Unit-8 (Renewable Energy)

Supplementary Exercise
Question No. I (10 marks) – Initial Word
Complete the sentences with the appropriate words. The initial letters are given.
1. In recent years, the ice has been shrinking at an a------------- rate.
2. He has been working in the same position for two d------------- at that company.
3. The storm and flood caused serious d------------- to the village.
4. C------------- unhealthy food is the main source of all diseases.
5. There are many a------------- ways such as wind, water and air to generate energy and electricity.
6. The cost of solar, wind and other forms of r------------- energy is getting cheaper.
7. The world’s supply of oil and gas is not i-------------.
8. Human e------------- of greenhouse gases are causing the Earth to warm.
9. We can p------------- environmental problems by reducing the use of fossil fuels.
10. If you u------------- your creative idea and imagination in the competition, you can be a winner.
11. Electricity can be g------------- from sun, water, air or fossil fuels.
12. Hot water is converted to electricity by a t-------------.
13. The scientists are concerned that the machine will e------------- harmful radiation.
14. A p------------- is a chemical or biological substance which harms water, air, or and quality.
15. No one is perfect and everyone has some d-------------.
16. Water-powered turbines can have a negative effect on a------------- wildlife.
17. For the youths, i------------- an application on the phone is a very easy matter.
18. Electricity generation in the country is mainly from clean h-------------.
19. To generate electricity, large wind turbines are usually placed on the o-------------.
20. Today, w------------- called wind turbines produce electricity for many communities.
21. The restaurant serves good food and drink at a------------- prices.
22. Burning coal can be h------------- to the natural environment.
23. All countries have the right to protect themselves against external t-------------.
24. Solar energy generates electricity by using designed panels which include p------------- cells.
25. Modern wind turbines are more e------------- and are able to produce wind power.
26. E------------- can be said that accomplishing as much as possible with the least effort.
27. All my friends and my family always e------------- me to try my best.
28. The g------------- are trying to get sustainable energy system by using all alternative ways.
29. Civilized countries generally a------------- gold or silver as money.
30. One d------------- of sleep deprivation for students is lack of concentration on their studies.
31. Now, the use of social media is becoming more and more common w--------------.
32. Biomass energy is based on biomass raw m-------------, plants processed and burned to produce
electricity.
33. It is time to b------------- our differences and be friends again.
34. The dustmen have not collected any r------------ in the hotel yet.
35. The disposal of wastes in the ground is referred to as l-------------.
36. If you put more g------------- gases into the atmosphere, you get more warming.
37. Even a simple t------------- can change lifestyle of people around the world.
38. The v------------- have suddenly erupted and kill many people.
39. One of the main reasons this has not been done before is because the i------------- cost is very large.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 40. C------------- study both the nature of climates local, regional or global and the natural or human-
induced factors that cause climates to change.
41. His speech had a powerful i------------- on many people.

Question No. II (10 marks) – Multiple Choice

Choose the appropriate words or phrases to complete the sentences.
1. The natural environment ------------- because of burning fossil fuels.
A. has destroyed B. was destroyed C. has been destroyed
2. It is important to use renewable energy as the earth ------------- its fossil fuels.
A. is running out B. is running out of C. has run out
3. In order to ------------ further environmental problems, it is essential to produce or recover renewable
energy.
A. produce B. prevent C. prohibit
4. Energy from the sun is considered an -------------- source.
A. inexhaustible B. inexhaustible C. inexhaustable
5. Electricity ------------- when water from the dam is released through turbines.
A. will generate B. generates C. is generated
6. Hydropower plants are eco-friendly because they hardly ------------- pollutants in the air.
A. produce B. generate C. emit
7. Planting trees ------------- the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
A. reduces B. increases C. maintains
8. Unlike hydropower, wind power process is relatively ------------- to run.
A. expensive B. reasonable C. cheap
9. The process of converting sunlight into electricity is called --------------.
A. photosynthesis B. efficiency C. capacity
10. The ------------- of the solar panels depends on their location.
A. quality B. efficiency C. capacity
11. Solar energy is popular in remote areas where there is no ------------- to an electricity grid.
A. relation B. connection C. access
12. Thermal energy is the energy that comes from -------------.
A. light B. heat C. water
13. Biomass is mainly ------------- rubbish and other organic.
A. made from B. made with C. made up of
14. Heat trapped in the ground is ------------- into steam to turn turbines and generate electricity.
A. formed B. emitted C. converted
15. The most active geothermal resources are usually found in areas near -------------.
A. volcanoes B. cliffs C. coasts
16. Unlike coal power, solar power generation is relatively -------------- to the environment.
A. harmful B. neutral C. beneficial
17. The -------------- is a type of renewable energy that uses the heat stored in the earth.
A. solar energy B. geothermal energy C. wind energy
18. Wind energy is a renewable resource and does not emit ------------- during operation.
A. heat B. pollutants C. electricity
19. Fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas are --------------.
A. inexhaustible B. renewable C. non-renewable
20. Global warming can have a negative ------------- on human life.
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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 A. affect B. influence C. impact
21. The sun, wind and water are ------------- energy sources.
A. refined B. renewable C. reproducible
22. Industries and vehicles are the root causes of ------------- carbon dioxide.
A. emission B. absorption C. regulation
23. They took action to -------------- the disease from spreading.
A. produce B. prevent C. protect
24. Like hydropower, wind turbines can ------------- wildfire such as birds and bats in areas.
A. threaten B. threat C. threatening
25. Using biomass to -------------- energy can produce greenhouse gases and cause global warming.
A. generalise B. generate C. genotype

Question No. III (10 marks) - Grammar

Grade-12
Conditionals
Text-based Exercise
A. Complete the zero conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If you (dial) my cell phone number, it (play) my favourite song.
2. If people (have) more fruit, they (get) more vitamins.
3. If you (burn) oil and coal, you (pollute) the environment.
4. If children (eat) more protein, they (grow) taller.
5. If it (not I rain) for a long time, the earth (get) dry.
B. Complete the first conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If I (get) a new job, I (earn) a lot of money.
2. If she (not hurry), she (miss) the bus.
3. If global warming (get) worse, there (be) problems of rising sea levels.
4. The ice caps (melt) if we (not / take care) of our planet.
5. Our cities (be) cleaner if we (use) public transport more.
C. Complete the present unreal conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If these shoes (fit) me, I (buy) them.
2. It (not/ surprise) me if he (not / know) the answer.
4. If I (own) a car, I (drive) to school.
5. If there (be) no paper, what (happen) to the world?
D. Complete the past unreal conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If we (listen) to the radio, we (hear) the breaking news.
2. She (come) to our party if she (not be) on holiday.
3. If you (ask) for directions, we (not get) lost.
4. If she (prepare) for the test well, she (pass)
5. If we (develop) alternative sources earlier, fossil fuels (not run out) so rapidly.
E. Match the beginnings (1-10) in Column A with the endings (a-j) in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. If I were stronger, a. we would have said hello.
2. If we had seen you, b. it breaks.
3. If the sun shines, c. if I don't get the cheap flight.
4. He would have repaired the car himself d. if she were eighteen.
5. If you drop the glass vase, e. we will be able to go out.
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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 6. If I had studied, f. if we told him about our secrets.
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus g. if he had had the tools.
8. I won't go to London h. l would have passed the exam.
9. We'd be stupid i. I would help you carry the piano.
10. She would have the right to vote j. if I had a driving license.
F. Write the second or third conditional sentences about these situations.
Examples
I want to phone him, but I don't know his phone number.
If t knew his phone number, I would phone him.
I did not know you were in the hospital so I did not visit you.
If I had known you were in the hospital, I would have visited you.
1. She stayed at a hotel so it cost her a lot.
2. Kaythi is not in Bagan now so I cannot see her tonight.
3. You didn't submit your assignment in time so the teacher punished you'
4. He doesn't have a debit card so he cannot buy a ticket.
5. Sue does not answer the phone because she is not in the office.
6. The waiters in that restaurant didn't serve well so I didn't go there.

Additional Exercise
Rewrite the sentences using “the second conditional”.
1. I want to visit Paris, but I don’t have a passport.
2. She wants to bake a cake, but she doesn’t have any flour.
3. He wants to play football, but he doesn’t have a ball.
4. I want to read that book, but it’s not in the library.
5. He wants to make a salad, but he doesn’t have any vegetables.
6. I want to write a letter, but I don’t have any paper.
7. They excited about having a picnic, but they don’t have a picnic basket.
8. He’s thinking about buying a car, but he don’t have a yoga mat.
9. I’m considering taking up yoga, but I don’t have a yoga mat.
10. Although I want to donate to the poor, I am not a rich man.
11. If I (have) a day off, I (go) to the beach.
12. If she (not be) busy, she (help) you with your homework.
13. If we (find) a map, we (not get) lost.
14. If they (not move) to another city, they (visit) us more often.
15. If I (see) a shooting star, I (make) a wish.
16. If we (have) a garden, we (grow) our own vegetables.
17. If I (have) more time, I (learn) a new language.
18. If we (win) the lottery, we (travel) around the world.
19. If it (rain) tomorrow, we (stay) at home.
20. If we (live) near the beach, we (swim) every day.

Rewrite the sentences using “the third conditional”.

21. She didn’t bake the cake because she didn’t have the ingredients.
22. They didn’t wake up early, so they missed the flight.
23. She didn’t practice the piano, so she didn’t perform well at the recital.
24. If they (not/miss) the bus, they (be) on time for the meeting.
25. You did not wake up early, and that’s why, you missed the sunrise.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 26. They didn’t save money, so they couldn’t buy a house.
27. She didn’t get the job because she didn’t pass the interview.
28. She didn’t take her umbrella, and that’s why, she got wet in the rain.
29. He didn’t go to the concert because he didn’t buy a ticket.
30. They didn’t book tickets in advance, so they couldn’t see the show.
31. If we (leave) earlier, we (catch) the flight.
32. She didn’t take the bus, so she arrived late.
33. They didn’t prepare for the presentation, so they didn’t do well.
34. If they (practice) more, they (win) the match.
35. He didn’t bring his wallet, and that’s why, he couldn’t pay for dinner.
36. She didn’t wear her glasses, so she couldn’t see clearly.
37. If he (not/eat) so much, he (not/feel) sick how.
38. I didn’t set an alarm, so I overslept.
39. If we (listen) to the weather forecast, we (take) our jackets.
40. She didn’t study abroad because she didn’t get a scholarship.
Grade-11
Reported Speech
Text-based Exercise
A. Change the following into the reported speech.
1. Sandar said, “I’ve read the letter but I don’t understand it.”
2. Nandar said to Yu Par, “You left the window open last night.”
3. Po Po said, “Thant Zaw, who were you looking for?”
4. May Thu said to her roommate, “Please close the door as you leave.”
5. The receptionist said to the man, “Please fill in this form and wait till the manager comes.”
6. Daw Mu Mu said to her son, “How many times have I told you to turn off the lights when you go
out?”
7. “Shake the bottle we before you use it,” said the chemist.
8. The teacher said. “Who left this bag here?”
9. Ni Ni said, “I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open.”
10. Mum said, “If you get better grades, I will buy you an iPad.”
11. Thuzar said, “Do we have to finish this task before the lunch break, Muyar?”
12. “Make sure you don’t take the bus in the rush hour,” said the mother to her son.
13. My aunt said, “Brown the onions before you add meat.”
14. “I must speak to you now, Thaw Zin,” said Maw Maw.
15. Zaw Htike said to his senior officer, “Shall I fax the information to them?

B. Change the following into direct speech.

e.g. (a) Sue said that she feared that Johnsy would really die when the last leaf fell.
Sue said, “I fear that Johnsy will really die when the last leaf falls.”
(b) The lady asked him why he was standing at the door of her house.
The lady said to him, “Why are you standing at the door of my house?”
(c) Nay Zaw asked Hnin Lei if /whether she liked to draw portraits or landscapes.
Nay Zaw said to Hnin Zei, “Do you like to draw portraits or landscapes?”
(d) Swe Swe told me to knock on the door before I came in.
Swe Swe said to me, “Please knock on the door before you come in.”
1. The guide told us that if we left then, we would get back to the camp before the sun set.
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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 2. My mum asked me not to cook the fish too long.
3. Kyaw Khine and Marlar said that they were going to get married.
4. The hotel manager told me that I was not allowed to smoke in my room.
5. Myo Set told his sister that it would be a good idea for her to see a doctor.
6. Lin Htet asked me if I had decided to leave the job.
7. Thandar asked Kyaw Swar how often he went to the gym.
8. Yi Mon told her brother to stop teasing her and do the cleaning before Mum came back.
9. Thin Nwe asked Zwe Htet why he had not brought his own pencil.
10. Kit Kit told Chit Chit not to tell their secret to anyone else.

Additional Exercise
A. Change the following into the reported speech.
1. “Who is going to live in Shwe Min Won Hostel?” said Aung San Myint.
2. “I’m going away tomorrow, mother,” he said.
3. Su Yi Myat said, “When does Myo Pyi Thar Bus arrive at our school?”
4. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower,” said Phoo Phoo.
5. “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday,” I remarked.
6. “The new underpass is being opened the day after tomorrow,” said the MRTV announcer.
7. “Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles?” said Phyu Sin.
8. “We have moved into our new house. We don’t like it as our last one, Jasmine.” said Paing Paing.
9. “We have a lift in our office but very often it doesn’t work,” Min Thant Soe said.
10. “If you want to visit Taunggyi, I’ll take you now?” said Nang Seng Oo to Cherry.
11. Htet Soe said, “From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Shwedagon Pagoda.”
12. Wai Lin Thein said, “I’ve no idea what the time is but I’ll dial 7887 to find out.”
13. Zin Wyine said, “My wife had just been made a judge.”
14. Zaw Myo Htut said, “I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready.”
15. Aung said to Aye “I have an idea to buy a Kachin bag for you but I haven’t bought it yet.”
16. “Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?” Thae Su asked.
17. “Have you got a work permit?” said Thuzar to Zaw Than Win.
18. “Switch off the radio,” he said to her.
19. “Please do as I say and don’t do as I do,” he begged me.
20. “Don’t eat too much starch,” I advised her, “and avoid fried food.”

B. Change the following into direct speech.

1. He said that he lived in the city centre.
2. He told me that he wanted to go out with me.
3. She told the teacher that she had finished studying his homework.
4. Myo Myint told Hnin Hnin that he had arrived the school before her.
5. Ei Ei told Ye Yint that she would be there at 2pm.
6. He said that he was going to call the police.
7. She said that she had to go to school then.
8. She asked if they should start then.
9. She told us that she would call us.
10. Nilar said that she was seeing her brother the following day.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
Grade-10
Omission of Verbs
Text-based Exercise
Shorten the following sentences by omitting the repeated verbs.
1. My mother gave me a beautiful dress; my father gave me a calculator and my brother gave me a watch
on my birthday.
2. When the fire broke out, Daw Nilar was in the living room and her baby was in the bedroom.
3. I like travelling by train but my friend, Hnin Zi, likes travelling by plane.
4. Some animals live on land; some live in water and some live both on land and in water.
5. I was born in Yangon; my elder brother was born in Taunggyi and my sister was born in Dawei.
6. Mg Mg is good at playing football; Zaw Zaw is good at playing tennis and Ko Ko is good at playing
basketball.
7. Some plants grow well in clay soils; some grow well in sandy soils and some grow well in silt soils.
8. In supermarkets, frozen food must be kept at zero degree Fahrenheit; meet and fish must be kept at 28-
32 degree Fahrenheit; and dairy produce must be kept at 40-50 degree Fahrenheit.
9. For my parents’ anniversary, I am cleaning the backyard; my brothers are cleaning the window panes
and my cousins are cleaning the garden.
10. My hobby is collecting stamps; John’s hobby is collecting CDs and Mary’s hobby is collecting coins.

Additional Exercise
Shorten the following sentences by omitting the repeated verbs.
1. The boys ate the apples; the girl ate the banana; their friend ate the orange.
2. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite; Edison invented electric bulb; and the Wright Brothers invented the
aeroplane.
3. In our class English is taught by Daw Aye; Mathematics is taught by Daw Yi and Geography is taught
by Daw Moe.
4. Mg Ni studied medicine Mg Phyu studied philosophy, and Mg Nyo studied astrology.
5. Aung Aung went to Korea; Thiha went to Thailand; and Naing Naing went to Japan,
6. Thant Zin visited Yangon; Hnin Hnin visited Bagan; and Oo Khin visited Dawei.
7. Bhone Myat lives in Kalaw; Jenny lives in London; and Thaw Zin lives in Australia.
8. Apple is a fruit; car is a vehicle; and house is a building.
9. Messi plays football; Carlsen plays golf; and Ma Long plays table tennis.
10. U Thuka is a director; Sai Sai is a singer; and Nay Toe is an actor.
11. My mother gave me a beautiful dress; my father gave me a calculator and my brother gave me a watch
on my birthday.
12. When the fire broke out, Daw Nilar was in the living room and her baby was in the bedroom.
13. I like travelling by train but my friend, Hnin Zi, like travelling by plane.
14. Some animals live on land; some live in water and some live both on land and in water.
15. I was born in Yangon; my elder brother was born in Taunggyi and my sister was born in Dawei.

Question No. IV (5 marks) – Short question

Text questions
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
1. What are examples of fossil fuels and what are they used for?
2. Why is it essential for us to use renewable energy instead of burning fossil fuels?
3. What are the two benefits of using renewable energy?
4. What are the drawbacks of using hydropower?
5. How is the process of creating wind power different from that of hydropower?

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 6. How is electricity generated from the sun?
7. What are the benefits of using solar energy for the environment?
8. What is biomass?
9. How long does it take to form fossil fuels?
10. Where can the most active geothermal resources be found?

Additional questions
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
1. What does the term “renewable energy” refer to?
2. What are the examples of renewable energy mentioned in the text?
3. What does hydropower utilise to produce electricity?
4. When have humans used biomass energy?
5. What does geothermal energy use to produce electricity?
6. How long does it take to form biomass?
7. What can mainly cause many environmental problems we are facing today?

Question No. V (10 marks) - Read the passage (Text)

I. Read the passage
We need energy sources for our cars, trains, planes, machines, appliances, and many other energy-
consuming vehicles and devices. We rely mainly on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, and we are
consuming the world’s fossil fuels at an alarming rate. As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in
the atmosphere is increasing dramatically. Burning fossil fuels for decades has been destructive to the
natural environment. Much of the destruction of our environment would not have taken place if these fossil
fuels had not been used. In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to the dangers of consuming
fossil fuels. In addition, the Earth is running out of fossil fuels, which means that there is a need for
alternative sources of energy for use on a wide scale. Therefore, it is essential for us to use renewable energy
instead of fossil fuels. Now, the use of renewable energy is becoming more and more common worldwide.
Renewable energy refers to ‘energy that is produced using the sun, wind, water, etc. rather than using
fuels such as oil, gas and coal’. The sun, wind, water, waste, and heat are all rich sources of renewable
energy. These energy sources can never run out or are inexhaustible and so they are known as renewable
energy sources. Specifically, energy from the sun is considered an inexhaustible resource; as long as the sun
exists, it gives us energy. Moreover, renewable energy sources can be recovered or produced without
causing CO2 emissions, air pollution and global warming. Renewable energy production is certainly
essential if we are to prevent further environmental problems. There are many examples of renewable
energy sources such as hydropower, wind power, solar energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy.
A. Write the correct word or words to complete each sentence. (5 marks)
1. Energy sources ------------- for our energy consuming vehicles and devices. are needed
2. The world’s fossil fuels are ------------- at an alarming rate.
3. Our natural environment has been ------------- as a result of burning fossil fuels.
4. Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal can run out or -------------.
5. Using renewable energy ------------- CO2 gas into the atmosphere?
B. Answer each question in one sentence. (5 marks)
6. Why do we need energy sources?
7. What is the effect of consuming the world’s fossil fuels at an alarming rate?
8. What would happen if we had not used fossil fuels?
9. Why are the sun, wind, water, waste, and heat called renewable energy sources?
10. Describe the examples of renewable energy sources mentioned in the passage?

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
II. Read the passage.
Hydropower utilises the power of moving water such as waterfalls and rivers and the sea. Electricity
is generated when moving water turns turbines. As long as flowing water continues, it gives us an
inexhaustible amount of energy. Hydropower dams are also a source of renewable energy. Power is
generated when water from the dam is released through turbines. Although hydropower plants hardly emit
any pollutants into the air, there are a few drawbacks. Water-powered turbines can have a negative effect on
aquatic wildlife. Also, building hydropower dams causes land behind the dams to flood. One more drawback
is that the costs of installing hydropower systems are high.
To create wind power, large turbines are placed on top of hills or offshore. Energy is generated when
the wind turns wind turbines. Modern windmills or wind turbines can be utilised on a large scale or a small
scale. Unlike hydropower, this process is relatively cheap and is considered one of the most affordable
forms of energy today. In addition, it does not have harmful effects on the air or land it uses. One
disadvantage is that if the wind stops blowing, all wind turbines stop working. Like hydropower, wind
turbines can also be a threat to wildlife such as birds and bats in areas.
A. Write the correct word or words to complete each sentence. (5 marks)
1. The power of moving water can ------------- to generate electricity.
2. We can also get inexhaustible amount of energy from -------------.
3. Water-powered turbines can negatively ------------- on aquatic wildlife.
4. Unlike hydropower, wind power process is not -------------.
5. Unless the wind stops blowing, all wind turbines -------------- working.
B. Answer each question in one sentence. (5 marks)
6. How does hydropower produce electricity?
7. When do hydropower dams generate electrical power?
8. Where are large turbines placed to create wind power?
9. What is the difference between hydropower and wind power?
10. What is the disadvantage of wind power?

III. Read the passage.

Geothermal energy uses the heat within the earth to produce electricity and heat buildings. In other
words, heat that is trapped in the ground can be converted into steam to turn turbines. Geothermal energy
uses relatively simple technology, and this process causes no pollution. The most active geothermal
resources are usually found in areas near volcanoes. The initial costs of setting up a geothermal power plant
are very high, but once it is built, the running costs are low.
To conclude, using fossil fuels at a very rapid rate has serious harmful effects on the natural
environment. Burning fossil fuels for heating, lighting, transportation, electricity, or manufacturing emits
CO2 in the atmosphere. Nearly all climatologists agree that many environmental problems we are facing
today are mainly caused by the consumption of huge amounts of fossil fuels. The biggest challenge we all
are facing is to stop burning fossil fuels and start using renewable energy. Governments should take steps to
get enough energy from renewable fuels to be able to stop using fossil fuels completely. Before it is too late,
it is important to reduce our negative impact on the natural environment as much as possible by using
renewable energy instead of fossil fuels.
(A) Complete the following sentences with the correct word or words. (5 marks)
1. To produce electricity and heat buildings, the heat within the earth -------------. is used
2. We can ------------- heat that is tapped in the ground into steam to turn turbines. convert
3. The use of fossil fuels can ------------- harm the natural environment. seriously
4. The consumption of huge amount of fossil fuels mainly ------------- many environmental problems.
causes
5. ------------- has negative impact on our natural environment. Burning/Using fossil fuels

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Supplementary Exercise
(B) Answer each question in one sentence. (5 marks)
1. How is geothermal energy produced?
2. What is one of the advantages of geothermal energy?
3. Where can we find the most active geothermal resources?
4. According to the passage, what is the biggest challenge we all are facing?
5. How can we reduce our negative impact on the natural environment?

Question No. VI (10 marks) - Read the passage (Unseen)

I. Read the passage.
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various
forms, it derives directly from the sun, wind, rain, tides of ocean, biomass and geothermal resources from
heat generated deep within the earth. In 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from
renewable, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. The share of
renewable in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from
hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct
areas: power generation, hot water, transport fuels and rural (off-grid) energy services.
The selection of energy has global implications that affect greenhouse gas emissions, water
resource distribution, mineral consumption, and equipment manufacturing and transportation. Renewable
energy technologies are more sustainable than many current sources of energy. They have less a harmful
effect on the natural environment. There is a need for verification of the sustainability of renewable energy,
which can easily be done by resource-use optimization, techno-economic feasibility and cost analysis, life
cycle assessment, environmental externalities analysis, cost benefits analysis, manufacturing cost analysis,
research and development targets and barrier identification and water requirements and distribution analysis.
A. Find the bold-faced words in the passage that are similar in meaning to the following. (5 marks)
1. the act of checking and proving that something is correct or true a
2. obtained something from b
3. recognizably different in nature from something else of a similar type c
4. a source of supply or support d
5. the actions of implanting or state of being implanted e
B. Answer the following questions. Give complete answers. (10 marks)
1. What are the various forms of renewable energy?
2. In which areas can renewable energy be replaced conventional fuels?
3. What are the effects of global implications due to the selected energy?
4. Why are renewable energy technologies sustainable than any other sources of energy?
5. Mention the two ways for verification of the sustainability of renewable energy.

II. Read the passage

Hydropower is a clean and renewable energy source. Considering the economic, technical and
environmental benefits of hydropower, most countries give priority to its development. Hydropower is
generated using the mechanical energy of flowing water by forcing it through piping called a penstock,
which then turns a generator in order to produce electricity. Water power also consists of wave and tidal
energy, which are both in the infant stage of research, as scientists try to discover how to harness the energy
produced from movement of the ocean. Hydropower has several advantages over most other sources
generating electrical power. These include a high level of reliability, proven technology, high efficiency,
very low operating and maintenance costs, and the ability to easily adjust to load changes. Generally many
hydropower plants are located in conjunction with reservoirs, which provide water, flood control, and
recreation benefits for the community. In addition, hydropower does not produce waste products that cause
acid rain, and greenhouse gases. Disadvantages of hydropower include high initial costs of facilities;
dependence on precipitation (no control over amount of water available); changes in stream regimens (can
affect fish, plants, and wildlife by changing stream levels, flow patterns, and temperature); inundation of
land and wildlife habitat (creation of reservoir); and displacement of people living in the reservoir area.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
A. Find the bold-faced words in the passage that are similar in meaning to the following. (5 marks)
1. to control something, usually in order to use its power A
2. large natural or artificial lakes used as a source of water supply b
3. water that is falling out of the sky c
4. a group of people living in the same place d
5. the fact or condition of being regarded or treated as more important than others e
B. Answer the following questions. Give complete answers. (10 marks)
1. Why should we give priority to the development of hydropower?
2. How is hydropower generated?
3. What is the other name of hydropower?
4. What are the three advantages of hydropower?
5. Mention the three drawbacks of hydropower?

Question No. VII (10 marks) – Dialogue and Exchange

Grade-11 (Unit 12: Natural Disaster)
I. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
who witnessed natural disasters you have experienced
when the storm started thirteen years ago
got higher than buildings and trees our homes and our businesses
Presenter: Today, I'm going to interview three people -------(1)-------. The first is Lwin Mar, whose
native town is Bogalay, Ayeyarwady Region. Lwin Mar, tell us about the worst natural
disaster -------(2)------- throughout your life.
Speaker 1: Well. I'm now 22 and it happened -------(3)-------, on the 2ndof May while I was
living in a small village in Bogalay Township, Ayeyarwady Delta. Cyclone Nargis hit
our area which is vulnerable to cyclones as it is low-lying and open to the sea. As it was a
storm surge, the winds pushed a wall of water inland. So, the water-------(4)-------. When the
storm was over, I looked around my village. One word can describe the situation —
heartbreaking. We lost almost everything — our relatives, -------(5)-------.

II. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
the experience was very uncomfortable the time of COVID-19 pandemic
after I tested negative of Corona virus about his experience
you have been affected some symptoms of Covid-19
Presenter: Oh, I really don't know what to say. I'm very sorry. Right now, I'd like to ask U Tint Lwin ----
---(1)-------. Can you tell us about the moment -------(2)------- by a natural disaster? What
was the experience like?
Speaker 2: Last year, I returned to my home country from India. I was sent to a quarantine
centre as it was -------(3)-------. After four or five days of my arrival, I got a fever and
couldn't sense any taste and smell. So, I had to undergo the swab test and -------(4)---
----. Sadly, I tested positive and so, I was sent to the hospital. I was lucky enough. Unlike
other serious cases, I didn't have much difficulty in breathing. I was discharged from the
hospital -------(5)------- for 2 times. That one month was quite a hard time for me.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
III. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
you have witnessed in your life on the ground and felt dizzy
with collapsed walls littering the archaeological zone
nearly 400 pagodas were damaged3 many people and building in that area
Presenter: I'm so sorry to hear that! Now, Daw Khin Maw, can you tell us about the natural disaster -----
--(1)-------? What was it like?
Speaker 3: One fine afternoon in August, 2016, my family and I were going around the temples
in Bagan. Suddenly, I felt movements -------(2)-------. As soon as we realized that it was an
earthquake, we ran out from the temple quickly. Luckily, no one in Bagan was injured
but -------(3)-------. Struck by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, the place looked shredded, -------
(4)-------, piles of rubble and brick debris -------(5)-------.
Presenter: That's a shame! Well, this is the end of our interview. Thanks for sharing your
experiences with us. Thank you, all the listeners, for being with us.

Unseen Exchange
I. Complete the exchanges using the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
I love this hotel room! I can't find a vacant one. Oh, it’s very beautiful!
I just realized that our refrigerator isn't working. Any recommendations?
Can I play with your dogs?
A: --------(6)------ What should we do?
B: We should call a technician to come and fix it as soon as possible.
A: Excuse me, is this seat taken? -------(7)-------
B: No, it's not taken. Feel free to have a seat here.
A: -------(8)------- They look so adorable and friendly.
B: Of course! They love meeting new people and playing fetch.
A: -------(9)-------- It's so bright and airy with all these windows.
B: Yes, the natural light and views make it a delightful place to stay.
A: I'm looking to buy a good English dictionary.
-------(10)-------
B: Oxford and Merriam-Webster are reputable brands with comprehensive dictionaries.

II. Complete the exchanges using the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
I'm so sorry to hear that. Have you spoken to them?
They're breathtaking. That sounds like an amazing opportunity.
Let's celebrate with a special meal tonight. This country is very hot.
A: Let's go for a swim in the pool. It's so refreshing.
B: -------(6)------- I'll grab our towels and meet you there.
A: Do you brush your teeth twice a day for good oral hygiene?
B: -------(7)------- It's important to maintain healthy teeth and gums.
A: How was your day at school? -------(8)-------
B: It was good. I learned about history and had a fun art class.
A: I'm planning to visit Mandalay. -------(9)-------
B: That sounds amazing! I would love to explore Mandalay with you.
A: Can you explain the lesson to me? -------(10)-------
B: Of course! I'll do my best to clarify and help you grasp it.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 Question No. VIII (10 marks) – Letter Writing
(7) Requesting ( )

Question No. IX (15 marks) – Essay Writing

Writing an expository essay
 The advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources
Writing an argumentative essay
 Renewable energy has more advantages than disadvantages
Writing an opinion essay
 Physical health is more important than mental health
Writing an persuasive essay
 Why we should use renewable energy

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 Unit-8 (Renewable Energy)
Supplementary Exercise (Keys)
Question No. I (10 marks) – Initial Word
Complete the sentences with the appropriate words. The initial letters are given.
1. alarming 8. emissions 15. drawbacks 22. harmful 29. adopt
2. decades 9. prevent 16. aquatic 23. threat 30. disadvantage
3. destruction 10. utilise 17. installing 24. photovoltaic 31. worldwide
4. Consuming 11. generated 18. hydropower 25. efficient 32. materials
5. alternative 12. turbine 19. offshore 26. Efficiency 33. bury
6. renewable 13. emit 20. windmills 27. encourage 34. rubbish
7. inexhaustible 14. pollutant 21. affordable 28. governments 35. landfill
36. greenhouse 37. technology 38. volcanoes 39. initial 40. Climatologists
41. impact

Question No. II (10 marks) – Multiple Choice

Choose the appropriate words or phrases to complete the sentences.
1. C 6. C 11. C 16. C 21. B
2. B 7. A 12. B 17. B 22. A
3. B 8. C 13. C 18. B 23. B
4. A 9. B 14. C 19. C 24. A
5. C 10.B 15. A 20. C 25. B

Question No. III (10 marks) - Grammar

Grade-12
Conditionals
Text-based Exercise
A. Complete the zero conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If you dial my cell phone number, it plays my favourite song.
2. If people have more fruit, they get more vitamins.
3. If you burn oil and coal, you pollute the environment.
4. If children eat more protein, they grow taller.
5. If it does not rain for a long time, the earth gets dry.
B. Complete the first conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If I get a new job, I will earn a lot of money.
2. If she does not hurry, she will miss the bus.
3. If global warming gets worse, there will be problems of rising sea levels.
4. The ice caps will melt if we do not take care of our planet.
5. Our cities will be cleaner if we use public transport more.
C. Complete the present unreal conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If these shoes fitted me, I would buy them.
2. It would not surprise me if he did not know the answer.
4. If I owned a car, I would drive to school.
5. If there were no paper, what would happen to the world?
D. Complete the past unreal conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If we had listened to the radio, we would have heard the breaking news.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 2. She would have come to our party if she had not been on holiday.
3. If you had asked for directions, we would not have got lost.
4. If she had prepared for the test well, she would have passed.
5. If we had developed alternative sources earlier, fossil fuels would not have run out so rapidly.
E. Match the beginnings (1-10) in Column A with the endings (a-j) in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. If I were stronger, i. I would help you carry the piano.
2. If we had seen you, a. we would have said hello.
3. If the sun shines, e. we will be able to go out.
4. He would have repaired the car himself g. if he had had the tools.
5. If you drop the glass vase, b. it breaks.
6. If I had studied, h. l would have passed the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus j. if I had a driving license.
8. I won't go to London c. if I don't get the cheap flight.
9. We'd be stupid f. if we told him about our secrets.
10. She would have the right to vote d. if she were eighteen.
F. Write the second or third conditional sentences about these situations.
1. If she had not stayed at a hotel, it would not have cost her a lot.
2. If Kaythi were in Bagan, I could see her tonight.
3. If you had submitted your assignment in time, the teacher would not have punished you.
4. If he had a credit card, he could buy a ticket.
5. If Sue were in the office, she would answer the phone.
6. If the waiters in that restaurant had served well, I would have gone there.

Additional Exercise
1. If I had a passport, I would visit Paris.
2. If she had flour, she would bake a cake.
3. If he had a ball, he would play football.
4. If it were in the library, I would read that book.
5. If he had vegetables, he would make a salad.
6. If I had paper, I would write a letter.
7. If they had a picnic basket, they would have a picnic.
8. If he had a driver’s license, he would buy a car.
9. If I had a yoga mat, I would take up yoga.
10. If I were a rich man, I would donate to the poor.
11. If I had a day off, I would go to the beach.
12. If she weren’t busy, she would help you with your homework.
13. If we found a map, we wouldn’t get lost.
14. If they didn’t move to another city, they would visit us more often.
15. If I saw a shooting star, I would make a wish.
16. If we had a garden, we would grow our own vegetables.
17. If I had more time, I would learn a new language.
18. If we won the lottery, we would travel around the world.
19. If it rained tomorrow, we would stay at home.
20. If we lived near the beach, we would swim every day.
21. If she had had the ingredients, she would have baked the cake.
22. If they had woken up early, they wouldn’t have missed the flight.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 23. If she had practiced the piano, she would have performed well at the recital.
24. If they hadn’t missed the bus, they would have been on time for the meeting.
25. If you had woken up early, you wouldn’t have missed the sunrise.
26. If they had saved money, they could have bought a house.
27. If she had passed the interview, she would have gotten the job.
28. If she had taken her umbrella, she wouldn’t have gotten wet in the rain.
29. If he had bought a ticket, he would have gone to the concert.
30. If they had booked tickets in advance, they could have seen the show.
31. If we had left earlier, we could have caught the flight.
32. If she had taken the bus, she wouldn’t have arrived late.
33. If they had prepared for the preparation, they would have done well.
34. If they had practiced more, they could have won the match.
35. If he had brought his wallet, he could have paid for dinner.
36. If she had worn her glasses, she could have seen clearly.
37. If he hadn’t eaten so much, he wouldn’t feel sick now.
38. If I had set an alarm, I wouldn’t have over-slept.
39. If we had listened to the weather forecast, we could have taken our jackets.
40. If she had got a scholarship, she would have studied abroad.

Grade-11
Reported Speech
Text-based Exercise
A. Change the following into the reported speech.
1. Sandar said that she had read the letter but she didn’t understand it.
2. Nandar told Yu Par that she had left the window open the previous night.
3. Po Po asked Thant Zaw who he had been looking for.
4. May Thu told her roommate to close the door as she left.
5. The receptionist told the man to fill in that form and wait till the manager came.
6. Daw Mu Mu asked her son how many times she had told him to turn off the lights when he went out.
7. The chemist told me to shake the bottle well before I used it.
8. The teacher asked who had left that bag there.
9. Ni Ni said that she was so sleepy that she could hardly keep her eyes open.
10. Mum told me that if I got better grades, she would buy me an iPad.
11. Thuzar asked Muyar if they had to finish that task before the lunch break.
12. The mother told her son to make sure he didn’t take the bus in the rush hour.
13. My aunt told me to brown the onions before I added meat.
14. Maw Maw told Thaw Zin that she had to speak to him then.
15. Zaw Htike asked his senior officer it/whether he should fax the information to them.

B. Change the following into direct speech.

1. The guide said to us, “If we/you leave now, we/you will get back to the camp before the sun sets”.
2. My mum said to me, “Don’t cook the fish too long.”
3. Kyaw Khine and Marlar said, “We are going to get married.”
4. The hotel manager said to me, “You are not allowed to smoke in your room.”
5. Myo Set said to his sister, “It will be a good idea for you to see a doctor.”
6. Lin Htet said to me, “Have you decided to leave the job?”
7. Thandar said to Kyaw Swar, “How often do you go to the gym?”
8. Yi Mon said to her brother, “Stop teasing me and do the cleaning before Mum comes back.”

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 9. Thin New said to Zwe Htet, “Why didn’t you bring your own pencil?.
10. Kit Kit said to Chit Chit, “Don’t tell our secret to anyone else.”

Additional Exercise
A. Change the following into the reported speech.
1. Aung San Myint wanted to know who was going to live in Shwe Min Won Hostel.
2. He told his mother that he was going away the next day.
3. Su Yi Myat wanted to know when Myo Pyi Thar arrived at their hostel.
4. Phoo Phoo said that she had been in London for a month but she had not had time to visit the Tower.
5. I remarked that it was not so foggy that day as it had been the day before.
6. The MRTV announcer told the public that the new underpass was being officially opened two days
later.
7. Phyu Sin wanted to know if a return ticket was cheaper than two singles.
8. Paing Paing told Jasmine that they had moved into our new house. They did not like it nearly so much
as their previous one.
9. Min Thant Soe said that they had a lift but very often it did not work.
10. Nan Seng Oo told Cherry if she wanted to visit Taunggyi, she would take her then (at once).
11. Htet Soe said that from one of the windows of his flat he could see the Shwedagon Pagoda.
12. Wai Lin Thein said that he had no idea what the time was but I would dail 7887 to find out.
13. Zin Wyine told his friend that his wife had just been made a judge.
14. Zaw Myo Htut told her girlfriend that he would come with her as soon as he was ready.
15. Aung told Aye that he had an idea to buy a Kachin bag for her but he had not bought it yet.
16. Thae Su Hlaing wanted to know if she could bring her dog into the compartment with her.
17. Thuzar asked Zaw Than Win if he had got a work permit.
18. He told her to switch off the radio.
19. He told me to do as he said and not to do ads he did.
20. I advised her not to eat too much starch and avoid fried food.

B. Change the following into direct speech.

1. He said, “I live in the city centre.”
2. He said to me, “I want to go out with you.”
3. She said to the teacher, “I have finished studying my homework.”
4. Myo Myint said to Hnin Hnin, “I arrived the school before you.”
5. Ei Ei said to Ye Yint, “I will be here at 2pm.”
6. He said, “I am going to call the police.”
7. She said. “I must go to school now.”
8. She said, “Shall we start now?”
9. She said to us, “I will call you.”
10. Nilar said, “I am seeing my brother tomorrow.”

Grade-10
Omission of Verbs
Text-based Exercise
Shorten the following sentences by omitting the repeated verbs.
1. My mother gave me a beautiful dress ; my father a calculator and my brother a watch on my
birthday .
2. When the fire broke out, Daw Nilar was in the living room and her baby in the bedroom.
3. I like travelling by train but my friend, Hnin Zi, by plane.
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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 4. Some animals live on land; some in water and some both on land and in water.
5. I was born in Yangon; my elder brother in Taunggyi and my sister in Dawei.
6. Mg Mg is good at playing football ; Zaw Zaw at playing tennis and Ko Ko at playing basketball.
7. Some plants grow well in clay soils; some in sandy soils and some in silt soils.
8. In supermarkets, frozen food must be kept at zero degree Fahrenheit; meat and fish at 28-32
degree Fahrenheit; and dairy produce at 40-50 degree Fahrenheit.
9. For my parents' anniversary, I am cleaning the backyard; my brothers the window panes and my
cousins the garden.
10. My hobby is collecting stamps; John's COs and Mary's coins.

Additional Exercise
Shorten the following sentences by omitting the repeated verbs.
1. The boys ate the apple; the girl the banana; their friend the orange.
2. Alfred Novel invented dynamics; Edison electric bulb; and the Wright Brothers the aeroplane.
3. In our class English is taught by Daw Aye; Mathematics by Daw Yi; and Geography by Daw Moe.
4. Mg Ni studied medicine; Mg Phyu philosophy; and Mg Nyo astrology.
5. Aung Aung went to Korea; Thiha Thailand; and Naing Naing Japan.
6. Thant Zin visited Yangon; Hnin Hnin Bagan; and Oo Khin Dawei.
7. Bhone Myat lives in Kalaw; Jenny in London; and Thaw Zin in Australia.
8. Apple is a fruit; car a vehicle; and house a building.
9. Messi plays football; Carlsen golf; and M Long table tennis.
10. U Thukha is a director; Sai Sai a singer; and Nay Toe an actor.
11. My mother gave a beautiful dress to me; my father a calculator to me and my brother a watch to me
on my birthday.
12. When the fire broke out, Daw Nilar in the living room and her baby in the bedroom.
13. I like travelling by train but my friend, Hnin Zin, by plane.
14. Some animals live on land; some in water and some both on land and in water.
15. I was born in Yangon; my elder brother in Taunggyi and my sister in Dawei.

Question No. IV (5 marks) – Short question

Text questions
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
1. Examples of fossil fuels are coal, oil and gas and we use them for our cars, trains, planes, machines,
appliances, and many other energy-consuming vehicles and devices.
2. It is essential for us to use renewable energy instead of burning fossil fuels because the Earth is
running out of fossil fuels, which means that there is a need for alternative sources of energy for use
on a wide scale.
3. The two benefits of using renewable energy are that these energy sources can never run out or are
inexhaustible and they can be recovered or produced without causing CO2 emissions, air pollution
and global warming.
4. The drawbacks of using hydropower are that water turbines can have a negative effect on aquatic
wildlife, building hydropower dams causes land behind the dams to flood, and the costs of installing
hydropower systems are high.
5. Unlike hydropower, the process of creating wind power is relatively cheap and is considered one of
the most affordable forms of energy today.
6. Electricity is generated from the sun when sunlight hits the photovoltaic cells on specially designed
panels.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 7. The benefits of using solar energy for the environment are that it helps control air pollution, it causes
no noise, and the sunlight is a renewable source that will not get used up.
8. Biomass is made from dead plant and animal materials.
9. It takes hundreds of millions of years to form fossil fuels.
10. The most active geothermal resources can be found near volcanoes.

Additional questions
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
1. The term “renewable energy” refers to energy that is produced using the sun, wind , water, etc. rather
than using fuels such oil, gas and coal.
2. The examples of renewable energy mentioned in the text are hydropower, wind power, solar energy,
biomass energy and geothermal energy.
3. Hydropower utilizes the power of moving water to produce electricity.
4. Humans have used biomass energy since they first started burning wood for fire.
5. Geothermal energy uses the heat within the earth to produce electricity.
6. It takes over a relatively short period of time to form biomass.
7. The consumption of hung amounts of fossil fuels can mainly cause many environmental problems
we are facing today.

Question No. V (10 marks) - Read the passage (Text)

I. Read the passage.
A. Write the correct word or words to complete each sentence. (5 marks)
1. are needed
2. being consumed
3. destroyed
4. exhaustible
5. does not emit
B. Answer each question in one sentence. (5 marks)
6. We need energy sources for our cars, trains, planes, machines, appliances, and many other energy-
consuming vehicles and devices.
7. The effect of consuming the world’s fossil fuels at an alarming rate is that the amount of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is increasing dramatically.
8. If we had not used fossil fuels, much of the destruction of our environment would not have taken
place.
9. The sun, wind, water, waste, and heat are called renewable energy sources because these energy
sources can never run out or are inexhaustible.
10. The examples of renewable energy sources mentioned in the passage are hydropower, wind power,
solar energy, biomass energy and geothermal energy.
II. Read the passage.
A. Write the correct word or words to complete each sentence. (5 marks)
1. be utilised
2. flowing water
3. affect
4. expensive
5. do not stop
B. Answer each question in one sentence. (5 marks)
6. Hydropower produces electricity by utilising the power of moving water such as waterfalls and rivers
and the sea.
7. Hydropower dams generate electrical power when water from the dam is released through turbines.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 8. Large turbines are placed on top of hills or offshore to create wind power.
9. The difference between hydropower and wind power is that the costs of installing hydropower
systems are high while/but wind power process is (relatively) cheap.
10. The disadvantage of wind power is that if the wind stops blowing, all wind turbines stop working.
III. Read the passage.
(A) Complete the following sentences with the correct word or words. (5 marks)
1. is used
2. convert
3. seriously
4. causes
5. Burning/Using fossil fuels
(B) Answer each question in one sentence. (5 marks)
6. Geothermal energy is produced by using the heat within the earth to produce electricity and heat
buildings.
7. One of the advantages of geothermal energy is that it uses relatively simple technology / it (this
process) causes no pollution.
8. We can find the most active geothermal resources in areas near volcanoes.
9. According to the passage, the biggest challenge we all are facing is to stop burning fossil fuels and
start using renewable energy.
10. We can reduce our negative impact on the natural environment by using renewable energy instead of
fossil fuels.
Question No. VI (10 marks) - Read the passage (Unseen)
I. Read the passage.
I. (A)
1 (a) verification
2 (b) derived
3 (c) distinct
4 (d) resource
5 (e) implications
I. (B)
1. The sun, wind, rain, tides of ocean, biomass and geothermal resources from heat generated deep
within the earth are the various forms of renewable energy.
2. Renewable energy can be replaced conventional fuels in four distinct areas: power generation, hot
water, transport fuels and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. The effects of global implications due to the selected energy are greenhouse gas emissions, water
resource distribution, mineral consumption, and equipment manufacturing and transportation.
4. Renewable energy technologies are sustainable than any other sources of energy because they have
less a harmful effect on the natural environment.
5. The two ways for verification of the sustainability of renewable energy are resource-use
optimization, and life cycle assessment. (accept any relevant answer)
II. Read the passage.
II. (A)
1 (a) harness
2 (b) reservoirs
3 (c) precipitation
4 (d) community
5 (e) priority
II. (B)
1. We should give priority to the development of hydropower because of the economic, technical and
environmental benefits of it (hydropower).
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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 2. Hydropower is generated by using the mechanical energy of flowing water by forcing it through
piping called a penstock, which then turns a generator in order to produce electricity.
3. The other name of hydropower is water power.
4. The three advantages of hydropower are a high level of reliability, proven technology and high
efficiency.
5. The three drawbacks of hydropower are high initial costs of facilities, dependence on precipitation
and changes in stream regimens.

Question No. VII (10 marks) – Dialogue and Exchange

Grade-11 (Unit 12: Natural Disaster)
I. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
1. who witnessed natural disasters
2. you have experienced
3. thirteen years ago
4. got higher than buildings and trees
5. our homes and our businesses
II. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
1. about his experience
2. you have been affected
3. the time of COVID-19 pandemic
4. the experience was very uncomfortable
5. after I tested negative of Corona virus
III. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
1. you have witnessed in your life
2. on the ground and felt dizzy
3. nearly 400 pagodas were damaged
4. with collapsed walls
5. littering the archaeological zone
Unseen Exchange
I. Complete the exchanges using the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
6. I just realized that our refrigerator isn't working.
7. I can't find a vacant one.
8. Can I play with your dogs?
9. I love this hotel room!
10. Any recommendations?
II. Complete the exchanges using the expressions given in the box. There is an extra. (5 marks)
6. That sounds great!
7. Absolutely!
8. Did you learn anything interesting?
9. Would you like to come along?
10. I'm having trouble understanding.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise
 Question No. VIII (10 marks) – Letter Writing
(7) Requesting ( )
You are Thet Htar. You live at No.35, Min Road, Myo Thit. Write a letter to your elder sister, Win
Pa Pa, telling her that your mother has been hospitalized and requesting her to come back and help you look
after her.

( )


( )


Tense
Present Perfect, Past Present
No.35, Min Road,
Myo Thit.
23-7-2024
Dear Ma Ma,
How are you? I hope you are well and happy. As for me, I am fine, but our mother is not.
In this letter, I want to tell you about my mother’s health. My mother has been hospitalized
three days ago. I was worried too much then. Now, I am very busy with my studies and taking care of my
mother. I requested Daw Lay to help me. So, Daw Lay helped me, and we spent all the day and night with
mother in the hospital. As you know, Daw Lay is also busy person with her family. I don’t want to request to
help me for many days. That’s why, I want to request you to come back and help me look after mother.
Mother also wants to meet you. She is expecting to meet you. If you come back, mother, Day Lay and I will
be very happy. Please, come back as soon as possible. We are waiting for you.
Again, do come back! Let me stop my letter, for I have to spend lunch for mother and Daw
Lay.
With the best wishes,
Yours truly,
Thet Htar

Question No. IX (15 marks) – Essay Writing

Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources have gained prominence in recent years as a cleaner and more sustainable
alternative to fossil fuels. These sources, including solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power, offer
numerous advantages that contribute to a greener and more secure energy future. However, they also come
with their fair share of challenges and drawbacks. In this essay, we will explore the advantages and
disadvantages of renewable energy.
One of the primary advantages of renewable energy is its environmental friendliness. Unlike fossil
fuels, renewable sources do not produce harmful greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change.
Solar and wind energy, in particular, have a minimal carbon footprint, making them vital in the fight against
global warming. Moreover, these energy sources are inexhaustible, ensuring long-term energy security.
Wind turbines and solar panels can be installed in various locations, providing access to power even in
remote areas. This decentralization of energy production enhances energy resilience and reduces the reliance
on centralized power plants.
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Supplementary Exercise
 Another significant advantage of renewable energy is its potential to reduce energy costs in the long
run. While the initial investment in renewable technologies can be high, the operational and maintenance
costs are often lower than those of conventional power plants. Solar panels and wind turbines have a long
lifespan and require minimal ongoing expenses. In addition, many governments offer incentives and
subsidies to encourage the adoption of renewable energy, further lowering the overall costs for consumers
and businesses. As technology continues to advance, the efficiency and affordability of renewable energy
systems are likely to improve, making them even more attractive.
However, renewable energy sources also have their disadvantages. One of the most significant
challenges is their intermittent nature. Solar and wind power generation is dependent on weather conditions,
and energy production may vary throughout the day or season. To address this, energy storage solutions,
such as batteries, are required to store excess energy when it is abundant and release it when needed. The
development of cost-effective and efficient energy storage technology is crucial to overcome this limitation.
Additionally, the initial investment in renewable energy infrastructure can be substantial, deterring
some individuals and businesses from adopting these technologies. Governments and organizations need to
invest heavily in research, development, and infrastructure to promote renewable energy adoption.
Furthermore, the intermittency of renewable sources can strain the existing electrical grid, requiring
significant upgrades and investments in grid infrastructure to accommodate the fluctuations in supply.
In conclusion, renewable energy sources offer many advantages, including environmental
friendliness, long-term energy security, and the potential for reduced energy costs. However, they also face
challenges, such as intermittency and high initial costs. As technology continues to evolve and policies favor
clean energy solutions, the advantages of renewable energy are likely to outweigh the disadvantages, leading
to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy future. To fully realize the potential of renewable
energy, a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and individuals is essential to overcome these
challenges and transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy landscape.

Renewable energy has more advantages than fossil fuels

The debate between renewable energy and fossil fuels has been ongoing for years, with both sides
presenting compelling arguments. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that renewable energy
sources offer more advantages than fossil fuels. In this essay, we will explore the numerous benefits of
renewable energy while also considering a counterargument.
One of the most significant advantages of renewable energy is its minimal environmental impact.
Unlike fossil fuels, renewable sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power generate electricity
without releasing harmful greenhouse gases and pollutants. This reduces air and water pollution, mitigates
climate change, and preserves ecosystems. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, contribute to global warming and
air pollution, causing health problems and damaging the environment.
Renewable energy sources provide countries with greater energy independence. By harnessing
local resources like sunlight and wind, nations can reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels, enhancing
national security and stability. Fossil fuels, often sourced from geopolitically unstable regions, can lead to
political tensions and economic vulnerabilities.
The renewable energy sector creates jobs and stimulates economic growth. The installation,
maintenance, and development of renewable energy projects support local economies, fostering innovation
and driving down costs. On the contrary, the fossil fuel industry can lead to boom-and-bust cycles, making
economies vulnerable to price fluctuations and market instability.
Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible, making them a sustainable option for the long term.
Fossil fuels are finite resources, and their extraction is becoming increasingly costly and environmentally
damaging. Transitioning to renewables ensures a reliable and enduring energy supply.
It is essential to acknowledge the counterargument that renewable energy sources can be intermittent
and less reliable than fossil fuels. Solar and wind energy generation can be weather-dependent, leading to
fluctuations in energy production. This intermittency may require backup systems or energy storage
solutions, which can add to the cost and complexity of renewable energy installations.

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Supplementary Exercise
 However, advancements in energy storage technology and grid management are addressing these
challenges. Battery storage systems and smart grid technologies are becoming more efficient, providing a
solution to the intermittency issue. Moreover, the environmental and long-term economic benefits of
renewable energy far outweigh the drawbacks associated with intermittency.
In conclusion, renewable energy sources offer numerous advantages over fossil fuels, ranging from
environmental benefits and energy independence to economic opportunities and long-term sustainability.
While there are valid concerns about intermittency, ongoing innovations in technology and infrastructure are
gradually mitigating these issues. The transition to renewable energy is not only essential for the
environment but also a wise and sustainable choice for our future energy needs. It is clear that renewable
energy is a superior alternative to fossil fuels.

Physical health is more important than mental health

Physical health and mental health are two vital components of overall well-being. While both aspects
contribute to a person's quality of life, the argument can be made that physical health takes precedence over
mental health. Firstly, the foundation of a healthy life lies in a robust physical state. A sound body is
essential for performing daily tasks, engaging in activities, and maintaining independence. Physical health
encompasses factors such as cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility, all of which directly
impact one's ability to lead an active and fulfilling life.
Secondly, physical health has tangible and measurable outcomes that can be observed and tracked.
Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and sufficient sleep contribute to weight management, improved immune
function, and overall longevity. These quantifiable benefits are crucial in gauging the success of one's efforts
to maintain good health. On the contrary, mental health, while undoubtedly significant, often lacks concrete
markers for evaluation. The subjective nature of mental well-being makes it challenging to establish clear
benchmarks for success or progress, leading to a less straightforward assessment of overall health.
Lastly, physical health serves as a prerequisite for mental well-being. The mind and body are
intricately connected, and a healthy body provides a stable foundation for a sound mental state. Physical
activity has been proven to release endorphins, which contribute to improved mood and reduced stress.
Additionally, a well-nourished and rested body supports cognitive function, enhancing the ability to cope
with life's challenges and fostering a positive mental outlook.
In conclusion, while mental health is undeniably important, physical health takes precedence due to
its foundational role in overall well-being. A healthy body provides the necessary platform for an active and
fulfilling life, with tangible benefits that can be measured and observed. Furthermore, physical health acts as
a prerequisite for maintaining a positive mental state, emphasizing the interdependence of these two aspects
in achieving a holistic sense of well-being.

Why we should use renewable energy

In our ever-evolving world, the imperative to shift towards renewable energy sources has become
increasingly evident. Harnessing energy from renewable sources such as the sun, wind, and water presents
an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Firstly, renewable energy helps mitigate the
adverse effects of climate change. Unlike fossil fuels that release harmful greenhouse gases, renewable
energy technologies generate electricity with minimal or no emissions, thus reducing our carbon footprint
and slowing down the progression of climate change.
Moreover, the adoption of renewable energy sources promotes energy security by diversifying our
energy mix. Dependence on finite fossil fuels leaves us vulnerable to price fluctuations and geopolitical
tensions. In contrast, renewable energy resources are abundant and widely distributed, providing a more
stable and resilient energy supply. By investing in renewable technologies, we not only bolster our energy
security but also stimulate economic growth by fostering innovation and creating new job opportunities in
the burgeoning green energy sector.

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Supplementary Exercise
 Additionally, transitioning to renewable energy sources fosters sustainable development. The
renewable energy industry is inherently cleaner, reducing air and water pollution. Communities near
traditional power plants often suffer from health issues due to pollution, but with renewables, we can
mitigate these harmful impacts. Furthermore, renewable projects have a smaller ecological footprint,
preserving biodiversity and protecting natural habitats. Embracing renewable energy is a crucial step
towards leaving a healthier planet for future generations, ensuring that our energy needs are met without
compromising the well-being of our environment.
In conclusion, the shift to renewable energy is not just a necessity but a pivotal step towards a
sustainable future. By embracing clean and abundant sources of power, we can combat climate change,
enhance energy security, and promote sustainable development. The global community must unite in
investing, developing, and implementing renewable energy solutions to pave the way for a brighter and more
sustainable tomorrow.

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Grade-12 English
Supplementary Exercise