Revolutions from c. 1750 - c.

1900

The Enlightenment, the Atlantic Revolutions and the Industrial

Revolution

Unit 5 Review
5.1 - The Enlightenment

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 5.1 - The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment - A movement taking ideas from humanism and The following Enlightenment ideals challenged both the roles of
the Renaissance, as well as the Scientific Revolution that valued powerful monarchs as well as the role of the church.
reason over faith (Empiricism). ➔ Individualism
➔ Freedom
Led to the “Age of Isms” ➔ Self-determination
❏ Socialism - Worker owns the means of production ➔ Natural Rights - Rights afforded to you
❏ Liberalism - A push towards new ideas and change, a belief in natural just by being born (John Locke)
rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and ◆ Life
◆ Liberty
reduced spending on armies
◆ Property/Happiness
❏ Conservatism - A belief in traditional values
➔ Deism
❏ Nationalism - A fierce loyalty to those who share your customs and
➔ Empiricism
language
❏ Capitalism - Means of production are privately owned and operated ➔ Citizenship
for profit. These ideas encouraged revolutions in the US,
❏ Feminism - Women’s rights and equality France, and around the world, as well as
❏ Deism - God exists but does not ordain numerous reform movements.
❏ Empiricism - Knowledge comes from your senses. 3
 5.1 - Enlightenment Thinkers

John Locke - There is no divine right. Thomas Hobbes - Believed in a slightly modified social contract
- People are born with natural rights - Believed people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world that
- Social Contact was “nasty, brutish, and short”.
- The people give the government power. In return, the - Believed life could be made better by giving away some rights
government protects the people. Should the government fail, to a strong government to improve life and have law and order.
the people may overthrow the government. - Believed in the power of a strong Monarchy
- Greatly influenced American Democracy
- Ideas challenged the power of the Catholic Church as well as the power
of many monarchs
- Believed intelligence was not influenced by ancestry, but by education
and environment
 5.1 - Enlightenment Thinkers

The Philosophes: A group of 18th c. thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories.

★ Growing literacy amongst populations allowed for Enlightenment writing to spread.

★ Popularized ideas they took from scientific writers of the 17th c.
★ Included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Adam Smith.
★ Baron Montesquieu - Influenced American politics by writing about and praising the British government use of checks and balance, and
separation of powers in Parliament.
★ Voltaire - Advocated for civil liberties (rights) - Encouraged despots like Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great to institute Enlightened
policies (Enlightened Despots)
○ Encouraged the French Revolution
○ Encouraged the American Constitution with his ideas of religious liberty.
★ Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations encouraged ideas of
○ Capitalism
○ Laissez - Faire Economics (“leave alone”)
○ Advocated against Mercantilism
★ Thomas Paine - Staunch deist who was anti-church. Encouraged ideas of American liberty with writings such as Common Sense
★ As empires grew and continued to consolidate power, Enlightenment ideas spread.
 5.1 - Reactions to the Enlightenment

As industrialization grew, life in cities for the poor and those who worked in Utopian Socialism: Those who believed that society could be improved by
factories became tougher and tougher. building ideal communities were there was public or direct ownership of the
- Enlightenment thinkers wanted more government regulations for the means of production by those who worked it.
poor to improve things like sanitation and labor conditions. ❏ Henri de Saint - Simon - Engineers, scientists, and business should
- Many Christians called for increased charity. work together to provide jobs, create spaces worth working in, and
create useful products.
❏ Charles Fourier - People should live harmoniously in society rather
than struggle in a class system.
❏ Robert Owen - Communal ownership of property, education for
children who worked, community rules to govern life.
Fabian Societies - England. Gradual Socialists, Believed in reforming society
through parliament. Influenced lots of Europe in the 20th C.

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 5.1 - Reactions to the Enlightenment

Feminism - A movement for women’s rights, equality, and suffrage based on Enlightenment
ideas.
★ In 1791 Olympe de Gouges wrote “the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the
Female Citizen” to point out that women’s rights had not been addressed in the
hugely significant “Declarations of the Rights of Man and the French Citizen” that
had encouraged the French Revolution.
★ Inspired by Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of
Women where she argued women should have the same right to education as men.
○ Education would give women more opportunities politically and
professionally so they wouldn’t have to rely on men.
★ These writing inspired the 1848 Seneca Falls convention
○ “The Declaration of Sentiments” was announced and said women should:
■ Have the right to hold office, property, manage their money, be legal
guardians of their children.
○ Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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 5.1 - Reactions to the Enlightenment

Abolitionism - Reform movement encouraged by the Enlightenment fighting for the end of serfdom and ★ New Ideas of natural rights and what it
slavery. means to be a citizen encouraged
➔ The slave trade was made illegal in most places in the early 1800s, but slavery continued in those abolitionist movements.
nations for upwards of 30 years.
➔ As Europe became more industrialized, serfdom became less important. ★ Growing nationalism sometimes
challenged abolitionist ideas and
◆ Peasant revolts also led to reform.
zionism because these people didn’t
Elizabeth I in England ended serfdom in 1574
share ethnic ties to their community.
●
● France did so in 1789
● Russia did so in 1861
★ Despite abolition movements, most
○ 23 million Russian serfs were freed. social hierarchies stayed the same
● United States did so in 1862 with the Emancipation Declaration and focused on race/ethnicity with
Zionism - After centuries of anti-semitism around Europe, Jewish people pushed to have their own freed slaves or serfs at the bottom
homeland. Led by Theodor Herzl
➢ Europe had not been a safe place for Jews, and the French Dreyfus affair solidified this.
○ A Jewish military officer was framed for crimes against the state. Framed to build
distrust against the Jewish community.
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➢ Results in the eventual establishment of Israel in 1948 after the fall of the Ottoman Empire
 5.2 - Nationalism and
Revolutions
Enlightenment ideas clashed with conservative traditions leading
to an age of revolutions around the world. These revolutions were
based on ideals of progress, reason, and natural law and had two
major goals in common:

1. A desire for Constitutional Government

2. A desire for democratic process.

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American Revolution
➔ Rooted in Enlightenment Philosophy and ideas of free-market economy
◆ Anti-Mercantilism
➔ Causes:
◆ Colonists were basically politically independent
◆ Great distance from Great Britain
◆ Unhappy with regulations/taxes placed on colonies by Great
Britain without their say -> French & Indian War
➔ Important Document:
◆ Declaration of Independence
● Written by Thomas Jefferson
● Heavily influenced by ideas of John Locke (unalienable
rights)
➔ Outcome:
◆ France helped the colonists become free from GB and establish
and constitutional republic.
◆ Encouraged revolutionary movements in France

New Zealand Wars:

➔ Great Britain annexed New Zealand in 1840 resulting in an increased control
over Maori tribes (iwi) and a desire for the land.
◆ The independent tribes banded together to fight against the British,
resulting in growing Maori nationalism.
◆ Unable to defeat the British
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 French Revolution
Ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity popularized by The War:
the Enlightenment Philosophes encouraged the French ➔ Initially, revolutionaries wanted a
Revolution. constitutional Monarchy, but this wasn’t
Causes enough for the General Assembly who
➔ France was poor after many wars (spending stormed the Bastille in 1789 which
more than they made) encouraged peasant uprisings. The King
surrendered to the National Assembly
➔ France called the Estates - General to try and
fix it. ◆ They abolished feudalism and
adopted a new constitution called
◆ The Estates-General was made up of
the “Declaration of Rights of Man”
the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
which declared basic human
◆ Commoners made up 97% of French rights.
society but did NOT make up 97% of
the Estates - General which upset the ◆ The King refused to accept limited
power and was overthrown. This
commoners and encouraged them to
established the French Republic
make the National Assembly, their own
governing body. led by a group called the Jacobins.

◆ Each Estate received ONE vote so the ◆ Jacobins were radicals

First & Second Estates always voted
together and outvoted 2-1 the 3rd
Estate.
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 French Revolution

The French Republic:

➔ Under the Jacobins, the new French government led the Reign of Terror
➔ Killed thousands who opposed the revolution including the king and queen.
➔ Maximilien Robespierre led the Reign of Terror & instituted some major
reforms:
◆ abolition of slavery in French colonies
◆ the establishment of the Cult of the Supreme Being as a new state
religion
◆ implementation of the Law of 22 Prairial, which aimed to expedite the
trials of those accused of counter-revolutionary activities.
◆ strong advocate for the rights of the poor and sought to implement
policies that would address poverty and inequality.
◆ However, his radical approach and use of the Reign of Terror to
suppress opposition ultimately led to his downfall.
◆ He tried to commit suicide and didn’t shoot straight; just blew his
mouth apart
◆ Eventually sent to the guillotine himself

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 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Rise of Napoleon (1769-1821)
➔ Born on the island of Corsica, a recently French annexed territory, of minor nobility
➔ Father secured an appointment to the Ecole de Militaire in Paris (similar to the West
Point Academy in the US)
➔ Showed promise as an artillery officer
➔ He was a product of the French Revolution
◆ He would not have risen to the ranks because of the Old Regime that prevented
non-French officers to rise higher than Captain
➔ First major success for the siege of Toulon, France where he took the fort and turned the
guns on the British ships in the harbor (1793) … saved the Republic and the French
Revolution.
➔ Was promoted to Brigadier General at the age of 23, never done before in French
history.
➔ While in Paris in 1795, a pro-monarchy mob threatened the Convention.
◆ He was ordered to “disperse” this mob
◆ He ordered his the assembled troops to fire grapeshot into the approaching mob,
killing hundreds
➔ His popularity grew 18
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) - reforms

➔ Agreement with Pope: Concordat (1801) ➔ Created a public high school education
◆ France retains church lands, but pay salaries to clergy ◆ Lycees
◆ Freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews ➔ Established colleges for science, engineering,
➔ Napoleonic Code (1804) issued mathematics
◆ Patriarchal authority .. women lost power under this ➔ Established programs for training teachers to
code improve education
◆ eliminated old feudal order in France ➔ Re-wrote the banking codes to improve the
economy (mortgages, gov’t bonds)
◆ Freedom of speech & trial by jury
➔ Standardized weights and measures using the
◆ banned worker unions
metric system
◆ gave more legal rights to married couples & legitimate
children ➔ Enacted the plebiscite, a yes or no vote

◆ Legacy: Became model for many civil codes

➔ Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police

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 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Rise of Napoleon: Consolidation of Power:
❏ Italian Campaigns (1796-1797): Napoleon gained early ❏ Napoleonic Code: Napoleon implemented legal reforms,
recognition for his military brilliance during the Italian including the Napoleonic Code, which had a lasting impact on
campaigns. His victories against Austrian and Italian forces European legal systems. It established principles like equality
helped him establish a reputation as a skilled military before the law and protection of property rights.
strategist. ❏ Concordat with the Catholic Church (1801)
❏ Egyptian Expedition (1798-1799): Despite mixed success, ❏ Consul for Life (1802): put it to vote and over 70% of the
Napoleon's campaign in Egypt increased his popularity in French people supported this in another plebiscite.
France. However, his absence allowed political developments
❏ Emperor Napoleon I (1804): encouraged by his success and
in France that eventually led to the fall of the Directory.
ego, NB asked the pope to crown him emperor on Dec. 2,
❏ Coup d'État of 18 Brumaire (1799): Capitalizing on political 1804. He continued to enact reforms for France and stabilized
instability, Napoleon returned to France and orchestrated a France. Now he was ready to conquer Europe.
coup that overthrew the Directory. He established the
Consulate, positioning himself as First Consul with significant
power. Justified this with a plebiscite that was
overwhelmingly supported by the French people (75%)
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21
 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
The Height of Power: The Fall of Napoleon:
❏ Expansion of the Empire: Through a series of military ❏ Invasion of Russia (1812): One of the crucial turning points was the
campaigns, Napoleon expanded the French Empire across much ill-fated invasion of Russia. The harsh Russian winter and scorched-earth
of Europe, achieving significant victories at Austerlitz (1805) tactics led to the catastrophic retreat of the Grande Armée, severely
and Jena (1806), defeating Austrian, Prussian and Russian weakening Napoleon's forces. Lost 560,000 troops out of 600,000
troops. - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote his 1812 Overture in honor of this massive
Russian victory
❏ The Continental System: Napoleon implemented the Continental
❏ Losses in the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814): Following the Russian
System, an economic blockade aimed at weakening Britain by
campaign, European powers formed the Sixth Coalition and defeated
preventing trade with European nations. However, it led to economic
Napoleon in several key battles, including Leipzig. Paris fell in 1814, and
hardships for many countries and strained alliances.
Napoleon abdicated, going into exile on the island of Elba. Mocked as the
❏ Peninsular War (1808-1814): The occupation of the Iberian Peninsula “Emperor of Elba”
by French forces sparked a protracted conflict, draining French
❏ Hundred Days (1815): Napoleon escaped from Elba, returned to France,
resources and diverting attention from other fronts.
and briefly regained power during the Hundred Days. However, he faced
- Led to the Spanish & Portuguese monarchs losing focus on defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, leading to his second abdication.
their South American colonies and the Latin American
❏ Exile to Saint Helena: The victorious Allies sent Napoleon into exile on
Revolutions.
the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in
1821. 22
 Haitian Revolution

Causes: Haiti: French VS Haitian Revolutions

➔ Encouraged by the American and ➔ L’Ouverture produced the Haitian
French revolutions, slaves began constitution in 1801 that gave all Both:
rising up against their masters. They people equality and citizenship. - Encouraged by
killed them a burned their homes. ➔ He declared himself governor for Enlightenment ideas that
◆ Joined by escaped slaves life. said men had natural rights.
already in the Caribbean ➔ He split plantations between former - Felt restricted by social
called the Maroons. slaves and free black people. classes (estates)
◆ Toussaint L’Overture, a Haitian ➔ He was imprisoned by France and
well versed in Enlightenment died in 1803. Haitian:
thought, joined the rebellion ➔ Jean-Jacques Dessalines - Led by slaves that had no
against slavery. ◆ Succeeded L’Ouverture and rights prior to revolutions.
◆ The enslaved Africans and declared Haiti permanently
Maroons established an independent.
independent government. ◆ First country in LA to win
independence
◆ First black-led country in the
W. Hemisphere
◆ Only country to be
permanently independent as
a result of a slave uprising.
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 Creole Revolutions in Latin America

Social Structures in Latin Simon Bolivar Revolutions:

America: ➢ Desires for independence grew amongst the Creole
class first.
1. Peninsulares - Born in
○ They did not want help from the “masses”
Spain of Portugal
(mestizos, indigenous, mulattos) because of
2. Creoles - Born of European
what happened in Haiti.
ancestry in the Americas
➢ Bolivar was rich and well versed in Enlightenment
3. Mestizos - Born of
ideas.
European and Indian
➢ Talented war general who fought against Spain
parents
➢ Wrote the “Jamaica Letter”
4. Mulattoes - African and
○ Aimed at rich creoles to join the cause.
either European or
○ Rejected ideas of Mercantilism
Indigenous populations
○ Wanted reform - outlined liberal ideas.
➢ Established “Gran Colombia” - wanted it to be like
★ Creoles owned business the US.
and were upset with ○ Wars were expensive and LA suffered.
Spain’s mercantilist ○ Armies became loyal to the caudillos -
policies. strong local leaders who resisted democratic
★ Creoles and Mestizos ideas and rule of law.
wanted more political
power, and resented the
status of Peninsulares 24
 Creole Revolutions in Latin America

Results of the Creole Revolutions: Other Challenges to Spanish Rule:

❖ Lola Rodriguez de Tio - A poet who critiqued
❏ New constitutions and
Spain’s rule over Puerto Rico and Cuba.
government were established in
➢ Her writings encouraged Enlightenment
LA but things weren’t super
ideas of equality and education leading to
changed.
uprisings against Spain.
❏ Social hierarchy still ❖ Spain also controlled the Philippines, where
dominated society, and educational opportunities were limited.
even though slavery was ➢ Many young men went to study in Europe
ended non-Spanish and were encouraged by Enlightenment
speakers were still denied ideas.
most rights. ■ Nationalism and republicanism
❏ The creole class remained grows.
in the upper class, and ➢ Jose Rizal led the Propaganda movement
stayed pretty ■ Print publications start calling for more
conservative. freedom in the Philippines (not
independence)
❏ Women gained little in the LA ■ Rizal was jailed and killed.
revolutions. ■ People were shocked, and rose up for
real independence in 1896.
❖ The United States took control of the Philippines
after their victory over Spain in 1898.
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 Nationalism and Unification in Europe

As nationalism grew, ideas of cultural and ethnic ties united new empires, and threatened older more
multi-ethnic empires.
Italian Unification: German Unification:
In the 1880s, the Italian Peninsula was divided Parts of what was once the Holy Roman Empire
into local kingdoms and city-states. were now under French control (Napoleon)
- Count di Cavour decided to unite them - Growing nationalism says this is bad.
under the national identity of Italian. - Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck used
- Using realpolitik (practical politics) and realpolitik to make Austria fight in 2 wars
Enlightenment ideas, he orchestrated a against Prussia, and France 1 war.
series of wars to weaken Austrian
- OVB motto … “blood and iron”
influence over the land.
- He won all 3!
- Giuseppe Mazzini and his idea of Italian
Resurgence (risorgimento), combined the - Nationalism grew and Prussia gained
Cavour’s ideas, encouraged revolutionary territory
fervor and Italy was unified. - 1871 - Bismarck establishes the kingdom
Italy remained poor in the 19th century, and of Germany
many immigrated to other countries. Germany and Italy both become new world
powers, and we see the seeds of growing
nationalism that will lead to WWI.
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 Nationalism and Unification in Europe

As nationalism grew, ideas of cultural and ethnic ties united new empires, and threatened older more
multi-ethnic empires.
Balkan Nationalism Ottoman Nationalism
● The Ottoman Empire had controlled the ● As a response to the growing desires of
Balkan region for quite awhile, but in 1683 Balkan nationalism and independence, the
we start to see the beginning of the end. Ottoman Empire created Ottomanism
○ Other Balkan nations like Austria, ○ The creation of a new unified Ottoman
and Eastern nations like Russia, identity and state.
start to push back against the
Ottomans. ○ Used education to encourage
Ottoman identity.
○ Balkan nationalism develops.
■ Other ethnic groups did not like
● In 1827, after more contact with Western this.
Enlightenment ideas, Greece worked with
GB, France, and Russia to assert ■ Actually highlighted how
independence from the Ottomans after unhappy people were with
325 years. -> Greek Independence Ottoman empire
● In places like Serbia, Bulgaria, and ■ Independence movements
Romania, waning Ottoman control led to grew.
the introduction of new ideas, the growth
of nationalism, and a desire for
independence. 27
 5.3 & 5.4
The Industrial
Revolution Begins
and Spreads

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TOPIC 5.3 CED

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 5.3 - The Industrial Revolution Begins
Context: The Columbian Exchange, the growth of maritime trading empires, increased agricultural
productivity, and individual accumulation of capital led to the Industrial Revolution.

Preindustrial Societies: Agricultural

1. Lived in rural areas Improvements:
2. .
Grew most of food
- Crop Rotation
3. Made own clothes . - Seed Drill
Cottage Industries: - Introduction of potato into
European diets
- Made to compete with Indian Cotton (be
cheaper) Other Improvements
- Merchants gave raw cotton to women who spun it
- Medical Care
at home .
- Gave women independence.
- Low Pay
- Production was slow ★ The improvements led to an
increase in population, a the
★ Investor demand for faster production need for fewer farmers
encouraged the growth of factories! ○ Plenty of people to work
in factories!

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5.3 - The Industrial Revolution Begins - New Technology

Interchangeable Parts - Eli

New Technologies: Whitney - if a part broke, it could
be easily replaced.
.
Spinning
. Jenny - James
Division of Labor - Bosses and
Hargreaves - A weaver can
not-bosses. (Not everyone had
spin more than one thread at to be skilled)
a time.
Specialization of Labor - Each
Water Frame - Richard person has a specific job
Arkwright - Water Powered Assembly Line - Henry Ford -
the spinning wheel. Moving line made for quick
★ The water frame production of a good in a factory.
doomed cottage
industry as it was too
big to have in houses. 31
 5.3 - The Industrial Revolution Begins -Great Britain’s
Advantage
Great Britain was the first place to industrialize on a large scale. Here is why:

1. Located near waterways 4. Strongest navy

a. Helped with transportation,
a. For protection in trade
importation of goods AND
steam power. .
b.
. LOTS of rivers! 5. Private Property Protections
a. The government could not take private
2. Mineral Resources - COAL!! property in GB, encouraging people to
a. Coal powers the steam engine! make businesses.

3. Access to resources in the colonies 6 . Increased population in urban areas.

a. Timber for ships a. Previously, the poor had lived in the
b. Capital (money) “commons”. They were closed by the
enclosure act and moved to cities to find
jobs in cities like Manchester and
Liverpool

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Topic 5.4 - The Industrial Revolution Spreads

England

France Belgium Germany

USA

Japan Russia

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 Industrialization of France
The industrialization of France during the 19th century was a complex and gradual ❏ Technological and Industrial Focus: Textile manufacturing, particularly in wool and
process, characterized by regional variation and a mix of old and new industrial silk, was an early focus of French industrial activity, taking advantage of existing skilled
methods. Unlike the rapid industrial transformations in Britain and later Germany and labor pools in cities like Lyon. Later, France developed more diversified industrial
the United States, France’s path to industrialization was less abrupt and more uneven,
sectors, including chemicals, armaments, and eventually, automobiles and aviation by
influenced by political changes, social structures, and economic policies. Here are the
the end of the century.
key aspects of France’s industrialization during this period:
❏ Foreign Investment and Technology: France was open to foreign investment and
❏ Slow Start: France's industrial revolution started later than Britain's. While
technology, which helped propel certain sectors. For example, the Alsace region
the British industrial revolution began in the late 18th century, significant
industrial development in France did not take off until the mid-19th century. became a significant textile hub with the help of German technology and expertise.
This delay was due in part to political upheavals such as the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, which consumed resources and ❏ Role of the State: The French state played a significant role in industrialization,
attention. particularly under the Second Empire (1852-1870) when the government implemented
policies to modernize the economy. These policies included support for new industries,
❏ Political Instability: The 19th century was a period of considerable political tariff protections to shield factories from British competition, and massive investments
instability in France, with multiple regime changes from monarchies to in urban renewal and infrastructure.
republics and empires. Each regime brought different economic policies,
affecting the consistency and focus of industrial development. ❏ Social Impact and Labor: The growth of industry transformed the French social
landscape, leading to urbanization and the expansion of a working-class population.
❏ Regional Disparities: Industrialization in France was highly regionalized. This shift contributed to social tensions and labor movements, particularly as industrial
The north and east of France, rich in coal and iron deposits, saw significant workers faced harsh conditions and low wages.
development of heavy industries like mining and metallurgy. In contrast, the
Paris basin focused on luxury goods, fashion, and furniture, benefiting from a
❏ Financial Markets: Paris became a major financial center during the 19th century, with
long tradition of skilled craftsmanship and artistry.
its banking system supporting industrial expansion. The creation of the Paris Bourse
(stock exchange) facilitated the mobilization of capital for large-scale industrial
❏ Infrastructure Development: Like other industrializing nations, France
invested in infrastructure to support industrial growth. The expansion of the enterprises.
railway network, which began in earnest in the 1840s, was crucial for
transporting raw materials and finished goods, promoting regional industries. By the end of the 19th century, France had established itself as a significant industrial power,
although it remained less industrialized compared to Britain and Germany. The legacy of its
uneven industrial development would influence France’s economic and social policies well into
the 20th century.
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Industrialization of Germany
The industrialization of Germany in the 19th century was a dynamic and profound ❏ Role of Banks and Capital: German banks played a critical role in the
transformation that positioned Germany as one of Europe's major industrial powers by country's industrialization by providing the necessary capital for large-scale
the end of the century. Unlike the more gradual industrial changes in France, Germany's industrial enterprises. The system of universal banks, which combined deposit
industrialization was marked by rapid and intensive growth, particularly in the latter half of and investment banking, allowed for significant investment in industry and
the century. This process was influenced by several factors, including political infrastructure.
consolidation, technological innovation, and an effective system of technical education.
❏ Scientific and Technical Education: Germany placed a strong emphasis on
Here's an overview of Germany's industrialization during this period:
scientific and technical education, which produced a highly skilled workforce.
Technical universities and vocational schools were established throughout the
❏ Political Consolidation: The unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian country, fostering a culture of innovation and expertise in engineering and the
leadership was a pivotal moment for German industrialization. The creation of a sciences.
unified nation-state under Kaiser Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
helped standardize economic policies, reduce internal trade barriers, and ❏ Social Changes: The rapid industrial growth led to significant urbanization
establish a common national market, all of which facilitated industrial growth. and changes in social structure. A growing urban working class emerged,
whose labor movements became increasingly organized and politicized,
❏ Railway Expansion: Like in other industrializing nations, the expansion of the leading to the rise of socialist and labor parties towards the end of the century.
railway was crucial in Germany. It not only facilitated the movement of goods
and resources across various regions but also stimulated industries like coal ❏ Economic Policies: Under Bismarck, Germany adopted protectionist
and steel, which were essential for building and maintaining railways. The economic policies, including tariffs to protect industries from British
railway network also played a strategic role in military mobilization and competition. These policies supported domestic industrial growth but also
economic integration of the new nation. contributed to tensions with neighboring countries.
❏ Industrial Regions: Industrialization in Germany was concentrated in specific ❏ Global Presence: By the late 19th century, Germany had not only established
regions. The Ruhr Valley became synonymous with coal mining and heavy a strong industrial base at home but also began to exert its influence on the
industry. Other areas like Saxony and Silesia developed strong textile global stage, both commercially and politically. This period saw the rise of
industries, while regions around the Rhine and in Bavaria later embraced Germany as a major exporter of industrial goods and technology.
chemical, electrical, and automotive industries.
By the turn of the 20th century, Germany had transformed from a collection of agrarian
❏ Technological Innovation: Germany was at the forefront of technological
innovation during the second industrial revolution. German firms such as Krupp states into an industrial powerhouse, second only to the United States in manufacturing
and Siemens were leaders in steel production and electrical engineering, output. This industrial strength would play a crucial role in Germany's participation in
respectively. The country also made significant advancements in chemicals, World War I and its subsequent developments in the 20th century.
with the development of synthetic dyes and pharmaceuticals.

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 Industrialization of the United States
The industrialization of the United States in the 19th century was a pivotal transformation 1. Labor Movements: The surge in factory jobs created a new class of
that propelled the country into a position of economic prominence and radically reshaped workers who often faced harsh working conditions, long hours, and low
its society and landscape. This period, often referred to as the Second Industrial pay. This led to the rise of labor movements aimed at improving workers'
Revolution, saw the U.S. evolve from a primarily agrarian society into an industrial rights and conditions, including the formation of labor unions and strikes.
powerhouse. Here are the key components and impacts of this transformation:
2. Natural Resources: Industrialization was fueled by the abundant natural
1. Technological Innovation: The U.S. witnessed significant technological resources in the U.S., including timber, coal, and oil. The discovery of oil in
advancements during the 19th century, which were critical to its industrial Pennsylvania in 1859 led to a boom in the oil industry, providing a cheap
growth. Key inventions included the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793, which and plentiful energy source for industries and transportation.
revolutionized cotton processing and boosted the southern economy, and the 3. Economic Expansion and Capital: The 19th century saw substantial
telegraph by Samuel Morse in the 1830s, which transformed communication.
growth in the U.S. financial systems and capital markets, facilitating
The development of the steam engine and improvements in iron and steel
industrial expansion. Innovations in banking and the creation of a national
production processes also played crucial roles.
banking system under the National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864
2. Transportation Revolution: Perhaps the most significant factor was the provided a more stable currency and investment for industrial ventures.
expansion of the railway system, which facilitated the vast geographic and
economic expansion. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869
4. Immigration: The period saw waves of immigrants, particularly from
linked the eastern and western parts of the country, enabling the efficient Europe, who provided the labor force needed for industrial expansion.
movement of goods and people and opening up new markets. The canal Cities grew significantly as immigrants settled in urban areas to work in
system, notably the Erie Canal, also significantly impacted early in the century factories.
by lowering transportation costs and linking the Midwest to the Atlantic Ocean. 5. Impact on Society: Industrialization brought significant social changes,
3. Rise of Factories and Urbanization: The rise of factories changed the way including increased wealth and a growing middle class, but also significant
products were made and led to a shift in where people lived and worked. social stratification and environmental challenges. The disparity between
Factories centralized production and utilized assembly lines and mechanized the wealthy industrialists and the working poor led to social tensions.
production methods. This shift contributed to rapid urbanization, as people
moved from rural areas to cities in search of jobs. Cities like New York, Chicago, By the end of the 19th century, the United States had established itself as a world
and Philadelphia expanded dramatically during this period. industrial leader, with its economic center of gravity shifting from agriculture to
industry, setting the stage for its 20th-century role as a global superpower. 36
The Industrialization of Russia
The industrialization of Russia in the 19th century was a transformative period ❏ Foreign Investment and Expertise: Russia's industrial sector was
that marked a significant departure from the predominantly agrarian and feudal notably bolstered by foreign capital and expertise. Western businessmen
social structures that had characterized the country for centuries. This process and engineers brought necessary technological and managerial skills that
was slow to start but gained momentum towards the end of the century under helped establish and expand Russian industries. Particularly, Britain,
France, and Belgium were significant sources of investment.
specific state policies and economic factors. Here are key aspects of Russia's
industrialization during this period: ❏ Focus on Heavy Industry: Russian industrialization was characterized by
❏ Late Start: Compared to Western European countries, Russia began its a strong emphasis on heavy industry, particularly in the areas rich in
industrialization much later. It wasn't until the reign of Tsar Alexander II natural resources. The Ural Mountains, for instance, became a major
in the mid-19th century that more significant steps were taken towards center for mining and metallurgy. This focus was partly due to the state's
military and infrastructural objectives, which prioritized the production of
modernization and industrial development.
metals, coal, and the development of engineering capacities.
❏ Emancipation of the Serfs: A pivotal event was the Emancipation ❏ State Intervention: The Russian government played a crucial role in the
Reform of 1861, where Alexander II abolished serfdom. This was industrial process, quite unlike the more laissez-faire approach seen in the
crucial as it freed millions of peasants from the land and potential labor United States or Britain at that time. The state not only invested directly in
forces became available for industrial enterprises. However, the infrastructure and industry but also offered subsidies, protective tariffs, and
transition was fraught with difficulties, as many freed serfs were left with other incentives to support nascent industries.
inadequate land and resources to sustain themselves, pushing a labor
migration towards urban centers. ❏ Social Impact: Industrialization brought profound social changes,
including urbanization and the creation of a factory-based working class.
❏ Railway Expansion: One of the most significant drivers of These changes led to new social dynamics and tensions, notably poor
industrialization was the rapid expansion of the railway network. The working conditions, which eventually contributed to the political
Trans-Siberian Railway, begun in 1891, was particularly notable. radicalization of workers and the growth of revolutionary movements.
Railways enabled the movement of goods and people across vast
By the end of the 19th century, Russia had established a significant industrial base,
distances, opening up remote parts of Russia for resource exploitation
although it remained less developed compared to Western European standards.
and industrial use. This development also stimulated the growth of This period set the stage for further economic developments and upheavals in the
heavy industries like steel and coal mining. 20th century, particularly the revolutions of 1905 and 1917.

37
The Industrialization of Japan
The industrialization of Japan in the 19th century was a remarkably rapid and ❏ Government Initiatives: Unlike the more private enterprise-led industrialization in
successful transformation, making it one of the most striking examples of industrial the U.S. and parts of Europe, the Japanese government played a crucial role in the
development in modern history. Known as the Meiji Restoration period, starting in country's industrial development. It set up strategic industries such as shipbuilding,
1868, this era represented a dramatic shift from the feudal and isolated Japan of the armaments, and steel manufacturing. Once these industries were stable, they
Tokugawa shogunate to a modernized, industrial, and internationally engaged nation.
were often sold off to private investors, a process known as zaibatsu.
Here are the key aspects of Japan's industrialization during this period:
❏ Meiji Restoration: The industrialization process began with the Meiji ❏ Education and Institutional Reforms: Comprehensive reforms in education laid
Restoration in 1868, which restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji and the foundation for a skilled workforce; the introduction of compulsory elementary
marked the end of centuries of feudal governance. The new government was education and the establishment of technical schools and universities were critical.
committed to the twin goals of "fukoku kyohei" (rich country, strong Furthermore, the government reformed institutions to create a conducive
military) and "bunmei kaika" (civilization and enlightenment). These goals
environment for industrial growth, including modern banking and legal systems.
aimed to strengthen Japan and prevent the kind of foreign domination
happening in Asia.
❏ Cultural Shifts: Industrialization also brought significant cultural shifts, as traditional
❏ Rapid Modernization: The Meiji government embarked on a rapid values were increasingly influenced by Western ideas of progress and modernity.
modernization program, sending delegations abroad to learn from Western This period saw a complex blend of maintaining Japanese traditions while
industrial practices and technologies. This period saw the introduction of incorporating Western technology and thought.
Western legal, educational, and military systems to support industrial growth.
❏ Infrastructure Development: Significant investments were made in ❏ Economic Diversification: Japan's economy during this period diversified
infrastructure, including railways, telegraph lines, and ports, which facilitated significantly. Textiles emerged as a dominant industry, particularly silk and cotton,
the efficient movement of goods and people. The construction of the country's which were important for export. Later, heavier industries such as steel,
first railway between Tokyo and Yokohama in 1872 symbolized this
shipbuilding, and munitions became prevalent.
transformation.
❏ Adoption of Technology: Japan was adept at adopting Western technology By the turn of the 20th century, Japan had successfully transformed into an industrialized
and adapting it to local conditions. This included everything from textile nation, capable of defeating a major European power in the Russo-Japanese War of
machinery to modern chemical and engineering processes. The government
1904-1905. This rapid industrial growth and modernization not only avoided the colonial fate
established model factories to train workers and disseminate knowledge.
of many other Asian nations but also set Japan on a path to become a major world power.

38
 5.4 - Industrialization Spreads

As Europe industrialized, the position of the Middle East and Asia on the global market declined

Shipbuilding in India and SE Asia Iron works in India Textile Production in India and Egypt
- GB Colonized this region in the late - GB Control also affected India's mineral - Two. of the first places to trade in
17th
. and 18th centuries. production. textiles.
- Historically, shipbuilding had been - “Company Control” - When British East - British textiles were completing with
prominent in the region. Indian company controlled India Indian textile mills, and wanted to be
- Mismanagement of resources and poor - High taxes made it difficult for cheaper
leadership by GB made the industry Indians to mine and work metals - Taxed Indian textiles
suffer. resulting in mines being closed. - Eventually, European textiles were so
- Eventually, the British navy took - To prevent uprising, GB made the Arms Act cheap, no one bought them from India
control of this region ending Indian of 1878 which limited Indian access to or Egypt.
ship building. minerals and firearms.
- India's mines were inactive for so long,
people forgot they were even there.

39
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41
42
43
 5.5
Technology in the
Industrial Age
Context: The First industrial Revolution led to increased
access to resources and the increased distribution of the
goods those resources helped create.

First Industrial Revolution: Steam engine, internal

combustion engine, railroads, ships, factories

Second Industrial Revolution: Involved chemicals, the use

of steel, precision machinery, electronics, and
communication devices like the phone and radio.

44
45
The Coal Revolution
★ The switch to coal power symbolized a shift from most things
being powered by man or animal, to most things being
powered by fossil fuels.
The new Steam Engine by James Watt in 1765 was able to harness
the power of coal to create steam which generated energy for
machines in factories.
- Within 50 years, steam was powering ships.
- With steam power, factories no longer had to be near water.
- Helped GB industrialize with the railroad

Water Transportation:
- Steamships changed sailing.
- Coal power could be used anywhere, on ships or trains.
- Could be turned on and off
- Could go up stream quickly
- Was not dependant on wind
- Largely replace wind sailing ships
- Coaling stations pop up around the coasts for
refueling. One of the main reasons why the USA
claimed Hawaii.
Iron:
- Coal allowed iron to manufactured
- Iron was a huge improvement in the manufacturing process

46
The Second Industrial Revolution
19th and 20th Centuries - the developments in steels, chemicals, precision
machinery, and electronics.

Steel Production:
- Bessemer Process: Allowed iron and carbon to be combined to make
steel - the strong and versatile backbone of industrial society
Oil:
- New resource of energy from the mid 1800s
- Fossil Fuel - Energy source derived from animal remains.
- Results:
- Kerosene to light lamps
- Precision Machinery
- Internal Combustion Engine
- Automobile
- Airplane
Electricity:
- 1882 the first public power station beings generating electricity.

Communications:
- Alexander Graham Bell - Telephone
- Guglielmo Marconi - Radio

47
Global Trade and Migration
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development
and communication possible.
- Allowed for immediate communication

Transcontinental Railroad:
- Connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the US
- Led to US Industrial growth
- Allowed the vast resources of the US to be connected
- US becomes economic powerhouse!

➔ Railroads in general helped people move from rural to urban

areas more easily

For the first time, farmers, manufacturers, miners, and customers

domestically and internationally were all connected.

As countries like GB, Germany, and the US continued to industrialize:

- They sought to protect their natural resources
- Look for further natural resources (colonies)

Exploration was now possible not just in the coast but everything!

48
 5.6

The Government’s role in

Industrialization

Context: As industrialization spread, nations were faced with

clashes between modernization and conservative traditions.

In some places, like Egypt, Japan, Russia, and the Ottoman

Empire, the government encouraged and supported
industrialization, even passing some laws to help industrialize.

In other places, like China, governments were too weak or

corrupt to sponsor industrialization.

49
 5.6 - Ottoman Industrialization
Context: The Ottoman empire did not adopt Western enlightenment ideas or technology, leaving them behind the rest of the
Western world. Corruption led to decline, and nationalism spread unrest. As a result, the Ottoman Empire had become “the
sick man of Europe” in the 19th c. and Russians were eager to expand into Ottoman territory.

Muhammad Ali in Egypt Ali’s Reforms:

- Westernizing the military
- Egypt was still part of
Ottoman control, but - An official newspaper
functioned mostly - Taxes the peasants
independently. - Controlled valuable cotton production in
- Muhammad Ali took Egypt
control of Egypt and - Secularized Religious lands
made many changes - Industrialized
without the Ottoman - Built textile factories
sultan’s permission.
- Built ships to create Navy
★ Despite the failures of the Ottoman Empire, Ali
is known as the first great modern ruler of
Egypt because of his vision of state-sponsored
modernization
50
 5.6 - Japanese Industrialization

Context: After centuries (1600-1853) of isolation, Japan actively sought Western technologies and innovations to help it become equal to Western nations.
During the Meiji Restoration, Japan was able to become a modern industrialized nation in less than half of a century due to state sponsored industrialization

Meiji Restoration - Japan visited the US and Europe to study

Japan Confronts Foreigners
and implement reforms.
- As countries like Great Britain, the Netherlands, and
Russia industrialized they wanted to sell goods in Japan. ❖ Abolished feudalism
- They also wanted to refuel in Japan when sailing ❖ Established constitutional monarchy
from China. ❖ Established equality in law and fair punishment
- In 1853 Matthew Perry demanded Japan trade with the ❖ Reorganized the army and made a navy
US ❖ Created a new school system
- Japan relented ❖ Built railroads and roads
- They realized they needed “Defensive ❖ Subsidized industrialization
Industrialization” after China was humiliated by ❖ Adopted Western ideas of imperialism
the West ❖ Japanese military adopted Western military techniques
- Adopt enough Western tech to protect its
and the people adopted culture and some American
traditional culture.
styles of dress.
- Overthrew Shogun and gave the emperor power
in 1868 Meiji Restoration ❖ Japan rapidly grew economically
❖ The problems of industrialization followed into Japan
51
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53
 5.6 -State Sponsored Industrialization
➢ The government played a major role in industrialization.
○ In some places like the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, industrialization was resisted.
○ In other places like Russia and Japan, government intervention was able to encourage
industrialization.
➢ In order to industrialize, these places had to adopt some cultural aspects of the West.

Private Investment in Japan:

➔ While state sponsorship was important, private money was also key to industrialization.
➔ In many industrial nations, including Japan, foreign investment (money) was important to growth.
◆ In Japan, businesses were sold to zaibatsu, or powerful family businesses in Japan.
◆ Investors encourage industrialization.
◆ For example, in 1906 a company called the Toyoda Loom Works
● They made the automatic loom.
● Eventually became Toyota Motor Company

54
55
 5.7

Economic Developments and

Innovations

Context: As global trade and communication increased,

mercantilist policies (extreme government control of
the economy) were replaced by a laissez-faire (“leave
alone”) policy that encouraged minimal government
involvement in trade.

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations established support

for capitalism and private ownership around the
industrial world.

56
 Effects of Industrialization on Business Organization

Traditional Forms of Business Ownership: Corporations:

1. A sole (single) business owner ➔ Business chartered by a government
2. A small group of people who make ➔ Owned by numerous stock holders
business decisions ◆ Stockholders are paid when corp makes
money
◆ Positives: If corp loses money, stockholders
Negatives: are okay (Limited liability). Lots of people
➔ Single owners took lots of risks when lose a little, instead of one person losing a
starting a business. lot.
◆ If they failed, they were the only ➔ Very economically and politically powerful
person to lose.
Monopolies:
➔ Strong corporations that control and industry
◆ Eliminate competition
➔ Krupp steel in Germany
➔ Rockefeller oil in US
★ Supporters of laissez-faire economics did not like
monopolies, as they controlled the natural
market

57
 Effects of Industrialization on Business Organization
Transnational Companies:
De Beers Diamonds
❖ Companies that operate across national
boundaries ❏ Transnational corporation
❖ Gained wealth and influence on a scale ❏ Cecil Rhodes was an investor in the trans-African
never before seen. railroad
❏ Goal to connect all British colonies in Africa
with a railroad
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: ❏ Would be helpful in time of war
➢ British owned bank opened in the colony ❏ Project was never completed
of Hong Kong in 1865 ❏ GB didn’t own all of the land they needed.
❏ The railroads that were built were built by African
➢ Finance, corporate investment, and
natives.
banking
❏ Cheaper labor
➢ One of the first international banks ❏ Railroads used to take as many native resources as
○ Helped finance trade a grow the possible
global economy Unilever Corporation:
❏ British and Dutch venture
❏ Made soap in Australia, Switzerland, and US
❏ Took palm oil for soap from British West
Africa and Congo (another example of
corporations mining resources from
colonies)
58
59
 Effects of Industrialization on Mass Culture

Growth of Sports
Consumerism
★ Companies encouraged participation in sports
★ A rise in living standards
○ Play by the rules!
meant the average person was
○ Self-discipline
buying more
★ Sales of equipment made manufacturers money
★ Soccer (Europe) and baseball (US) became
Advertisement popular pastimes
○ Sports developed along class lines
★ To keep up with competition, ■ Tennis/golf = rich
companies began to advertise ■ Rugby = lower class
their product to the middle
class
○ Middle class has money Material Goods/Entertainment
for non essential items.
★ Factories were rough. Wanted entertainment in
free time
Leisure Activities
★ Riding bicycles Building of Event Spaces - Public culture
★ Wanted to escape from harsh
★ Parks
reality of factories
★ Event Halls
★ Upper, middle, and lower classes mingled
60
together
61
62
 5.8

Reactions to the Industrial Economy

Context: Harsh conditions in places like coal mines and

factories encouraged people to push for reforms.

1. Social Reform
2. Alternative views of society
3. Workers unions
4. Government sponsored reform

63
Reform Movements
1. Labor Unions
a. People knew reforms needed to happen because of
dangerous, unsanitary working conditions, low
wages, and long hours.
b. Unions formed
i. Organizations of workers advocating for the
right to bargain with employer
ii. Right to a contract
c. Government treated unions as enemies of trade
d. Unions wanted
i. Minimum wage
ii. Limits of work hours
iii. Overtime pay
iv. 5 day work week
2. Voting Rights
a. GB expanded voting access in 1832, 1867, 1884.
i. Lowered amount of property white men
needed to vote.
ii. All men could vote by 1918 in GB
iii. All women by 1928
3. Child Labor
a. 1843 - Children under age of 10 can’t work in coal
mines
b. 1881 - Education becomes mandatory for British
children
i. Focus on education changes the role of
children 64
Intellectual Reaction
★ Utopian Socialists offered new visions of society
John Stuart Mill:
○ Laissez-faire capitalism was inhumane to laborers
○ Wanted labor unions, limits to child labor, safe
working conditions
○ Utilitarianism - “The greatest good for the greatest
number of people”
■ Moderate, rational, gradual reform
★ Utopians wanted to replace capitalism, utilitarians wanted
to fix the problems that existed.
Karl Marx:- Offered ALTERNATIVE views of society!
★ German scholar and author who wanted socialism
★ Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
○ Capitalism is basically feudalism because some are
rich and some are poor
○ Proletariat = working class (poor)
○ Bourgeoisie = middle class and upper class -
investors who owned machinery and factories
★ Bourgeoisie always exploited proletariat
★ Under Socialism, social classes would not exist
○ Proletariat would take control of means of production
○ Wealth would be shared equally

65
 Ottoman Response to Industrialization

Tanzimat (reorganization) Reforms after Mahmud (1839 - 1876)

By the mid-1800’s the Ottomans were still
very behind in terms of industrialization. ● Root out corruption
● Secularized education
● Codified Ottoman laws
In 1826, Sultan Mahmud II finally made some ● Hatt-i Humayun
reforms ○ Updated the legal system
● Abolished Janissaries ○ Equality for all men in education, government appointments,
● Made new military trained by Europeans and justice regardless of ethnicity or religion
● Abolished feudal system ★ The Ottoman economy finally became cash based
○ Military officers could no longer ★ Banking increased but dependent upon Europeans
tax people. ★ Industrialization very slowly spread
● Built roads ○ Mostly only helped men
● Made postal service ○ Women actually lost rights under Mahmud’s reforms
● Secularized charities ★ In the 1870’s onward, many Sultans were afraid of reform.
● Created European-style government ○ Sultan Abdulhamid exiled “Young Turks” who wanted reform
ministries ○ Created anger against minority groups
■ Led to massacre of 100,000-250,000 Armenian
Christians
■ Known as “Red Sultain”
○ Reform and industrialization halted
★ Will ally with the Central Powers entering WW1 … Russia?
66
 Reform Efforts in China

Opium Wars (1839-1842) Response to Reform

➢ Britain forced their way into China by importing opium from India
➢ China banned its sale and Britain declared war.
➢ Dowager Cixi, Youwei aunt, didn’t want reform and led a
➢ Easy victory for the industrialized British vs. non-industrialized China
coup to replace him.
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) ➢ She feared foreign influence and resisted new technology
➢ Largest rebellion in history, led by Hong Xiuquan who believed he was like railroad and telegraph.
the brother of Jesus Christ … little opium?? ➢ She did, however, realize the civil service exam was corrupt
➢ This was an an anti-Qing rebellion and got rid of the 2.500 year old institution.
Self - Strengthening Movement Europe and China:
➢ China’s reaction in the late 19th C. to the pressure to modernize (Qing
dynasty) ➢ Europe wanted China to change.
➢ Strengthen China by ➢ Helped China modernize despite Boxer Rebellion
○ Advancing military technology (1898-1899) against foreign include and Cixi’s conservatism
○ Manufacturing arms and ships … anti-western rebellion
➢ Set up diplomatic corps to interact with other nations ➢ China became so weak they had to accept protection from
➢ Customs to help collect taxes on imports and exports Western powers who in return wanted trade.
★ China must have a stable government that can collect taxes to remain. ○ 1911, China becomes a republic.
Hundred Days of Reform ○ US helped China resist encroachment from
➢ After China last a war to Japan, reformer Kang Youwei met with surrounding eras.
Emperor Guangxu and called for ○ China was slow to industrialize, still.
○ Abolition of civil service exam
○ Elimination of corruption
○ Establishment of Western style industrial, commercial, and
medical systems. 67
Resistance and Limits to Reform
Japan:
- 1871 Japan abolishes samurai
- Some served government as genros, some
resisted change
- Wanted to stay autonomous from central
government
- Tried to fight with government, and lost.
- Some reforms were more successful than others
- Education reforms improved literacy
- Economy rapidly industrialized
- Some democratic traits grew
- Free press
- Labor unions
- Individual liberties
Ottoman Empire - Tried to industrialize, but nervous leaders
who didn’t support reform hurt them.

China - Industrialized later. Conservative leaders became

more liberal, but reform took a while to spread.

Japan - Rapidly industrialized with the Meiji restoration

Conservative members of society resisted change.
.

68
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 5.9

The Effects of the Industrial Age of Society

Context: Industrialization changed the way people lived.

1. The middle class grew more comfortable

2. The poor worked and lived in awful conditions
3. Children Labored in Factories
4. Poor women spent less time at home
5. Middle-Class women felt stifled at home
6. People began seeking more entertainment and leisure
activities.

70
 5.9 - Effects of Urban Areas
For the first half of the 19th century, urban centers grew quickly with little planning by the government.

➔ Tenements Effects on class structure:

◆ Urban poor families crammed together into ➢ Industrialists and factory owners at
poorly built construction buildings often owned the top
by factory workers
➢ “White - collar” workers were those
● Located in slums who managed factory workers
● Polluted water supplies
○ Office managers, etc. had
● Open sewers were common some skill
● Diseases spread
➢ Growing middle class experienced
● Fire, Crime, and violence
higher standards of living
➔ Encouraged creation of fire and police
departments to keep the peace ○ This is what kept people
moving to cities
➔ Encouraged public health reform
◆ Better sewage systems ➢ Factory workers were the lowest
class( working class)
◆ Clean water
◆ Removing trash ○ Wages stayed low because
workers weren’t skilled
71
72
 5.9 - Changes to Industrial Life

Farm VS Factory Effects on Children Effect on women’s lives

❏ Families needed more
❏ Families used to spend their ❏ Different classes of women were affected
money, so children went to
work. differently.
days near each other
❏ Lower class women went to work in
❏ With Industrialization, factories.
❏ Working conditions were
people had to leave poor, and many children ❏ Mostly worked in coal and textile
their families and died. ❏ Were paid ½ of what men were paid.
neighborhoods. ❏ Middle - class women:
❏ Status symbol not to work
❏ Bored
❏ People had to get used to ❏ “Cult of Domesticity” - advertisers
glorifying the “housewife”
working on a schedule
❏ Perfect Children
❏ Exhaustion was ❏ Clean House
common ❏ Even more taxing for working
❏ Injury and death were women who had to work AND
common take care of the house
73
 5.9 - Changes to Industrial Life

Effects on Environment: Legacy of the Industrial Revolution

❖ Dependency on fossil fuels ➔ Mass production made goods cheaper, more
like coal, petroleum, and abundant, and gave more people more access
natural gas negatively ➔ People moved to cities
impacted the environment ◆ More crowding
◆ More crime
➔ Environmental degradation
❖ Factories produced: ➔ Workplace shifted from homes to factories
➢ Toxic air pollution ◆ Changed family life
➢ Smoke (smog and fog) ➔ Global inequalities increased
➢ Water pollution ◆ Industrialized states overtook non-industrialized
➢ Disease spread nations.
➔ Imperialism (desire for colonization to find
resources) grew.

74
75