE INDIAN DEALS WITH Humoral immunity
PENAL Antigen Extracellular antigens Intracellular antigens
CODE
Responding B lymphocytes T lymphocytes
Section 44 Illegal harm to the animals lymphocytes
Section 47 Definition of animals - any living being other than human beings
Effector mechanism Antibody mediated Lysis of infected cell
Section 192 False entry in records elimination

Section 197 False certification of animals Transferred by Serum T lymphocytes

Section 204 Destruction of any documents
Section 269 Done by negligence to spread infectious disease
 The portions of antigen that are recognized by the immune system (by individual lymphocytes) are
Section 270 Done by intention to spread infectious disease called epitopes or antigenic determinants
 Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
Section 271 Not following quarantine rule
 Memory cells escape apoptosis through expression of a specific gene sequence called bcl2
Section 272 Adulteration of any food or drink  Immunologic unresponsiveness against individual‘s own antigen is referred as tolerance
Section 273 Sale of unfit food or drink-6 months prison with Rs -1000/ - fine.  The specific immune response that takes place after an antigen stimulus can be divided into three
phases Recognition Phase, Activation Phase & Effector Phase.
Section 274 Adulterating medicinal items for sale  There are three classes of lymphocytes – B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells
Section 275 Sale of adulterated medicine (NK cells)
 Mature B cells do not produce antibody but it differentiates into two daughter cells upon antigenic
Section 289 Disobey any order, with any animal in his possession stimulation – plasma cells and memory cells
Section 304 Negligently causing death of any person  Plasma cells are the only cells in the body to produce antibodies
 The two important CD receptors of T cells are CD4 and CD8.
Section 377 Voluntary carnal inter course/ Beastiality with any animals – 10 yr prison with Rs
 The helper T cells have CD4 receptors and Cytotoxic T cells have CD8 receptors
10000/ fine
 The NK cells mediate a phenomenon called Antibody Dependant Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity
Section 420 Fraudulent cheating of persons altered animals - prison of 7yr (ADCC) that removed the antigen coated with immunoglobulins
Section 427 & Mischief, maiming, killing by poisoning – prison of 2 yr Sl.No Property B cells T cells
428
1. Site of Bone marrow, bursa, Thymus
Section 430 Causing decrease of water supply for animals development Peyer‘s patches

2. Distribution Lymph node cortex, Spleen periarticular

splenic follicles sheath

3. Circulate No Yes

III. IMMUNOLOGY 4. Antigen receptors BCR TCR

 Louis Pasteur who was credited with the formulation of germ theory did extensive work on fowl 5. Important surface Immunoglobulins CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8
cholera, anthrax and rabies and developed vaccines. antigens
 The innate immunity is also called as natural defense 6. Antigens Free foreign proteins Processed foreign
 Humoral immunity is mediated by antigen specific blood glycoproteins called antibodies.
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 recognised proteins on MHC 4. Spleen – Filter in circulatory system
5. MALT – localised antibodies at major sites of pathogen entry
7. Tolerance Difficult Easy
induction  A microorganism is said to be pathogenic when it can cause infection and the ability to cause
8. Progeny cells Plasma cells, memory Helper T cells, infection is termed as virulence.
cells cytotoxic cells  Molecules with a molecular weight of 5000 or greater are good immunogens
 Haptens are small antigens that cannot elicit antibody response individually. But they become
9. Secreted protein Immunoglobulins Cytokines immunogenic when coupled with larger molecules.
 Exotoxins are highly immunogenic and stimulate the production of antibodies. The antibodies
10. Phenotypic Fc receptor, Class II Helper T cell
against exotoxins are called antitoxins.
markers MHC, CD19, CD21
CD3+, CD4+, CD-  When these exotoxins are precipitated by mild protein denaturing agents such as formaldehyde, the
Cytotoxic cell exotoxin loses its pathogenicity but retains its immunogenicity called toxoids
 Some times rarely immune response is elicited against normal body components. Such substances
CD3+, CD4-, CD+
are called as autoantigens
 Heterophile antigens are immunologically related groups of antigens that occur in the cells of some
bacterial species and also in some species of animals.
 The macrophages are considered as powerful phagocytic cells and are referred as big eaters or  Chemically the antibody molecules are glycoproteins.
garbage collectors
 The flexibility of an antibody molecule is due to a region called hinge region that is rich in proline
and cysteine residues.
 The antigen-combining site of an antibody is called as paratope.
 IgM is the biggest antibody molecule with a molecular weight of 970kD.
Different names are given for macrophages found in various organs.  IgM is the first antibody to class to appear in primary immune response
 IgG is the only antibody class that can pass through placenta
a. Blood stream - Monocytes  IgE presence in large amount is an indication of allergic condition.
b. Connective tissue - histiocytes
c. Liver - Kupfer cells  Macrophages and dendritic cells are called as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
d. Brain - Glial cells
e. Lung alveoli - Alveolar macrophages 1. Primary binding tests – In these tests the binding of antigen to an antibody is measured directly.
f. Lung capillaries - Pulmomary intravascular macrophages E.g. RIA, ELISA, IFA etc.
2. Secondary binding tests – In these tests, the results of antigen-antibody interaction
 The most important CD marker of macrophages is CD68, which is otherwise called as macrosialin
(agglutination, precipitation, fixation of complement) in-vitro are measured. E.g. HI, AGID, CFT
 The primary function of macrophage is phagocytosis
etc.
 The actual mechanism of macrophage-mediated phagocytosis is by receptor-mediated endocytosis 3. Tertiary binding tests – These tests are in-vivo tests and require a living system. In these tests,
followed by lysosomal enzyme degradation. the effects of actual protective effects of antibodies are measured in living system. E.g.
 The percentage of neutrophils in blood circulation among animals varies widely. It is 60-70% in Neutralisation assay
carnivores, 20-30% in ruminants and 50% in horses  The ability of an assay to detect only the target and not any other is referred as specificity of the test.
 Opsonin make the antigen palatable for phagocytic cells.  The sensitivity of an assay refers to ability of the test system to detect very minute amount of the
 Ig E is one of the isotypes of antibodies that is responsible for allergic reactions. target
 Interdigitating dentritic cells are scattered throughout the skin epidermis and called as Langerhans  In Fluorsescent immunoassays (IFA) fluorescent dyes like fluorescent isothiocyanide (FITC) or
rhodamine is used
cells.
 If the concentration of antibody is in excess it will not produce agglutination. This phenomenon is
The important roles of generative and peripheral lymphoid organs called as prozone reaction.

1. Bone marrow (mammals) and Bursa of Fabricius (birds) – B cell factories  Inactivated vaccines - Formalin and Beta propiolactone are the common inactivating agents.
2. Thymus and intestinal epithelium (payer‘s patches)– T cell factories
3. Lymph nodes – Junctional filters in lymphatic system
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  Plasmids: are also referred as extra chromosomal DNA
 Transposition: Certain genes in bacteria are capable of shifting from one location to another
IV. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY location in the chromosome
 Disinfectants - chemicals that are used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects.
 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is called as father of bacteriology.  Antiseptics - chemicals that are relatively in toxic and are used to kill or inhibit microorganisms in
 Robert Hooke - identified cells using his compound microscope living tissues.
 Louis Pasteur is called father of Microbiology.  Generally the chemicals with antimicrobial actions are referred as germicides.
 Flagellum is the organ of locomotion for bacteria.  The substances obtained from microorganisms alone are referred as antibiotics.
 Monotrichous - Bacteria having single polar flagellum.  First report of viruses: by Dimitrii Ivanowsky attributed the causative agent of tobacco mosaic
 Lophotrichus - Having tufts of flagella at one end disease.
 Amphitrichous - Having flagella at both ends FIRSTS
 Peritrichous - Having flagella all around surface  Animal virus – Foot and mouth disease by Loeffler and Paul Frosch
 The flagellum is composed of three parts filament, hook and basal body  Human virus – Yellow fever by Reeds Commission
 The major component of cell wall of Gram positive bacteria is Peptidoglycan (80-90%).  Plant virus – Tobacco mosaic disease by Dimitrii Ivanowsky
 The LPS is also referred as Endotoxin  The DNA found in the chromosome is attached with a protein called histones and this protein is also
 Mycoplasma do not have cell wall. responsible for staining property (basic staining).
 The ribosomes of bacteria are 70S composed of 30S and 50S ribosomes subunits.  The two strands of DNA are joined together by hydrogen Bonds.
 Four nucleic acid bases form the deoxyribose-nucleotides. They are Adenine (A), Guanine (G),  The most commonly used stain for fungal identification is Lactophenol Cotton Blue.
Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) of DNA.  The media that are commonly used for fungal isolation are the Sabouraud‟s dextrose agar
 The nucleotides of DNA are linked by 3‟-5‟ phosphodiester bonds.  The substances that pathogens produce that cause damage to phagocytes are referred to as
 RNA has got purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases Cytosine (C) and "Aggressins".
Uracil(U).  Endotoxins are part of the outer cell wall of bacteria.
 DNA is used to code for the synthesis of RNA is called transcription.  Endotoxins are associated with cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria - Lipopolysaccharide
Extra cellular bacterial proteins that function as invasin
 GROWTH OF BACTERIA Invasin Bacteria Involved
 Generation is the interval for the formation of two cells from one cell  Coagulase Staphylococcus aureus
 Lag phase: The brief period of no activity is called as lag phase.  Leucocidin Staphylococcus aureus
 Exponential phase: During this phase there is rapid increase in the number of bacteria.  Lecithinase Clostridium perfringens
 Stationary phase: During this phase there is no increase in number of cells.  Anthrax Lf Bacillus anthracis
 Death phase: The death phase is also exponential but it is slow. It is due to lack of nutrients. V. MEAT SCIENCE
Bacteria are classified in to five categories.
 Psychrophile - (13oc)  Lateral retro pharyngeal lymph node is used to rule out TB
 Mesophile - (39oc)  Hemal lymph node absent in horses and pigs
 Thermophile - (60oc)  Water : protein ratio of young animal > 4:1
 Hyperthermophile - (88oc)  Muscle : Bone ratio for healthy animals - 4:1
 Hyperthermophile - (105oC).  Rigor mortis time of cattle = 9 hrs, birds = 2 hrs.
 Halophile - Salt loving, prefer Nacl concentration between 1-30%),  Chilled meat temperature is 7˚C
 Osmophile - grow in high sugar concentration  Chilled offal temperature is 3˚C
 Xerophile - grow in very dry conditions  Frozen temperature of meat is -18˚C
 Yield of ATP molecules in respiration : 38 ATP
 Cooked meat temperature is 72˚C
 Mutation: inheritable change in base sequence of nucleic acid
 Black cartridge used for slaughtering medium size of animal
 Point mutation: Mutations involving one or very few base pairs are referred as point mutation.
 In electrical stunning low voltage temperature is 70 volts/250mA, 7-10 sec
 Transduction: process in which DNA is transferred from cell to cell through viruses that infect
 In stunning if current is not sufficient it lead to Curarisation/Missed Shock
bacteria called as Bacteriophages.
 Act of slaughter in jewish method is shechita
 Conjugation: process of transfer of DNA directly from one bacterial cell to another cell by a
mechanism that requires cell-to-cell contact  First slaughter house → leonar, Mumbai
 Phosphorous level of meat and blood 55-60% and 80%
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  Mould formation is common in chilled meat  Giblet consisting of heart, liver, gizzard
 Process of freeze drying called lyophilisation  Poultry meat contain high level of oleic and linoleic acid and low level of cholesterol
 Sterilization by radiation called Radapperization  The onset of rigor mortis is enhanced at ambient temperature above 20˚C
 Marbling absent in horse flesh and venison  In plate type freezer achieved at the temperature of -10˚C & blast type freezer achieved at
 Musky odour seen in buffalo meat -10˚to -30˚C
 Glycogen content in horse 0.5-1%  Canned meat products have a self life of 2 yrs at ambient temperature
 Refractive index is high in horse fat  Hippophagia –consumption of horse meat
 Feed efficiency – poultry(1:1.8)>rabbit(1:2)>pig(1:3)>cattle(1:5)  Kynophagia – consumption of dog meat
 Dressing percentage of pig →70-75%  Weight taken 24hrs prior to slaughter is considered as Live weight of the animal
 Ritual method practiced in india is halal & jhatka method
 Gut sweat bread → Pancreas
 Reducing agent used in curing is Sodium Ascorbate(0.2-1%)  PLUCK in cattle – larynx, trachea, lungs, heart and liver
 Ultimate pH level of meat is 5.5-5.7 Sheep – spleen also
 Process of conversion of muscle to meat called rigor mortis Pigs – esophagus also
 Rigor mortis occurs 8-12 hrs after slaughtering  Meat inspector in his one day work(8hrs)can examine – 75 cattle/200 pigs/250 calves/400 sheep
 Autolytic lysosomal enzymes in meat is called cathepsin  Area size
 PSE occurs mostly in pig, DFD is common in beef Small abattoir Upto 30,000 units/year 1 – 2 acres
 In cold storage condition, Z line is distrupted Medium abattoir 50,000 + units/year 2 – 4 acres
 Thawing temperature of meat is 4-6˚C
 Freezing point of meat is (-1.5˚C) Large abattoir 1 lakh + units/year 4 – 6 acres
 Presence of watery or blood stained fluid from frozen meat is called weep/drip
 light intensity
 Scalding temperature of pig is 62-64˚C for 6 min
(Taken at the level of 0.9 m from floor)
 One animal unit =one bovine=2 pigs=3 calves = 5 sheep
 Overhead rails should be placed at the height of 3.3 m for cattle dressing All inspection points 540 lux units 50 foot candles
 Meat analogues are Soyabean protein and gluten of wheat
Slaughter hall & work room 220 lux units 20 foot candles
 Meat of deer is called venison
 Dressing % of veal =63% Other areas 110 lux units 10 foot candles
 Art of removing skin/hide is called flaying
 Fresh, emulsion type of pork sausage called ‗salami‘  Room temperature
 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is higher in pork
Chilling room -1 to 50C
 Water level of meat is 65-80%
 Milk has an excellent source of Ca & P and low in Fe, cu, I and vitamin C. Detention room 200C
 Self life of vacuum packaging is 8-10 weeks at 0˚C
Edible offal room 30C
 Musty/earthy odour due to Achromobacter and fishy odour due to E.coli
 Keet is the name of young guinea fowl Meat cutting room 120C
 Cow slaughter is banned in india except in states of kerala and west Bengal
 Maillard reaction is responsible for development of brown color on the surface of cured meat  PPM level
 Black rot in eggs is cause by Proteus and Pseudomonas
Chlorine for carcass washing 100 ppm
 Red rot caused by Serratia
 In sausage making, salts added in the level of 4-4.5% Chlorine for equipment washing 250 ppm
 Functional unit of myofibrils called Sacromere
BOD of domestic sewage 250-300 ppm
 Commonly used humectants are glycerol/propylene glycol
 Buffalo meat is white due to absence of carotene BOD of slaughter house 1500-2000 ppm
 Vitamin A present in beef and mutton absent in Buffalo, Chevon And Pork

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 Sodium nitrite level in cured meat 200ppm  First hormonal peptide to be synthesized found in the animals
 Oxytocin = rapid birth
Sodium nitrate level in cured meat 500ppm
 Two sites of origin – ovary, hypothalamus
 Dressing percentage  Contraction of oviduct, milk letdown
 Ovarian oxytocin - Luteal function – acting on endometrium – induce PGF₂α in turn leads to Lysis of
cattle 50 -54 % CL
sheep 45 -48 %  Estrogen enhances responsiveness of smooth muscle to oxytocin
GnRH
Goat 43 -50 %  Release of FSH, LH
FSH
Pig 70 -75 %
 Growth & maturation of graffian follicle
Poultry 65 – 70 %  Spermatogenesis – up to secondary spermatocytes
 Acts on receptors of sertoli cells leads to production of ABP
Rabbit 52 – 58%  Spermiation
 Secretion of inhibin from granulose cells of ovary and sertoli cells of testes
 Bleeding time
LH or ICSH
Species Bleeding Amount of blood Blood yield  Pre ovulatory LH surge
time(mts) (% in body wgt)  Maintains activity of CL
 Stimulates leydig cells
Cattle 6 3 - 4% 10 – 12 kg
Prolactin
Calves 6 5 – 6% 1.5 kg  Luteotropic properties in dogs, mice, rats
 Maternal behavior
Sheep 5 4 - 4.5% 1 -1.5 kg  Functions as metabolic hormone in lower forms of animals
Placental hormones
Pig 6 3 -4% 2 -3 kg
 PMSG, hCG, PL, PSPB
poultry 1.5 - 2 PMSG
 Can be isolated from blood, not found in urine
 Endometrial cups of pregnant mare – these are formed by 40th day of gestation and persist till 85th
Slaughtering of pigs
day of pregnancy
 Desirable thickness of fat on the back is 1.5 inches for lean pork production
 Important for maintenance of pregnancy in mare
 Gaseous Stunning – 65-70%CO2,
 Clinical use – super ovulation, anestrum
 Electrical stunning - 60-80 volts, 5-10 sec
 More of FSH like activity
 Sticking – carotid arteries and jugular veins , 5-6 min
 Calcium deficient in meat of pig
 Pig – highest fat storing ability HCG
 Pork is rich in phosphorus, iron,energy  Syncytio trophoblastic cells of placenta of primates
 Vitamin A and D not present in pork  More of LH like activity
 Blue pig - crossing of white and black breed  Clinical use – induce ovulation, cystic ovaries
 Lard – pig fat Placental lactogen
 Store pig – 8 -15 weeks of age for market  GH like activity
 Scalding temperature – 60-63˚C for 5 min  Imp. Regulator of maternal nutrients to the growing foetus
Estrogen
VI. GYNAECOLOGY
 Sexual receptivity in female
Oxytocin  Secondary sexual characters
 Ductal development of mammary gland
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  Attachment of embryo to uterine wall  Dog – two parts bulbus glandis(proximal 1/3) , pars longa glandis(distal2/3)
 Anabolic effect  Cat – short, terminal part having several spines
 Negative feedback mechanism to the GnRH  Stallion – prominent urethral process, Groove - Fossa glandis
 Development of female reproductive tract Testicular descent
 Clinical use : Induction of heat, treatment of misalliance, as Ecbolic (Mummification, Pyometra),  Bull – 106 days of gestation
induces milk production in cow  Horse – Near birth
Progesterone  Ram, Boar – 70 days of gestation
 Source ; ovary, placenta, adrenal, testes  Dog – 3 – 4 days post natally
 Inhibits uterine contractions  High flankers – Testes reaches the inguinal canal but not descent in to the scrotum
 Increases endometrial secretions  Impotentia coeundi – Reduced to complete lack of sexual desire and ability to copulate
 Maternal behavior, nest building  Impotentia generandi – Inability to reduced ability to fertilize
 Induction of lactation  Balanitis – Inflammation of glans penis
Clinical use  Posthitis – Inflammation of prepuce
 Treatment of ovarian cysts not responds to GnRH  Balanoposthitis - Inflammation of penis and prepuce
 Cervico vaginal prolapsed  Phimosis – Unable to normally protrude the penis
 Early embryonic mortality  Paraphimosis – Unable to retract the penis in to the prepuce
 Habitual abortion  Diphallus – Double penis
 Cow, Goat, Sow – CL dependant  Phallocampsis – deviation of penis either ventral or lateral or spiral
 Rainbow penis – ventral deviation
TESTES  Corkscrew penis – lateral deviation
 Mediastinum testes absent in stallion
 Connective tissue capsule – Tunica albuginea Inherited sperm defects
 Medial septum of testes – Dartos
 Blood testes barrier – primary – Peritubular cells -prevent auto immune reactions Diadem effect Sign of disturbance in spermiogenesis, Feulgen stain & phase
Secondary – junctional complexes between sertoli cells Eversion of galea captis &crater shaped contrast microscopy helpful
 Testes – 4-6°c lower than body temperature depressions in the nucleus, in revealing this defect.
 Oxytocin, PGF2α, Ach, tends to alter the Epididymal Transit Time Nuclear pouch formation defect.
 Extra gonadal reserve (EGR) – Epididymis, vas deferens, Ampulla
 Time require to complete a cycle of seminiferous epithelium(Spermatogenesis) Knobbed Acrosomal defect, Eccentrically placed Eosin-B, Fast green stain&
Bull – 14 days spermatozoa thickening of the Acrosome. phase contrast microscopy
Boar – 9 days helpful in revealing this
Ram – 10 days defect.
Horse – 12 days
 RUT – Certain definite period of sexual excitement in some wild animals (Deer,
 Testicular hypoplasia – Giant cells, medusa cells, high incidence of cytoplasmic droplets
Camel, Elephant) – spermatogenesis occurs in this period
 Testicular degeneration – Large no. of primary abnormality
 Ampullae & Vesicular gland absent in dog and cat
Spermatogenesis
 Yellowish colour of bull semen is due to riboflavin
 Bull, Ram, Dog – 60-70 days
 Bulbouretheral gland absent in dog
 Stallion – 40-45 days
 Sigmoid flexure – Pre scrotal – Boar, Post scrotal – Bull, Ram
 Boar – 50-60 days
 Retractor penis muscle controls sigmoid flexure
 Azoospermia – no sperms
 Oligospermia – decrease in sperm concentration
Glans penis
Artificial insemination
 Bull – pointed
 1780 – Lazzaro spallanzani (ITALIAN) - AI in bitch
 Ram – urethral process
 1900 - Ivanoff (Russian) – used AI as a technique for breeding
 Boar – glans penis absent
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  1939 – in India – Kumaran -Palace dairy farm – Mysore Mare 36 – 38 days
Semen collection
Ewe 16 -18 days
Species Artificial vagina Tempeture
Bull 39-41°c Sow 13 – 20 days
Stallion 45-50°c
Boar 45-50°c
Ram & bucks 45-50°c  FSH & LH required for antrum formation
Dog 40-42°c  Cow – Metestrual or post Estrual bleeding – capillary bleeding due to the with drawl of
 Sperm cell concentration – Bull - 10% of the semen volume, Boar – 2-5% estrogen
 Species pH  Young animals – slight shorter length of estrous cycle
Bull, Ram 6.8 Sexual differentiation
Stallion, Boar 7.4 o Feline, porcine embryo – 30 days of gestation
Dog 6.7 o Ovine – 35 days
 Fructose – Normal sugar providing energy to spermatozoa in ruminants o Bovine – 45 days
 Sorbitol – Sugar alcohol can be oxidized to fructose and provides source of energy  Ovum ovulated - All species Metaphase II – 2nd meiotic division
 Inositol – Boar semen Mare, Dog, Fox – 1st meiotic division
 Ergotheionine – Boar, Stallion
 Glyceryl phosphoryl choline – Epididymal Secretion Species Estrus period Ovulation time
 Age at Puberty
Cow 14-18 hrs 12-18 hrs after the end of estrus
Species Female Male
Mare 4-7 days Last 2 days of estrus
Cattle 6-18 months 9-12 months
Sow 2-3 days Last day of estrus
Horses 10-24 months 18 months
Ewe 1-2 days Last day of estrus
Dog 6-12 months 7-10 months
Bitch 7-9 days First 3 days of estrus
Swine 5-8 months 5-7 months
Cat Induced 4 days if One day after mating
Cat 5-18 months 5-18 months
copulation occurs or else 9-
10 days
 Monoestrous – Wild Animals
 Polyestrous – Cow, Sow  Capacitation initiated in the uterus and completed in isthumus of oviduct
 Regular estrous cycle – Cow, Sheep, Mare, Bitch, Sow  Hyaluronidase – Bull acrosome
 Spontaneous ovulators – ovulation takes place but CL formed will not be functional until  Arylsulfalase – Boar acrosome
mating  Syngamy - Fusion of male and female pronuclei
 Induced ovulators – ovulation & CL formation depends upon the mating has occurred or  Pheromone – volatile substance secreted or released outside the body and perceived by
not ( cat, Rabbit, Mink ) the olfactory system of other individuals of the same species
 Uniparous / Monotocous – one ovum, one fetus( cow, mare, sow)  Boar – Saliva (sub maxillay gland), Prepucial pouch – 2 Attractants 3α androstenol, 5α
 Multiparous / Polytocous – 3 -15 ova, 3-15 fetus(dog, cat, sow) androstenone
 Nullipara – female that have never conceived / carried young one  Flehmen response – Bull, Ram, Stallion
 Primipara – conceived for the first time (1st gestation period)  Delayed ovulation, silent estrus, anovulation may be due to β-carotene deficiency
 Pluripara – conceived previously 2 or more times earlier  Early embryonic mortality occurs between 8-19 days after breeding
Species Implantation(Days after Conception)  Cow – best time of AI – middle to the end of standing heat ( mid estrus not metestrus )
 Card test – rapid, sensitive accurate test for field screening of brucellosis
Cow 22 – 35 days  Leptospirosis – gargety milk

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 Disease organism Time of abortion Diffuse Mare, Sow

Vibriosis Vibrio fetus veneralis Early Embryonic death – common Zonary Bitch, Queen
4 th month to term – occasional ( II
trimester ) Discoidal Guinea pig

Trichomonosis Trichomonas foetus First trimester ( 2-4 months)

 Cattle –Caruncle - Arranged in 4 rows (70-120 in number)
Fungal abortion Aspergillus fumigatus 5th -7th months  True water(2nd ) bag - amnion
 Mare – cruciform or ‗T‘ shaped
Epizootic bovine Psittacosis,Chlamydia 6th -8th month
 Bitch and queen entire uterus lies in the abdominal cavity
Abortion Group of org
 Portion of cervix projects in to the vagina – Portio vaginalis
Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Last trimester(7th -9th month)
 Fornix – absent in sow, prominent in mare
Brucellosis Brucella abortus Last trimester of pregnancy  Remnants of wolffian duct – gartners duct
 Pregnancy diagnosis also known as cyesiognosis
Leptospirosis L.pomona,L.hardjo, Last half of gestation
 Positive signs of pregnancy – Amniotic vesicle, Fetal membrane slip, Fetus, cotyledons
L.grioppotypphosa
Days Palpable part @ pregnancy
IBR –IPV Herpes virus All 3 trimesters of the pregnancy
30 days Amniotic vesicle
Gonadal sex determination
 XX – Medulla inhibited and cortex develops - Female 35-90 days Fetal membrane slip
 XY – cortical development inhibited –testes develops - male
 Primary sex cords - Ancestors of spermatozoa About 90 days Fetal bump
 Secondary sex cords – Ancestors of oocytes 90-100 days Placentomes

Species Ovary shape More functional 120 days Fremitus

Bull , Ewe Almond Right  White heifer disease due to sex linked recessive gene is commonly seen in white short
horn cattle
Mare Bean Left  Uterine tubal patency test – phenolsulphonpthalene(PSP) dye test
Sow Mulberry Left  Follicular cyst – nymphonia (bullers), multiple in both ovaries,relaxation of sacrosciatic
ligament- upward displacement of coccyx – “sterility hump”
Bitch Oval  Luteal cyst – often single, anestrous, adrenal virilism

Mummification of fetus
 Ovarian hormones – Estrogen, Progesterone, Oxytocin ,Relaxin, Inhibin and Activin
 In cattle – hematic type – 3-8 months , papyraceous type occur in other species
 Oviduct – opening of infundibulum ―ostium tubae abdominal‖
 R/E - firmer,dryer leather like tissue with uterine wall without cotyledon
 Opening of utero tubal junction ―ostium tubae uterinum‖
RX
Uterus species
 PGF2 α -( Lutalyse,vetmate,iliren,dinofertin)
Bicornuate Cow, Ewe, Goat , Sow  Cattle – 25mg (total dose)

Simplex primates, humans Maceration of fetus

will occur at any stage – commonly 3rd month
Deciduate Bitch, Queen
 Trichomoniasis and vibriosis organisms invade the uterus cause infection and pus
Non-deciduate Cow, Doe, Ewe, Mare, Sow formation
 Dropsy of fetal membranes over all incidence 0.3%
Cotyledonary Ruminants  Hydroallontois ( 88%), most frequently encountered than hydroamnios (5-10%)

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  Hydroallontois - bloated bull frog like calf
 Uterine torsion – twisting or revolution of the gravid uterus on its long axis
 Signs of approaching parturition in mare – waxing of teat, patchy sweating  Post partum heat in pigs- 3 – 5 days
 Fetus decides the day of birth and dam decides the time of birth  At the time of deep freezing – 30 million sperms /ml
 Normal placental Expulsion time :  At the time of AI (post thaw) - minimum 10 million sperms / ml
 cattle - 8 - 12hrs,  Buck spermatozoa quite susceptible to cold shock
 Mare - 0.5 – 3hrs,  Buck semen – Presence of egg coagulating enzyme (Phospholipase A) prevents the
 sheep &goat - 3 – 6 hrs storage at 5 °c in yolk containing diluents
 Bitch – Placentophagy  Equilibrium of semen @ 5°c for 6 hrs to enable glycerol action
 Sow – Foetophagy  Sealing powder – poly vinyl alcohol
 During fetal expulsion – cow, Ewe, Doe – Sternal recumbency, Mare – lateral recumbency  Laboratory seal has to be cut during AI
 Post partum period – puerperium  Minimum of 10-15 million of viable sperms present after freezing and thawing in each
 Uterine involution completed by doses
 cattle - 26 – 52 days following parturition  The capacity of French mini straw – 0.25 ml
 Mare - 32 days
 Bitch - 4 – 5 week
 Post partum uterine discharge – Lochia
 Onset of estrus after parturition, cattle :- 33 – 90 days, buffaloes :- 4 – 6 months
 Foal heat – 5 -12 days post partum
 Bitch - the post partum Lochia is green colour is due to Uteroverdin – break down
product of Hemoglobin .
 Uterine incision is closed by – double row of lembert or cushing sutures
 Feeding sweet clover to sheep – Hyperestrogenisim can leads to uterine prolapsed.
 Downer cow – clinically parturient paresis but unable to rise after24 hours and two
calcium infusions
 Creeper cow – cow becomes alert and gains control following calcium injection but
remains recumbent due to inability to use hind quarters
 Synthetic analogues of GnRH – Buserelin(RECEPTAL) , Fertirelin(OVALYSE) ,
Gonadorelin (FERTAGYL)

Presentation P₁ Relation of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of dam. (eg;
longitudinal / transverse and anterioer / posterior )

Position P₂ Relation of the dorsum of the fetus in longitudinal

presentation or the head in transverse presentation to that of
quadrants of maternal pelvis.
(eg; dorso – sacral ,dorso-pubic etc., )

Posture P₃ Relation of the extremities or the head, neck and limbs of the
fetus to the body of its own. VII. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
(eg; shoulder flexion, hip flexion nape etc.,)
Four pillars of livestock management (or) LPM

1) Breeding 2) Weeding 3) Feeding 4) Heeding

 Turkey - Meleagris gallopavo

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  J. Quail - Coturnix coturnix japonica Goat 23
 Guirea foul - Numida meleagris
 Duck - Anas plathyrhynchos Equines 6
 Goose - Anser anser
 Watering of livestock
Common Terms and Definitions
 Horse
Species water intake /day
 Geld (or) gelding - castrated male horse.
 Broken horse - A well trained horse Cattle & buffalo 27 – 28 lit
 Unbroken horse - Untrained horse
Adult camel 70 – 90 lit
 Colt foal - Male young one
 Filly foal - Female young one Sheep & goat 18 lit
 Double rig - Cryptorchid (both testicles retained in the abdomen)
 Foaling - Act of giving birth to young one. Pigs 25 – 30 lit
 Mule - Mare x jack ass Poultry 250 ml
 Jennet/Jenny/hinny/Genet -stallion x she donkey
 Cattle Dog &cats 14 lit
 Heifer - Young female over one year, which has just attained maturity.
Horse 36 lit
 Slink calf - An aborted calf
 Bobby calf - Male calf about 1 week old.
 Free martin - Twin calves of different sexes are born
 The bull calf - Sexually normal . Species Water req.for all purposes / day
 female calf - Sterile (always)  Cow - 100 – 110 lit
 Sheep  Horse - 72 lit
 Wedder (or)wether - An adult castrated male sheep.  Pigs - 40 -50 lit
 Gimmer - Female sheep which is between 1 and 2 shearing.
 Seggy - an adult male castrated after service Potable water
 Frog – the central elevated portion behind the foot Standard physical qualities
 Chestnut – the horny growth situated below the hock on both the hind limb Organic matter 3ppm
 Hogging – clipping the mane PH range 7-8.5
 Pouring – pouring small quantity of dip into parts of the fleece along the back,sides and
belly Turbidity 5 turbidity scale
 Crutching – removing soiled dung-stained wool of Perineal and inguinal regions
Chemical qualities
 Scouring – removal of impurities in raw wool
Chloride, Sulphate 250ppm
 Mulling - castration by crude method
 Ringing – removal of wool from the region around the penis Fluoride 1ppm
 Eyeing – clipping of wool around the eye to prevent wool blindness
Species Number of defined breeds Ammonia
India Lead 0.1ppm
Cattle 28 Arsenic 0.05ppm
Buffalo 7 Iron 0.3ppm
Sheep 44
Hardness of water
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  temporary hardness – bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium  Wolf teeth – 1st pre molar of upper jaw in horse
 Permanent hardnes - Chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.  Dental star – a mark seen on the table surface of incisors in horse
 Chlorine demand for normal water – 0.9-1.8 ppm  Infundibulum – dark depression on the table surface of incisors in horse
 Brackish taste of water is due to presence of sodium chloride  Carnassials / sectorial teeth – in dogs.
 Sickle shaped horn – surti  4th cheek tooth of upper jaw ( 4th pre molar)
 Tallest Indian sheep breed – Nellore  5th cheek tooth of lower jaw (1st molar)
 Shortest Indian sheep breed – Mandya
 Galvayne‟s groove is a depression on the labial surface of the corner incisors
 Pelt breed – karakul
 Bishoping is an attempt to make the old animals to be mistaken for a young one
 Largest goat breed – jamnapari
 Dwarf breed of goat – Barbari
Dental formula
 Milk fat percentage highest in Jakffarabadi & lowest in Nili-ravi
species Temporary ( deciduous ) permanent
 Chegu and chanthangi are pashmina goat
 Gestation heat is also present in goat 2 (Incisors / canine / premolar) 2 (Incisors/canine/premolar/molar)
 Safe sanitary distance is 150-200 feet away from the sources of contaminations
Cattle/sheep/goat 0/4 , 0/0 , 3/3 20 0/4 , 0/0 , 3/3 , 3/3 32
 Glutaraldehyde (2%) aqueous solution used for sterilization of instruments
 Trap is a contrivance for preventing sewar gas escaping in to house drainage system Horse 3/3 , 0/0 , 3/3 24 3/3 , 1/1 , 3-4/3 , 3/3 40 - 42
 Presence of iron in water encourages the growth of iron bacteria such as crenothrix and
gallionella Pig 3/3 , 1/1 , 3/3 28 3/3 , 1/1 , 4/4 , 3/3 44
 Higher concentration of fluoride causes interference with calcification giving rise to 3/3 , 1/1 , 3/3 28 3/3 , 1/1 , 4/4 , 2/3 42
Dog
dental dystrophy known as mottled teeth
 Cooling power can be measured by kata thermometer Cat 3/3 , 1/1 , 3/2 26 3/3 , 1/1 , 3/2 , 1/1 30
 Air velocity 100ft/min at 70˚C is found to be comfortable for broilers
Camel 1/3 , 1/1, 3/2 22 1/3 , 1/1, 3/2 , 3/3 34
 Percentage of CO2 present in the atmosphere can be measured by Haldane‟s apparatus
 Short day breeders – sheep and goat
 Long day breeders - horse  Double dished face is characteristic of jersey and Guernsey
 Housing -East- west orientation – temperate regions  Golden yellow color milk is seen in Guernsey
 North – south orientation – tropical regions  Best milk production of world is Holstein Friesian
Identification of horse
 Key stone of arch in animal breeding – selection
 Grey – skin is black with admixture of black and white hairs
 Mass selection can be powerful for highly heritable traits
 Bay – varies from dull red to yellowish color, black mane, tail and the limb
 Piebald – irregular patches of white and black Species Sperm count/ml volume
 Star – a white mark on the forehead either large or small
 Stripe – a narrow white marking running down the face,may be thin or broad Bull 600-1200 million 2-10 ml
 Conjoined star and stripe – stripe in continuation of a star
Buffalo 600-1000 million 2-5 ml
 Blaze – a white marking covering almost the whole of the forehead between the eyes and
extending down the front of the face beyond the width of nasal bone and usually Ram 800-4000 million 0.6-2 ml
involving the muzzle
 White face – white covers the whole of forehead Stallion 50-200 million 30-280 ml
 Snip – any isolated white mark in between the nostrils Boar 25-1000 million 150-450 ml
 White muzzle – both lips will be white
 Whorls – any irregular setting of hairs
 Freeze branding - Dry ice – (- 70˚C) , Liquid nitrogen – (-196˚C)  Calf starter should be fed at 3 months of age (TDN -70%, CP -22%)
Teeth  Additional feeding during the pregnancy period – ‗Steaming up’
 Canine teeth absent in mare,cattle  Cows should be bred after calving within 60-90 days
 Tushes – canine teeth of pig  Ear notching is commonly practiced in pigs
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  Removal of testicles in fowl – Caponisation  The fiber from the Angora goat is known as Mohair
 Draught power of bullock – 0.75 HP  Fleece contain Suint and Grease
 Gestation period of goat is 145-155 days  Suint – water soluble salts present in the wool, which is excretory products from skin
 Best known Indian goat milch breed – jamnapari  The waviness of wool is known as crimp, fine wool will have more crimps
 Crude Fibre utilization - Goat>sheep>buffaloes>cows  Mutton – Pale pinkish
 In sheep flushing is practiced 2-3 weeks before mating  Chevon – dark red with coarse texture
 Age of ram for breeding purpose – 2 yrs
 Sheep tends to survive best in drier climates Floor space per animal (Sq.ft)
 At 20 wks of age, 16 hrs of lighting is required
Type of animal Covered area Open area
 Air movement should not exceed 30 ft (9.2m)/min
 For production of 1ml of milk 400-500ml of blood must pass through the udder Cows 2
20-30(3.5 m ) 80-100(7 m2)
 Major elements (Ca, P , K , Cl , and Na) cannot be changed by altering the levels of these
elements in the ration of a cow Buffaloes 25-35 80-100
 STH,ACTH,TSH and Oxytocin exert their effect in maintaining the normal lactation Young stock 15-20 50-60
curve
 Galactophore - a milk duct Pregnant cows 100-120 180-200
 Galactosidase - enzyme which catalyses the splitting of lactose into glucose + Galactose
Bulls 120-140(12 m2) 200-250(120 m2)
 Galactopoiesis – maintenance of lactation
 Lactogenesis – initiation of milk secretion Ram /Buck 3.4 m2
 Concentrate feeding – 0.35 kg per lit of milk
Ewe /Doe 1 m2
 Colostrums also known as Beesting
 Best time for castration is 8-10 weeks for cattle Boar 9 m2 9 m2
 Deworming – with piperazine adipate with in 3rd to 7th day, repeat it once in a month
upto 6th month of age VIII POULTRY SCIENCE
 Calf mortality - below 8%
 BREED: group of individuals with in the species having distinct physical & productive
 Adult mortality – below 3% characteristics, which are efficiently transmitted to decendents
 Chemical used for shearing in sheep – Cyclophospamide  variety: subdivision of breed mostly decided by type of comb, colour of plumage
 Limiting amino acid of sheep - Methionine  Strain: population of small number of individuals in variety reproducing with well
 Dry matter requirement of sheep - 2.5 – 3 kg /head / day established common characteristics
 The only milk producing sheep breed (goat like sheep) – Sonadi Breeds
 Fineness of wool – expressed in terms of spinning counts (s)  Mediterranean class (Egg type): M L A (Minorca ,Leghorn , Ancona)
 Ratio of secondary to primary follicle in Fine wool breeds – 20 : 1  English class(Meat type): C O S A(Cornish, Orphington, Sussex, Australop)
Carpet wool breeds– 1:1 to 3:1  American class (Dual type): R P N W(Rhode islandred, Plymouthrock, New Hampshire,
 Diameter of Wool fiber – 15 – 50 µ Wyandotte) –
 Diameter of Kemp fiber – 100 – 200 µ  Asiatic class – Brhaman, Cochin,Langsharn
 Hair - Medulla is present Duck
Egg layers: Khaki Campbell, Indian runner
Type of wool Diameter S unit Meat ducks: white pekin, Aylsburry, Muscovy, Rouven
Sex ratio : Male:Female 1:15-16 - Replacement pullets
Fine wool <25 µ 64s to 80s 1:10-12 - broiler breeders
Family selection is useful in low heritability characteristics
Medium wool 25 – 40 µ 50s to 62s
 Low heritability characters egg production , fertility and viability
Coarse wool >40 µ <50s  Pedigree selection is used for sex limited traits
 Individual selection adopted for traits of high heritability,
 highly heritable characters – egg weight, shell quality, sexual maturity, growth rate, confirmation
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  Selection of birds for Layer Line – 10-14 weeks of age Intensive system – 10000-25000birds/ha
Meat Type Line – 8 weeks of age  Foul-patch – the ground immediately surrounding the houses- more danger of infection
 NAFED – National Agricultural Co-Operative Marketing Federation of India  Depth of litter – 5cm for chicks,7 -10cm for growers and layers
 In marketing of eggs, state level government organizations like MAFCO,TAPCO,POMFCO,NECC  The relative humidity in the deep litter system should be around 40%
and NAFED are making considerable efforts for marketing and sale promotion of eggs  The moisture content of litter should not be less than 18% and should not exceed >24%
 NECC – National egg coordination committee – fixes the prices for the eggs  The ammonia level produced by litter should not exceed 25ppm
 India – 3rd largest egg producer next to china & USA  Orientation of poultry houses – East-West direction
 Fertile egg – nucleus is called as Germ disc, infertile egg it is called as Germ spot
 Oviposition – act of laying, due to the release of Arginine and vasotocin Floor space requirement
 Brown color of egg shell is due to the pigment Porphyrin
 Blue shelled eggs – pigment Oocyanin Layers Broilers
 The normal depth of air cell is 4 to 8 mm
Age Space/bird(cm sq) Age (weeks) Space/bird(cm sq)
 Shell from outside covered by a layer of cuticle which is Bacteriostatic
(weeks)
 Shell membranes – 0.001 – 0.02 mm thick
0-7 650-675 0-4 450-470
 Shell – 11 % of total egg weight Deep litter
 Albumen – 58 % of total egg weight 8-11 900-925 5-7 750-850
 Yolk – 31 % of total egg weight
12-19 1800-2000
 Ovomucin – responsible for firmness of thick albumen
0-8 200-250
 Oviduct Cage system
 Infundibulum - fertilization of ovum, the yolk stays for about 15 min 9-20 275-300
 Magnum – major qty of thick albumen secreted here , materials stay about 3 hours
20 & above 337-375
 Isthmus – 1.25 hrs, egg white,2 shell membranes, some salt and water is added to egg
 Uterus – major role in egg formation, hard calcareous shell, shell pigment, some minerals& water
along with cuticle deposited, egg spends max time 21 hrs at this place  Restricted feeding- increases the size of initial eggs laid and is an important factor to regulate the
 Vagina – egg just passes without spending time size of eggs
 24 – 26 hrs required for formation of an egg  Egg-borne transmission (Trans ovarian diseases) - Salmonellosis , Mycoplasmosis, Avianleucosis
 Haugh unit(HU) – Evaluating albumen quality, the HU of good quality egg – 70 complex, Ranikhet disease , Infectious Bronchitis, Avian Encephalomyelitis,avian Adeno virus
 Temperature Egg holding room 18 – 20°c infection, IBH(inclusion body hepatitis), EDS-76, Fowl typhoid
 Physiological Zero – to arrest the development of embryo before setting at 75-80 % humidity  Mottled yolk – Due to coccidiostat, hot weather, gossypol poisoning
 Fumigation – 1x – 40ml of formalin with 20g of Kmno4/2.80m3  Blood spot – Vitamin A deficiency
 Incubator - temp-37.5- 37.8°C ,65-70% humidity  Brooder pneumonia – Aspergillus fumigates
 Hatcher – temp- 36.5 – 36.8°C, 75 – 80% humidity  Gape worm (Forked worms)– Syngamus trachea
 Incubation period – 20-21 days  Vaccine - Drinking water administration – For 10 liters of water 1kg of ice and 60g of skimmed
 Brooding management – up to 4 weeks – broilers, 6-8 wks – layers milk powder is used
 Brooding space – 50-66 cm2/chick, temperature – 33°C during first week,2.6°C reduced every week  The RH of poultry house should range from 45-75%
till reaches 21°C  Hatch weight of broiler chick - 35 – 40 g
 Debeaking - generally done twice in egg type chicken – Day old & Around 9th day or at 3-4 weeks  Chicks must remain in continuous lighting up to 8 wks of age
of age
 Toe-clipping – breeding males – 6-9 days of age NUTRITION
 Dubbing – removal of comb , around 7-8 weeks of age  Supplemental nitrogen: sulphur necessary in the ratio of 10:1
 Cropping - removal of wattles  Cereal grains are deficient in lysine and tryptophan
 The average stocking density of adult birds  Fish meal is rich source of lysine, tryptophan and methionine
Free range - 250birds/ha  Piglets highly susceptible to iron and cobalt deficiency
Semi intensive – 750 birds/ha  Piglet anaemia(thumps)
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  symptoms - Pale in the region of ears and belly, Listlessness, Rapid breathing, often 11. The bacteria that is used to evaluate the phenol coefficient using Rideal Walker method Salmonella
Diarrhoea .
 RX - 100-150 mg of iron in the form of iron dextron – 3 days after birth if necessary a second typhi
inj.-3 weeks later
12. Mastitis causing Str.agalactiae and Str. dysgalactiae are classified as group - B and C --- and group--
 Weight at weaning age is proof of efficient growth and also an indication of the milking ability of
the gilt A is S. pyogenes respectively as per Lancefield classification.
 Creep feeding given from 3rd week onwards (25-30% CP)
 Yellow maize is rich in cryptoxanthine 13. The substance present normally in spores at high levels,but decreases during the favourable
 Restricted feeding produces better quality meat
condition. Calcium Dipicolinate
 Cotton seed meal is known for its efficiency to produce hard and firm meat
 Feeds like ground nut, maize, rice bran, vegetable oils, etc when fed in liberal will result in soft 14. Greyish-white medusa head type of colony is shown by Bacillus anthracis in which medium ? .
pork
 Maize as a cereal deficient in calcium Nutrient Agar
 Choline and methionine are needed to supplement to counteract the toxicity resulting from tannin
15. Chinese letter arrangement and metachromatin granules are features of Corynebacteria
 Rice polish – rich in thiamine and higher in niacin and riboflavin
 Wheat bran – 12% fibrer rich in phosphorus and poor in calcium 16. Agent that causes Summer Mastitis Corynebacteriapyogenes
 Blood meal - >80% protein
 Meat meal – 50-55 CP 17. Growth of E.rhusiopathiae is favoured by which aminoacid ? Tryptophan
 Blood meal is deficient isoleucine
18. Tuberculous lesions are prominent in digestive tract rather than in respiratory tract in Poultry
 Ground nut cake 40-50% protein
 Feather meal 5% inclusion level 19. Etiological agent of Calf Diphtheria Fusobacterium necrophorus

20. Characteristic features of abortion in cattle caused by B.abortus Necrotic placentitis and

Leatheryplacenta

MICROBIOLOGY 21. Type of vaccines used against brucellosis in calves & cows. Strain 19 (living) and Strain

45/20(killed) respectively

1. Koch‘s postulates was derived by using which bacterium ?Bacillus anthracis 22. Kennel Cough in dogs caused by .. Bordetella bronchiseptica

2. Kanagawa reaction is exhibited by...Vibrio parahaemolyticum 23. Pasteurella, Yersinia and Listeria have one thing in common as part of their staining character.

3. Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur Bipolar staining

4. In presence of specific antibody, Streptococcus pneumoniae shows --- Quellungreaction reaction 24. Etiological agent of fowl coryza Haemophilus gallinarum

5. Father of Bacteriology Robert Koch 25. Classification of Pasteurella species Robert's and Carter's serotyping

6. Small pox vaccine was developed by --- Edward Jenner -----in the year1796. 26. The best medium for an enhanced growth of Campylobacter Thiol medium

7. A polymer of glycerol phosphate that is present only in G+ bacteria cell wall Teichoic acid 27. In Mc Konkeys agar, E.coli produces - Pink colonies whereas Salmonella produces -Colourless

8. Rabies vaccine was first done on Joseph Meister 28. Ringer and Gillespie medium is used for the growth of .. Leptospira

9. Loeffler and Frosch shares the credit of discovery of---- FMD Virus -- 29. ‗Symptomatic anthrax is the synonym for.... Black Quarter

10. The only anti TB drug that has the ability to destroy the acid fastness of Mycobacterium. Izoniazid 30. Para anthrax in pigs is caused by .Clostridium septicum

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 31. Gaint cells of Langhans are absent in T.B affecting which species Canines and Felines 1. Enzymes involved in hatching of Ascarid egg: Chitinase and esterases

32. In H&E staining T.B calcification appear as... Blue color. 2. McLean counting system is devised for : Ascaris suum

33. Epitheloid cells fuse to form syncytia and it enters ..Symplasma....stage in Johne‘s diseases. 3. An ascarid without somatic migration: Toxascaris leonina (A. galli belongs to Family heterakidae)

34. Among domestic species ... Sheep. is most susceptible to anthrax. 4. Herring worm: Anisakis

35. Condition in sheeps under 1year of age, affected by Cl.septicum due to toxaemia Braxy or Bradsot 5. Cod fish worm: Phoconema

36. Pulmonary Adenomatosis in sheeps by retrovirus is ........ whereas Cl.botulinum type D infection in 6. Hourglass shaped esophagus in : Oxyuris equi

cattle is ..... Jaagsiekte ; Lamsiekte 7. Hourglass shaped buccal capsule found in : Oxyspirura mansoni

37. Dunkop and Dikkop are forms of ...... African Horse Sickness. 8. Funnel shaped pharynx: Haebronema megastoma

38. Diagnostic test for E.I.A Coggin's Test 9. Cup shaped buccal capsule with cusp shaped teeth: Stephanurus dentatus

39. Inclusion bodies in Fowl pox is ...... and in cow pox is.... Bollinger bodies ; Guarnieri bodies 10. Parasite responsible for ―ungroomed rat tail appearance‖ in horse: Oxyuris equi

40. Instrument used to perform the Polymerase Chain Reaction Thermocycler 11. Caecal worm of poultry: Heterakis gallinae

41. Ulcerative enteritis in poultry caused by ........Clostridium colinum 12. Nematodes with ―H‖ shaped excretory system: Rhabditidae

42. Infectious encephalomyelitis caused by Flavi virus transmitted by ixodes ricinus. Louping ill 13. Characteristic ―ear‖ shaped (dorsal) tooth in : Strongylus vulgaris

43. Granules present within the Guarnieri body. Paschen's granules 14. ―Morocco leather‖ appearance associated with: Ostertagia ostertagi

44. Synonym for Infectious bulbar paralysis caused by Herpes. Psuedorabies/Mad Itch/Aujezky's 15. ―Ring worm like lesions‖ associated with: Trichostrongylus spp

disease 16. ―Horse shoe‖ shaped ovary: Echinococcus granulosus

45. Two medium used for the growth of mycoplasma. PPLO Agar and Frey's medium 17. ―Boot‖ shaped spicule: Dictyocaulus filariae

46. In McFaydean reaction ,color of organism and capsule Blue ; Pink 18. ―Heart‖ shaped spicule: Nematodirus baltus

47. Bursitis in horse caused by Brucella abortus Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers 19. ―Lancet‖ shaped spicule: Nematodirus fillicolis

48. The etiological agent of ‗Struck‘ in sheep Clostridium perferinges Type C 20. ―Spoon‖ shaped spicule: Nematodirus spathiger

49. Bottle brush appearance in Gelatin stab is growth feature of .. . Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and 21. ―Y‖ shaped dorsal ray: Haemonchus contortus

Clostridium perferinges 22. Recurved spicules: Gaigeria pachyscelis

50. Visna/Maedi in sheep is caused by......... Retro virus 23. No spicule: Trichinella spiralis

24. Black scours worm:Trichostrongylus colubriformis

25. Barber‘s pole worm/ wire worm/ large stomach worm/ twisted stomach worm: Haemonchus
PARASITOLOGY
contortus

26. Eyeworm of poultry: Oxyspirura mansoni

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 27. Brown stomach worm: Ostertagia ostertagi 53. Radia with ―procruscula‖: Fasciola spp

28. Red stomach worm of pig: Hyostrongylus rubidus 54. Nematodes with flame cells: Class Acanthocephala (Macracanthorrhyncus hirudinaceus)

29. Fox hook worm: Uncinaria stenocephala 55. Halzoun syndrome associated with: Fasciolosis and spirometrosis

30. Pig hook worm: Globocephalus (G. urosubulatus, G. longimucornatus) 56. Cestode with ―sickle‖ shaped hooks: Taenia spp

31. Elephant hook worm: Barthomostomus (B. sangeri), Grammocephalus clatheratus 57. Cestode with ―rosethorn‖ shaped hooks: Dipylidium caninum

32. Lungworm of dog: Filaroides osleri 58. Cestode with ―Hammer‖ shaped hooks: Davinia spp

33. Lungworm of cat: Aleurostrongylus spp 59. Cestode with ―bunch of grape‖ ovary: Dipylidium caninum

34. Lungworm of rat: Angiostrongylus cantonensis- causes ―eosinophilic meningio encephalitis‖ in 60. Metacestode tetrathyridium is seen in: Family Mesocestoides

man 61. Metacestode strobilocercus seen in: Taenia taeniformis (as Cysticercus fasciolaris)

35. Eddy worm: Class Turbellaria 62. ―Lapets‖ present in: Anoplocephala perfoliata

36. Larva with ―S‖ shaped tail: Filaroides osleri 63. ―Dumbbell‖ shaped uterus: Stilasia hepatica

37. Nurse cells characteristic of Trichinella spiralis 64. Fringed tape worm: Thysanosoma actinoides

38. ―Stichosomes‖ are characteristic of: Trichurid esophagus 65. Gravid uterus is replaced by egg capsule in: Family Linstowiidae

39. ―Cordons‖ in: Ascaridae 66. Cooked rice grain appearance: monezia gravid segments

40. ―Bosses‖ in: Gongylonema 67. Cucumber shaped segments: gravid segments of Dipylidium caninum

41. Cuticle extended posteriorly beyond the tail of worm: Physaloptera spp

42. Bursa strengthened with chitinous plate: Protostrongylus spp

Following diseases/conditions are associated with parasites
43. L1 with characteristic cuticular knob: Dictyocaulus filariae
1. Milk spots: Ascaris suum
44. L1 with button hook tail: Dipetelonema dracunculoides
2. Balling up in horse:Parascaris equorum
45. Anterior helmet seen in: Dracunculus medenensis
3. Mud colour faeces: Toxocara vitulorum
46. Definitive host of Dioctophyma renale: mink
4. Rat tail appearance: Oxyuris equi
47. The dish ―Fessikhs‖ is associated with: Heterophyses heterophyses
5. Black head: Heterakis gallinae (Egg carrier of Histomonas meleagridis)
48. The dish ―Marrara‖ is associated with: Sparganosis
6. Parasitic otitis: Rabditis bovis
49. Phenomenon of ―progenesis‖ is associated with: Family Plagyorchidae
7. Black scours: Trichostrongylus worms
50. ―Furcocercus cercaria‖: Schistosomes
8. Villous atrophy: Trochostrongylus and Nematodirus
51. ―Microcercus cercaria‖: Paragonimidae
9. Ringworm lesions: Trichostrogylus
52. ―cercaria vitrina‖: Dicrocelium dendriticum
10. Morocco leather: Ostertagia ostertagi
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 11. Pulpy kidney disease (withCl. welchi): nematodirus 38. Macrocytic / pernicious anemia: Diphyllobothrium latum

12. Swimmer‘s itch: Schistosoma spp (non human) 39. LD bodies: Leishmaniosis

13. Foot rot in sheep: Strongyloides papillosus 40. KB bodies: Theileriosis

14. Pimply gut: Oesophagostomum spp 41. Visceral Leishmaniosis: Leishmania donovani, L. chagasi, L. infantum

15. Colic in horse: Cythiostomum tetracanthum 42. PKDL: L. donovani

16. Haemorrhagic warts (in tracheal bifurcation): Filaroides osleri 43. Kala azar: L. donovani

17. Fistulous whither: Onchocerca cervicalis 44. American kala azar: L. chagasi

18. Eosinophilic meningeo encephalitis in man: Angiostrongylus cantonensis 45. Rural zoonotic leishmaniasis: L. major

19. Wahi /kaseri/ summer mange: Onchocerca spp 46. Chiclero ulcer/ bay sore: L. mexicana mexicana

20. Bursati / granular dermatitis/ summer sore: Habronema (cutaneous habronemiasis) 47. Classical espundya: L. braziliensis braziliensis

21. Arteritis in horse: strongylidae family 48. Uta: L. peruviana

22. Oesophageal tumour: Spirocerca lupi 49. Nagana: Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolensi, T. vivax

23. Gastric tumour: Gnathostoma spinigerumand Habronema megastoma (Draschia megastoma) 50. Souma: T. vivax in cattle

24. Cholangiocarcinoma: Clonorchis sinensis(oriental liver fluke/Chinese liver fluke) 51. African sleeping sickness: T. brucei gambiensi, T. brucei rhodasiensi

25. Urinary bladder carcinoma: Schistosoma haematobium 52. Surra: T. evansi

26. ―Swine fever‖ and epizootic pneumonia: Metastongylus spp 53. Tibarsa /Gufar: T. evansi in camel

27. Husk or hoose: Dictyocaulus viviparous 54. Mal de Cadares: T. equinum

28. Enzootic cerebrospinal nematodiasis: Setaria digitata 55. Dourine / equine syphilis: T. equiperdum

29. Hump sore: Stephanofilaria assamensis 56. Dollar spots: T. equiperdum

30. Ear sore: Stephanofilaria zaheeri 57. Yellow buttons: Trichomonas gallinae (Avian trichomonosis)

31. Fatal hemorrhagic enteritis in mink: Euryhelmis squamula 58. Saucer shaped ulcer in tissue: Histomonas meleagridis

32. Rot dropsy: Fasciola spp 59. Suphur yellow faeces: Histomonas meleagridis

33. Snoring in cattle: Schostosoma nasalis 60. Travellers diarrhea: Giardia lamblia

34. Nodular taeniasis in poultry: Reilettina echinobothrida 61. Flask shaped ulcer: Entamoeba histolytica (in intestine)

35. Hepatitis cysticercosa: Cysticercus tenuicollis 62. Red dysentery: Eimeria zuernii in cattle

36. Gid/Staggers: Coenurus cerebralis (of Taenia multiceps) 63. Rectal coccidiosis: Eimeria burnetti

37. False gid: Oestrus ovis (larva) 64. Ladder lesions in duodenum: Eimeria acervulina

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 65. Signet ring: Plasmodium spp 15. Vitamin C is used as an antidote to ---Nitrate-----poisoning

66. Texas fever/Red water fever/Bovine pyroplasmosis: Babesia spp in cattle 16. Oseltamivir is the drug of choice against- Bird flu in humans

67. Equine biliary fever: Babesia equi (now as Theilaria equi) 17. The species of animal in which Ivermectin crosses the BBB- Equines

68. Tropical bovine theileriosis: Theileria annulata 18. The only anaesthetic agent known to be carcinogenic- fluoroxene

69. Benign tropical thieileriosis: T. mutans 19. The drugs contraindicated in parakeets & cats respectively are- procaine & morphine

70. East coast fever/ January disease: T. parva 20. The species most sensitive to the ill-effects of xylazine - cattle

71. Buffalo disease/Corridor disease: T. lawrensi 21. A pantropic virus that commonly affects Canines- Canine distemper virus

72. Malignant theileriosis: T. hirci 22. Symplasma stage in submucosa is seen in- Johne's Disease

73. Gall sickness: Anaplasma marginale 23. Oestrogenic mycotoxin causing reproductive disorders in swine is- Zearalenone

24. 'Blue eye' or Rubarth's Disease is the synonym for- Infectious Canine Hepatitis

25. Which is the most potent opiate analgesic? carfentanil

ICAR VET REFRSHER 26. Name a benzodiazepine antagonist- flumazenil

27. Ketamine is contraindicated in head injuries as it reduces -Intra cranial pressure

1. Bacterial disease in which Pasteur's vaccine used- Anthrax 28. The subtype of Avian flu virus causing human casualties around the world- H5N1

2. 'Para anthrax' in pigs caused by- Cl. septicum 29. Mad cow disease is caused by- Prions

3. Foot rot in sheep is caused by - Bacterioides nodosus 30. Cold enrichment procedure is done for the isolation of - Listeria

4. Duck Plague is the synonym for –Duck Viral Enteritis 31. 'J' chain is present in immunoglobulins- IgA and IgM

5. The indistinct margins of a radiograph due to a large focal spot of X-ray beam -penumbra. 32. In the body, Chloral hydrate is converted to - tricholoroethanol

6. The optimum temperature of developing and fixing solutions in radiography is -68F 33. Name one anaesthetic agent which is steroid in nature- Althesin

7. Avian influenza virus has 8 gene segments 34. Dose of Anthrax vaccine- 1ml s/c

8. M. leprae can be cultivated in vivo only in- Armadillo 35. Anaphylatoxins are- C3a and C5a

9. State of unresponsiveness towards an antigen is - Anergy 36. The specific antidote of Morphine is- Nalorphine

10. The cholinergic drug that cannot be hydrolyzed by AchE is -carbachol 37. Dunkop (pulmonary) and Dikkop (cardiac) are two forms of - African Horse Sickness

11. The penetrating power of X-ray beam depends on - kvp 38. 'Wire loop' lesions in the glomerular basement membrane seen in- SLE

12. Anaesthesia produced by combination of drugs is termed as-Balanced anaesthesia 39. The drug used to stabilize mast cells- Cromolyn sodium

13. Antigen-Antibody complexes present in dentrites of Dentritic cells- Iccosomes 40. Hyaluronidase-- enzyme used with local anaesthetics to promote its diffusion and absorption

14. BCG is an attenuated form of - Mycobacterium bovis 41. Milbemycin oxime is obtained from-Streptomyces hygroscopicus

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 42. Name a suture material that glows in darkness easy to handle in poor light- Flurofil 69. Periarticular lymphoid sheath (PALS) is populated by T lymphocytes are seen in-Spleen

43. Cardinal Signs of Inflammation was propounded by- Cornelius Celsus 70. Habel's testing (mouse test) is done for the diagnostic assessment of- Rabies

44. FMD virus multiplies in the ------Str.spinosum--------- layer of epidermis 71. Most immunogenic viral polypeptide of FMD virus is - VP1

45. Father of Immunology is- Edward Jenner 72. Rabbits show genetic tolerance towards- Atropine

46. Lamsiekte in cattle and sheep is caused by - Cl.botulinum type D. 73. The diuretic that cannot be given along with aminoglycoside antibiotics- Furosemide

47. Vaccine strain of B.anthracis is - Aviurlent and Non capsulated 74. The antibiotic Gentamicin is obtained from- Micromonosporum purpureum

48. Monsell‘s suture technique is used in - Enteroanastomosis 75. Ochratoxin primarily causing renal impairment is produced by- Aspergillus ochraceus

49. Ethylene oxide is a gaseous agent used for sterilization kills microorganisms by-alkylation.. 76. Name the smallest animal virus- Porcine circovirus (17-20nm)., FMDV is of 28-30nm size.

50. VitC is necessary for hydroxylation of proline & lysine in synthesis of -collagen 77. Pyometra in bitches is caused by –E.coli

51. 'Bomb burst' or 'Umbrella like' colonies are characteristic of - Listeria 78. Strawberry foot rot is caused by-Dermatophilus congolensis

52. Influenza virus is typed based on Matrix and Nucleocapsid antigen 79. Drug of choice for mycoplasmosis- Tylosin

53. The conversion of DHFA to THFA is blocked by- Trimethoprim 80. 'Tennis racket' shaped spores are present in- Cl. chauvoei

54. Examples of pencillinase resistant pencillins- Methicillin and Cloxacillin 81. Psittacosis or Ornithosis in birds is caused by- Chlamydophila psittaci

55. First immunoglobulin to be synthesized in Neonates- IgM. 82. The proton pump inhibitor used to treat Zollinger-Ellison syndrome-Omeprazole

56. 'Abortion storms' in sheep is caused by- Campylobacter foetus 83. Rabies virus (bullet shaped) belongs to the genus- Lyssa virus

57. Vaccine strain used for prophylaxis of IBD infection-Georgia 84. 'Bull Nose' in pigs is caused by- Fusobacterium necrophorus

58. Which is the only benzimidazole drug that wont inhibit Fumarate reductase- mebendazole 85. DNA virus that codes for reverse transcriptase enzyme- Hepadna virus

59. Name an anthelminthic which was previously used to treat human gout- piperazine 86. Chronic Respiratory Disease in birds is caused by - Mycoplasma gallisepticum

60. The experimental animal used for FMD research is - Guinea pig 87. Immediate precursor of all sex steroids- Pregnenalone

61. The no: of Capsomers in Adenoviruses is- 252 88. In avian tuberculosis the lesion are confined to - GI tract

62. The source of Vero cell line is - African Green Monkey (Kidney) 89. Name a commonly used AchE reactivator- Pralidoxime.

63. Heat resistant ability of sporulated bacterium is due to the compound-Ca dipicholinate 90. Piperonyl butoxide is used as a synergist along with -Pyrethroids

64. The generation of monoclonal antibodies involves-Salvage pathway 91. HVT is the vaccine strain used against- Marek's Disease

65. Antibiotic which can also function as an anthelminthic agent is- Hygromycin B 92. In B.abortus, the ratio between LPS antigens A and M is - 20:1

66. Ivermectin toxicity can be reversed by using - Picrotoxin 93. Kume and Page Scheme is used for the classification of- Haemophilus

67. Cucurbitin, an active principle in Pumpkin seed is used for the treatment for-Cestodiasis 94. 'Reverse Genetics' is nowadays used for the production of vaccine strains of - Avian flu virus

68. Name a live vaccine previously used against rabies- Flury’s LEP & HEP 95. Drug of choice against Theileriosis is -Buparvaquone

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 96. With H&E staining the calcified tissue appears -Blue 123. Bacillus anthracis have medusa head like colonies in -Nutrient agar

97. The toxic level of Aflatoxin in ducklings is- 0.03ppm 124. Clostridium perfringens type A in animals causes- Gas gangrene

98. Summer Mastitis in cattle is caused by -C. pyogenes 125. The class of immunoglobulin that first appears in primary immune response- IgM

99. Heart Water disease is caused by- Cowdria ruminantium 126. Polypeptide chain called secretory component is present in- IgA

100. EMJH medium is commonly used for the cultivation of -Leptospira 127. Docking in dogs can predispose to a conditon called- Perineal Hernia

101. Hoti's test is used for detecting -Str. agalactiae mastitis 128. Hoflund's syndrome is the synonym for- Vagal indigestion

102. Infectious Bulbar Paralysis is the synonym for- Psuedorabies 129. Vitamin K dependent clotting factors are- 2, 7, 9 and 10.

103. Sulphonamides are metabolized by acetylation in ruminantsand glucuronidation in canines. 130. Limber neck in poultry is caused by- Clostridium botulinum type C

104. Scythe shaped spleen is seen in -Horses 131. The amino acid tryptophan act as growth promoter for the microbe- Erysepelothrix

105. The most important symptom of anthrax in dogs is -Gastroenteritis. 132. The most potent Aflatoxin is- B1

106. Braxy in sheep is caused by -Cl. septicum. 133. The cytolytic product of CTL cells that forms transmembrane pores in target cells- Perforins

107. The microbes that have the ability to survive pasteurization temp is -Listeria and Coxiella 134. Autoimmune disease in which Ig's are formed against Ach receptors- Myasthenia gravis

108. Techoic acid is present in the cell wall of - Gram + bacteria 135. World's first veterinary school in - 1762, Lyons, Paris

109. Route of inoculation in chicken embryos is intravenous for Blue tongue virus 136. The dog breed that has genetic predisposition for skin tumor- Boxer

110. 'Darling disease' is caused by - Histoplasma 137. Gavard's muscle is the synonym of -Int.obl. muscle layer of stomach.

111. New Jersey, Indiana and Trinidad are strains of - Vesicular stomatitis virus 138. Ventral bending (concave) of the spinal column is called- Lordosis

112. Diene staining is used for - Mycoplasma 139. A and M antigens are absent in- B.canis & B.ovis

113. Aspergillus flavus in SDA produces-Yellowish green colonies 140. Foothill abortion / BEA in cattle is caused by- Chlamydophila psittaci

114. Cork screw motility is shown by -Campylobacter 141. The antibacterial system naturally present in milk is- Lactoperoxidase system

115. Turkey coryza which is highly contagious is caused by - Bordetella avium 142. Marsupialization in bitches is done usually to treat- Pyometra

116. Castanida and Machiavello staining are employed for detecting- Chlamydia 143. Dose of Ivermectin is – 200 micrograms/Kg body weight

117. The antibodies used against the Rh antigen to prevent Erythroblastosis foetalis- Rhogam 144. The breed of cattle which has strong predisposition for Eye Cancer- Hereford

118. The immunoglobulin known as 'Reagin'- IgE 145. Male dog urinates like bitch in - Cystitis

119. Macrophages present in Kidney are known as- Mesangial cells 146. Knott test is done to detect Dirofilariosis in dogs

120. Interleukin that suppresses the immune response is - IL-10 147. Half life of IgG is - 20-21 days

121. Etiological agent of silage disease is – Listeria. 148. Benign tumor of gingiva is called - Epulis

122. Smallest living organism of individual existence- Mycoplasma 149. The drug used to contract gall bladder (cholecystokinetic)- Ceruletide

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 150. The type of paralysis produced by the drug piperazine on worms is – flaccid 177. ―Paple‖ shaped abdomen is diagnositic of – Vagus Indigestion

151. Cart wheel shape chromatin is seen – Plasma cells 178. Tenesmus followed by bloody dysentery in calves is characteristic of – Eimeria zuernii

152. The most abundant buffer system in plasma- bicarbonate buffer 179. The coccidial organism commonly found in felines and canines – Isospora (Eimeria absent)

153. The smallest animal cell has a diameter of – 2 microns 180. ―Slime balls‖ ie., cercarial aggregation seen in- Dicrocoelium infection.

154. The Fc fragment of Ig's can be recovered by digestion with the enzyme- Papain 181. ―Grunt‖ on applying pressure on xiphoid region in cattle is indicative of- TRP

155. Most common respiratory pathogen in canines - Bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough) 182. Salmon poisoning in dogs caused by -Neorickettsia helmintheca

156. Rabbit ileal loop assay is commonly done for the detection of - ET E.coli 183. Antibody having least half life is - IgE

157. Haemo-lymphnodes are commonly seen in - Ruminants 184. Genetically mutant mice lacking NK cells is called- Biege (Athymic mice- 'Nude')

158. Clonal selection theory of antibody production was proposed by- Burnet 185. Salivary cyst found in sublingual duct is- Ranula

159. Biphasic fever in dogs is indicative of - Canine distemper 186. Membrane bound IgM is a - Monomer

160. Ramstedt's surgical procedure is performed to correct- Pyloric stenosis 187. Class II MHC restricted cells are- T helper cells

161. The immediate precursor of thrombocytes are- Megakaryocytes 188. Lyme disease is caused by – Spirochete, Borrelia burgdoeferi, (IH- Ixodes)

162. Rouleaux formation in blood smear is a common finding in – Felines 189. Antidote for warfarin toxicity is – Vitamin K

163. Substance required for platelet aggregation is – Thromboxane 190. The drug that intensifies the toxic effects of Warfarin is – Phenyl Butazone

164. The interleukin commonly referred as chemokine is - IL-8 191. The amino acid which is deficient in cats is - Taurine

165. Rectal pinch test is done for the diagnosis of - Johne's disease 192. Complement activation is predominantly mediated by - IgM

166. Surgical cat gut is often sterilized by- Isopropyl alcohol or ethylene oxide 193. The compound used as gastric sedative in dogs is - Chloretone

167. Giant kidney worm of Dogs is - Dioctophyme renale 194. The receptor for co-stimulating B7 molecules on APC is- CD28

168. The sedimentation coefficient of IgG is 7S and IgM is 19S 195. Enteroplication is the surgical technique to correct- Intussusception

169. Principal metabolic pathway in RBC is- Glycolysis 196. The antibody that can exist as monomer, dimer, trimer and tetramer- IgA.

170. Tyzzer‘s disease in foals and lab animals is caused by – Bacillus piliformis 197. Insulin like growth factor –I is also called as – Somatomedins

171. Avian spirochetosis is caused by – Borrelia anserina 198. The diuretic with Aldosterone antagonistic action is – Spironolactone

172. Colopexy is used to treat- Recurrent rectal prolapse 199. The drug used to experimentally induce diabetes in dogs- Alloxan

173. Mouse ascites method is used to production of - Monoclonal antibodies 200. Allopurinol is the drug of choice for the treatment of – Gout

174. The dog breed having genetic predisposition to cardiac hypertropy- Grey hound 201. In passive HA, chemical used to coat antigens in RBC- Tannic acid or chromium chloride.

175. Suture technique used for uterine stump closure- Parker kerr method 202. Infectious RNA molecule of low molecular weight comes under the category- Viroids

176. In humans MHC is referred to as HLA complex whereas in mice it is H-2 complex 203. Pink eye is caused by Moraxella bovis and Summer pink eye is caused by IBR virus

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 204. 'Dew drop' colonies and satellite phenomenon is exhibited by- Haemophilus 231. The dose of Heparin used as an anticoagulant is- 10-20 IU/ml

205. 9R is the vaccine strain of - Salmonella Gallinarum 232. The media used to select the myeloma cells in MAB technique is- HAT medium

206. Glaucoma, a condition of increased intra ocular pressure is treated using- Acetazolamide 233. The site present in an antibody to which an antigen binds is called- Paratope

207. Canrenone is the metabolite of – Spironolactone 234. The vector for Reoviral Blue tongue in sheeps is- Culicoides spp

208. Kanagawa reaction is shown by – Vibrio parahaemolyticum 235. ―Pizzle rot‖ (Ovine Posthitis) in sheeps is caused by- Corynebacterium renale

209. SMEDI in pigs is caused by – Parvo Virus 236. Gid, Sturdy, or Staggers is caused by-Coenurus cerebralis ( T. multiceps)

210. ―White Spotted‖ kidney is a sequelae to – Leptospirosis and E.coli infections 237. The most commonly used serological test ELISA was developed by- Engvall and Perlman

211. Infarcts in kidney of Swine is characteristic of – Erysipelas 238. The gene for virulence in ND virus and AI virus are-Fusion gene and HA gene (respectively)

212. In GI tract, the antigen transport is carried out by specialized cells called- 'M' cells 239. 'Tigroid heart' in calves is characteristic of- FMD

213. Infectious protein particles causing 'Scrapie' in sheep are called- Prions 240. Vascularization of Cornea is known as - Pannus

214. The penicillin which is effective against pseudomonas infection- Carbenicillin 241. The lesion in eyes of horses due to leptospiral infection - Periodic Ophthalmia

215. Burton's line in gums is indicative of - Lead poisoning 242. ―Blue eye‖ is the synonym for- Infectious Canine Hepatitis (adenovirus)

216. The drug that can replace Ivermectin in sensitive dogs- Milbemycin oxime 243. ―Hot Spot‖ (pyotraumatic dermatitis) is caused by- Staphylococcus aureus & S. intermedius.

217. Jaagsiekte ― Driving Sickness‖ in sheeps is caused by Retro virus 244. The interleukin often referred to as B cell growth factor is- IL-6

218. Jaagsiekte is Pulmonary adenomatosis and Visna-Maedi (Retro) is Progressive pneumonia 245. FMD virus belongs to the genus- Aphthovirus

219. Farmer‘s Lung in cattle is caused by - Micropolyspora faeni 246. 'Dropped Sole' in horses is a condition due to- Chronic Laminitis

220. The virus having a unique 'double capsid'- Reovirus 247. Feline pan leucopenia is caused by- Parvo virus

221. Viral etiology of neoplasms were first reported by- Ellerman and Bang 248. Avian Influenza is caused by Influenza A virus of the family- Orthomyxoviridae

222. The group specific antigen of ALV which is commonly used for COFAL test is -p27 249. The principal source of Interferon β is - Fibroblasts

223. Recombinant DNA technology was first developed by- Cohen and Boyer 250. SAT-1,2 and 3 are types of FMDV originated from- Africa

224. Ephemeral fever (3 day sickness) is caused by - Rhabdovirus 251. The interleukin responsible for class switching of IgM to IgG is - IL-4

225. ―Facial Eczema‖ in cattle is caused by Pithomyces chartarum (fungus with toxin sporidesmin) 252. The animal species that serves as ― mixing vessel‖ for Avian and Mammalian flu is – Pig

226. ―Gall Sickness‖ is the synonym for- Anaplasmosis 253. Disinfectant of choice against Anthrax bacilli- Gluteraldehyde (2%)

227. Antigenic variation in avian influenza virus is largely due to- Genetic Shift 254. HVT, the vaccine strain used against MDV (serotype I) belongs to- serotype III

228. MAB technique for producing monoclonal Ig's was devised by- Kohler and Milstein 255. In birds, Avulavirus is the causative agent of - Newcastle disease

229. Bence Jones proteins (light chains of Ig) are present in urine in -Multiple myeloma 256. The cell surface marker of memory T cells is- CD45RO

230. Rose-Waaler test is used for the detection of -Rheumatoid factor (IgM) 257. In ALV infection, the tumor development is due to activation of oncogene called- c-myc

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 258. Disinfectant of choice against FMD virus- Sodium Carbonate (4%) 21. Antidote of choice in copper poisoning is ------------------- d-penicillamine

259. Staphylorraphy and Uranoplasty are techniques used to correct- Cleft palate 22. Adrenaline at the rate of 1:1000 is used for the treatment of ------------------- Shock

260. Negri bodies for diagnosis of rabies can be detected using- Seller's stain 23. Drug of choice in heart block is ------------------- Isoproterenol

261. Malignant tumor of mesenchymal cells is referred as –Sarcoma 24. Total no: of carbon atom in hemoglobin molecule is -------------------64

25. Neostygmine is the drug of choice in ------------------- Myasthenia gravis

ICAR -SET 26. Homatropine is a synthetic derivative containing tropine and ------------------ Mandelic acid

1. Pseudo glanders is caused by-------------------Histoplasma farciminosum 27. Etiological agent of "Strawberry Footrot" is ------------------- Dermatophilus congolensis

2. Gestation period of lion/tiger is -------------------. 100-105 days 28. The dose of Yohimbine and 4-AP in Xylazine reversal is -------------------0.05-.25mg/Kg

3. Eye worm of poultry is -------------------Oxyspirura mansoni 29. Antibiotic that has the ability to bind with calcium is ------------------- Gentamicin (all

4. Bubo is the abscess of -------------------lymph node aminoglycosides)

5. The etiology of Crazy chick disease is ------------------- hypovitaminosis-E 30. Xanthine Oxidase inhibitor that is used to treat Gout is ------------------- Allopurinol

6. A pet animal which is an induced ovulator is -------------------Cat 31. Neuromuscular blocker which is kept on ice to prevent hydrolysis is -------------------succinyl choline

7. The amino acid that is essential for the synthesis of haemoglobin. glycine 32. Refractive power of eye lens is -------------------59D

8. One gram of haemoglobin carry ------------------- ml of Oxygen. 1.34ml 33. -------------------connects the lateral and third ventricles in brain foramen of monroe

9. One gram of haemoglobin on degradation will produce---------mg of bilirubin. 35mg 34. The breed of dog sensitive to thiopentone is -------------------grey hound

10. .Micro organisms that survive pasteurisation temperature are------------------- listeria and coxiella 35. Local anesthetic with antifungal and antibiotic action is -------------------dorsacaine

11. Summer mastitis is caused by -------------------Corynebacterium pyogens 36. Drug of choice for tape worms in poultry is -------------------di butyl tin di laurrate

12. Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are present in the infections caused by ------- 37. Commonly used anesthetic that by-passes stage II of anesthesia. Barbiturates

--- morbilli virus (paramyxo viridae) 38. Antibody with shortest half life is -------------------IgE

13. Normal intraocular pressure is -------------------20mm of Hg 39. The cells lining the ventricles of brain -------------------ependymal cells

14. Enzyme responsible for the production of Ketone bodies is ------------------- HMGCOA lyase 40. Bierbeck granules are present in -------------------dendritic cells

15. Plasma protein precipitated last in salting out is ------------------- Albumin 41. -------------------% of oxygen consumed is used by brain Eight

16. The ratio of Calcium and Magnesium in blood is -------------------6:1 42. Most potent local anesthetic is ------------------- Bupivacaine

17. Quellung reaction is shown by ------------------- Streptococcus pneumoniae 43. Fibrosis of yoke gall in cattle is also known as ------------------- Tumor neck

18. Drug of choice for Theileriosis is -------------------buparvaquone(BUTALEX) 44. -------------------is the condition seen in horses due to pressure of collar on neck Sit fast

19. Kanagawa reaction is shown by ------------------- Vibrio parahaemolyticum 45. Malignant hyperthermia in swine is caused by-------------------anesthesia Halothane

20. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure is ------------------- 8-12 mm of Hg 46. Cart wheel chromatin and Russel bodies are seen in ------------------- Plasma cells

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 47. The ratio of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure is -------------------3:2:1 79. ----------30---------% of milk produced in the world is used for cheese making
48. Mineral toxicity that leads to fracture of pes is ------------------- Fluorosis 80. Cheese made from buffalo milk - Mozarella
81. Comb, wattle and earlobes of poultry are developed from .....Dermis......
49. The immunoglobulin with longest hinge region is ------------------- IgD 82. The sternum of poultry is ....................... shaped-- Boat
83. Chicken kidney has ....................... lobes -- Three
50. The antagonist for Etorphine. Naltrexone
84. Brooding instinct is governed by ....Prolactin...................
51. Remnant of yolk sac in birds is called ------------------- Meckel's diverticulum 85. Gallus varius is also called ....Green jungle plexus......
86. The network of nerves in submucosa of intestine…..Meissner’s plexus
52. ------------------- litre of gas is produced per minute in ruminants 0.5 - 1.0
87. Brush border of intestinal mucosa is constituted by .........Microvilli.......
53. Central lacteal is absent in the villi of ------------------- Birds 88. Capacity of rumen in cattle- 250 litres
89. Ileo-caecal, Ileo-colic and Ileo-caeco-colic junction are seen in ...Horse..., ....Dog... and
54. Nostrils are most dilatable in ------------------- and rigid in ------------------- Horses, Pigs
.........Cattle..... respectively
55. When cattle lie down the rate of respiration ------------------- Increased 90. Ascending colon is replaced by large colon in ....Horse.......
91. Among birds, ....Pigeon........ drinks by suction
56. Inner surface area of lungs is ------------------- times the surface area of body 125
92. Starch on hydrolysis yield .....Maltose..................
57. During panting, the tidal volume is ------------------- Constant 93. Cholecystokinin .......Delays................ gastric emptying
94. Increased functional activity of colon leads to ....Constipation..........
58. Gas exchange in birds takes place in ------------------- Lungs
95. Cattle secrete .......100-200................litre of saliva per day
59. Diving ducks have respiratory centre sensitive to ------------------- Posture 96. Among domestic animals, amylase is highest in the saliva of . Swine.....
97. Saliva constitute .........80..............% of water entering rumen
60. Di palmityl lecithin is a -------------- Respiratory Surfactant 98. Rennin converts casein to ..Para casein.....................
99. Opening of bile duct to duodenum is guarded by ...Sphincter of Oddi.......
61. Homogenizer valve is made up of -------------------Stellite
100. In horse ....75....% of energy comes from VFA.
62. At vacuum, milk boils at a temperature of -------------------50-550C
63. Normal acidity of milk is -------------------0.14 %
64. Predominant bacteria of milk is -------------------Micrococci
65. Lactic acid bacteria are ------------------- in nature - Aerotolerent anaerobes
66. Flavour producing compounds found in curd are -------------------,-------------------and -------------------
PHARMACOLOGY
Diacetyl, Acetyl methyl carbinol, Acetalimide
67. Sweet curdling is due to -------------------like enzymes-Renine
68. Bitty cream is produced by the enzyme -------------------Lecithinase
1. Plasma protein to which majority of drugs bind is ---------Albumin
69. Milk fat contains generally ------------ type of fatty acids-- Saturated ,Shortchain
70. Fe content of Khoa is -------------------100ppm 2. ----------- is the principal metabolic pathway for sulfonamide compounds Acetylation
71. Balance wheel of dairy industry is -------------------Butter
72. Butter contains --------80-----------% of fat 3. Precursor of endogenous catecholamines in the body is--------phenylalanine
73. Bacteria used for ripening of cream…Streptococcus lactis and S. diacetylactis 4. Drug of choice in acute anaphylactic shock is ------epinephrine
74. Clarified butter fat is the synonym for --------Ghee-----------
75. Cheese made from whey---Ricotta cheese 5. OP compound that interact with both esteratic and anionic site of acetylcholine esterase is -----.
76. ------------------- is a low fat cheese--Sapsago Echothiophate
77. Sodium alginate is obtained from -------------Macrocystis pyrifera------
78. Commonly used packaging material for milk is -------LDPE food grade------------ 6. A racemic mixture of d-hyoscyamine and l-hyoscyamine is --------Atropine

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 7. What are soporifics? sleep inducers 33. Old Hen Test is used to detect ------------ potential of Organophoshate compounds Organo

8. The term "Anaesthesia" was coined by ------Oliver Wendell Holmes Phosphorous Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity

9. Precursor of serotonin is ------Tryptophan 34. Bright blindness ----- is a type of retinal degeneration caused by Bracken Fern Poisoning

10. What are endorphins?Endogenous analgesics 35. The specific antidote for Copper poisoning is ------------D-penicillamine

11. Species that require more amount of anaesthetics is-------Horse 36. Violent Dyspnoea "Thumping" is seen in pigs as a result of -----------Gossypol poisoning

12. The avian species in which procaine is contraindicated is -----Parakeet 37. Animal species to which Benzene Hexa Chloride is highly toxic is -------cat

13. In which breed of dogs thiobarbiturates are contraindicated? Grey Hounds 38. Highly potent Organophosporous compound is ---------. Parathion

14. Paralysis of ------ is a complication encountered in anaesthesia of Horse facial nerve 39. The synergists that is added to pyrethroid compounds in order to enhance its effect is ------Piperonyl

15. Which stage of anaesthesia is bypassed by barbiturates?Stage 2 Butoxide

16. Laryngyospasm during induction of anaesthesia is more common in -------cats 40. What are Burton's Lines? Blue line in gums in lead poisoning

17. Specific treatment for malignant hyperthermia in Pigs caused by halothane is-----Dantrolene 41. Specific antidote for Nitrate poisoning is ----------Methylene Blue

18. Oxidation of chloroform to phosgene can be prevented by adding -----1% ethanol 42. Gentamicin, the aminoglycoside drug is obtained from --------- Micromonosporum purpureum

19. Barbiturates are derivatives of -----------Malonyl Urea 43. The Fungal toxin that causes reproductive problems in sows is --------Zearalenone

20. Oxytetracycline is obtained from ------------Streptomyces rimosus 44. The anti BP drug Atenolol belongs to which group of Antiarrythmic Agents ?Class 2

21. --------------- is a benzimidazole with antifungal property Thiabendazole 45. Most potent H2 Blocker is ----------Famotidine

22. Primary mechanism of action of Mebendazole is inhibition of --------- by wormsGlucose uptake 46. Most potent Local anaesthetic is---------Bupivacaine

23. Wormicidal drug that can be given as immunomodulator at lower doses is ------- Levamisole 47. What does " Utectic Mixture " contain? Prilocaine and Lidocaine

24. Two chemical components seen in Ivermectin are ----- and --------B1a and B1b 48. The most potent of all the Aflatoxins is------B1

25. Drug active against immature stages of Fascioa hepatica is -----------Diamfenetide 49. Father of Pharmacology is ------Rudolf Bucheim

26. Antidote for Cyanide poisoning was discovered by ---------K K Chen 50. Izoniazid and Ethambutol are the drugs used in the treatment of --------Tuberculosis

27. Organochlorine compound which does not accumulates in the body is ----------Endosulfan

28. The enzyme in haeme synthesis which is inhibited by lead poisoning is ---------Aminolevulinic acid

dehydratase

29. Conium maculatum is better known as ---------Hemlock

30. Dose of BAL in Arsenic poisoning in Large animals is -----3mg/kg @ 4hr interval deep i/m
PATHOLOGY
31. --------- is the metabolic product of Procaine PABA

32. Give an example of a specific COX-2 inhibitor Cefocoxib

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 1. 'Punched out ulcers' in abomasum- pathognomonic lesion of ?Theileriosis 28. Special stain for demonstrating Calcium in tissues. Van Kossa's Silver nitrate

2. Negri bodies in cattle with rabies seen in ....Cerebellum 29. 'Tophi' is related to which disease ? Articular gout

3. Father of pathological anatomy Antonio Benevieni 30. Condition characterized by green refrigence of Congo red stained sections under polarizing

4. Father of cellular pathology Rudolph Virchow microscope. Amyloidosis

5. Lysosome first demonstrated by.....Novikoff 31. Name the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a

6. Most reactive free radical in inducing cell damageHydroxyl radical 32. Chemical mediators from arachidonic acid metabolism via cyclooxygenase pathway.Thromboxane

7. Removal of damaged organelle during cell injury is called as .....Autophagy A2 and Prostaglandins

8. Component of cytoskeleton useful in tumor diagnosis Intermediate filaments 33. 'Triple response' in tissue inflammation was formulated by .....Sir Thomas Lewis

9. Eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusion in liver in alcoholic liver diseaseMallory body 34. Colloidal carbon technique is used in identifying .....Leaking vessels in inflammation

10. Condition in which impairment of phagocytic property of WBC occurs. Chediak Higashi syndrome 35. Name some SRS-A( slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis)Leukotrienes like LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

11. Best fixative for glycogen Non-aqueous fixatives(methyl alcohol) 36. Cationic proteins produced by eosinophils toxic to parasites.Major Basic Proteins

12. Stains for glycogen (any two) Best carmine & PAS 37. Suppurative inflammation of hair follicles caused by Staph. AureusBoils

13. Macrophage laden with lipids in atherosclerosis called as....Foam cell 38. Diffuse spreading suppurative inflammation of connective tissuesCellulitis

14. Russel bodies seen in ....?Plasma cells 39. Modified macrophages in case of granuloma are called ...Epitheloid cells

15. Partial or complete loss of melanocytes in the epidermis...Vitiligo 40. Granulation tissue is a hallmark of ......Healing

16. Pigments causing 'Brown Atrophy' Lipofuscin 41. Adhesive glycoproteins of Extra-cellular matrix.Fibronectin & Laminins

17. Aggregates of ferritin micelles called... Hemosiderin 42. Condition in which cardiac sclerosis/ cardiac cirrhosis occurs.Chronic general passive hyperemia

18. Heart failure cells are ......Alveolar macrophage laden with Hemosiderin 43. Alteration from a less specialized cell type to more specialized ones.Metaplasia

19. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is indicative of .............jaundice. Prehepatic jaundice 44. A malignant tumor which doesn't metastasizeBasal Cell Carcinoma

20. Direct Van den berg reaction is indicative of ........jaundice Obstructive jaundice 45. Oncogenes discovered by.....Michael Bishop& Harold Varmus

21. Color of faeces in obstructive jaundice Grey / Clay color 46. 'Sticker tumor' discovered by Novinsky is better known as ....Canine Transmissible Venereal

22. Hyperkeratosis in cattle common in which poisoning ?Chlorinated naphthalene poisoning Tumor

23. Type of necrosis involved in hypoxic cell death in the CNS Liquefactive necrosis 47. Reed Sternberg Cells are typical of ...Hodgkin's disease

24. Necrosis in which architectural details persist but cellular details are lost. Coagulative necrosis. 48. Horn cancer is most commonly seen in Bull or Bullocks ?Bullock

25. Enzymes important in apoptosis Caspases 49. Black tongue/ canine pellagra is caused by......Niacin deficiency

26. Conditions in which PM clotting of blood doesn't occur. Anthrax & Sweet clover poisoning 50. Rodent ulcer is better known as ...... Basal cell carcinoma

27. Pathological calcification without derangement in blood calcium levels. Dystrophic calcification

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 BACTERIOLOGY & MYCOLOGY 25. North American blastomycosis‘ is caused by- Blastomyces dermatitidis

BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY 26. ‗European blastomycosis‘ is caused by- Cryptococcus neoformans
1. The most commonly used endospore stain- Schaeffer-Fulton stain
27. Asexual spores produced by fragmentation of hyphae is – Arthrospore
2. Capsule of B. anthracis is made of – D-glutamic acid
28. Staining used for detection of fungi in pathological specimens- Periodic acid
3. Teichoic acid in Gram-positive bacterial cell wall has- Glycerol/ribitol
Schiff stain
4. Archaebacterial cell walls usually consists of – Proteins and polysaccharides
29. Media used for stimulating production of chlamydospores of C. albicans- Corn
5. Metachromatin granules serves as a reserve of – Inorganic phosphate
meal agar.
6. The chemi-osmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis proposed by- Peter Mitchell
30. Method used for observing the development of spores and hyphae of fungus is
7. Reducing media for anaerobic bacteria contains- Na-Thioglycolate
called- Block-slide culture technique.
8. Mycobacterium leprae is usually isolated in- Armadillos
31. Mucor is distinguished from other members of Phycomycetes by- Absence of
9. Selective media for S.typhi is – Bismuth sulphite agar
rhizoids
10. Selective media for Staphylococcus aureus is- Mannitol Salt Agar
32. Asexual spores of Ascomycetes are known as- Conidiospores
11. Paraffin and mineral oils are often sterilized by- Hot air oven
33. ‗Bottle bacillus‘ is the synonym for- Pityrosporum ovale
12. Sterilizing agent used in space crafts is- Ethylene oxide
34. ‗Pseudoglanders‘ or ‗Japanese Farcy‘ caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
13. Test used to find the carcinogenicity of mutagens is- Ames test
35. ‗Fluffy colonies‘ , ‗Powdery colonies‘ and ‗Lemon yellow colonies‘ are produced
14. Three kingdom classification of bacteria proposed by- Carl Woere
by- Microsporum distortum , M. gypseum and M. canis respectively.
15. Pyrogen induced by endotoxins is – IL-1
36. Most potent toxin producing aflatoxicosis is – B1
16. Lab test to detect the presence of endotoxins in preparations- Limulus assay
37. ‗Facial eczema‘ in cattle is caused by - Pithomyces chartarum
17. Resoloving power of a compound microscope is – 0.2ì m
38. ―Farmer‘s Lung‖ is caused by Micropolyspora faeni
18. Heat resistance of spores is due to presence of – Dipicolinic acid
39. % of Agar used for the preparation of solid media is- 1.5%
19. Target site of polymyxin is- Bacterial cell membrane
40. Microbial population can be maintained in the exponential growth and at constant
20. Thickness of Gram+ve and Gram-ve cell walls are- 20-80nm and 2-7nm
biomass for extended periods by using- Chemostat/Turbidostat
respectively
41. The phenomenon by which bacteria monitor their own population density through
21. Most abundant membrane protein of Gram-ve bacterial outer membrane- Braun’s
sensing the level of signal molecules- Quorum assay
lipoprotein
42. Indicator bacterium used in autoclaving is- Bacillus stearothermophilus (spores)
22. Non-motile asexual sporangiospores of phycomycetes is – Aplanospores
43. The commonly used agent for ‗cold sterilization is - Gamma radiation
23. Exogenously borne sexual spores are known as – Basidiospores
44. The disinfectant action of chlorine is due to the formation of- Hypochlorous acid
24. Psuedohyphae is characteristic of – Candida albicans
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 45. Linear chromosomal DNA is found in- Borrelia burgdoferi vulgaris X strain

46. The topoisomerase that removes the supercoiling during replication- DNA gyrase. 65. Swarming growth and fishy odour of colonies is characteristic of- Proteus

47. The negative stain used in electron microscopy is – Phosphotungstic acid vulgaris

48. Bacterium that exhibits directed swimming in response to Earth‘s magnetic field 66. Kauffman-White scheme is used for serotypic differentiation of Salmonella

or to local magnetic fields- Aquaspirillum 67. VR (Venkatraman-Ramakrishnan) medium is used as a transport media for-

49. The structure that remain after the treatment of a gram –ve bacteria with Vibrio cholerae

lysozyme/penicillin is – Spheroplast 68. Epidemic typhus‘ (Brill-Zinsser disease) is caused by Rickettsia prowazaki

50. An inorganic solidifying agent used for autotrophic bacteria- Silica gel 69. ‗Scrub typhus‘ is caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi

51. The procedure for staining the capsular material of B. anthracis is- MacFadyean 70. Rickettsial disease that are not arthropod borne are Q-fever and Trench fever

reaction.

52. Botulism due to which type of toxin occurs in relation with phosphorous

deficiency- Type D

53. Vole‘s Bacillus is the synonym for - Mycobacterium murinum EPIDEMIOLOGY

54. Specific media used for isolation of M. bovis is Stonebrink‘s medium containing
1. Which is the first veterinary school? Lyon, France 1762
Sodium pyruvate
2. Quarantine was first introduced by------ Lancisi, physician to Pope Clement XI from Rinderpest
55. ‗Stormy clot‘ reaction is characteristic of - Clostridium welchi
3. First animal virus ------- and was identified by ------- & ------- FMD, Loeffler and Frosch
56. The characteristic ‗earthy odour‘ of the cultures is a feature of- Psuedomonas
4. Disease which do not produce any overt clinical sign. Subclinical infection
psuedomallei
5. Study of outbreaks in avian population is known as------- Epornitics
57. ‗Flying sea gull‘ appearance is characteristic of- Campylobacter
6. ------- Epidemiology involves observing and recording disease and possible causal factors.
58. Vaginal mucus agglutination test in cattle is employed for the diagnosis of-
Descriptive
Campylobacter infection.
7. ------- is the study of cause, distribution and control of disease in related individual and of inherited
59. Rolling disease in mice is caused by- Mycoplasma neurolyticum.
defects. Genetic epidemiology
60. Eaton‘s agent is the synonym of - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
8. ------- is an examination of aggregation of units. Survey
61. Dick‘s test is used for the id entification of- Streptococcus pyogens
9. Survey records events occurring at a particular point of time. Cross sectional survey
62. Chinese letter arrangement is seen for- Corynebacterium
10. Unit of an epidemiologist Population
63. Fried lander‘s bacillus is the synonym for Klebsiella pneumoniae
11. ------- is the identification of undiagnosed cases of disease using rapid tests. Screening
64. Weil-Felix reaction is used for diagnosis of Rickettsial infections using Proteus

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 12. -------is the making of routine observation on health, production and environmental factors and 32. Map where line joining equal morbidity rate is ------- and mortality rate is------- Isomorbs, isomorts

recording and dissemination of these observations. Monitoring 33. ------- is any characteristic that affects the health of a population. Determinant

13. ------- investigate relationship between disease and hypothetic causal factors in specified 34. Epidemiological triad‘s are-------, ------- &------- Host, gent and environment

population.Cross sectional study 35. Ability of organism to cause disease in a particular host, in terms of severity is known as-------

14. ------- is comparison of exposed group with non exposed group to the factors with respect to Virulence

development of disease. Cohort study 36. ------- is quality of disease induction. Pathogenicity

15. -------is any observable event that can vary. Variable 37. Sites within genome that frequently mutate. Hot spot

16. Survey records events occurring for a long period of time. Longitudinal study 38. Infection of susceptible host without overt clinical sign. Inapparent infection

17. ------- Factors are associated with the definite onset of disease. Precipitating factors 39. ------- is any animal sheds an agent without clinical sign. Carrier

18. Constant occurrence of disease in a population or usual frequency of occurrence of disease is known 40. Animal which excrete agents during incubation period is known as------- Incubatory carrier

as------- Endemic 41. . ------- Climate comprises of normal component weather to which animal are exposed. Macro

19. Sudden unpredictable number of cases in a population. Epidemic 42. Infection transmitted from one segment of population to the another segment of the population is

20. Widespread epidemic Pandemic known as-------- Horizontal transmission

21. Irregularly and haphazardly occurring diseases are known as -------Sporadic 43. Infection transmitted from one generation to next generation is known as------- Vertical transmission

22. Amount of disease in a population is given by------- Morbidity 44. Host in which agents are transmitted mechanically. Paratenic host

23. Amount of death in a population is given by------- Mortality 45. Host in which multiplication of agents takes place. Amplifier host

24. Time of occurrence of a disease constitute-------distribution Temporal 46. Inanimate vectors are called as------- Fomits

25. Place of occurrence of disease constitute -------distribution Spatial 47. Cyclopropagative transmission is a combination of-------&------- Developmental and propagative

26. -------is the number of instance of disease or related attribute in a known population at designated 48. Example for stercorarian transmission. T.cruzi

time, without distinction of new and old cases. Prevalence 49. ------- is the period between infection and maximum infectiousness. Generation time

27. -------is the number of new cases occur in a known population over a specified period of time. 50. Time between infection and availability of agent in an arthropod vector is known as-------Extrinsic

Incidence incubation period

28. 28. -------is the proportion of cases of a contagious disease that develop as a result of contact with 51. ------ relates the amount of organism required to initiate an infection. Infectivity

primary cases. Secondary attack rate 52. The length of time for which an organism can remain infective outside its host is known as the -------

29. P α I X------- D(duration) Stability

30. ------- is more intensive form of data recording. Surveillance 53. Switch from virulence to non-virulence Phase variation

31. Total mortality rate of all disease is known as------- Death rate 54. Transmission of disease from one generation to another via egg is known as. Trans-ovarian

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 55. Transmission from one developmental stage to another is known as------- Transtadial 77. Culling of infected animals during epidemic is often accompanies by the slaughter of animals that

56. Rain forest are described as------- where as deciduous forest is ------- Megatherms and mesotherms may have been exposed to infection and therefore be at risk of developing disease is known as -------

57. ------- is the natural restriction where animal can roam. Home range Pre emptive slaughtering

58. Part of the animals home range that it defend aggressively from invaders is known as------- Territory 78. Proportion of animals that are resistant to infection or disease in population. Herd immunity

59. According to Wynne Edward hypothesis population control was the main purpose of -------Group

behaviour

60. Which is the functional position of an animal in an ecosystem? Niche

61. Avoidance of competition is usually in -------animals. Sympatric animals

PHYSIOLOGY
62. Which is the smallest spatial unit providing uniform condition for life? Biotope

63. Collection of all living organism in a biotope is known as------- Biocenosis 1. Rumen gas largely consists of Carbon dioxide and methane in the proportion of ….65:35.....

64. Man made ecosystem Anthropurgic 2. Urea is recycled in the rumen through ....Saliva.......and .diffusion across rumen wall......

65. Junction of two ecosystem is known as------- Ecological interface 3. If acetic : propionic ratio in the rumen goes down below.. 3 : 1..... the fat content decreases in the cow
milk
66. ------- is the modified patch of vegetation, created by man, with in a biome that has reached in a
4. The pH of ileal fluid ranges from ......7....to ....8..
climax. Ecological mosaic
5. The rumen protozoa store carbohydrate in the form of ... amylopectin
67. Study of disease in relation to ecosystem in which they are found is known as------- Landscape
6. The testosterone released from tunica interna is converted to estradiol, a female sex hormone under the
epidemiology influence of ... FSH.....

68. Foci of infection. Nidi 7. The estrogen produced by mammalian ovary or placenta normally are ......, .......and .......( Estrone,
estradiol and estriol)
69. An area that has ecological, social, and environmental condition that can support a disease is known
8. In ruminants, the placenta is of ...................... type( Epitheliochorial)
as------- Nosogenic area
9. Grayish coloured corpus luteum present in. Ewe (species)
70. ------- is a nosogenic territory in which a particular disease is present. Nosoarea
10. PRL (prolactin) promote the secretion of progesterone by the corpora lutea in .................and
71. If all animal in a population are surveyed then it is known as------- Census ........................(species)Rat and mice

72. If relative risk is more than one it denotes-------Positive statistical association between factor and 11. Bruce effect in mice involve blockage of Prolactinsecretion which is necessary for maintenance of CL

disease 12. the blood supply to udder is maintained by .......Pudental......artery

73. ------- is the decrease in mortality and morbidity. Control 13. ..fructose...............is the main source of energy in bull semen

74. Examples for primary prevention Vaccination and quarantine 14. Collapse of alveoli is known as .........Atelectasis.............

75. Animal which excrete agents during recovery period is known as------- Convalescent carriers 15. one gram of hemoglobin can bind with maximum of ......1.34..........ml oxygen
76. Extinction of an agent Eradication 16. Expiration if regulated by ...pneumotaxic........centre of the brain

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17. Rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide through respiratory membrane is about ......20..........times rapid than 39. Central frozen semen production and training institute is located at ..Hessarghata........
oxygen diffusion
40. Credit of first birth of a buffalo calf through AI in India goes to...Allahabad Agriculture Institute
18. The volume of air which remains in the lungs after forceful expiration is called Residual volume...
41. Electro ejaculation was first adopted by Batteli......
19. Threshold level for low oxygen in air for sheep, goat and cattle is about ........250….meters above sea
level 42. .....Estrogen......hormone is very important for the duct growth of mammary gland
o
20.The critical environmental temperature at which the increase in respiration rate become marked is 60 F 43. The lactose content in milk is ...........4.6............% and is the most consistent component of milk
for HF,70o F for Jersey and .......800F...............for Brahman cattle
44. It is estimated that about .400-500....ml of blood must pass through udder for the production of one ml of
21.The most potent compound which can stimulate the closure of esophageal/reticular groove in cattle even milk
up to two years of age is.........NaCl...................
45. As per work physiology, contraction of ......Spleen..............(visceral organ) increase no of erythrocyte in
22.......... Acetic (C2) > Propionic (C3) > Iso & N-butyric (C4) > Iso & N-valeric (C5) > Methyl butyric the body.
acid (C5).......is the usual order of concentration of individual acids present in the rumen
46. Exercise result in increased cardiac output to meet the increased demand of working muscles for oxygen.
23.Enzymes responsible for metabolism are located in the ..Mid piece..........................(part) of spermatozoa The cardiac output =stroke volume X ...Heartrate.......................

24.The estrous cycle of ewe is of .......17...............................days duration 47. During strenuous exercise, cardiac output increases upto .......8............fold in horse

25.The bull spermatozoa can travel ........60................cms per 30 minutes in the female genital tract 48. Race horses are most susceptible to deficiency of ........Thiamine....(B vitamin)

26.Sexual receptivity in case of ewe in heat requires the presence of.....small amount of 49. Proteolytic bacteria represent about .......12-38...........% (range) of the total ruminal bacteria
progesetrone.....(hormone)
50. ..Pulmonarycompliance...is a measurement of the distensibility of the lungs and thorax and is
27..........80.............% of carbon dioxide transport occur in the form of Bicarbonate ion determined by measurement of the lung volume change for each unit of pressure change.

28.Utiliozation coefficient for oxygen consumption is...50.....% for birds and ...25.....%for mammals

29.The nerve network Meissners plexus controls secretions of epithelial cell where as Auerbachs plexus
control ............GI movements......... ENDOCRINOLOGY

30.Coiled colon (Ansa Spiralis) present in ...pig.....and......ruminants.....(species)

1) A meal rich in proteins but low in 3) After intravenous administration of a large dose
31.In GI system, contractile waves that travel short distance is termed as....Segmentation..and that travel carbohydrates does not cause hypoglycaemia of insulin, the return of a low blood sugar level to
longer distance is........Peristalsis..... because normal is delayed by

32.Daily production of saliva in cows comes around .....100-200........litres a. glucagon secretion is stimulated by meals b. the a. thyrotoxicosis b. glucagon deficiency
meal causes compensatory increase in T4 c. diabetes d. parathormone deficiency
33.The first hormone ever discovered was .........Secretin....................... secretion
c. cortisol in circulation prevents glucose from Ans. b
34.Horse obtains around ...........75.............% of its energy requirements from large intestinal absorption of entering the muscles d. the amino acids in the
meal are converted to glucose 4 ) Insulin increases entry of glucose into
volatile fatty acids
Ans. a a. renal tubule b. the mucosa of the small intestine
35.Protozoan count of rumen is about ......106..ml of rumen content and it account for ...20......%of rumen
metabolism c. neurons of motor cortex d. skeletal muscle cells
2) Which of the following is incorrectly paired
36. .........Prolactin......hormone induces gene expression in mammary tissue for casein synthesis a. beta cells-insulin b. F cells- gastrin Ans. d
c. delta cells- somatostatin d. alpha cells-
37. Herbivores donot have .....Cephalic........... phase of gastric stimulation glucagon 5) Glucagon is not normally found in the

38. ...Cervix.................part of female reproductive tract is known as "neck of the womb" Ans. b
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tumor or infection, in which the blood-brain fibrin through the actin of platelet phospholipids. 14. Urethral glands are found in ? - Man
barrier is disrupted. Thrombin is also involved in this conversion, but
67. The Answer is D it is a plasma protein, not a platelet secretory 15. Fructose and citric acid are secreted from which accessory gland – Seminalvesicles.
The cochlear hair cells are the functioning factor. Platelets are not required for the initiation 16. High content of ergothionine and inositol in vesicular glands is characteristics of which species .Boar
auditory receptor. Neural pathways from the hair of the blood clotting cascade, but they are required 17. Nerve supplying sensory fibres to vagina , vulva and clitoris.- Pudic
cells synapse with the auditory cortex. The hair for the adherence and normal formation of a clot.
cells are contained in the macula 9otolith organ Plasmin is not secreted by platelets but is formed 18. Sex cords of female are called...Medullarycords
and overlaid by the otolithic membrane. by the conversion of plasma-derived plasminogen 19. In females --Mullerian--- ducts develop into gonadal system while in male-Wolffian-ducts develop.
68. The Answer is D under the influence of plasminogen activator
20. Vestibule arises from----------Urogenitalsinus
The Golgi tendon organ is located in the tendon of secreted by endothelial cells..Plasmin is involved
skeletal muscles and therefore is in series with the in dissolution, not formation, of blood clots. 21. The endocrine cells of ovary originate from—Ovarianmedulla---------
muscle. Each time the muscle contracts, the Thrombocytopenia is a reduction in thenumber of 22. Oocytes surrounded by one layer of flattened cells –PrimordialCells-------
tension developer by the muscle causes the GTO platelets. Under this condition, fibrinogen will not
23. Ovulation generally occurs in response to –LHsurge
to be stretched... the afferent fibers, which be converted to fibrin in sufficient quantity to
innervate the GTO, fire in proportion to the allow normal clotting. The absence of platelets 24. Follicular development is enhanced / suppressed in ovary containing corpus luteum ?
amount of GTO stretch, and therefore their firing aggregation interferes with the normal 25. Second polar body is formed at the time of ---Fertilization-------
rate provides the CNS with information about the maintenance and repair of endothelial injury. The
amount of tension developed by the muscle. The endothelium becomes increasingly leaky and 26. At ovulation ova of cattle, sheep and swine contain ---one-------- polar body.
muscle length and speed of eventually may permit thrombocytopenia purpura 27. At ovulation ova of horse, dog and fox are in --Firstmaturation---division.
shortening is sent to the CNS by afferents that with seepage of blood from the vessel. 28. At ovulation the oocyte liberated in cattle is --Seconary----------
innervate the intrafusal fibers within muscle 70. The answer is A
spindles. In iron deficiency, anemia results with the 29. At ovulation the oocyte liberated in equines is -------Primary---
69. The Answer is C presence of smaller, pale-staining erythrocyte 30. Primary spermatocyte gives rise to -----Four-------- spermatozoa.
Platelets (thromboytes0 are cell fragments (microcytic, hypochromatic).In hemolytic anemia 31. Primary oocyte fives rise to --one----------- egg.
obtained by the break up of megakaryocytes. there is excessive destruction of RBC in the
These cell fragments contain a number of spleen. Hypochromic, macrocytic anemia results 32. The regression of corpus lutea begins by day --------15-16------ in cattle.
important substances as well as cytoskeletal from vitamin B12 deficiency. The presence of 33. Mature corpus luteum is smaller than mature graffian follicle in the-.---Mare----------
elements involved in biologic processes such as a spherical rather than biconcave erythrocytes is
34. Corpus luteum lysis is ---Estrogen-------- induced in cattle and sheep.
clot retraction. Platelets function in aggregation, associated with spherocytes, which often results in
coagulation, clot re traction, and removal. They hemolysis. 35. Intrauterine injection of -------Indomethacin----------- blocks estrogen induced corpus luteum lysis in cattle
are involved in the conversion of fibrinogen to 36. The functional segments of oviductfimbriae, Infundibulum ,Ampulla, Isthmus
37. PGE3 has a -Relaxing--------------- effect on oviduct .
38. Uterus of cow, ewe and mare is --Bipartite---
Animal Reproduction 39. Uterus of sow is---Bicornuate-------
40. Oviduct is supplied blood by ---Utero - ovarian-------
1. Desirable concentration of actively motile spermatozoa per dose of frozen bull semen. -10-15 million
41. Blastokinin, a protein which influences blastocyst formation is secreted by uterus of---Rabbits-------
2. Commonly used model of AV for bulls.- Danish
42. Fern pattern of cervical mucus is associated with high ----Chloride---------- content.
3. Temperature time protocol needed for destroying spermicidal factor in milk.-92-95°C for 10-12 minutes
43. pH of vaginal secretion is favourable / unfavourable to spermatozoa ?
4. Spermicidal factor present in fresh milk.-Lactanin
44. Gartner‘s ducts are remnants of ---Wolffianduct…
5. Volume of semen dependent upon the secretions from seminal vesicles.-Seminalvesicles
6. -------present in goat seminal plasma causes coagulation when sodium citrate is added.- Lysolecithin 45. Depleted secretory cells of oviductal musculature…Pegcells
7. Freezing point depression of bull semen- (– 0.55°C) 46. Cervix possesses / doesnotpossess glands ?
8. Dose of penicillin G sodium per ml of extended semen.-500-1000 IU 47. FSH and LH are chemically ----Glycoproteins…
9. Distance between grill and straw rack during semen freezing- 4 cm 48 ------------ causes crop milk production in pigeons. – Prolactin
10.Which is better ? rapid / slow freezing. 49. The long half life of PMSG is due to -------Sialicacid----
11. Dose of dihydrostreptomycin sulphate per ml in extended semen.-500-1000µg 50. PMSG is formed by endometrial cups which are of ----Foetal--------- origin.
12. ---------------ovary is physiologically more active. -Right
13. Shape of non-pregnant uterus in mare- Cruciform A. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

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Dhruv N Desai Dhruv N Desai