WATER RESOURCES

Handwritten Notes

Gaurav Suthar
1 Gaurav Suthar
‘
WATER RESOURCES

Introduction
About three-fourths of the Earth's surface
is covered with water, but only a small
part of it is fresh water that we can use.

Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

(बाररश का पानी जो जमीन पर बहता है )
Freshwater is mainly obtained
freshwater मुख्य रूप से surface runoff
from surface run off and ground
और groundwater से ममलता है , जो
water that is continually being
renewed and recharged through लगातार जल चक्र (hydrological cycle) के
the hydrological cycle. जररए नया होता रहता है । जल चक्र में
All water moves within the पानी लगातार घूमता रहता है , जजससे पानी
hydrological cycle ensuring that एक नवीकरणीय संसाधन बना रहता है ।
water is a renewable resource. (Groundwater- जमीन के नीचे इकट्ठा पानी)
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3ൗ 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4
‘ Total Water 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Ocean Water Fresh Water (2.5% − 𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

(97.5% − 𝑈𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
70% Fresh Water 30% Fresh Water
(𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑟 & 𝐼𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑠) (𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 &
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

अगर दनु नया का तीन-चौथाई हहस्सा पानी से ढका है और पानी एक

renewable resource है , तो फिर दनु नया के कई दे शों और क्षेत्रों में
पानी की कमी क्यों होती है ?
यह भी क्यों अनम
ु ान लगाया गया है फक 2025 तक लगभग 20 करोड़
लोग गंभीर जल संकट का सामना करें गे?

WATER SCARCITY AND THE NEED FOR WATER

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

Water scarcity means a shortage of water or not having
enough water available in sufficient quantities.
Example-
• In Rajasthan, women often carry matkas (clay pots)
on their heads to collect and store water, walking
long distances to bring water back home.
• Water, Water Everywhere, Not a Drop to Drink: After a
heavy downpour, a boy collects drinking water in Kolkata.
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Causes of Water Scarcity :

Water scarcity in most cases is caused by :
• Over-exploitation of Water.
• Excessive use of Water and
• Unequal access to water among
different social groups.

Over-exploitation of Water :
In many places, underground water is overused.
Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water.
For example, in Punjab and Haryana,
groundwater is heavily exploited for
agriculture, causing groundwater levels
to drop rapidly. Using wells and Tubewells
Lead to falling groundwater levels

Excessive Use of Water :

In urban areas, people use a lot of water
for bathing, washing cars, and watering
gardens. This leads to water wastage and
reduces the amount of available water.

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Unequal Access to Water among

Different Social Groups :
In city slums, people have less access to
water compared to richer People.
For example, in a high-end residential
area, water may be supplied 24 hours a day, while
nearby poorer areas receive water for only a few hours.

Some Other Reason of Water Scarcity :

• Increasing number of industries or Factories :
As factories and industries grow, they
require a large amount of water to operate.
This water is taken from rivers, lakes, and
groundwater.
factories also need electricity to operate.
A large part of this electricity comes from
hydroelectric power, which is generated
using water.

Above all are the quantitative reason of Water Scarcity.

Qualitative reason of Water Scarcity

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• Area Where water is Sufficiently available to meet

the needs of the people, but the area still suffers
from water scarcity.
This scarcity may be due to bad quality of water. How?

1. It may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes.

2. Polluted by using chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers
for agriculture.

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

Why was the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) launched?

The Government of India launched the Jal Jeevan
Mission (JJM) to improve the quality of life and
enhance ease of living, especially for people living in
rural areas.

What was the objective of Jal Jeevan Mission?

• The Goal of JJM is to enable every rural household
get assured supply of potable piped water.
• Every Person Should get 55 litre pipe water supply
on regular basis.

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Why Do we need for water conservation and

Management?
By conserving water, we can avoid many problems,
such as:
• Health Issues – Clean water reduces the risk of
diseases.
• Food Security – Water is essential for farming and
crop production, which maintains food security.
• Employment and Livelihoods – Many jobs and
livelihoods depend on water, such as farming and
fishing.
• Preservation of Natural Ecosystems – Conserving
water resources helps maintain our environment
and natural balance.

Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)

1. Implementation Area – The scheme is being

implemented in seven states (Gujarat, Haryana,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh) across 80 districts.

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2. Target Locations – 8,220 Gram Panchayats that are

struggling with water scarcity and 229
administrative blocks/talukas, are included in this
scheme.

3. Total Figure – These seven इन सात राज्यों में भारत के

states account for about 37% कुल जल संकटग्रस्त क्षेत्रों
of the total water-stressed (over-exploited, critical, और
(over-exploited, critical, and semi-critical) के लगभग 37%
semi-critical) blocks in India. ब्लॉक आते हैं।

4. Objective of the Scheme –

A key aspect of this scheme is to
समाज में व्यवहाररक पररवततन
bring about behavioural changes
लाना, ताफक लोग पानी के उपयोग
in the community, shifting focus
की बजाय उसके संरक्षण और
from consumption to
स्माटत मैनेजमें ट पर ध्यान दें ।
conservation and smart water
management.
For example:
• People should avoid wasting too much water.
• Use water wisely.
• Protect water sources.
The aim is for people to understand the
value of water and use it properly.

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MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

How do we conserve and manage water?

We can conserve water by constructing
various Hydraulic structures:
• Dams
• Reservoirs or lakes
• Embankments and canals for irrigation.

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India

1. In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad

had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling
the flood water of the river Ganga.

प्रथम शताब्दी ई.पू. में , इलाहाबाद के पास Sringaverapura में एक

sophisticated water harvesting system थी।

यहााँ की Water harvesting system बहुत ववकमसत थी, जो गंगा नदी के

बाढ़ के पानी को एकत्रत्रत करने का काम करती थी।

जब गंगा नदी में बाढ़ आती थी, तो यह system उस बाढ़ के पानी को

एकत्रत्रत कर लेती थी।

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‘ बहुत बड़े पैमाने पर बनाया गया

2. During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams,

lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.

3. Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have

also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha),
Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur
(Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.

4. In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest

artificial lakes of its time was built.

5. In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was

constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri
Fort area.

What is Dam?
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs,
directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir,
lake or impoundment.

बांध एक ऐसा barrier है जो बहते हुए पानी

के रास्ते में बनाया जाता है । यह पानी के बहाव
को रोकता, ननदे मशत करता, या धीमा करता है ।
इसके पररणामस्वरूप, एक reservoir, lake

या impoundment बनता है ।

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Classification of Dam

Based on structure and According to the height,

the materials used, dams can be categorised
dams are classified as: as:
• Timber dams • High heighted dams
• embankment dams • Medium heighted dams
• Masonry dams • Low heighted dams.

Uses of Dams

पहले, बांध मख्

ु य रूप से नहदयों और
 Dams were traditionally built to
वर्ात के पानी को रोकने के मलए
impound rivers and rainwater
बनाए जाते थे। इस एकत्रत्रत पानी
that could be used later to
irrigate agricultural fields. का उपयोग बाद में खेती के मलए
मसंचाई में फकया जाता था।

 Today, dams are built for : Advantages of Dams

 electricity generation
 water supply for domestic and industrial uses
 flood control मनोरं जन के मलए
 Recreation जैसे - बोहटंग, वपकननक
 inland navigation
 fish breeding. बांध के पानी में नावें और छोटे जहाज
चलाकर water transport का कायत करना

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Why are dams now referred as multi-purpose projects?

Dams are referred to as multi-purpose projects
because they are capable of performing multiple
functions from a single water source, and all these
functions are interconnected.
For example,
1. In the Sutluj-Beas river basin,
the Bhakra – Nangal project water
is being used both for hydel power
production and irrigation.
2. The Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin is being
used both conservation of water and control flood.

Jawaharlal Nehru proudly

proclaimed the dams as the
‘temples of modern India’

ऐसा क्यों कहा ? इसका कारण यह है फक यह

The reason being that it would कृवर् और गांव की
integrate development of agriculture अथतव्यवस्था के ववकास को
and the village economy with rapid तेजी से उद्योग और शहर
industrialisation and growth of the की अथतव्यवस्था के ववकास
urban economy.
के साथ ममलाएगा।
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Disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects

1. When rivers are regulated and dams जब नहदयों को ननयंत्रत्रत करके

are built, it affects their natural flow. उन पर बांध बनाए जाते हैं, तो

Causing poor sediment flow and इससे उनका प्राकृनतक प्रवाह

excessive sedimentation at the प्रभाववत होता है।

bottom of the reservoir.

River

Sediments
Dam

 Resulting in rockier stream beds.

 Poorer habitats for the rivers’
aquatic life.
 Difficult for aquatic Fauna to
migrate and Spawning. अंडे दे ना" या "प्रजनन करना

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2. Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of

many regions.
Farmers shifting to water intensive अधधक पानी की जरूरत

and commercial crops. वाली िसल

वैसे crops जजनका market price ज्यादा हो

Because of this, the soil is becoming saline.

Saline - नमकीन

3. The dams that were ऐसे तो डैम बनाये जाते हैं, बाढ़

constructed to control floods रोकने के मलए लेफकन,

have triggered floods due to Sediments जमने के कारण

sedimentation in the reservoir. बांधों में पानी फक क्षमता घट

जाती है जजससे बाढ़ की समस्या
Water Overflow Result Flood
Sediments बढ़ जाती है ।

Advantages of Dams Disadvantages of Dams

Provides water for Disrupts natural flow,
irrigation and drinking affecting aquatic
ecosystems
Generates hydroelectric Causes soil salinization
power
Helps control floods in Increases sediment
downstream areas buildup, reducing reservoir
capacity

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Supports recreational Risk of triggering floods

activities like boating due to sediment buildup
Enables inland water Makes it harder for fish to
navigation migrate and spawn

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana

Objectives of this programme are:
1) To improve water access in fields so that farmers can
easily obtain water.
The principle of "Har Khet Ko Pani" ensures that every
farmer's field has the necessary amount of water.
2) To bring as much land as possible under irrigation.

3) To reduce water wastage, only the necessary

amount of water is used.
4) Water should be available for a longer time and in
larger quantities.

5) Under the principle of 'more crop per drop,' this

scheme emphasizes adopting water-saving
technologies.
6) Introduce sustainable water conservation practices.

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Sardar Sarovar Dam

• The Sardar Sarovar Dam is built over the Narmada
River in Gujarat.
• It is one of the largest water resource projects in
India, serving four states: Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.
• The project aims to meet the water requirements of
drought-prone and desert areas.
• The Sardar Sarovar Project will provide irrigation to
1.845 million hectares of land.
It will cover 3,112 villages in 15 districts of Gujarat.
• It will irrigate 246,000 hectares of land in the desert
districts of Barmer and Jalore in Rajasthan.
• It will irrigate 37,500 hectares in the tribal hilly areas
of Maharashtra through lift irrigation.

RAINWATER HARVESTING

People developed various techniques to Stored different

types of water, including rainwater, groundwater, river
water, and flood water.

What is Rainwater Harvesting?

Collection and Storage of Rainwater
are called Rainwater Harvesting.

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Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

• In Hill and Mountainous Regions:
People Built Diversion channels, known as ‘guls’
or ‘kuls’ in the Western Himalayas, were built for
agriculture.
• In Rajasthan, 'Rooftop rainwater harvesting' was
commonly practiced to store drinking water.
• In Bengal, Inundation channels were developed in
the floodplain’s areas for irrigating fields.

Inundation channels mean make canal from river

• In Arid and Semi-arid Regions:

Agricultural fields were converted Khadin
into rain-fed storage structures
that allowed water to accumulate
and moisten the soil, such as
‘Khadins’ Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in Accumulate - इकट्ठा करना
other parts of Rajasthan.

• In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, especially

in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer, most households
traditionally had underground tanks (tankas) for
storing drinking water.

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These tanks could be quite large.

for example, one household in Phalodi
had a tank measuring 6.1 meters deep,
4.27 meters long, and 2.44 meters wide.
They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses
through a pipe.
Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe
and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’.

Advantages of water storage in tankas

• This is Reliable source of drinking water when all
other sources had dried up.
• Tanka keep the room cool.

Rainwater is known as “Palar Pani” in Rajasthan.

➢ Today, in western Rajasthan, rooftop rainwater

harvesting is decline because plenty of water is
available due to the perennial Indira Gandhi Canal.
➢ some houses still maintain the tankas since they do
not like the taste of tap water.

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Story of Gendathur Village in Mysuru, Karnataka

• Nearly 200 households have installed rooftop

rainwater harvesting systems to meet their water
needs.
• The village receives about 1,000 mm of rainfall each
year.
• Across 200 households, the total annual rainwater
collected is around 1,00,000 litres.

Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made

rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to
all the houses across the state.
उलंघन करने वाला
There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream
and spring water by using bamboo pipes, is prevalent.

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About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe

system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and
finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of
the plant.

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