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Part 2

The document discusses the chemical composition of cells, defining protoplasm as the living material within cells, which includes cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. It explains the structure of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, detailing their subunits and types of bonds formed between them, including peptide bonds and phosphodiester bonds. Additionally, it highlights the significance of monomers like monosaccharides, deoxyribonucleotides, and ribonucleotides in forming polymers.

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15 views30 pages

Part 2

The document discusses the chemical composition of cells, defining protoplasm as the living material within cells, which includes cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. It explains the structure of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, detailing their subunits and types of bonds formed between them, including peptide bonds and phosphodiester bonds. Additionally, it highlights the significance of monomers like monosaccharides, deoxyribonucleotides, and ribonucleotides in forming polymers.

Uploaded by

junaidahmedchandio024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biological Molecules (Part 2)

Chemical composition of cell Cytoplasm + Nucleoplasm = Protoplasm

Every cell is made up of living material called protoplasm.


Cytoplasm is
everything outside Cell
a nucleus. membrane
Nucleoplasm is
Cytoplasm
everything inside
- Cytosol
a nucleus.
Protoplasm is Nucleoplasm
everything inside -Nucleosol
a cell.
The liquid portion of the
cytoplasm is referred
to as the cytosol.

The liquid portion of the


nucleoplasm is referred
to as the nucleosol. Cell
COMPOUND SUBUNIT
(Polymer) (monomer)
• Carbohydrate • Monosaccharide
• ─ In the bonding of Peptide bond
amino acids C-N bond
forms between the
carboxyl group of one
amino acid and the
amino group of the
next amino acid.
• ─ The C-N bond is
known as peptide
bond.
• ─ A chain of amino
acids bonded in this
way is called a
polypeptide.
Animation Peptide bond
An ester bond is the bond between
an alcohol group (-OH) and
a carboxylic acid group (-COOH),
formed by the removal of
a molecule of water (H2O).
DNA is polymer of deoxyribonucleotides.

N + S + P= Nucleotide (Deoxyribonucleotide)

C5 H10 O4

Deoxyribose
RNA is polymer of Ribonucleotides.

N + S + P= Nucleotide (Ribonucleotide)

C5 H10 O5

Ribose
A phosphodiester
bond occurs when
exactly two of the hydroxyl
groups
in phosphoric acid react with
hydroxyl groups on other
molecules
to form two ester bonds.
The "bond" involves this
linkage
C-O-PO2−-O-C.
Covalently
linked
Lipids carbohydrate Glycolipid (Conjugated molecule)

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