• Introduction to Application Development Paradigms

• Overview of Hardware Components in Application

Development
• Current Trends & Innovations in Technology
• Integration of Software and Hardware for Application
Development
• SDG 9 and SDG 12: Role of Technology in Sustainability
• Identify key trends in web, mobile, and
emerging technologies
• Describe the relationship between
software and hardware in application
development
• Relate technologies to SDG 9 and SDG 12
What is Application Development?
• process of creating a computer program or a set of programs to perform
the different tasks that a business requires. From calculating monthly
expenses to scheduling sales reports, applications help businesses
automate processes and increase efficiency
• Every app-building process follows the same steps
⚬ gathering requirements
⚬ designing prototypes
⚬ testing
⚬ implementation & integration
 What are Emerging Technologies?
• new innovations that are still developing or being
explored, with their full uses and potential not yet
realized.
• They are gaining attention as they move from ideas or
experiments into tools that could change industries and
everyday life.
• Examples include AI, blockchain, and quantum
computing.
• from massive machines like the ENIAC computer to
smartphones and other mobile devices, computing has
seen incredibly rapid technological change
• from operating systems and spreadsheets to mobile
apps and games, you interact with software every time
you use a computer
• overarching approaches, methods, or frameworks
used to design, develop, and deploy software
applications
• these paradigms dictate how applications are built,
their architecture, and the technologies employed to
meet user and business needs
• Web Development Paradigm
⚬ focuses on creating applications that run on web
browsers and are accessible from any device with
internet access
￭ An e-commerce website like Amazon or Shopee
allows customers to browse products, make
purchases, and track orders online
￭ Tools used: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React,
Angular
• Mobile Development Paradigm
⚬ centers on building apps specifically designed for
mobile devices like smartphones and tablets
￭ A ride-sharing app like Uber or Grab enables
users to book rides and track drivers in real-time
on their mobile phones
￭ Tools used: Swift, Kotlin, Flutter
• Desktop Development Paradigm
⚬ focuses on creating applications that run on personal
computers and laptops, typically installed directly on
the device
￭ Productivity software like Microsoft Office (Word,
Excell, PowerPoint) is used for office tasks on
desktops
￭ Tools used: C#, Java, Electron
• Cloud-Native Development Paradigm
⚬ Builds applications optimized for cloud platforms,
emphasizing scalability, flexibility, and distributed
systems
￭ Dropbox or Google Drive allows users to store,
share, and access files from any device, powered
by cloud infrastructure
￭ Tools used: Kubernetes, Docker, AWS, Azure
• Internet of Things (IoT) Paradigm
⚬ Develops applications that connect physical devices
(e.g. sensors, cameras) to the internet for data
collection and automation
￭ A smart home system like Amazon Alexa or Google
Nest manages lights, thermostats, and applications
using voice commands or mobile apps
￭ Tools used: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, MQTT & Node.js
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) Paradigm
⚬ builds applications that incorporate machine learning,
natural language processing, or computer vision to
make intelligent decisions
￭ virtual assistants like Siri or ChatGPT analyze user
inputs to provide tailored responses or perform
tasks
￭ Tools used: TensorFlow, PyTorch, OpenAI API
• Blockchain Development Paradigm
⚬ Focuses on decentralized applications (dApps) and
systems that ensure transparency, security, and trust
￭ Cryptocurrency platforms like Bitcoin or Ethereum
enable secure and transparent financial
transactions
￭ Tools used: Solidity, Hyperledger, Truffle
• Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) Paradigm
⚬ Designs immersive applications for gaming, training, or
interactive experiences
￭ AR apps like Pokemon GO allow users to interact
with virtual objects in real-world environments,
while VR training simulations are used in industries
like healthcare and aviation
￭ Tools used: Unity, Unreal Engine, ARKit
• Platform-Specific Focus
⚬ paradigms are tailored to specific platforms, such as
web, mobile, desktop, or emerging technologies (e.g.
IoT, AR/VR)
⚬ Example: Web development focuses on browsers,
while mobile development targets iOS or Android
platforms
• Design & Architecture
⚬ emphasis on specific design patterns and architectural
styles, such as Model-View-Controller (MVC), microservices,
or serverless computing
⚬ MVC: Instagram uses the MVC pattern to separate the user
interface from the data logic, ensuring scalability and
maintainability
⚬ Microservices: Netflix uses microservices to break down its
system into smaller services, enabling faster updates &
reliability
• Scalability & Performance
⚬ Paradigms consider the need for scalable applications
that maintain performance under increased load
⚬ Example:
￭ Cloud-native paradigms prioritize elasticity and
distributed architecture
￭ Amazon Web Services (AWS) auto-scales resources
for applications like Zoom during high demand,
ensuring seamless performance
• User-Centered Approach
⚬ paradigms prioritize user experience (UX) and
accessibility to engage users effectively
⚬ Example
￭ accessibility - Microsoft’s Office 365 includes
features like screen readers and voice dictation,
ensuring accessibility for users with disabilities
• Technology Stack Alignment
⚬ Paradigms leverage specific tools, frameworks and
languages suited to the application type (e.g. React for
web, Swift for iOS)
⚬ Example
￭ Spotify’s web player uses React for the frontend and
Node.js for the backend to ensure responsive design
and seamless streaming
￭ TikTok uses Kotlin for Android and Swift for iOS to
optimize app performance
• Emergence of New paradigms
⚬ With evolving technologies, new paradigms like edge
computing or AI-driven development are emerging,
addressing unique challenges and opportunities
⚬ Example
￭ ChatGPT uses machine learning to adapt
responses to user queries
￭ Tesla’s self-driving cars process data locally on
edge devices to ensure real-time responses
• Flexibility and Adaptability
⚬ paradigms offer flexibility to accommodate changes
in requirements, technologies, and user expectations
￭ Jira, a project management tool, supports Agile
methodology, allowing iterative development to
accommodate feedback and new features
ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS of each PARADIGM