Practical reseaRch 2

PREPARED BY:
MRS. MARICRIS A. AMOLOZA, LPT
SHS TEACHER
GOOD DAY OUR DEAR STUDENTS!

Good day our dear students!

Welcome to Practical Research 2: Module 14 for Grade 12!

This module was created and designed for you to learn and for you to be provided with fun and meaningful
activities which will enhance your skills in independent learning.

Please be reminded of the important activities to be accomplished upon the use of this module:

1. Please do the OPENING PRAYER before proceeding to the entire lessons and activities given for the day.
Please take a moment of silence and proceed to the opening prayer.
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 Opening Prayer

Heavenly Father, who by the light of the Holy Spirit, did instruct the hearts of the faithful, grant that by the
same spirit that we may be truly wise and ever enjoy His consolation. All of these we pray in Jesus name.
Amen.

2. Please use and answer your module with love, eagerness and care.
3. All the instructions are clearly written on your module. Please read them carefully and make sure to follow
them faithfully.
4. Please read and understand the intended lesson for the day.
5. Please observe honesty and integrity in accomplishing the tasks given.
6. Please practice to have a motivating mood, patience and perseverance in understanding and
accomplishing the self – learning module.
7. You have to finish the tasks at hand before proceeding to the next. Make sure no activities will be neglected.
8. Please be reminded that all the activities and lessons on the module must be finished on the given time
frame.
9. After finishing the module, make sure to submit this on the given schedule.
10. Once all the lesson and activities were accomplished, please do not forget to do the CLOSING PRAYER.
Please take another moment of silence and proceed to the closing prayer.
If you encounter problems or difficulties in answering this module, please do not hesitate to address your
concerns to the responsible teacher. The contact number of the teacher and the consultation hours are
provided in this module. Please bear in mind that you have someone that will guide and will help you in
finishing your module.

It is with a positive mind that this material will really help you to have meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the most essential learning competencies intended for this subject. We hope that you will be
fully equipped with the necessary knowledge that will enhance you into a wholesome human being.

TOGETHER EVERYONE ACHIEVES MORE!

Enjoy your module! Thank you and God bless!

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SELF-LEARNING MODULE

Grade : 12 Semester : First Semester

Core Subject Title : Practical Research 2 No. of Hours/Semester : 80 hours
Prerequisites:Statistics and Probability

Core Subject Description: This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through
quantitative research.

Introduction
Practical Research 2 is one of learning areas under the applied tracks curriculum. This module focuses
on quantitative research. It has two units. The first unit presents the importance of gathering data before
making any decisions, the significance of scientific method in research,the appropriate means to collect data,
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and the arrangement and presentation of data in a comprehensive manner. The second unit presents
techniques on data presentation using tabular and graphical forms, how to interpret quantitative data, and
guidelines on how to organize, write, and present research report to the audience. This module will give you
an opportunity to exercise and practice your skills in quantitative research, critical and analytical thinking, and
ethical considerations in research.

MODULE 14

Topic/ Lesson Name Finding Answers through Data Collection

Content Standards The learner demonstrates understanding of:
1. data collection procedures and skills using varied instruments
2. data processing, organizing, and analysis
Performance Standards The learner is able to:
1. gather and analyze data with intellectual honesty, using suitable
techniques
Most Essential Learning The learner…
Competencies 1. uses statistical techniques to analyze data—study of differences and
relationships limited for bivariate analysis
References (Books and Calderon, Jose F., Gonzales, Expectacion C. Methods of research and Thesis
other learning portals or Writing.
websites)
Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2. Copyright 2016 Unit 2

Jimenez, Roneth O. and Parreno, Elizabeth B. (2006). Basic Statistics

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:
 identify the statistical tools or treatments.
 appreciate the importance of statistics techniques in research.
 compute data using statistical tools or treatments.

LET’S WARM- UP
Answer the question “What are the uses of Statistics in research?”
KEY TAKEAWAYS
After collecting data, it is now time to analyze and compute your collected data. Data analysis is a very
crucial part of research and needs utmost attention. This part of the study can either support or disprove
existing knowledge. It can also contribute to its creation in a field of study. In this module, you will learn the
different statistical tools or treatments and their uses.
MODULE CONTENT
Statistical tools
Statistical tools derived from mathematics are useful in processing and managing numerical data in
order to describe a phenomenon and predict values.
Types of Statistics
A. Descriptive - methods of organizing, summarizing and presenting data in an informative way.
Examples: frequencies, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability
1. Frequency and Percentage is used determine the percentage usually for data on profile (e.g. level, age,
gender, etc.).

Formula:

Example:

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

15-17 27 67.5%

18-20 12 30%

21 and Above 1 2.5%

TOTAL 40 100%
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Solution:

For Ages 15-17

For Ages 18-20

For Ages 21 and above

2. Weighted mean is used to get average or central value.

Formula:
Example:
Factors Affecting Employee Retention 5 4 3 2 1
1. Maintains a competitive pay and benefits package. 8 10 27 5 0
2. Pays policy that helps attract and retain high performing employees. 8 18 19 5 0
3. Makes an employee adequately paid compared to colleagues at other companies
8 10 26 6 0
.

Solution:

1.

2.

3.

B. Inferential - methods used to determine something about a population on the basis of a sample.
Examples: Pearson r, Spearman rank, multiple regression, t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, etc.
While there are so many techniques under inferential statistics, the module will only limit itself to some
commonly used statistical techniques.
1. T-test is used to determine two variable means which differ significantly or to test the significant difference
between two variable means. It was introduced by William Sealy Gosset.

Formula:

Example: To determine whether the student's performance in College Algebra improved after enrolling in the

subject for one term, a 60-item pre-test and post-test were administered to them on the first and the last days

of classes, respectively. The same test was given as pre-test and post-test. The results are as follows:

Student Pre- Post-Test

test

A 34 45
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 B 23 32

C 40 46

D 31 57

E 24 39

F 45 48

G 27 27

H 32 33

Solution:

Student Pre-test Post- Difference, d

Test
2
-11 = 121
A 34 45 34 - 35 = (-11)

B 23 32 -9 81

C 40 46 -6 36

D 31 57 -26 676

E 24 39 -15 225

F 45 48 -3 9

G 27 27 0 0

H 32 33 -1 1

Computations:

Standard Deviation of the difference

Formula:

2. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient or Pearson r is used to find the degree of the
association of two sets of variables, X and Y or to test the significant relationship between two variables. This
formula was developed and perfected by Karl Pearson.

Formula:

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 Note that the results of r should be interpreted only after its value has been found to be significant, as

shown below.

r Verbal Interpretation

0.00 to ±0.20 Slight correlation

±0.21 to ±0.40 Low correlation

±0.41 to ±0.60 Moderate correlation

±0.61 to ±0.80 High correlation

±0.81 to ±1.00 Very high correlation

Example: Find the value of the correlation coefficient from the following table:

Subject Age (x) Glucose level (y)

1 43 99

2 21 65

3 25 79

4 42 75

5 57 87

6 59 81

Solution: Find the values of the following:

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 is used to determine whether there is an an association between
3. Chi-square Test of Independence

categorical variables. Formula for Chi-Square:

Formula for Expected Frequency (E):

Example:
Gender 5 4 3 2 1 Total
Male 18 0 1 1 0 20
Female 26 2 2 0 0 30
Total 44 2 3 1 0 50
Solution:

Solve first the expected values using the formula

For example:

E11 = sum of the observed values in the first column times the sum of the observed values in the first row

divided by the overall total.

Gender 5 4 3 2 1
Male 17.6 0.8 1.2 0.4 0
Female 26.4 1.2 1.8 0.6 0

Substitute these values to the formula for

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Add the values

ACTIVITY
A. Complete the table below. Show your solution.
1.

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

15-17 38

18-20 46

21 and Above 16

TOTAL

2.
Statement 5 4 3 2 1
1 81 13 5 0 1
2 65 23 12 0 0

3 15 25 3 2 5
4 57 6 1 2 0
5 79 13 7 0 1

B. Solve the following problems.

1. To determine whether the student's performance in Statistics improved after enrolling in the subject for one

term, a 50-item pre-test and post-test were administered to them on the first and the last days of classes,

respectively. The same test was given as pre-test and post-test. The results are as follows:

Student Pre- Post-Test

test

1 45 50

2 12 25

3 25 25

4 37 48

5 23 36

6 7 12

2. Find the value of Pearson r of the following data:

x 12 14 10 12 14 15 12 11 11
y 59 60 34 23 66 45 50 50 60

3. Use chi-square to find out if there is a significant relationship between gender and academic performance in
English, mathematics, and physics among students of ACTS Computer College.
Distribution of Students Passing an Examination
Gender English Mathematics Physics Total
Male 78 90 88 256
Female 62 50 45 157
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 Total 140 140 133 413

REFLECTION
A. Answer the following questions using 2-3 statements.
1. What is descriptive statistics? How different is it from inferential statistics?.

2. What are the uses of statistical tools in research?

3. What statistical technique(s) will you apply in your study?

Closing Prayer

We give you thanks Almighty Father through your son Jesus Christ for all the benefits you have given us to
you who live and reign forever and ever. Amen.

Well done! So you have successfully completed the activities and tasks for this module. It is expected that you
have gained insights and meaningful experiences. What a great achievement! Again, CONGRATULATIONS ,
KEEP SAFE AND GOD BLESS!

Name of Teacher Contact No. Consultation Day Consultation Hours

Mrs. Maricris A. Amoloza 0975-702-5302 Wednesday 3:00-5:00

0946-246-9841
Ms. Chrishelyn D. Dacsil 0977-307-6602 Wednesday 1:00-5:00

“Your EDUCATION is your Life. Guard it well.”

-Proverbs 4:13b-