POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Physical Education

Activity No. 3

Submitted By:

Catura Kathleen Cezz F.

Submitted to:

Professor Maria Annie Belga

Date

November, 2024
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Dance has long been a form of self-expression, with its origins tracing back to

prehistoric times. Early evidence of dance can be found in cave paintings in India

and Egyptian tombs, dating as far back as 3300 BCE – 8000 BCE. Initially used for

rituals and entertainment, the dance evolved into a powerful tool for expressing

cultural identity. Throughout history, dance has also served as a form of cultural

resistance, enabling dancers to communicate oppression and criticize colonization.

Despite its significance, however, the gentrification of dance by the upper classes

has transformed these traditions, often making them less accessible to the

communities that created them. The gentrification of dance, particularly in the United

States, has resulted in the commercialization of the dances that were originally

practiced by lower social classes, it has been altered to suit the tastes and interests

of the upper class/aristocrats, resulting in displacing the original practitioners. In

addition, the development of infrastructure for commercial performances caused

them to lose access to cultural spaces and made it difficult for these communities to

continue practicing the dances that were both a means of artistic expression and a

free effective form of physical exercise. To address this issue, it is crucial to raise

awareness about the cultural significance and origins of dance, particularly through

social media. Using platforms to share infographics and carousel storytelling can

help engage audiences while educating them about the history of specific dances.

This approach not only acknowledges the cultural roots of dance but also promotes

its relevance in modern society.

Moreover, Dance, as a physical activity, is also a powerful tool for fitness. It

provides a full-body workout, enhancing endurance, burning calories, and improving

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overall stamina. However, to perform these dances effectively, individuals require a

proper, nutritious diet to fuel their movements and efficient muscle recovery. Despite

the health benefits of dance, maintaining physical fitness has become increasingly

expensive, making it difficult for many to access. Today, wellness options such as

gym memberships, fitness classes, and personal training can be costly, and this

financial barrier has created a divide in fitness accessibility. To mitigate the barriers,

fitness advocates should create short, beginner-friendly, and disabled-friendly dance

videos highlighting the basic steps of each dance to make physical exercise more

accessible to a wider audience. Given the tendency toward instant gratification

today, these videos should be concise and engaging to encourage viewers to take

immediate action. The short-form video format would cater to individuals seeking

quick, accessible fitness routines that fit into their busy lives. Additionally, promoting

educational content about the importance of physical activity has a huge impact on

public health. Regular exercise is known to improve not only physical health but also

mental well-being. Studies show that consistent physical activity can reduce

symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress while enhancing cognitive function,

sleep quality, and self-esteem. Furthermore, it is not undeniable that the

commercialization and gentrification of dance had a significant impact on cultural

access and fitness, but dance remains a valuable tool for promoting physical health

and cultural awareness. Utilizing social media to educate and engage with a broader

audience, and creating accessible fitness content, it can make dance and physical

exercise more inclusive and affordable. This approach not only fosters fitness but

also a deeper appreciation of the cultural history behind these timeless art forms.

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HISTORY AND NATURE OF DANCE

Dance is another form of art that already existed during the prehistoric era.

Before it was labeled as self-expression; it was commonly used in ritual and rite

activities. According to Kassing (2007), dance mirrors society due to its response to

political, economic, cultural, and religious events. In the Paleolithic and Neolithic

periods— a non-literature era, dance was an important tool of interaction; the earliest

form of dance that was discovered in Europe and Egypt consisted of three styles:

naturalistic, linear, and geometric (Garfinkel, as cited in Kassing, 2017). The

identified artifacts give a conclusion to archaeologists about their community bond,

rituals, and purpose of religious ceremonies, although, some of the researchers

argued the use of the scene in the artifact as a basis of the dance considering that

the before and after of the shown movement is still mystery (Iyer, as cited Kassing,

2017). As time goes by, dance continuously evolves, from a ceremonial approach to

a contemporary dance approach, shifting to a more artistic technique. According to

Dodds (2019), after World War Two (WWII) had been the rise of modern dance, the

earliest paper released about it entitled Der Moderne Hanz (modern dance)

underwent several editions in 1921. In 1928, Rudolf Lammel updated the book as a

chronicle that flourished as German Modern Dance. In 1933, the National Socialists

criticized Brandenbürg and Lämmel’s modern dance, leading to it being

discriminated. The prejudice against Der Moderne Hanz pushes for ballet to

dominate theater genres. Furthermore, in the early 1930s, US critics acknowledged

the transatlantic circulation of modern dance, but from the year 1950s to 1960 they

totally aligned modern dance with American style resulting in why contemporary

dance steps today are closely like American modern dance.

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The nature of dance is divided into twenty-three varieties:

• BALLROOM DANCE – this type of dance originated as a Waltz and first

appeared in Europe during the 16th century (Borne, 2021); it is a partnered

type of dance emphasizing patterns, timing, and rhythm (Harris, 2024). Before

it was called “ballroom” it was called Merengue and was often danced in every

social event in the Dominican Republic. Due to its being suited in crowded

rooms or small spaces, it was introduced in one of the busiest cities in

America— New York City and became one of the popular dances in

bars/clubs (Borne, 2021).

• TANGO – this type of dance is rooted in Buenos Aires in Argentina and

Montevideo in Uruguay in the 18th century that are commonly performed by

immigrants and lower classes. Its word of origin is still unsure, some

researchers believe that is derived from the Spanish language, while other

scholars believe it came from the language of Africa. Before it was associated

as a form of dance, Tango was first used as a name for entertainment

gatherings of the slaves in the Basin of River Plata. Although it is now mostly

danced by the upper classes, it was started by young immigrant men in

Argentina— a reason why it is called the music of the immigrants. In addition,

it dominated America and Europe in the year 1913 (Dance Facts, 2024).

• WALTZ – this type of dance pioneered umbrella ballroom dances. Before it

dominated the upper class’s stages, it started as a form of entertainment in

the lower classes. The term Waltz is derived from the German word “Walzen”

which means to roll or to turn. Similar to other partnered dances, it was also

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criticized by conservative people, labeling it disgraceful (Dance Vision, 2023).

In the following years it was exposed in the United States; different versions

were created leading to why there are two types of ballroom dances;

Standard/Smooth and Latin/Rhythm dance (Harris, 2024). The

Standard/Smooth dance was also called as International Waltz or Slow

English Waltz, while the Latin/Rhythm dance's other name was the American

Style (Wells, n.d.).

• VIENNESE WALTZ – this type of dance is categorized as

Standard/Smooth/International ballroom dance. It was put as a show at the

Congress of Vienna to entertain the participants of the events composed of

the heads of state and senior diplomats (Vienna Unwrapped, 2020). As this

dance gained popularity in Europe, it was not spared from criticism; in 1833,

Madame De Genlis— a governess made the British Manual for Good Manners

recommend that only married women would be accepted to dance Viennese

Waltz due to it would be seen as a dishonorable for unmarried or single

women. As it reached the United States, it also became a phenomenon to the

point it led to the creation of Boston Waltz or Boston Dip (Del Hierro, 2017).

• CHA-CHA-CHA – this type of dance is categorized as Latin/Rhythm/American

ballroom dance. This dance originated in Cuba, in the late 1940s. Before it

became Cha-Cha, it was Danzon first; but due to the criticism it faced from

the conservative community during the 1900s, it adopted the Afro-Cuban

instruments into dance movements which led to the production of Cuban Són

(Dance Insanity, n.d.). The musicians kept incorporating more complex

arrangements and jazz which gave rise to the creation of Mambo (Street Latin

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Dance, 2023). Enrique Jorrin— a Cuban musician and violinist noticed that

some dancers had difficulty synchronizing from the rhythm of the Mambo; to

solve the problem, he developed slower music that brought cha-cha-cha

(Dance Pizazz, n.d.).

• JIVE – this type of dance is categorized as Latin/Rhythm/American ballroom

dance. Originating in the United States, it was first performed by Cab Calloway

in 1934 (Bedinghaus, 2018). The term Jive came from the slang term from

the black community “jive talk” which means deceptive talk. As it spread in

America, it adopted the East Coast and West Coast swing dance movements

(Harris, 2022).

• PASO DOBLE – this type of dance was categorized as

Latin/Rhythm/American ballroom dance. It was originated in Spain in the 18th

century and inspired by their famous tradition— Bullfighting. Although it was

formerly called El Soleo, some researchers believe that it was originally rooted

in France, deriving its name from the French Military term for march/marching

Paso Redoble. In today’s ballroom, Paso Doble is acknowledged as a

combination of Latin and French, where the inspiration came from Spain, while

the improvement of the dance steps is credited to French dancers and

choreographers (Harris, 2023).

• RUMBA – this dance was categorized as Latin/Rhythm/American ballroom

dance. It was rooted in Cuba in the 1900s. Before it was recognized as

the dance of love by international ballrooms, it was a form of colonization’s

(Spaniards) resistance against cultural repression, where it was performed in

the backyards and urban streets. After the 1959 Cuban Revolution,

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the Rumba created two versions; (1) traditional Rumba that was performed

with family and friends, and (2) modified Rumba enacted in theaters.

Furthermore, the modernized Rumba is a merging of the two segments that

resulted in the creation of Guarapachangueo— the most well-known type of

Rumba (Harris, 2024b).

• SAMBA – this type of dance was categorized as Latin/Rhythm/American

ballroom dance. It is the most common music and dance in Brazil from the 19th

century up to this day. Its pattern came from Candomble or prayer music in

Afro-Brazillian religious activities, thus, the word Samba means “to pray”. As it

became globalized, Samba brought different types of music; Samba-Reggae,

Samba-Pagode, and Samba-Rock (Ilich, 2019).

• LAMBADA – this type of dance was categorized as Brazilian dance. It is

created from the influence of Maxixe— a popular dance in Brazil (Danceus

Organization, n.d.). In other written history, Lambada is a mixture of Cumbia,

Choro, Merengue, and Carimbo (guitarrada), that inspired the people from the

South to dance using their background music. As it reaches the beach in Porto

Seguro namely Boca da Barra, it opens the opportunity for it to become

a phenomenon (American Lambada Organization, n.d.)

• SWING – this type of dance became popular in the 1920s to 1940s and is also

known as the infamous swing era. It was inspired by swing or jazz music that

was prominent at that time. The first swing dances were The Charleston and

Lindy Hop (SwingORama, 2017), other scholars said that Lindy Hop was

developed through Charleston and influenced by the fast transition of jazz

music. Moreover, Lindy Hop is not just a simple form of entertainment, it

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symbolizes liberation for African American people who faced racial

discrimination or racism during that time (Brown, 2024).

• BALLET – this type of dance was established during the Italian Renaissance

in the 15th century. In the 16th century, the Italian noblewoman wife of King

Henry II— funded a French Ballet Program and encouraged it to include

dance, song, decorations, costume, music, and poetry. King Louis XVI is the

one that standardized it, from being a past time to requiring professional

training. In the middle of the 1700s, a French Ballet master Jean Georges

fought that ballet could stand on its own as an art and insisted on

incorporating expression and dramatic movements to portray the relationship

between the characters (Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, n.d.).

• BREAKDANCE – this type of dance is the oldest form of hip-hop. It was

started in the Bronx, New York in 1970; created by African American and

Latino youth. Kool DJ Herc noticed during neighborhood parties that young

people would dance in sporadic and dynamic movements every time the

tracks that were playing reached their break. Through his observation, he

crafted a technique called Merry Go Around, where he started to play the two

same tracks, and merged their instrumental break to create continuous music

that would let dancers have more time to show their moves. This mind-blowing

innovation led to the creation of Breakdance, where people dance during

music breaks (Red Bull, 2020).

• HIP-HOP – this type of dance originated as a culture and art movement in

the Bronx, New York in the early 1970s. Due to economic problems faced in

their community, young people in the Bronx and nearby citizens developed

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their own cultural expressions (Milliman, n.d.). Abandoned buildings and

parking lots become a stage for block parties that are hosted by early hip-hop

culture. These block parties paved the way for the hip-hop movement to

transform racial prejudice into a creative outlet that began to deal with violence

(Icon Collective, n.d.).

• TAP – this type of dance originated in North America in the middle of

the 1800s. It is a blend of African and European traditions and American

music, which gave birth to jazz music (dance). Before it was performed on big

stages today, tap dance was originally a street dance (Eng, 2015). It was

revealed to the public for the first time during minstrel shows or through

traveling musical groups (Dance Facts, 2024c).

• JAZZ – this type of dance originated in Africa, brought by African slaves. It

was derived from their traditional dance— Cakewalk and the Pattin’ Juba

(Gotta Dance, 2021). Historians and music experts describe the early jazz

music used in jazz dance as “conversation-like”, where dancers and music

performers react to one another. The traditional jazz was performed by New

Orleans bands; as it became popular, different modern choreographies used

well-trained dancers to perform precise and difficult dance steps resulting in

traditional jazz escalating into modern style (Dance Facts, 2024b).

• MODERN – this type of dance is rooted in ballet; it is the free-form style of the

said dance developed for professional dancers who do not want to stop

dancing (Danceus Organization, n.d.-b). It was started in the 19th century

when Isadora Duncan, Ruth St. Denis, and Martha Graham, desired self-

expression and individuality (Karlsson, 2024). The first modern dance was

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choreographed with no adherence to the ballet movement (Danceus

Organization, n.d.-b).

• BELLY – researchers believe that this type of dance started in Turkey and

Egypt. They debunked the theories that this dance was connected to ancient

fertility rituals due to lack of evidence. In the 1940s and 1980s in the United

States, it was seen as a form of empowering women (Lo Iacono, n.d.). In

another paper, it claims that this dance already existed during the pre-historic

era, specifically in Sumerian, Babylonian, and Egyptian civilizations. Due to

the cultural influence of Turkey, Lebanon, and Persia, different belly dance

styles existed (Belly Dance Institute, 2023).

• FLAMENCO – this type of dance originated from Gypsy culture of Andalusia

in the Southern part of Spain. Since Gypsies or Gitanos were an immigrant,

the creation of this dance was based on the adopted folk dances they

encountered during their journey or in their settlement (Koller-Alonso, 2016).

Although it was rooted in Spain, the country itself did not consider this dance

as part of its nation because it was perceived as vulgar and pornographic. In

the late 19th and early 20th century, Flamenco dance was given a shot to

perform in Paris, where it received admiration. In the year 1950s, the Franco

regime faced financial issues which led them to promote Flamenco as a tourist

attraction that led to this love of the tourist dance get accepted and recognized

in Spain (Holguín, 2019).

• ODISSI – this type of dance originated in Odisha, India; and is recognized as

one of the eight classical dances in the country. The term Odissi was derived

from “Orissi” the former name of the current state of Odisha (Serenade Team,

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2023). It is also acknowledged as their oldest form of dance. It gained

exposure in the year 1950s due to its lyrics, sensuality, and attitude of

devotion and surrender also known as bhakti bhava (Nayak, 2024).

• BHANGRA – this type of dance originated in Punjab, India. The historical

records say that this dance existed during the 1800s, but the current style and

form were formed in the year 1940. It started as a folk dance that is used to

celebrate the time of harvest. Bhangra dance was traditionally performed with

the dhol instrument, large drums, and boliyan set of lyrics (Learn Bhangra,

2023).

• GARBA – this type of dance originated in Gujarat, India. It was started to

perform in communal gatherings where all the community in Gujarat engaged.

Today, it is exhibited during Navratri— the longest dance festival in the world.

It is a nine-night celebration dedicated to Divine Durga (International Festival

of Arts & Ideas, 2019).

• KATHAKALI – this type of dance originated in Kerala, South India. According

to the study, it was allegedly created due to the invitation declined by the King

of Calicut to let their Krishnattam Troupe perform in the village that is

governed by King Kotarraka. Due to the refusal, the king crafted their own

eight stories based on the life of Lord Rama and called it Ramanattam. As the

stories continuously evolved, writers and poets found the name inappropriate

and changed it to Katha means story and Kali means to play— which led to

the birth of the term Kathakali (The Kala Chethena Kathakali Company, n.d.).

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FUNDAMENTALS OF DANCE SKILLS: FORMATIONS

COMMONLY USED IN DANCE ACTIVITIES

• SINGLE CIRCLE, FACING CLOCKWISE - Dancers form a circle and move

clockwise.

• SINGLE CIRCLE, FACING COUNTERCLOCKWISE - Dancers form a circle

and move counterclockwise.

• DOUBLE CIRCLE, PARTNERS FACING - Two circles where partners face

each other, improving interaction.

• SQUARE OR QUADRILLE FORMATION - A square formation, commonly

used in traditional dances.

• SEMI CIRCLE OR HALF MOON - Dancers form a semi-circle, allowing

visibility and interaction.

• SCATTER FORMATION IN PAIRS - Dancers are paired and scattered

across the dance area, allowing freedom of movement.

COMMON DANCE TERMS

• ABRACETE - A woman holds her partner's right arm with her left hand, as

their remaining hands rest naturally at their sides.

• ARMS IN LATERAL POSITION - Both arms are positioned to one side,

either to the right or left, and can be placed at shoulder, chest, or waist level

• CLOCKWISE - Movement follows a clockwise direction, with the right

shoulder oriented toward the center of an imaginary circle

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• CROSSED ARMS - Partners face each other and join hands, either right-

over-left or left-over-right.

• FREE FOOT

• DO-SI-DO - Partners pass, step across, and move backward without turning

• BILAO – Hands move alternately at waist level with elbows close to the body

• HAPAY – Offering a handkerchief or hat as an invitation

• CUT – Quickly shifting weight from one foot to the other

• DRAW – Sliding one foot close to the other, with or without shifting weight

• HAYON-HAYON – A Visayan term for placing one forearm in front and the

other behind the waist

• HOP – A movement where a dancer jumps from one foot and lands on the

same foot, in any direction, focusing on balance and control.

• INSIDE FOOT – Refers to the foot closest to the partner when standing side

by side, important for maintaining connection in partner dances.

• JALEO – A dance move where partners turn around each other in a

clockwise or counterclockwise direction, with elbows nearly touching, often

used in traditional dances

• KUMINTANG – An Ilocano term for a circular hand movement from the wrist,

either clockwise or counterclockwise, used in expressive dance.

• SAROK – A movement where one-foot crosses in front of the other while

bending slightly forward, with hands crossed in front, focusing on posture and

form.

• STAMP – A strong, noisy foot movement that emphasizes rhythm and energy

in dance.

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• LEAP – A movement where a dancer jumps from one foot and lands on the

other, showing agility and grace.

• SALUDO – A bow by partners to each other or the audience, showing

respect in dance.

• POINT – A light touch of the toes on the ground while the weight is on the

other foot, focusing on precision in footwork.

• TAP – A light tap with the toe, keeping weight on the supporting foot, used to

create rhythm in dance.

• SET – A dance formation with two or more pairs, highlighting group dynamics

in folk dances.

• PLACE - Positioning the foot without shifting weight, important for balance

and preparing for the next movement.

CLASSIFICATION OF DANCES

• RELIGIOUS DANCE – These dances are linked to religion, vows, and

ceremonies.

• NATIONAL DANCE - These dances are found across the islands with little or

no changes.

• OCCUPATIONAL DANCE – These dances represent a specific occupation,

industry, or labor.

• COURTSHIP DANCE – These dances show courtship or love themes.

• WEDDING DANCE – These dances are performed at wedding feasts.

• FESTIVAL DANCE – These dances are perfect for special occasions or

gatherings.

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• WAR DANCE – These dances depict imaginary combat or duels.

• COMIC DANCE – These dances feature funny movements for entertainment.

• GAME DANCE – These dances include play elements, like dance mixers.

• SOCIAL DANCE – these are the dances that are commonly found at parties.

It is performed spontaneously and often formed in simple steps.

KEY FINDINGS

• Dance already existed in the pre-historic period. The earliest recorded origin

of this are the cave paintings in India and the Egyptian tombs that are

concluded by historians living around 3300 BCE – 8000 BCE. Before it was

called another form of self-expression, it was used for rituals and

entertainment (MasterClass, 2021b).

• Dance as a form of (cultural) resistance. It gives power to dancers to express

themselves through gestures and body movements that portray the system’s

oppression and scrutinize how the colonizers steal their rights and identity

(Smyth, 2021).

• United States and upper classes of the society gentrified what got popular in

the lower classes.

• These timeless dances provide a full-body workout that enhances endurance,

burns calories, and boosts stamina.

• To perform these dances, it requires a proper and nutritional meal to ensure

that the body has enough fuel for intense movements and can recover

efficiently afterward.

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• Dance is a calorie-burning exercise, it can help to achieve fitness goals

whether it's weight loss, muscle toning, or overall health.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Cultural Gentrification is one of the big threats to a community and indeed

has an impact on health and fitness. Tracing the history of dance and its nature, it is

noticeable that most of the dances that are still well-known today were gentrified by

the United States and the upper classes of society. As they commercialized most of

the dances that were crafted by lower classes as entertainment, they altered and

aligned them based on their interest making them inaccessible to the masses.

Alongside this is the displacement of communities from their spaces, as infrastructur

e is continuously developed for paid performances, leaving them with no space to pr

actice the dances they have created— the dance that would be their opportunity to

stay fit and healthy at no cost.

To show recognition of the origin, individuals who are interested in dancing

should start maximizing the usage of social media platforms by uploading

infographics about the history of the specific dance. The usage of carousel

storytelling is the current popular marketing strategy because it keeps the target

audiences engaged considering it encourages them to swipe until the last slide to

grasp the whole story (Shout + Co. | Creative Agency, n.d.). Nowadays, being

physically fit is too expensive to maintain— a reason why it is one of the major

problems when it comes to Health, because everything related to being healthy

become pricey in today’s generation. Since half of the population are heavy users of

the internet, wellness advocates should start to create exercise videos that are

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beginner and disabled-friendly. The video should incorporate the basic steps of each

dance to ensure that it will be widespread in simple ways. Most of the time, humans

undergo present bias (instant gratification), which is why the video should be in short

form, intended for the mañana habit, therefore, individuals will be motivated to do

physical exercise regularly. According to WHO (n.d.), physical exercise or activity

refers to all kinds of movement, and it is attested to manage and prevent

uncommunicable diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes,

and several cancers. Furthermore, advocates should also start to create short

educational posts/graphics/videos related to the importance of being physically

healthy and its influence on other dimensions of well-being, according to the study,

people who regularly engage in physical activities reduced the symptoms of

depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as improve cognitive function, sleep quality,

and boost self-esteem (Luke, 2024).

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References

American Lambada Organization. (n.d.). A Brief History of Lambada. American

Lambada Organization. Retrieved November 8, 2024, from

https://americanlambada.org/history-of-lambada/

Bedinghaus, I. (2018, June 10). Jive Dance. Liveabout Dotcom.

https://www.liveabout.com/jive-dance-basics-1007196

Belly Dance Institute. (2023, October 9). Belly Dance Origin & History | Belly Dance

Institute. The Belly Dance Institute. https://bellydanceinstitute.com/belly-dance-origin-

history/

Borne, A. (2021, April 12). The History of Ballroom Dance. Blog.dancevision.com.

https://blog.dancevision.com/history-of-ballroom-dance

Brown, P. (2024). Where Rhythm Ruled: The Dance Revolution Of Swing. The

History Insider. https://thehistoryinsider.com/dance-revolution-of-swing/

Dance Facts. (2024a). History of Tango - Origin and Characteristics of Tango.

Dancefacts.net. https://www.dancefacts.net/tango/history-of-tango/

Dance Facts. (2024b). Jazz Dance - History of Jazz in a Dance Form.

Dancefacts.net. https://www.dancefacts.net/dance-list/jazz-dance/

Dance Facts. (2024c). Tap Dance Origins - History of Tap Dancing. Dancefacts.net.

https://www.dancefacts.net/dance-list/history-of-tap-dance/

Dance Insanity. (n.d.). History of the Cha Cha Dance. Dance Insanity. Retrieved

November 8, 2024, from https://www.danceinsanity.com/cha-cha/dance/

Dance Pizazz. (n.d.). History & Characteristics of Cha Cha. Dance Pizazz. Retrieved

November 8, 2024, from https://dance-pizazz.com/chacha/

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Dance Vision. (2023, December 21). The History of The Waltz.

Blog.dancevision.com. https://blog.dancevision.com/the-history-of-the-waltz

Danceus Organization. (n.d.-a). Lambada Dance in Brazil: Origin, History, Costumes,

Style & Music | DanceUs.org. Danceus.org. Retrieved November 8, 2024, from

https://www.danceus.org/style/lambada-dance-brazil/

Danceus Organization. (n.d.-b). Modern Dance - History, Styles, Dancers, Trends &

Competitions | DanceUs.org. Www.danceus.org. Retrieved November 8, 2024, from

https://www.danceus.org/modern-dance/modern-dance-history-movements-styles-

dancers-competitions/#History

Del HierroM. P. (2017, December 21). The Elegant Waltz Was Once Vienna’s

Forbidden Dance. National Geographic.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/history-waltz-

dance-vienna

Dodds, S. (2019). The Bloomsbury Companion to Dance Studies. Bloomsbury

Academic.

https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jhKMDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA

303&dq=post+history+dance&ots=mWZj5iPxWu&sig=A6l_hCHpw1EYP4ioabr0-

0m4Log&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=post%20history%20dance&f=false

Eng, K. F. (2015, November 25). A brief history of tap dance (and why it’s still a great

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