ATTENDANCE

BSMT 3B12
MARITIME RESEARCH WRITING
2ND SEMESTER
PRELIM
AY 2024-2025
DATE:_________________

NO. STUDENT NAME ADDRESS CP NO. SIGNATURE REMARKS

NO. (Surname, Given, M.I.)

GRACE B. VERIDIANO, PhD

Associate Professor 1
 ATTENDANCE
BSMT 3B11
MARITIME RESEARCH WRITING
2ND SEMESTER
PRELIM
AY 2024-2025
DATE:_________________

NO. STUDENT NAME ADDRESS CP NO. SIGNATURE REMARKS

NO. (Surname, Given, M.I.)

GRACE B. VERIDIANO, PhD

Associate Professor 1
 ATTENDANCE
BSMT 3B10
MARITIME RESEARCH WRITING
2ND SEMESTER
PRELIM
AY 2024-2025
DATE:_________________
 NO. STUDENT NAME ADDRESS CP NO. SIGNATURE REMARKS
NO. (Surname, Given, M.I.)

GRACE B. VERIDIANO, PhD

Associate Professor 1

Learning Module for NGEC 9

Science, Mathematics, and Technology for Maritime Students

Introduction

This learning module is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the essential

scientific, mathematical, and technological concepts relevant to maritime studies. It aims to
equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the complexities of maritime
operations, including navigation, vessel design, marine engineering, and environmental science.
Module Structure
The module is divided into three main sections: Science, Mathematics, and Technology. Each
section will cover key topics relevant to maritime studies.
. Science in Maritime Studies
1.1 Marine Biology
Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean and other saltwater
environments. It encompasses a diverse range of topics, including the physiology, behavior,
ecology, and conservation of marine species. Understanding marine biology is crucial for
addressing environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction.
Key Concepts in Marine Biology

Marine Ecosystems

Types of Marine Ecosystems:

Coral Reefs: Biodiverse ecosystems that provide habitat for numerous marine species.
Estuaries: Areas where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean.
Open Ocean: The vast body of water that covers most of the Earth’s surface, home to various
pelagic species.
Deep Sea: The dark, cold regions of the ocean that host unique organisms adapted to extreme
conditions.
Marine Organisms

Classification of Marine Life:

Phytoplankton: Microscopic plants that form the base of the marine food web through
photosynthesis.
Zooplankton: Small animals that feed on phytoplankton and serve as prey for larger species.
Fish: Diverse groups including bony fish (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes).
Marine Mammals: Includes whales, dolphins, seals, and sea otters; they are warm-blooded and
breathe air.
Adaptations in Marine Life

Organisms have evolved various adaptations to survive in their specific habitats:

Camouflage for predator evasion or hunting.
Bioluminescence for communication or attracting prey.
Specialized reproductive strategies to cope with environmental challenges.
III. Importance of Marine Biology
Biodiversity Conservation: Understanding marine ecosystems helps in conserving biodiversity
and protecting endangered species.
Sustainable Practices: Knowledge gained from marine biology informs sustainable fishing
practices and habitat restoration efforts.
Climate Change Impact: Studying how marine organisms respond to climate change is vital for
predicting future ecological shifts.
IV. Research Methods in Marine Biology

Field Studies

Involves direct observation and data collection in natural habitats using techniques like
snorkeling, scuba diving, or remote-operated vehicles (ROVs).
Laboratory Experiments
Controlled experiments conducted to understand physiological processes or behavioral
responses under varying conditions.
Modeling and Simulation
Use of mathematical models to predict population dynamics or ecosystem changes based on
different environmental scenarios.
V. Current Issues in Marine Biology
Ocean Acidification: Increased CO2 levels lead to lower pH levels in oceans, affecting calcifying
organisms like corals and shellfish.
Overfishing: Unsustainable fishing practices threaten fish populations and disrupt marine
ecosystems.
Pollution: Plastics and chemicals entering oceans pose significant risks to marine life health.
1.2 Oceanography
Oceanography is the scientific study of the oceans, encompassing various disciplines such as
physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, biological oceanography, and geological
oceanography. Understanding these aspects is crucial for marine engineering students as they
relate directly to navigation, ship operations, and environmental considerations.
Importance of Oceanography in Marine Engineering

Navigation and Safety: Knowledge of ocean currents, tides, and weather patterns is essential
for safe navigation. Engineers must understand how these factors influence vessel
performance.
Environmental Impact: Marine engineers must consider the ecological effects of shipping
activities on marine life and habitats. This includes understanding pollution sources and
mitigation strategies.
Resource Management: Ocean resources such as fish stocks and minerals require sustainable
management practices that are informed by oceanographic research.
Key Concepts in Oceanography
Physical Oceanography: Focuses on the physical properties of seawater, including temperature,
salinity, density, and currents. Students should learn about:
The role of thermohaline circulation in climate regulation.
The impact of waves and tides on coastal engineering.
Chemical Oceanography: Involves the study of chemical composition and processes within the
ocean. Important topics include:
Nutrient cycles (nitrogen, phosphorus) and their importance for marine ecosystems.
The effects of acidification on marine life.
Biological Oceanography: Examines marine organisms and their interactions with the
environment. Key areas include:
Primary productivity in oceans and its significance for food webs.
Biodiversity assessments and conservation strategies.
Geological Oceanography: Studies the structure and composition of the ocean floor. Essential
concepts include:
Plate tectonics and its influence on underwater topography.
Sediment transport processes affecting coastal regions.
Practical Applications
Students should engage in hands-on learning experiences to apply theoretical knowledge:
Laboratory Work: Conduct experiments analyzing water samples for salinity, temperature, pH
levels, etc.
Field Studies: Participate in field trips to coastal areas or research vessels to observe real-world
applications of oceanographic principles.
Simulation Software: Use modeling tools to predict wave behavior or current patterns based on
varying conditions.
Assessment Methods
To evaluate understanding in this module:
Quizzes/Exams: Assess knowledge retention regarding key concepts.
Projects/Presentations: Encourage research into specific oceanographic phenomena or case
studies related to marine engineering challenges.
Practical Reports: Require documentation of laboratory or fieldwork findings with analysis.
1.3 Environmental Science
Environmental Science is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of
the interactions between humans and the environment. It emphasizes the importance of natural
resources, sustainability, and the scientific method as it applies to environmental issues. The
course aims to develop critical thinking skills and an appreciation for the interdisciplinary nature
of environmental science.
Key Concepts
Definition of Environment: The environment encompasses all living and non-living things around
us, including ecosystems, natural resources, and human-made structures. Understanding this
concept is crucial for recognizing how human activities impact the planet.

Natural Resources: Natural resources are divided into two categories:

Renewable Resources: These include sunlight, wind, water, and timber that can be replenished
naturally over time.
Non-renewable Resources: These are finite resources such as fossil fuels and minerals that
cannot be replaced once depleted.
Sustainability: Sustainability refers to meeting our current needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet theirs. This involves responsible management of resources
and minimizing environmental degradation.

3. Scientific Method in Environmental Science

The scientific method is a systematic approach used in environmental science to investigate

phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge. It typically
involves:

Observation
Hypothesis formulation
Experimentation
Data collection and analysis
Conclusion drawing
This method allows scientists to understand complex environmental issues through empirical
evidence.

4. Human Impact on the Environment

Human activities have significant effects on natural systems:

Pollution: Contaminants released into air, water, and soil can harm ecosystems and human
health.
Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture or urban development leads to habitat loss
and biodiversity decline.
Climate Change: Emissions from industrial activities contribute to global warming, affecting
weather patterns and sea levels.
5. Interdisciplinary Nature of Environmental Science
Environmental science integrates various fields such as biology, chemistry, geology,
meteorology, and social sciences. This interdisciplinary approach helps in understanding
complex environmental challenges from multiple perspectives.
Current Pressures Facing Global Environment
Some pressing issues include:
Overpopulation leading to resource depletion.
Loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction.
Climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions.
Understanding these pressures is essential for developing effective strategies for conservation
and sustainable development.

2. Mathematics in Maritime Studies

2.1 Navigation Mathematics
Navigation mathematics is a crucial component of marine engineering and seafaring. It
encompasses the mathematical principles and techniques used to determine a vessel’s
position, course, and speed over water. Understanding navigation mathematics is essential for
ensuring safe and efficient maritime operations.
Key Concepts in Navigation Mathematics
Coordinate Systems:
Latitude and Longitude: The Earth is divided into a grid system using latitude (north-south) and
longitude (east-west) lines.
Cartesian Coordinates: Used for plotting positions on maps or charts.
Distance Calculation:
Great Circle Distance: The shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere,
calculated using the haversine formula:

Course Calculation:

True Course vs. Magnetic Course: Understanding how to adjust for magnetic declination when
plotting courses.
Dead Reckoning: A method of estimating current position based on previously determined
positions.
3. Practical Applications

Plotting Courses: Students will learn how to plot courses on nautical charts using protractors
and dividers, applying their knowledge of angles and distances.
Using Navigational Instruments: Familiarization with tools such as compasses, sextants, GPS
devices, and electronic chart systems.
Weather Considerations: Understanding how weather conditions affect navigation calculations,
including wind speed and direction.
Assessment Methods
Quizzes: Regular quizzes will test students’ understanding of key concepts.
Practical Exercises: Hands-on activities involving real-world navigation scenarios to apply
mathematical concepts effectively.
Examination: A comprehensive exam covering all aspects of navigation mathematics learned
throughout the module.
2.2 Statistics in Maritime Operations
Statistical methods and their applications within maritime operations cover essential concepts,
techniques, and tools that are crucial for analyzing data relevant to the maritime industry. The
focus will be on practical applications that enhance decision-making processes in various
maritime contexts.
Basic Statistical Concepts
Definitions: Population vs. Sample
Types of Data: Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
Measures of Dispersion: Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
Data Visualization Techniques: Histograms, Box Plots, Scatter Plots
Probability Theory
Basic Probability Concepts: Events, Outcomes
Probability Distributions: Normal Distribution, Binomial Distribution
The Central Limit Theorem and its significance in maritime operations
Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis Testing: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Confidence Intervals: Estimating population parameters
p-values and significance levels in decision-making
Regression Analysis
Simple Linear Regression: Understanding relationships between variables
Multiple Regression Analysis: Exploring multiple factors affecting outcomes
Application of regression models in predicting maritime operational performance
Practical Applications in Maritime Operations
Case Studies Students will analyze real-world case studies where statistical methods have
been applied to solve problems in maritime operations such as:
Accident analysis and risk assessment using statistical models.
Optimization of shipping routes based on historical data analysis.
Software Tools for Statistical Analysis Introduction to software tools commonly used for
statistical analysis in the maritime industry:
Microsoft Excel for basic statistics.
R or Python for advanced statistical modeling.
Assessment Methods
Students will be assessed through a combination of:
Quizzes on key concepts covered in the module.
Assignments involving real data analysis from maritime operations.
A final project where students apply learned techniques to a specific problem within the
maritime sector.
2.3 Engineering Mathematics
Fluid dynamics is a branch of physics that studies the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) in
motion. It encompasses various principles and equations that describe how fluids interact with
forces, boundaries, and other fluids. Understanding fluid dynamics is crucial in many fields,
including engineering, meteorology, oceanography, and medicine.
Key Concepts in Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Properties
Density: The mass per unit volume of a fluid, typically expressed in kilograms per cubic meter
(kg/m³).
Viscosity: A measure of a fluid’s resistance to deformation or flow. It describes how “thick” or
“thin” a fluid is.
Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area, measured in pascals (Pa).
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow: Characterized by smooth and orderly fluid motion where layers of fluid slide past
one another with minimal mixing.
Turbulent Flow: Involves chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity, leading to mixing and
eddies.
Transitional Flow: A state between laminar and turbulent flow where the characteristics can vary
significantly.
Continuity Equation The continuity equation expresses the principle of conservation of mass in
fluid dynamics. For an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe, it states that the mass flow
rate must remain constant from one cross-section to another:
Where A is the cross-sectional area and V is the flow velocity at points 1 and 2.

Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s equation relates pressure, velocity, and height in a

moving fluid:

Where P is the pressure energy per unit volume, ρ is the density of the fluid, v is the
flow velocity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height above a reference level.

Reynolds Number The Reynolds number (Re) helps predict flow patterns in different
fluid flow situations:

Where L is a characteristic length (like diameter), and μ is dynamic viscosity. A low

Reynolds number indicates laminar flow while a high Reynolds number indicates
turbulent flow.

Fluid Dynamics Equations: Understanding forces acting on vessels using Bernoulli’s principle.

Applications of Fluid Dynamics

Engineering Applications: Design of pipelines, aircraft wings, water treatment systems.
Natural Phenomena: Weather patterns, ocean currents.
Medical Applications: Blood flow analysis in arteries.
Dimensional Analysis Dimensional analysis involves using dimensions (mass [M], length [L],
time [T]) to derive relationships between physical quantities without needing detailed knowledge
about their specific forms.
Navier-Stokes Equations These fundamental equations describe how the velocity field of a
viscous fluid evolves over time:

Where u represents velocity vector field, P represents pressure field, f represents body
forces acting on the fluid (like gravity), and ν represents kinematic viscosity.
3. Technology in Maritime Studies
3.1 Navigation Technology
Navigation technology is essential for ensuring safe and efficient maritime operations and aims
to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles, tools, and techniques
used in navigation. The learning outcomes include the ability to apply navigational methods,
understand the functionality of various navigation systems, and utilize modern technology for
effective navigation.

 asic Principles of Navigation: Understanding latitude, longitude, bearings, and

distances.

 Types of Navigation:
 Celestial Navigation
 Terrestrial Navigation
 Electronic Navigation (GPS, AIS)

 Navigational Aids:
 Buoys and Beacons
 Lighthouses
 Radar Systems

 Chart Work:
 Types of nautical charts
 Chart symbols and scales
 Plotting courses on charts

 Electronic Navigation Systems:

 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Automatic Identification System (AIS)
 Radar operation

 Safety at Sea:
 Understanding maritime regulations (SOLAS, COLREGs)
 Emergency procedures during navigation

4. Teaching Methodology

The course will employ a blended learning approach that includes:

 Lectures: Delivered through online platforms focusing on theoretical aspects.

 Practical Sessions: Hands-on training using simulators for electronic navigation

systems.
  Group Discussions: Facilitating peer learning through collaborative discussions
on case studies.

 Assessments: Regular quizzes, assignments, and practical exams to evaluate

understanding.

Resources Required

Students will need access to:

 Nautical charts (both paper and electronic formats).

 Electronic devices capable of running simulation software.

 Reference books on navigation principles and maritime regulations.

Assessment Criteria

Students will be assessed based on:

 Participation in discussions (20%).

 Performance in quizzes (30%).

 Practical exam results (50%)