INDEX

CHAPTERS CONTENTS Pg. No.

CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
1.3 Significance Of The Study
1.4 Introduction Of Electric Vehicles
1.5 History Of Electric Vehicles
1.6 Electric Vehicle Development In India
1.7 Major Players In Ev Market
1.8 Different Types Of E-Vehicles
1.9 Environmental Impact
1.10 Customer Satisfaction

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Objectives of the study

2.2 Need of the study
2.3 Scope of the study
2.4 Hypotheses of the study
2.5 Limitations of the study
2.6 Sample area

CHAPTER 3 REVIEWOF LITERATURE

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS ANDINTERPRETATION

CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS, AND

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

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 CHAPTER : 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electric vehicle is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that
draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external
source. An Electric vehicle is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are
vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles
(EVs) use electricity as their primary fuel or to improve the efficiency of conventional
vehicle designs. EVs include all-electric vehicles, also referred to as battery electric
vehicles (BEVS), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In colloquial
references, these vehicles are called electric cars, or simply EVs, even though some of
these vehicles still use liquid fuels in conjunction with electricity. EVs are known for
providing instant torque and a quiet driver experience

India's government is pushing for a faster adoption of electric vehicles-hoping at least

15% of all vehicles on the road will be electric in five years starting 2018-to deal with
the deadly air pollution in its cities and curb carbon emission from fossil fuels.

Wide spread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs)may contribute to the alleviation of

problems such as environmental pollution, global warming and oil dependency.
However, the current market penetration of IV relatively low in spite of many
governments implementing strong promotion policies. This paper presents a
comprehensive review of studies on consumer preferences for EV, aiming to better
inform policy-makers and give direction to further research. First, we compare the
economic and psychological approach cowards this topic, followed by conceptual
framework of EV preferences which is then implemented to organize our review. We
also briefly review the modelling techniques applied in the selected studies Estimates
of consumer references for financial, technical, infrastructure and policy attributes a
then reviewed. A categorization of influential factors for consumer preferences into
groups such as socio-economic variables, psychological factors, mobility condition,
social influential, etc. is then made and their effects are elaborated.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The depletion of fossil fuels and constant hike in fuel prices, there is a need for energy
transition in vehicles in India. Goat has taken initiative to fight pollution levels by
promoting EVs and giving subsidies on purchase. The Government and manufacturers
should join their hands to build the infrastructure and create positive environment for
EVs.

The consumers are aware of global climate conditions and are ready to change their
preference from conventional to eco-friendly vehicles. Cost is an important factor
while considering the purchase of EV. Consumers are willing to consider EVs as their
future purchase option, if proper infrastructure is available. Initial cost of purchase, a
smaller number of charging stations and the time required to recharge the battery is
creating limitation in boosting consumer confidence.

In this study we intend to study the factors that influence the customers in purchasing
the e vehicles. We are trying to analyse the satisfaction level of the customers and the
level of awareness regarding the initiative or schemes provided by the government for
promoting e vehicles in the economy.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study to find the possible factors that can influence the adoption of
EV's and provide the Government to come out with the policies and to help the
automakers to understand the needs and wants of the customer. The study's goal was
to identify potential influences on EV adoption in order to help the government
develop policies and assist automakers in comprehending consumer needs and
desires. This country now confronts one disadvantage, which is the requirement to
undertake a sufficient market assessment in order to attain the objective. The study
also analyses the extent of customer satisfaction towards electric vehicles which
greatly helps the electric vehicle industry in the production process by customizing
the vehicle as per consumer's interest. This study also helps to promote the use of
cutting-edge technology through adoption, modification, and R&D. The study also
helps the prospective consumers in making the right choice as to the purchase of

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electric vehicles as the study includes a detailed assessment of e vehicles. Our study
can also be benefited to the future researchers as it can be used as a source of primary
data for future reference on the importance of e vehicles

1.4 INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

A vehicle that is powered by one or more electric motors or traction motors is known
as an electric vehicle (EV). An electric vehicle can be self-contained, with a battery,
solar panels, fuel cells, or an electric generator to convert gasoline to energy, or it can
be fueled by electricity from off-vehicle sources via a collector system. Road and rail
vehicles, surface and underwater watercraft, electric airplanes, and electric spacecraft
are all examples of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) originally appeared in the
mid-19th century, when electricity was one of the favoured means for motor vehicle
propulsion, providing a degree of comfort and ease of operation that gasoline cars
could not match. For nearly a century, internal combustion engines were the primary
propulsion system for cars and trucks, while electric power remained prevalent in
other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.

1.5 HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

 1800’s
Inventors in a number of nations have begun testing battery-powered automobiles.
In 1832, Robert Anderson of the United Kingdom is credited with inventing the
first electric vehicle. Camille Jenatzy, a Belgian race car driver, breaks the 100
km/h barrier in 1899 in the La Jamais Contente, an electric vehicle he designed.
On September 13, 1899, in New York, an electric cab was involved in the first
reported US motor vehicle death.

 1900’s-1960’s
21 EVs are targeted at women, with luxurious upholstery, flower bouquets,
clocks, and even beauty kits. They are said to be quieter, cleaner, and easier to run
than gasoline-powered vehicles. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison collaborate on a
“affordable and practical” electric car that can travel 100 miles. They do,
however, abandon the endeavour in the end. Ferdinand Porsche creates the P1, an

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 electric automobile. The demand for Ford’s mass- produced Model T and other
gasoline-fueled automobiles is reducing the popularity of electric vehicles.
National Union Electric Corp converts 100 Renault Dauphine automobiles to
operate on batteries in 1959. Henney Kilowatts is the name given to the latest
versions. In response to growing worries about air pollution, several corporations
begin developing prototype vehicles.

 1970-1990’s
The globe sees NASA’s electric Lunar Roving Vehicle bounce around on the
moon in 1971 and 1972, giving battery power a promotional boost. Late in the
decade, rising gasoline prices prompted automakers and the US Department of
Energy to investigate alternate fuels, with GM constructing a prototype urban
electric car in 1973 and Sebring Vanguard releasing its City Car. However, a
restricted range and performance concerns prevent wider adoption. Auto
manufacturers are increasingly focusing on alternative-fuel vehicles as emission
regulations tighten. GM debuted the EV1 in 1997, producing over 1,000 of the
sleek two seaters and leasing them to customers as part of a market study. The
first mass produced hybrids are also available for purchase. Toyota’s Prius and
Honda’s Insight, as well as Nissan’s Altra EV minivan, are all electric vehicles
powered by lithium-ion batteries.

 2000’s-2010’s
The majority of the EV1s are destroyed by GM. Marc Tarpenning and Martin
Eberhard founded Tesla Motors in 2003. Elon Musk, a cofounder of PayPal, leads
a $7.5 million 22 initial investment and is named chairman in 2004. Tesla
produced roadster sports car (the first production EV to use lithium-ion battery
cells) in 2008. Nissan’s Leaf has become the best- selling electric vehicle in the
world. Tesla continues to expand its product line. Musk reveals ambitions to
develop an electric semi-truck to compete with Daimler and BYD, a Chinese
company financed by Warren Buffett. China is the world’s largest EV market,
because to its focus on reducing smog and oil imports, which has prompted
hundreds of local manufacturers and startups to compete for market share.

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 The future
According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, more than 230 battery-powered
automobiles will be available globally by 2021. SUVs and pickup trucks, such as
Audi’s e-tro and Jaguar’s I-Pace, will be among them. By 2024, electric vehicle
sales in the United States will surpass 1 million, up from 104,000 in 2017, and
deliveries in China will surpass 3 million. And to think that it all began with
Robert Anderson’s electric carriage in 1832.

1.6 ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

The United Kingdom (UK) recently announced that new petrol and diesel cars will no
longer be sold after 2030. In addition, as part of its green strategy, the United
Kingdom is working to provide the necessary infrastructure for electric vehicles
(EVs). Such a significant step could have ramifications for the global green
movement. The Indian government is likewise interested in replacing fossil-fuel-
powered automobiles with electric vehicles. In 2017, the government set a lofty goal
of having all cars be electric by 2030. However, the government was obliged to cut
the aim due to opposition from the car industry and fears of job losses. Will be
difficult to overhaul the mobility sector unless the government supports upfront
investment in EV infrastructure rather than shifting the buck to the automotive
industry and customers.

1.6.1 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Electric vehicles save energy: - The amount of energy from a fuel source that is
transformed into actual energy for driving a vehicle’s wheels is referred to as energy
efficiency. Compared to traditional gas-powered vehicles, AEVs are significantly
more efficient: AEV batteries convert 59 to 62 percent of their energy into vehicle
movement, compared to 17 to 21 percent for gas-powered vehicles. This means that
charging an AEV’s battery contributes more to actual vehicle power than filling up at
a gas station.
Electric cars reduce emissions: -Emission reduction, including reduced usage of fuel,
is another pro for all-electric vehicles. Because they rely on a rechargeable battery,

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driving an electric car does not create any tailpipe emissions which are a major source
of pollution in the United States. In addition, the rechargeable battery means much
less money spent on fuel, which means all energy can be sourced domestically.
Electric vehicles are high-performance and low-maintenance vehicles: - All electric
vehicles are high-performance vehicles with quiet, smooth motors that require less
maintenance than internal combustion engines. The driving experience can also be
enjoyable because AEV motors are responsive and have good torque. AEVs are
generally newer than their gasoline- powered counterparts, and they are frequently
more digitally connected with charging stations, allowing for charging control via an
app.

1.6.2 INDIA’S NECESSITY FOR EV’S

India is in need of a transportation revolution.

• The current trajectory of adding ever more cars running on expensive imported fuel
and cluttering up already overcrowded cities suffering from infrastructure bottlenecks
and intense air pollution is unfeasible.
• The transition to electric mobility is a promising global strategy for decarbonising
the transport sector.

1.6.3 INDIA’S SUPPORT TO EVS:

Need for Electric Vehicles: India needs a transportation revolution.

The current trajectory of loading already overcrowded cities with infrastructure
constraints and high levels of air pollution with ever more cars relying on expensive
imported fuel is unsustainable.
Electric mobility is a promising global method for reducing carbon emissions in the
transportation industry.
India’s Electric Vehicle Support: India is one of only a few countries to back the
global EV30@30 initiative, which aims for at least 30% new electric vehicle sales by
2030.
At the COP26 in Glasgow, India’s promotion of five factors for climate change —
“Panchamrit ” — is a commitment to the same.

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At the Glasgow summit, India proposed a number of initiatives, including using
renewable energy to meet 50% of India’s energy demands and cutting carbon
emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030 and achieving net zero by 2070.
The government of India has taken various measures to develop and promote the EV
ecosystem in the country such as:
The remodeled Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II)
scheme Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell
(ACC) for the supplier side
The recently launched PLI scheme for Auto and Automotive Components for
manufacturers of electric vehicles.

1.7 MAJOR PLAYERS IN EV MARKET

1. Tesla
Founded in 2003 and headquartered in California, US, Tesla is one of the leading
players in the electric vehicle market. Tesla creates high-performance completely
electric automobiles as well as energy generation and storage solutions, which it
designs, develops, manufactures, and sells. The business just released the Model
3, which has quickly become one of the best-selling vehicles in the United States.
The company has demonstrated that it has the ability to produce highly creative
automobiles over time. With the construction of a new production factory in
Shanghai, China, the company plans to establish a strong presence in the Asia
Pacific region.
2. BMW
BMW, a multinational vehicle manufacturing corporation, was founded in 1916
and is based in Munich, Germany. Automotive, financial services, motorcycles,
and other businesses are the company’s four business segments. The company
sells cars and SUVs in the automobile industry. BMW also sells electric vehicles
such as the BMW i3 and BMW i8, both of which are plug-in hybrids. The
company intends to offer 25 electrified vehicles by 2025, with 12 of them being
entirely electric.
3. Nissan Motors

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 Nissan Motor was formed in 1933 and is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan.
Nissan Motor Company is a global automaker known for its Nissan, Infiniti, and
Datsun brands. Its best- selling Nissan Leaf model has dominated the market for a
long time, selling over 200,000 units in 2016. Vehicles and vehicle parts, engines,
manual transmission, specifically equipped vehicles, industrial equipment engines,
and so on are all available from the company. For its customers, the company also
makes electric cars 26 (BEVs). Nissan introduced the Nissan Leaf Plus model in
2019 with better new features such as a larger battery and a 160-kW electric
motor, increased range (up to 363 km), and increased power (214 hp).
4. Volkswagen
Volkswagen is a well-known automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg,
Germany, that was founded in 1937. Volkswagen Passenger Cars, Audi, SEAT,
KODA, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, Ducati, Volkswagen
Commercial Vehicles, Scalia, and MAN are among the company’s 12 brands.
Sedans, minicars, SUVs, premium cars, supercars, and commercial vehicles are all
sold by the corporation. It sells automobiles with various propulsion systems,
including diesel, gasoline, and electric vehicles. The e-Golf and e-Up are the
company’s most popular electric automobiles. Volkswagen announced pre-orders
for the first model of its next full-electric car, the ID.3, in Europe in May 2019. It
quickly drew 15,000 registrations, accounting for more than half of the total
30,000 pre-bookings. Volkswagen intends to launch over 70 all-electric vehicles
worldwide by 2028.
5. BYD GROUP
BYD is one of the few businesses that specializes in commercial electric car
manufacture. Its headquarters are in Guangdong, China, and it was founded in
1995. Automobiles, handset and assembly services, and rechargeable battery and
photovoltaic are the company’s three main business segments. BYD is a company
that specializes in the design, manufacture, and assembly of a wide range of
goods. China, the United States, Europe, and India are among places where the
company has a presence. The organization has placed a strong emphasis on
partnerships and has built them all over the world. For example, Nominal,
Sweden’s and the Nordic region’s largest bus operator, added another 20 e-buses
to its growing order book from BYD in 2019

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1.8 DIFFERENT TYPES OF E-VEHICLES

Generally there are three main types of electric vehicles: hybrid electric vehicles
(HEV), plug- in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV).

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)

 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) combines a conventional internal combustion
engine (ICE) with an electric motor and battery pack to reduce fuel consumption.
 HEVs achieve this by using an electric motor to drive the car during conditions
when an ICE is especially inefficient, like when accelerating from a stop. Hybrids
can also favor the ICE unit when it is more efficient to do so, such as cruising at
highway speeds.
 Hybrid vehicles are most similar to drive to normal ICE vehicles, as owners can
only top them up with traditional fuels (usually petrol).
 HEV technology automatically charges the battery through what’s known as
‘regenerative braking’ and activates the electric motor system when conditions are
suitable, meaning drivers do not have to monitor charge or plug the cars into
power outlets.
 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV)
 A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) combines an ICE with an electric motor
and battery pack similarly to a hybrid, however comes with distinct differences.
 PHEVs generally have larger battery packs and more powerful electric motors
than hybrids, as the electric system does a lot of the heavy lifting while driving.
This means PHEVs can be driven in electric-only mode, switching the ICE off
entirely.
 Driving a plug-in hybrid is similar to driving a hybrid, as the car will
automatically recharge the battery and switch between ICE and electric power
based on conditions. However, drivers have the choice of topping up PHEVs with
both fuel and electricity.
 A PHEV can run on just petrol if all battery charge is used up, and battery charge
alone if all fuel is used up

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Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
 A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is considered to be an ‘all-electric’ or ‘full-
electric’ car. BEVs are powered exclusively by electricity, with their electric
motors drawing current from onboard battery packs. BEVs do not have any form
of ICE.
 Given that BEVs rely solely on electricity, they tend to have much larger capacity
batteries and kilowatt-hour (kWh) outputs than comparable hybrid and plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles. This extra battery tech typically results in BEVs costing
more than other types of EVs.
 BEVs need charge to be driven. This can be done through either a home charger
or fast charging station, or energy recouped by regenerative braking.
 Mild-hybrid electric vehicles (MHEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV)
 Mild-hybrid electric vehicles (MHEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are
two other variants of electric vehicle also available in Australia.
 A mild-hybrid electric vehicle uses a 48-volt starter motor, known as an integrated
starter generator (ISG) to supplement the ICE. Contention remains about whether
MHEV can be considered a ‘true EV’, as the ISG only aids the ICE, but cannot
accelerate the vehicle by itself.
 Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are similar to BEV in that they only use
electrical energy to drive, however the way they store energy is very different.
 Unlike BEVs, which store electrical energy taken from a charger, FCEVs create
their own electrical charge through a chemical reaction generally involving
hydrogen. This means FCEVs can be filled with hydrogen and don’t require
‘charging’ from the grid.

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1.9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT TO EV’S

The real environmental impact can only be assessed on the data available. For
example, upto 2018, the Carbon Emissions factor for the Indian Power sector stood at
0.82 kg/kWh, which implies that 0.82 kilograms of Carbon Dioxide were emitted for
every unit of electricity produced.
With specifics mentioned earlier, a 30kWh battery capacity and a range of 312
kilometers should result in 0.07 kg/km or 0.07 kilograms of carbon dioxide is emitted
per kilometer.
While comparing the same with the GHG emissions for road transport report
published by the Shakti Foundation, a petrol engine of less than 1400 cc has an
emission factor between
0.130 and 0.140 kg/km. In contrast, a diesel engine of the same size has a factor in the
range of 0.117 kg/km.

As observed in the graph, the carbon emissions over the operational life are vast. The
EV emissions are nearly half of the ICEVs.

Ride Experience
Have you heard the noise made by an EV? It is practically silent. There are rumours
that many EV manufacturers incorporate sound in the engines to let pedestrians know
that a vehicle is approaching. Electric cars can give you the experience of high torque

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on accelerating from standing still. It is evidently a thrilling experience to receive high
torque when you put the pedal to the mettle. Other than that, you have the chance to
listen to music without having to listen to the engine roar.
Electric cars generally come with more IoT features compared to their counterparts.
Some even allow the user to enable a dog mode and others allow you to stream
Netflix while charging. Ever had to wait while your significant other goes shopping
and takes forever? Time to get an electric car and chill in the parking lot, catching up
on some movies and shows you have been waiting to watch.
On purchasing electric vehicle, you are significantly contributing to many aspects —
one, the growth of the national market and two, to the environment. Being an EV
consumer, you ensure that the Indian Vehicle market is moving towards being a
global competitor. At the moment, China holds the largest market share when it
comes to EV manufacturing. Owing to many recent developments, many global firms
are looking to move their base to India. This will create employment opportunities
and shift labour skills from a conventional sector to a new and future-ready sector.
On the other hand, the contribution towards the betterment of the environment is
significant. Although there is much effort to decarbonise the Indian Power sector, the
ambitious renewable energy targets have shown that there is a roadmap to ensure that
electricity production in India will be carbon neutral soon. Running your vehicle on a
cleaner form of energy can bring much relief to an environment that is fast showing
signs of disasters. With a huge population that relies heavily on road transport, being a
part of the change can mean doing much for the environment and future generations.
Purchasing an electric vehicle is costlier than buying an internal combustion engine
vehicle, but that is only because of the higher upfront cost. Effective cost over the
lifetime for electric vehicles is still less. The government offers different types of
financial incentives to make

 Purchase Incentives: Direct discount provided to the user on the cost of the
electric vehicle
 Coupons: Financial incentive where the amount is reimbursed later
 Interest Subventions: Discount offered on the interest rate while availing loan
 Road tax exemption: Road tax at the time of purchase is waived off
 Registration fee exemption: One-time registration fee applicable on new vehicle
purchase is waived off
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 Income tax benefit: Provided as a deduction on the tax amount payable by an
individual to the government
 Scrapping incentives: Provided upon de-registering old Petrol and Diesel Vehicles
 Others: Incentives such as interest-free loans, top-up subsidies, special incentives
on electric three-wheelers, etc. can also be availed

1.9.1 NATIONAL INCENTIVES:

FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles, is

currently India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility. Currently in its 2nd
phase of implementation, FAME-II is being implemented for a period of 3 years, eff.
1st April 2019 with a budget allocation of 10,000 Cr. The incentives offered in the
scheme are:

1.9.2 STATE EV POLICIES

To assist national initiatives relating to electric mobility numerous states have

implemented their own EV regulations to enhance a sustainable future. State policies
exist in 50% of the states. The state EV policies include:
 Financial incentives for EV purchases, exemption from road taxes and car
registration fees, and low loan interest rates for EV purchases.
 Initiatives to buy more electric vehicles are also included for last-mile delivery
services and public transportation.
 Infrastructures for producing batteries for EVs and accompanying charging
infrastructures are being built.

1.10 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TO EV’S

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On this subject, numerous studies have been conducted. Customer satisfaction is
defined as a response to a specific issue that occurs at a certain time. Satisfaction can
be achieved in a variety of ways. Post-purchase satisfaction is most typically
measured. It’s a general assessment of the buy. It is described as an emotion
experienced through the acquisition and use of a product. In measure, there are
primarily two notions. Specific or cumulative effects are possible. According to a
specific method, contentment is a measure of a user’s experience when using a
product or receiving services. When making a satisfaction judgement, cumulative
measurement refers to how an individual analyses his or her earlier experience and
purchases with the company. The majority of the authors consider contentment to be
an emotional reaction. The intensity of an emotional reaction is determined by the
circumstances. Satisfaction elicits a wide range of emotions, from strong ones like
enthusiasm to milder ones like indifference or relief. It is the buyer’s cognitive state
that determines satisfaction in the case of cognition. Satisfaction can be a combination
of cognitive and emotional factors. This response is frequently focused on one’s
contentment, and the object is usually compared to some standard to arrive at a
satisfaction judgment. There is no customer who knows if satisfaction is an outcome
or a process. In the context of the outcome, satisfaction is defined as a reaction to an
event. Satisfaction is defined as an evaluative process from the process standpoint.

1.10.1 CONSUMER PERCEPTION TO EV’S

According to the Business Dictionary, consumer perception or customer perception is

a “Marketing concept that encompasses a customer's impression, awareness, or
consciousness about a company or its offerings.”
Customer perception is a “Process during which an individual acquires knowledge
about the environment and interprets the information according to his/her needs,
requirements and attitudes.” – as defined by F.G. Crane and T.K. Klarke (1994), G.D.
Harrell, G.L. Frazier (1998). Customer perception is a process where a customer
collects information about a product and interprets the information to make a
meaningful image about a particular product. When a customer sees advertisements,
promotions, customer reviews, social media feedback, etc. relating to a product, they
develop an impression about the product. The entire process of customer perception
starts when a consumer sees or gets information about a particular product. This

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process continues until the consumer starts to build an opinion about the product.
Everything that a company does will affect customer perception. The way the
products are positioned in a retail store, the colors and shapes in the logo, the
advertisements, the discounts, everything impacts the customer perception.

1.10.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMER PERCEPTION.

In general, customer perception can be influence by a lot of factors. Some of the

major factors are,
 Consistency of performance – How has the brand performed in the past and how it
is performing currently.
 Emotional connect – Superb brands know that emotional connection with the
customer is critical to brand development.
 Marketing communications – How the brand communicates with the customers
using the various media vehicles.
 Holistic marketing – A brand cannot be excellent if it has good sales staff but
pathetic support staff. A brand has to be a good all rounder and satisfy customers
from all its touch points.
 Personal experience – Personal experience is one of the most important
influencers that can easily have a direct impact on customer perception. Our
personal experiences matter most. When a customer experiences a good service or
purchases a great product, the quality of goods and services matter.
 Advertising – Promotional campaigns are an integral part of any organization. It
takes important steps to create advertisements that can change the perception
about a brand easily.
 Influencers – We all are surrounded by several influencers that have a direct and
indirect impact on your mindset. It can change customer perception at the drop of
a hat.
 Social media platforms – This is the age of technology where most people are on
one or the other social media portal browsing to their heart’s content. When you
read reviews or comments about particular products services of a brand, your
subconscious mind automatically takes a decision.

1.10.3 FOUR DISTINCT STAGES OF CONSUMER PERCEPTION

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Sensation
Sensation describes what happens when a person's senses are initially exposed to the
external stimulus of a product. Through sight, sound, smell, taste and texture the
sensory receptors of a consumer are engaged by product or brand cues. For example,
Starbucks engages all the senses in its sensory brand marketing. A customer who
enters a Starbucks coffee shop may hear the sounds and smell the aroma of the
grinding of fresh coffee in the store with background music and a unique store design
round out the experience of the taste of hot or cold coffee and food products that can
be enjoyed in-store at quaint cafe tables.

Attention
To the external stimulus from a product or brand in consumer information processing,
attention occurs when a person lingers and gives mental processing capacity.
Selective perception is when a consumer pays attention to messages that are
consistent with her attitudes, beliefs and needs. The consumer will withdraw attention
when a product is inconsistent with these factors.

Interpretation
From a product or brand marketing interpretation occurs when a person assigns a
meaning to the sensory stimulus. Comprehension is aided by expectations and
familiarity. To retrieve previous experiences with the brand or a similar brand a
consumer scans his memory. Stage when product packaging design contains logos,
colors and other elements that are similar to national brands that consumers are
generally more familiar with store brand marketing frequently capitalizes on the
interpretation.

Retention
The conclusion of the consumer perception process is the retention stage and it
marked by the storage of product or brand information in short-term and long-term
memory. The information about the product or brand into long-term memory is the

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marketer's goal to provide positive stimuli in the proceeding stages that translate into
consumers storing.

19
 CHAPTER : 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

 To analyze the awareness of consumers about the E-vehicles
 To identify the factors driving customers to purchase E-vehicles
 To analyze the level of satisfaction of consumers towards E-vehicles.
 To analyze the level of awareness of customers towards various Government E-
transportation initiatives.
 To know whether the consumer preference has changed from fuel vehicles or e-
vehicles

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2.1 NEED S OF THE STUDY

Market Understanding:
Understanding consumer perceptions helps car manufacturers and policymakers
gauge the potential demand for EVs. This insight is valuable for market forecasting,
product development, and strategic planning.

Consumer Preferences:
Analyzing perceptions helps identify factors influencing consumers' preferences for
EVs, such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure, cost, environmental concerns, and
performance expectations. This understanding aids in tailoring marketing strategies
and product features to meet consumer needs.

Policy Development:
Governments and regulatory bodies use insights from consumer perception studies to
design effective policies and incentives that promote EV adoption, such as subsidies,
tax breaks, and infrastructure investments.

Environmental Impact:
EVs are often touted as a more sustainable alternative to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles. Studying consumer perceptions can shed light on the
extent to which environmental considerations influence purchase decisions and how
to effectively communicate the environmental benefits of EVs.

Technology Acceptance:
As EV technology continues to evolve, understanding consumer perceptions can help
assess acceptance and adoption barriers related to new features, advancements, and
innovations in electric vehicle design and functionality.

22
Competitive Analysis:
Researching consumer perceptions provides insights into how EVs are perceived
relative to conventional vehicles and other alternative fuel technologies, helping
companies benchmark their offerings and competitiveness in the market.

In summary, studying consumers' perceptions towards electric vehicles is essential for

informing market strategies, shaping policy decisions, promoting sustainability, and
driving technological innovation in the automotive industry.

23
2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate consumers' perceptions of electric vehicles (EVs)

within the context of factors influencing their adoption and acceptance. The scope
includes:

Consumer Attitudes:
Examining attitudes towards EVs, including perceptions of benefits, drawbacks, and
overall desirability.

Awareness and Knowledge:

Assessing the level of awareness and understanding consumers have regarding EV
technology, its capabilities, and limitations.

Market Analysis:
Analyzing market trends, including pricing, availability, and variety of EV models, to
understand their impact on consumer perception.

Environmental Concerns:
Investigating the role of environmental consciousness in shaping consumer
preferences for EVs over traditional vehicles.

Infrastructure and Accessibility:

Exploring the influence of charging infrastructure availability, convenience, and
accessibility on consumer willingness to adopt EVs.

Social and Cultural Factors:

Considering social norms, peer influence, and cultural perceptions that may affect
consumer attitudes towards EVs.

Policy and Incentives:

Evaluating the impact of government policies, incentives, and regulations on
consumer decision-making regarding EV adoption.

24
Future Outlook:
Providing insights into potential future trends and developments that could shape
consumer perception and adoption of EVs.

By addressing these aspects, the study aims to contribute to a comprehensive

understanding of consumer perceptions towards electric vehicles and offer valuable
insights for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers.

25
2.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 The study is time bound

 The area of study is limited to dombivli
 Study is limited to 50 respondents of which are youth. So, findings and
suggestions given on the basis of the study cannot be extrapolated to the entire
population.
 The primary data collected may be biased.

26
2.5 RESEARCH DESIGN

The study is conducted among youth aging to infer their attitude towards electric
vehicles. Study is conducted through distribution of questionnaires and a total of 50
responses were collected
Research Instrument: Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of a
series of question and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from
respondents.

2.5.2 Data collection:

Both primary and secondary data were used for data collection
 Primary data: The primary data has been collected through snowball sampling,
from the sample respondents through the schedule with the help of the
questionnaire which was distributed online.
 Secondary data: Secondary data has been collected from standard reference
book, magazines, newspapers and various websites.

2.5.3 Sampling Design

Sampling is a process used in the statistical analysis in which a predetermined number
of observation are taken from a larger group. The sampling technique used in this
study is snow ball techniques.

2.5.4 Sample size

The sample size is limited to 50 users.

2.5.5 Tools used for analysis

The data collection tools refer to the devices or instruments used to collect the data.
The success of any research depends solely on the data which drives it. In this study
data is collected through pie charts, graphs, percentages, tables.

27
 CHAPTER 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

28
Yogesh Aggarwal, Vivek Gedda and Kushan Parikh,

(2019) Users of scooters who only need to travel short distances may want to consider
an EV, while those who need to travel longer distances and currently possess
motorcycles like the Hero Splendor may find switching to an e-2W challenging. It is
relatively straightforward to enhance the range of an automobile by increasing the
battery size. However, with electric 2Ws, every increase in kWh may provide an
additional 30km of range, but the weight gain is roughly the same. For electric 2Ws
though, every increase in kWh may provide an extra 30km in range, but the increase
in weight is around 10kg, approximately a 10% increase in the total weight of the
bike. This weight issue is even more pronounced in smaller bikes.

Bennett, R, & Vijay Gopal, R.

(2018). Based on the posited influences of a specific stereotype of EV owners

possibly held by people without experience with EVs, and the latter’s self-image
congruence regarding EV ownership, this research developed an integrated model of
potential determinants of consumer attitude toward electric vehicles. Both product
user SIC and stereotype negativity were proposed as determinants of both product
user SIC and stereotype negativity, as well as exerting direct impacts on consumer
attitude. The association between attitude and willingness to purchase, as well as
interrelationships among the variables, were investigated. Before and after study
participants played a game in which they took the position of an electric vehicle
driver, the model was estimated.

Pretty Bhalla, InassSalamah Ali, Afroze Nazneen,

(2018) Environmental concerns, cost, comfort, trust, technology, societal acceptance,

and infrastructural availability all influence car selection. These arguments both
conventional cars and electric vehicles have been tested. They believe that these
elements have a direct impact on an individual’s vehicle choice. They discovered that
EV producers and governments must invest more in social acceptability of the car by
expanding infrastructure and emphasising technology to build trust. According to the

29
findings, the general public is fully aware of the environmental benefits. The
government and manufacturers share responsibility for investing in car manufacturing

Masurali. A, Surya P,

(2018) In terms of carbon emissions, India is responsible for over 18% of them in the
transportation sector alone. One of the most viable alternative answers to the issues is
the electric vehicle (EV). Several automakers are introducing electric vehicles and
diversifying their product lines. Promoting electric vehicles (EVs) can help reduce
fuel reliance and pollution, which is good for both customers and the country.
People’s levels of awareness of EVs are substantially influenced by their education.
Apart from manufacturers, the government should make a concerted effort to raise
awareness and generate favourable perceptions among potential buyers.

Pritam K. Gujarathi, Varsha A. Shah, Makarand M. Lokhande,

(2018) The Indian scenario is unique in that the present market share of electric and
plug-in hybrid vehicles is under 0.1 percent. Almost all cars today rely on fossil fuels
for propulsion. These damage the atmosphere and contribute to global warming by
emitting greenhouse gases. The disparity between petroleum production and demand
in the United States is increasing. India imports almost 70% of the oil it needs each
year. As a result, there is a pressing need to look at the elements and obstacles that
could lead to more sustainable and cleaner alternatives.

John Matias and T.C. Yalcin

(2017) “Consumer Perceptions of Electric Vehicles: An Exploratory Study”. This

study used a survey to explore consumer perceptions of EVs in the United States. The
study found that consumers had mixed perceptions of EVs, with concerns about range
anxiety, charging infrastructure, and the high cost of EVs identified as key barriers to
adoption.

30
Liao

(2017)"Impact of Government Policies on the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India".

Political concepts of EVs to help governments and car manufacturers evaluate
consumer preferences Driving range, refilling time and owning costs have been
identified as some of the factors influencing EV purchasing decisions Some studies
have used stated preference techniques to explore heterogeneity in consumer
preferences when deciding to purchase an Electric vehicle.

David Layzell and Sara Hastings-Simon,

(2016) “The Role of Government Incentives in Supporting the Adoption of Electric

Vehicles: Insights from a Canadian Study”. This study analyzed the impact of
government incentives on consumer preferences for EVs in Canada. The study found
that financial incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, are an important factor in
motivating consumers to purchase EVs.

Anthony Perl and Yehua Dennis Wei

(2016) “Predicting Electric Vehicle Adoption in the United States: The Role of
Income, Social Influence, and Perceived Infrastructure”. This study used a survey to
predict EV adoption rates in the United States. The study found that income, social
influence, and perceived infrastructure were key predictors of EV adoption.
Specifically, the study found that consumers with higher incomes, who were
influenced by friends and family, and who perceived a greater availability of charging
infrastructure were more likely adopt EVs.

Rezvani, Jansson, and Bodin,

(2015)"Electric Vehicles in India: An Analysis of the Drivers, Challenges, and

Opportunities". Give an overview of EV adoption studies; however, they only focus
on individual-specific psychological factors which influence people’s intention for
Electric vehicle adoption and only select some representative studies. Our review
complements it in the following ways: First, we review a wider range of influential
factors in Electric Vehicle adoption other than psychological constructs only; second,

31
we present a comprehensive picture of current research by collecting all the available
academic Electric vehicle preference studies.

Philippe Lebeau, Cedric De Cauwer, Joeri Van Mierlo, Cathy

Macharis

(2015) The impact of freight transportation on urban migration is significant. The

possibility of integrating electric vehicles into urban logistical operations was
investigated by researchers. A fleet with a variety of technologies has the potential to
lower last-mile expenses. A fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time
windows for EVs was provided by the researcher. The authors’ key contribution was
to take into account the unpredictability of the EV range. EVs are often the most
competitive technology in the small van segment. In the segment of large vans, diesel
has proven to be the most cost-effective alternative, as electric cars would need to
travel a greater distance to be cost competitive. Hybrid vehicles are preferred in the
truck category due to their lower operating costs.

Benjamin K. Sovacool, Sabine Hielscher, and Johannes Kester,

(2015) “Investigating the Role of Social Influence on the Adoption of Electric

Vehicles: Evidence from a Stated Preference Study in Germany”. This study
investigated the role of social influence on consumer preferences for EVs in
Germany. The study found that social norms and peer influence can play a significant
role in shaping consumer preferences for EVs.

Sudhir Kumar and R.K. Kumar,

(2015) “Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicles in India: A Review”. The
authors analyze the key challenges and opportunities for electric vehicle adoption in
India, including infrastructure development, battery technology, and government
policies

32
Karen Vancluysen and Philippe Crist,

(2013) “Consumer Preferences for Electric Vehicles: A Literature Review”. This

literature review summarizes the findings from various studies on consumer
preferences for EVs. The study found that consumers are primarily motivated by
environmental concerns and the potential cost savings associated with EV ownership.
However, the limited driving range of EVs and the lack of charging infrastructure
were identified as key barriers to adoption.

S. A. Bhat and B. Subhash,

(2013) “The Impact of Government Policies on Electric Vehicle Adoption in India”.

The authors examine the role of government policies in promoting the adoption of
electric vehicles in India including incentives, regulations, and funding programs.

M Pierre, C Jemelin, N Louvet,

(2011) “Electric Vehicle Industry in India: Market Potential, Regulations, and Future
Trends”. Comparable cases have occurred during the last decades- probably more
modest but full of learning: some local authorities have promoted innovations based
on electric vehicles in the 1990s, and some people have chosen this kind of cars for
their daily travels, Reporting studies carried out in 2006 and 2008, we intend to
identify the reasons of this innovative modal choice, to show the difficulties that
electric vehicle drivers then encountered and to analyze the patterns of use that
governed their mobility and their use of electric vehicles.

R. Sridhar and P. Raj Kumar,

(2011) “The Electric Vehicle Market in India”. This study provides an a-depth
analysis of the Indian EV market, including trends, consumer preferences, and future
projections.

33
Neumann,

(2010) “Electric Vehicle Industry in India: A SWOT Analysis”. Environmental

perspective, increase in high CO2-emissions and depletion of Fossil reserves, the roll
out of Electric vehicle can be perceived as a safety measure and future security.
Technology to be used in the upcoming EV is very mature and uptrend leading to
high distance coverage with efficiency and comfort.

Hoyer

(2008)"Electric Vehicle Adoption in India: Challenges and Opportunities". The

technology behind Electric vehicles exists for more than a century. However, due to
the availability and the ease of use of combustion engines, electric driving was put on
hold. Today, different (pushing and pulling) factors recover the interest in Electric
vehicles. On the pushing side, the limited oil supply, and the rising awareness of the
environmental footprint of conventional combustion engine vehicles lead the way to
cleaner Electic vehicle. On the 9 pulling side, recent developments in battery
technology and electric motors make the Electric vehicle a valid contester for
conventional cars.

Jayashree S and B.G. Fernandez,

(2007) “An Overview of Electric Vehicles and Their Charging Infrastructure in

India”. In this paper, the authors review the current status of electric vehicles in India,
including their adoption rate, market size, and regulatory policies.

R. K. Jain, S. K. Dhankhar, and H. S. Bhatia,

(2005) “Assessment of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in India”. The authors

evaluate the current state of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in India, including
the availability and accessibility of charging stations.

34
Chan,

(2002) “Environmental challenges force the transportation sector to move to eco-

friendlier technologies”. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are regarded as a green transportation
solution. The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in
making electric vehicles more environment-friendly, cost-effective and drives the EVs
into use in day- to-day life.

35
 CHAPTER: 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

36
1. Age

Particular Respondent Percentage

15-20 06 11.5%
20-25 27 51.9%
25-30 12 23.1%
30-35 07 13.5%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 11.5% respondents are
between 15-20 years, 51.9% respondents are between 20 – 25 years, & 23.1%
respondents are between 25-30 years. 13.5%respondents are between 30-35 years,
Thus, 20 – 25 years age group consume more electric vehicle .

37
2. Gender

Particular Respondent Percentage

Male 32 61.5%
Female 20 38.5%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 61.5% respondents are
male and 38.5% respondents are Female.

38
3. Occupation

Particular Respondent Percentage

Student 25 48.1%
Salaried 14 26.9%
Business 8 15.4%
Other 5 9.6%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 48.1% respondent are
student, 26.9% respondent are employee, 15.4% respondent are businessman, and
9.6% are others.

39
4. Have you heard about electric vehicles (EVs) before?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 47 90.4%
No 5 9.6%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 90.4% respondent are
heard about electric vehicle. 9.6% respondent are not heard electric vehicle before.

40
5. What is your experience, if any, with electric vehicle test
devices?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Positive 28 53.8%
Nutral 20 38.5%
Negative 04 7.7%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that after taking electric
vehicle free test drive 53.8% respondent think its positive. 38.5% respondent thought
its nutral. and 7.7% are negatively responded toward test drive.

41
6. How would you rate your knowledge about electric vehicle?

Particular Respondent Percentage

High 23 44.2%
Medium 24 46.2%
Low 05 9.6%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 44.2% respondent are
highly knowledge , 46.2% respondent are medium knowledge, 9.6% respondent are
low knowledge.

42
7. Do you believe electric vehicle are cost-effective compared to
traditional vehicles ?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 27 51.9%
No 25 48.1%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 51.9% respondent are
thought its cost effective. And 48.1% respondent are thought EVs not cost effective
compared to traditional vehicle.

43
8. Have you ever considered purchasing an electric vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 49 94.2%
No 03 05.8%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 94.2 respondent are
likely considered to purchase an electric vehicle and other are not to purchase electric
vehicle

44
9. What factor would influence your decision to buy an electric
vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Environmental impact 18 34.6%
Cost saving 15 28.8%
Performance 16 30.8%
Other 03 5.8%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 34.6% respondent are
take purchase decision on factor of save environmental impact 28.8% respondent are
take decision on factor of EVs are cost saving 30.8 respondent are like EVs
performance factor vile taking purchase decision. And 5.8% take decision on other
factors.

45
10. Have you ever driven an electric vehicle? If yes
share your experience ?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Good 19 36.5%
Best 13 25%
Better 14 26.9%
Average 5 9.6%
Bad 1 1.9%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that

46
11. How familiar are you with electric vehicle
technology?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Very familiar 24 46.2%
Somewhat 26 50%
Not familiar 02 3.8%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 46.2% of respondent are
very familiar with EVs technology. 50% are somewhat familiar with EVs technology
3.8% not familiar with EVs technology.

47
12. Are you concerned about the range limitations of electric
vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 15 28.8%
Maybe 17 38.5%
No 20 32.7%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 28.8% respondent are
concerned with range limitation. 32.7% are maybe concerned with range limitation.
38.5% are not concerned with range limitation

48
13. How important is environmental sustainability in your vehicle
purchasing decision?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Very important 22 40.4%
Somewhat 24 46.2%
Not important 6 13.5%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 42% respondent are
thought environmental sustainability very important. 46.2% are thought
environmental sustainability somewhat important. 13.5% are thought environmental
sustainability not important.

49
14. What incentives would motivate you to choose an electric
vehicle?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Government tax credit 20 38.5%
Rebate from manufacture 16 30.8%

Reduce registration fees 12 23.1%

Other 4 7.7%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that the incentives vile
choosing electric vehicle 38.5% motivate by government tax credit 30.8% motivate
by rebate from manufacture. 23.1% motivate by reduce registration fees. 7.7%
motivate by other encentives.

50
15. Do you believe the charging infrastructure in your area is
sufficient for electric vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 15 28.8%
Maybe 23 44.2%
No 14 26.9%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 28.8% people says
charging infrastructure in area is sufficient. 26.9% says that not sufficient. And 44.2%
are says that charging infrastructure is not sufficient.

51
16. How does the initial cost of electric vehicles affect your
willingness to buy one?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Willing to pay more for an electric vehicle 29 27.7%
Prefer a similar cost to traditional vehicle 14 26.9%
Other 9 15.4%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 57.7% willing pay more
for electric vehicle. 26.9% prefer a similar cost petrol vehicle. 15.4% gives other
reasons.

52
17. What is your opinion on government policies supporting
electric vehicle adoption?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Supportive 21 40.4%
Nutral 22 44.2%
Against 9 15.4%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 40.4% respondent says
government polices are supportive. 44.2% arenutral about polices. And 15.4% are
against government polices.

53
18. How important is the design and aesthetics of an electric
vehicle in your decision-making?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Very important 26 48.1%

Moderately 21 42.3%

Not important 5 9.6%

Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 48.1% people says
design and aesthetics are very important. 42.3% says moderately important. And 9.6%
not concerned about design and aesthetics.

54
19. Does the availability of fast-charging stations influence your
perception of electric vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 22 42.3%
Maybe 19 38.5%
No 10 19.2%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that fast charging stations
influence 42.3% people perception. 38.5% people maybe influence. 19.2% no
influence by fast charging stations.

55
20. How knowledgeable are you about the different types of
electric vehicle batteries?

Particular Respondent Percentage

High knowledgeable 20 38.5%
Moderately knowledgeable 21 40.4%
Not knowledgeable 11 21.2%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 38.5% are highly
knowledgeable about different types of battery. 40.4% moderately knowledgeable
and 21.2% are not knowledgeable about different types of battery.

21. How comfortable are you with the idea of home charging for
your electric vehicle?

56
 Particular Respondent Percentage
Very comfortable 37 73.1%
Somewhat comfortable 14 25%
20Not comfortable 1 1.9%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 73.1% are comfortable
with home charging. 25% are somewhat comfortable with home charging and other
are not comfortable.

22. Do you think electric vehicles are more suitable for urban or
rural environments?

57
 Particular Respondent Percentage
Urban 16 28.8%
Rural 11 21.2%
Equally suitable 25 50%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 28.25 people electric
vehicles are suitable for urban areas. 21.2% people thought suitable for rural area.
And 50% thought EVs are equally suitable urban as well as rural.

23. What is your perception of the resale market for used electric
vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

58
 Positive 14 26.9%
Nutral 29 56.9%
Negative 08 15.7%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 26.9% people says resale
value is good. 55.8% are nutral about resale value. And 17.3% people thought a
resale value is very low.

24. How much does brand loyalty factor into your consideration of
electric vehicles?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Great deal 26 48.9%

59
 Some time 22 42.3%
Not at all 04 9.6%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 48.1% respondent says
brand loyalty is more important. 42.3% says brand loyalty some times important. And
9.6% says brand loyalty is not at all in my consideration.

25. Do you believe electric vehicles will Become more popular in

the future?

Particular Respondent Percentage

Yes 31 59.6%
Maybe 18 34.6%

60
 No 03 5.8%
Total 52 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The data related to above information, it has interpreted that 59.6% respondent says
electric vehicle are more popular in future. 34.6% says its maybe more popular in
future. And 5.8% are says its not be more popular in future.

61
 CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSION

62
5.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The study aims to find the consumers’ preferences towards electric vehicles with the
special reference to cochin corporation. Findings were based on the collected data and
information.

• The majority of the respondents are in the age between 20-25 and 13.5% in the
age above 30-50.
• Majority of the respondents were males.
• Mostly the respondents have positive experience with electric vehicle test devices.
• Most of the respondents have high knowledge about electric vehicles which came
to know about E-vehicles from social media.
• Out of 52 respondents, 27 respondents believe that electric vehicle are cost
effective compared to traditional vehicles.
• Mostly respondents have good experience of electric vehicle driving.
• 46.2% of respondents are very familiar with electric vehicle technology.
• 38.5% respondents are not sure about the range limitations of electric vehicles.
• For 46 respondents environmental sustainability is very important while
purchasing an electric vehicle.
• It is found that the incentive which motivates respondents to choose electric
vehicles is Government tax credit and rebate from manufacturers.
• It is found that the majority of the respondents are wiling to pay more for an
electric vehicle.
• Most respondents find a smaller number of charging stations therefore charging
infrastructure are not sufficient for respondents.
• The majority of the respondents have neutral response towards the government
policies supporting electric vehicle adoption.
• The design and aesthetic of electric vehicle while taking decision is very
important for respondents.
• 42.3% respondents feel that fast charging stations influence their perception of
electric vehicles.
• Majority of the respondents had moderate knowledge about different types of
electric vehicle batteries.
• The electric vehicles are equally suitable for rural and urban environments.

63
• 56.9% respondent are neutral about resale value.
• 26 respondents says that brand loyalty is more important into consideration of
electric vehicle.
• Most of the respondents believe the electric vehicles will become more popular in
future.

64
5.2 SUGGESTIONS OF THE STUDY

1. Surveys and Questionnaires:

Designing surveys to gather insights on consumer attitudes, beliefs, and
preferences towards EVs. Questions can cover aspects such as range anxiety,
charging infrastructure, cost considerations, environmental concerns, and
perceived performance.
2. Observational Studies:
Observing consumer behaviors in real-world settings, such as EV test drive events
or charging stations, to gain insights into decision-making processes and
interactions with EV technology.
3. Psychological Studies:
Applying psychological theories and frameworks to explore cognitive biases,
emotional responses, and decision-making processes influencing consumer
perceptions of EVs.
4. Cross-Cultural Studies:
Comparing consumer perceptions across different regions or cultures to identify
cultural influences on attitudes towards EV adoption.

By employing a combination of these methods, researchers can gain a comprehensive

understanding of consumer perceptions towards electric vehicles, informing strategies
for promoting adoption and addressing barriers to market

Abstract:
This study aims to investigate consumer perceptions towards electric vehicles (EVs)
through a multi-method approach. Surveys, focus groups, interviews, observational
studies, social media analysis, psychological frameworks, cross-cultural comparisons,
and longitudinal analyses are employed to capture diverse perspectives. Findings
reveal key factors influencing EV adoption, including range anxiety, charging
infrastructure, cost considerations, environmental concerns, and perceived
performance. Insights from this study inform strategies to promote EV adoption and
address barriers to market penetration.

65
5.3 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into consumer perceptions towards
electric vehicles (EVs), shedding light on the factors influencing adoption and
potential barriers to market penetration. Through a comprehensive approach
encompassing surveys, focus groups, interviews, observational studies, social media
analysis, psychological frameworks, cross-cultural comparisons, and longitudinal
analyses, we have identified key considerations such as range anxiety, charging
infrastructure, cost concerns, environmental considerations, and perceived
performance. By understanding these factors, policymakers, industry stakeholders,
and marketers can develop targeted strategies to promote EV adoption and address
consumer concerns effectively. Moreover, this study underscores the importance of
ongoing research to monitor evolving perceptions and adapt strategies accordingly,
contributing to the sustainable transition towards electric mobility.

66
BIBLOGRAPPHY

67
WEBSITES
 https://www.researchgate.net
 www.indianresearchjournals.in
 Transportpolicy.net. Retrieved from:
 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
 https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml
 https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/types-of-electric-vehicles
 Electric vehicle industry in India (Oct 2019). Retrieved from:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_India
 https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/india- regulatory-background/

JOURNALS
 Janardan Prasad Kesari Y.S. (2019). Opportunities and Scope for Electric
Vehicles in India. IJME Journal,8
 Philippe Lebeau C.D. (2015). Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles; Which
Technology for an Urban distribution Centre? The Scientific World Journal,11.
 Pretty Bhalla I.S. (2018). A Study of Consumer Perception and Purchase Intention
of Electric Vehicles, European Journal of Scientific Research,362- 368.

68
ANNEXTURE

1. Age
1. 15-20
2. 20-25
3. 25-30
4. 30-35

2. Gender
1. Male
2. Female

3. Occupation
1. Employee
2. Businessman
3. Student
4. Other

4. Have you heard about electric vehicles (EVs) before ?

1. Yes
2. No

5.What is your experience, if any, with electric vehicle test devices ?

1. Positive
2. Nutral
3. Negative

6. How would you rate your knowledge about electric vehicle ?

1. High
2. Medium
3. Low

69
7. Do you believe electric vehicle are cost-effective compared to traditional
vehicles ?
1. Yes
2. No

8.Have you ever Considered purchasing an electric vehicles ?

1. Yes
2. No

9.What factor would influence your decision to buy an electric vehicle ?

1. Environmental impact
2. Cost saving
3. Performance
4. Others

10. Have you ever driven an electric vehicle? If yes share your experience ?

Your answer

11. How familiar are you with electric vehicle technology?

1. Very familiar
2. Somewhat
3. Not familiar

12. Are you concerned about the range limitations of electric vehicles?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Maybe

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13. How important is environmental sustainability in your vehicle purchasing
decision?
1. Very
2. Somewhat
3. Not important

14. What incentives would motivate you to choose an electric vehicle?

1. Government tax credit
2. Rebates from Manufacture
3. Reduce registration fees
4. Others

15. Do you believe the charging infrastructure in your area is sufficient for
electric vehicles?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Maybe

16. How does the initial cost of electric vehicles affect your willingness to buy
one?
1. Willing to pay more for an electric vehicle
2. Prefer a similar cost to traditional vehicles
3. other:-

17. What is your opinion on government policies supporting electric vehicle

adoption?
1. Supportive
2. Natural
3. Against

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18. How important is the design and aesthetics of an electric vehicle in your
decision-making?
1. Very important
2. Moderately
3. Not concerned

19. Does the availability of fast-charging stations influence your perception of

electric vehicles?
1. Yes
2. May be
3. No

20. How knowledgeable are you about the different types of electric vehicle
batteries?
1. High knowledgeable
2. Not knowledgeable
3. Moderately knowledgeable

21. How comfortable are you with the idea of home charging for your electric
vehicle?
1. Very comfortable
2. Somewhat comfortable
3. Not Comfortable

22. Do you think electric vehicles are more suitable for urban or rural
environments?
1. Urban
2. Rural
3. Equally suitable

23. What is your perception of the resale market for used electric vehicles?
1. Positive
2. Natural
3. Negative
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24. How much does brand loyalty factor into your consideration of electric
vehicles?
1. Great deal
2. Some time
3. Not at all

25. Do you believe electric vehicles will Become more popular in the future?
1. Yes '
2. May be
3. No

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