External Fertilisation fertilisation .

Ovipary Orovipary Vivipary Internal

4 Takes place in water occurs in terrestial vertebrates
Eggs develop outside of the The eggs that are fertilised are kept
Fertilisation is internal and eggs do
inside the female body until they hatch . have a shell .
4 Aquatic vertebrates gametes are directly released into the female body and
male in courtship is
parent not Not an ideal process
:
Sexual behavior
embryo gets food from Yolk nourishment is obtained through fertilise the eggs inside the body. Ensures males and
4e99 Yolks are the main source of not dependent on the mother except for
wasteful + most eggs are
eaten timed such that both male
protection and gaseous exchange .
a placenta 4 fertilisation is not certain birds reptiles
+ cloaca . females find
nutrition and female is ready for
reproduction maximised reproduction?bornliveipary How does it maximise reproduction : Mammals > penis . Suitable mates
:
How does ovoripary maximise Maximise reproduction .
-

How is
4 nuge no Of eggs and How does this maximise reproduction ? muting at the same time .
Aquatic environments fewer eags are produced sperm
so mothers
of eggs
·

In reduced no mean energy to

: more :

expenditure is less
Thevastnumbers ofeggs ensare dvelopingembryo ismusa b c
nourish and protect the embryo and
foetus
4 courtship rituals
FertilisationismoreCertain selosely
reproductiveexpenditures
as possible .
require high energy input from after
the 4 provide parental the young gae a a
Energy savedinprovingfewer
care
temp . Female conserves her energy
female . This is offset by less are born .
of eggs .
4 young are born fully developed volume
for breeding an energy expenditure
energy being needed for York are able to fend for themselves .
production and parental care . is by the male .
land environments
: How will courtship
few eggs are produced .
Energy does into : maximise reproduction

rainywithmorefaniga chemicals (pheromones)

> mothsspeciesapero -

External vs Internal
,

mones .

parental care for young . feathers

Visual (brightly colored
& frogs 'sing' to attract

fertilisation simple females

Auditory (songs
↑ 1 male birds sings
species specific songs
Ovipary, ovovipary, joining
Fertilisation is the period of sexual
> rut = a
that attract females .

Courtship
of the nucleas of an egg and excitement+ males fighting for
females (signals genetic superiority -+ Intra-specific
vivipary
sperm . competition

behaviour /signals that females favour males that

complex are
are designed to attract
elaborate larger

n
more
another animal for

formsucurtiAs
more elaborate physical features
mating and breeding .
in courtship
Where the embryo develops display more energy
4 How the embryo/foetus
activities .
are nourished . females choose the better male -
reinforces pair bonding promises
-
chock absorber . healthier
1
offspring .
S
The Amniotic E
Lencloses Yolk

production ofnewgeneratioa
-

generation
found in reptiles
of fluid-filled
protect the embryo
and birds has a set

membranes that surround and

from physical harm , dessication ,
drying out excessive heat and desertification
,
.
Reproductive Precocial / Altricial
behaviour/adaptations

Strategies precocial Atricial

I
which
of
has evolved over long periods

3
4 eggs have a lot of energy
stores protein for time in species to meet the + Leggs have little energy
the environmen Hatchlings are easy prey young
- :

developing embryo Challenges of chicks are able to move immediately 4 young chicks are poorly developed

provides embryo with after hatching helpless

prevents drying out
-

water Chicks are born independent

4 porous to allow for gaseous 4 Totally dependent on parents ·

Goal of each species

prevents drying .
out 4 They are doing things as early
exchange reproduction maximised
-

?
as possible . How is
calcarous/leathery . How is reproduction maximised :
4 parental care
and eat food on their own
Reproductive 4 Find Offspring reach reproductive age
quickly :
produce the maximum number of surviving offspring while
I

Effort Grow rapidly because they are fed .

after
-

using the least amount of energy

4 look themselves against
4 safer from predation .
Predators

&a excal
Parental Care
Reproduction unique Reproductive Reproduction
strategies :

complex
more
① species breed
4 Energy efficient (Low reproductive effort
4needsamuch
nice a
successfully 4 involves only a single animal
pattern or behaviour in which a parent spends ② Survive to reproducti occur only at a microscopic level
time and energy to improve the survival , condition -
ve age .
many eggs
and future reproductive success of the offspring
produced
High mortality
little to no parental care Few eggs
I low reproductive effort)
survive to
reproductive
age

care-varaingeglumphibians,fishreptilestiles
few eggs Low
mortality/
produced Parental care given pre-natal
(High reproductive Eggs/Offspring
Ibirds
-carrying broods
effort ( Survive to

reproductive age .
-
incubating eggs
-placental nourishing (mammals

Post-natal-providing food
care :
-
protecting offspring birds ; mammals .
-
Teaching offspring .