Online Counselling: A Narrative and Critical Review of the Literature

Sakshi Shivraj Patil

U.G. Student, Department of Information Technology, Pune Vidyarthi Griha’s College of
Science & Technology, Ghatkopar, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT: Online personal counselling has become a powerful tool in the world of
mental health support, offering people the chance to receive professional help in a way that
fits their lives more comfortably. As our relationship with technology grows, these virtual
counselling platforms are breaking down barriers—whether they’re physical, social, or
emotional—by making therapy more accessible, flexible, and private. For many, online
counselling can offer a sense of safety and comfort that might not always be possible in
traditional face-to-face settings, helping reduce the stigma often associated with seeking help.
This paper explores how online personal counselling works in practice, focusing on its ability
to support individuals dealing with a wide range of mental health issues like anxiety,
depression, and relationship struggles. It looks at how these online services offer different
kinds of therapy, from text chats to video calls, giving clients the option to choose what feels
best for them. By comparing these virtual methods with traditional in-person therapy, the
research aims to understand how clients engage, how satisfied they feel, and how well they’re
doing after receiving support. Online personal counselling has revolutionized the way
individuals access mental health support, offering a flexible, accessible, and often more
affordable alternative to traditional face-to-face therapy. With the increasing prevalence of
mental health challenges and the growing demand for services, this form of counselling has
become a lifeline for people who may face barriers such as geographic distance, busy
schedules, or the stigma associated with seeking help. Through digital platforms like video
calls, messaging apps, and online forums, online counselling enables clients to connect with
trained professionals from the comfort and privacy of their own homes. But as great as it is,
online counselling doesn’t come without its challenges. This study also digs into how
technology affects the relationship between counsellor and client. While the convenience of
online sessions can be appealing, it can also make it harder to build the deep, personal
connections that often come with in-person therapy. There are also technical issues to
consider, like internet problems or digital literacy, and questions about whether the virtual
setting truly offers the same level of care. The research looks at how counsellors and clients
adjust to these challenges, and the role that secure technologies—like encrypted messaging
and video software—play in keeping sessions safe and private.

KEYWORDS: Online Personal Counselling, Therapy from Home, Social Anxiety Support,
Digital Solutions.
 1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, online personal counselling has rapidly transformed the landscape of mental
health support, offering individuals a new way to connect with licensed therapists and
counsellors from the comfort of their own homes. As the stigma surrounding mental health
begins to decrease and more people seek help, online counselling presents an accessible,
convenient, and often more affordable option for those who may face obstacles like
geographic distance, busy schedules, or a lack of in-person therapy options. Whether through
video calls, text chats, or messaging apps, these digital platforms have made it easier for
people to access the mental health services they need, at a time when such support is more
crucial than ever. This shift has been particularly valuable for individuals in underserved or
rural areas, as well as for those with mobility issues or social anxiety, who may feel more
comfortable opening up in an online environment. Online counselling offers a sense of
privacy and flexibility that traditional face-to-face therapy sometimes cannot, helping to
foster a more relaxed atmosphere for clients to discuss sensitive issues. However, while
online personal counselling presents many benefits, it is not without its challenges. Concerns
about maintaining a strong counsellor-client connection, issues with technology, and
questions of privacy and security are all part of the evolving conversation around the
effectiveness of virtual therapy. This paper aims to explore the dynamics of online personal
counselling, examining its effectiveness in treating mental health concerns, the technological
tools that make it possible, and the ethical and practical considerations that arise in this new
form of therapy. By investigating both the advantages and potential limitations of online
counselling, this study seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of its role in modern
mental health care and its potential to complement traditional therapeutic methods.
From 2019 to 2022: People Committed Suicide in India

The chart illustrates the year-wise trend of suicides reported in India from 2010 to 2020,
showcasing a relatively stable pattern until a significant surge in 2020. Between 2010 and
2019, the number of suicides fluctuated between approximately 1.29 lakh and 1.39 lakh
annually, indicating a persistent mental health crisis across the decade. However, 2020
saw a dramatic increase, with suicides reaching 1.53 lakh, likely influenced by the
COVID-19 pandemic. This rise highlights the profound impact of the pandemic on
mental health, driven by factors such as isolation, economic challenges, and uncertainty.
For research on "online personal counselling," the chart underscores the urgent need for
scalable and accessible mental health support systems. The significant spike in suicides
during 2020 points to the critical role that online counselling can play during crises by
providing immediate and remote support. Additionally, the consistently high suicide
numbers across years suggest a long-standing demand for innovative mental health
solutions. Online platforms offer unique advantages, such as anonymity, flexibility, and a
broader reach, particularly for individuals in underserved areas. This data emphasizes the
importance of integrating online counselling services into suicide prevention strategies to
address the growing mental health challenges effectively.
2. EXPLORING THE VARIOUS TYPES OF ONLINE PERSONAL COUNSELLING

1. Psychodynamic Therapy:

Psychodynamic therapy, rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud and further developed by
various theorists, focuses on uncovering unconscious patterns and unresolved conflicts that
shape an individual’s current thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. Unlike more structured or
goal-oriented therapeutic approaches, psychodynamic therapy emphasizes the exploration of
past experiences, particularly childhood events, and how they influence present-day
psychological functioning. In the context of online personal counselling, psychodynamic
therapy can be especially effective as it provides a virtual space for clients to engage in deep
self-reflection and gain insights into their internal world. The therapeutic relationship in this
setting is crucial, as it can offer a mirror for clients to project and work through unresolved
issues, such as feelings of attachment or abandonment. Through ongoing dialogue, online
psychodynamic therapy helps clients become more aware of unconscious influences, leading
to healthier coping mechanisms, improved emotional regulation, and a greater sense of self-
awareness. While the online format may limit some traditional face-to-face interactions, it
offers unique flexibility, making therapy accessible to those who might not otherwise have
the means to attend in-person sessions. By leveraging technology, psychodynamic therapy in
an online counselling environment fosters a supportive, reflective space where personal
growth and healing can occur, bridging the gap between deep therapeutic work and modern
convenience.
 2. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT):

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a widely recognized and effective therapeutic

approach that can be seamlessly integrated into online personal counselling. CBT focuses on
identifying and restructuring negative thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to
emotional distress. It empowers individuals to challenge their cognitive distortions and
develop healthier coping mechanisms, making it especially suitable for addressing issues like
anxiety, depression, stress, and even relationship challenges. In the context of online
counselling, CBT adapts well to digital formats, offering structured sessions that can be
conducted via video calls, chat, or even through interactive self-help modules. One of the key
advantages of using CBT in online counselling is its practical, goal-oriented approach.
Clients can set measurable goals with their counsellors and track their progress over time,
fostering a sense of empowerment and personal growth. Moreover, digital tools such as
worksheets, mood trackers, and guided exercises can enhance the therapy experience,
providing clients with resources they can access anytime. For individuals who might be
hesitant to seek in-person therapy due to stigma or logistical challenges, online CBT offers a
safe, convenient, and private alternative. Incorporating CBT into online personal counselling
holds significant potential to address the rising demand for mental health support. Its
evidence-based techniques, combined with the accessibility of digital platforms, can help
bridge the gap between the growing need for mental health care and the limited availability of
traditional services. By offering a flexible and effective solution, CBT in online counselling
can play a vital role in empowering individuals to overcome their mental health challenges
and lead more fulfilling lives.
 3. Couple Counselling:

Couple counselling, as part of online personal counselling, offers couples the opportunity to
work through relationship challenges in a more accessible and private setting. Through virtual
sessions, couples can receive professional guidance on communication issues, conflict
resolution, emotional intimacy, and trust-building, all of which are critical to maintaining a
healthy relationship. One of the most significant benefits of online couple counselling is its
flexibility and convenience, allowing couples to attend sessions from the comfort of their
homes, reducing the stress of scheduling and travel. The online format also tends to create a
less intimidating space for individuals to open up, particularly for those who may feel
uncomfortable with face-to-face interactions. However, it also presents challenges, such as
potential technical issues or difficulty reading non-verbal cues, which may affect the
counselling process. Despite these obstacles, research has shown that online couple
counselling can be just as effective as traditional in-person sessions, provided the couple is
committed to the process and the therapist is skilled in managing the virtual environment. In
sum, online couple counselling serves as a valuable tool for modern couples seeking to
strengthen their relationship, offering an accessible and effective alternative to traditional
therapy.
 4. Dialectical Behaviour Therapy:

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based therapeutic approach originally

developed to treat borderline personality disorder but has since been adapted to help
individuals with a range of emotional and behavioural challenges. DBT focuses on teaching
skills in four key areas: mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and
interpersonal effectiveness. The therapy is particularly beneficial for individuals struggling
with intense emotional reactions, self-destructive behaviour, and difficulty managing
relationships. In the context of online personal counselling, DBT offers a unique advantage
by allowing clients to engage in therapy from the comfort of their homes, making it more
accessible and less intimidating. Online DBT programs typically include virtual individual
therapy sessions, group skills training, and coaching to help individuals apply what they've
learned in real-time situations. While the virtual setting can sometimes limit the therapist's
ability to observe non-verbal cues, research has shown that DBT delivered online can be just
as effective as in-person treatment, especially when therapists are well-trained in managing
digital interactions. The interactive nature of online platforms can also support clients'
commitment to their therapy by providing them with ongoing support and skills practice,
even outside scheduled sessions. For many, the flexibility and accessibility of online DBT
make it a valuable resource in learning to cope with life's challenges and improve overall
mental well-being.
 5. Grief Counselling:

Grief counselling is a supportive process designed to help individuals navigate the emotional
and psychological pain associated with loss, whether it be the death of a loved one, the end of
a relationship, or other significant life changes. In the context of online personal counselling,
grief therapy offers individuals a safe, confidential space to process their emotions without
the pressure of in-person meetings. For many people, the online format provides a sense of
comfort and flexibility, especially during times of intense emotional vulnerability. Clients can
attend sessions from their homes, which can be particularly valuable for those who may find
it difficult to leave their house or access traditional therapy due to geographic or physical
limitations. The virtual setting also allows clients to focus solely on their feelings without the
distractions of an unfamiliar or uncomfortable environment. While some may worry that
virtual counselling may not offer the same level of emotional connection as in-person
therapy, research indicates that online grief counselling can be equally effective. By utilizing
video or audio calls, therapists can guide individuals through their grieving process, helping
them express their emotions, understand the stages of grief, and find healthy coping
strategies. Moreover, the use of online platforms can provide continuous support and access
to resources, making it easier for individuals to seek help as they need it. Ultimately, online
grief counselling offers a compassionate and accessible way to heal and adjust to life after
loss.
3. TOOLS FOR ONLINE PERSONAL COUNSELING:

1. Video Conferencing Software: Platforms like Zoom, Skype, or secure counselling-

specific tools (e.g., Better Help, Talk space) are central to online therapy. These allow
therapists and clients to meet face-to-face virtually, fostering connection and
facilitating real-time communication, even if physical distance separates them.

2. Secure Messaging Systems: In addition to video calls, many online platforms offer
private messaging services, enabling clients to communicate with their therapist
between sessions. This allows clients to share their thoughts and feelings in a written
form, which can help process emotions in a more reflective and thoughtful way.

3. Digital Worksheets and Exercises: Many online counselling services provide clients
with digital resources, such as worksheets, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
exercises, or goal-setting templates. These materials support clients in applying
therapeutic strategies and tracking their progress, making therapy more interactive
and structured.

4. Scheduling and Reminder Tools: Online platforms often include features that help
clients schedule appointments, receive session reminders, and even manage payments.
This simplifies the logistics of therapy and reduces the chances of missed sessions,
making it easier for clients to stay consistent.

5. Secure and Confidential Platforms: The confidentiality of therapy is paramount,

and online platforms are designed with robust encryption and security measures to
protect sensitive client data. This ensures that clients can trust the platform with their
personal information, fostering a safe environment for therapy.

6. Interactive Journals: Some counselling services offer journaling tools that allow
clients to reflect on their thoughts and experiences between sessions. Writing can be a
therapeutic tool itself, helping clients process their emotions, track progress, and
articulate their concerns more clearly.

7. Self-Assessment Tools and Quizzes: Online counselling platforms often include self-
assessment tools or quizzes that help clients better understand their mental health and
identify areas for growth. For example, depression or anxiety screening tools can
guide both the therapist and the client in understanding symptoms, leading to more
targeted interventions.
4. CONCLUSION:

Online personal counselling has significantly transformed the landscape of mental health
care, offering numerous benefits while also posing certain challenges. One of the most
compelling advantages is its accessibility. People in rural or remote areas, or those with
limited mobility, can now easily access therapeutic support that may have once been out
of reach. The convenience of scheduling and attending sessions from home is especially
valuable for individuals with busy lifestyles or those who struggle with the stigma often
associated with mental health care. Moreover, for people with anxiety or other conditions
that make leaving their homes difficult, the comfort and privacy of online counselling
provide a less intimidating and more approachable alternative to traditional face-to-face
therapy. Online counselling also brings its own set of challenges that need to be
considered. One of the most significant concerns is the potential for a lack of non-verbal
cues, which can sometimes make it harder for therapists to fully gauge a client’s
emotional state. While video calls help mitigate this to some degree, the subtle cues that
are often visible in in-person interactions, such as body language or facial expressions,
may not be as apparent in an online setting. Additionally, technical issues such as poor
internet connections or software malfunctions can disrupt the flow of a session,
potentially affecting the quality of care. Despite these challenges, research consistently
shows that online counselling can be just as effective as in-person therapy when it comes
to treating conditions like anxiety, depression, and stress. The flexibility and accessibility
of online counselling are particularly beneficial for individuals who might not otherwise
seek help due to time, cost, or geographical limitations. For example, people who
experience social anxiety or have difficulty leaving their homes may feel more
comfortable participating in therapy from a private, familiar setting. Ultimately, online
personal counselling represents a step forward in making mental health support more
accessible, convenient, and personalized. By breaking down geographical and social
barriers, online therapy can reach a wider audience, offering individuals the tools and
support they need to improve their emotional well-being. As the field continues to grow, it
holds great promise for transforming mental health care, ensuring that more people can
receive the support they need in a way that feels comfortable and tailored to their unique
circumstances.