HAZARDS AND RISK IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EIM STUDENTS
A Proposal
Presented to the Teachers of
Siocon National Science High School
As Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the strand
EIM-12
Researchers
Ethan Lavender Rosales John Lenard Tanoco
Mark Calabria Larry Supliano
Patrick Cloribel Inor Sailela
Charito Paghasian Jelo Mendoza
Jerry Estimada R.J. Lopie
Sabtuni Asul Mark Daniel Tagaloguin
Chapter I
Background of the Study
Electricity is used in many ways such as lighting, cooling, heating and it is use to
power or drive electrical equipment and machines. Electricity helps to facilitate economic
development and it is a well-known fact that electricity is essential to everyday life, without it
life will be boring both at home and at the work place. Electricity passes more easily through
some materials than others. Some substances such as metals generally offer very low
resistance to the flow of electric current and such materials are called “conductors.” Another
conductor which is usually overlooked is the surface or subsurface of the earth. While
insulator materials offer high resistance to the flow of electric current among the examples
are rubber, dry wood, plastic and clothing (Bakshi, and Bakshi, 2009).
Electricity normally travels in closed circuits, through a conductor, but sometimes a
person’s body which is an efficient conductor of electricity mistakenly becomes part of the
electric circuit. This can lead to an electrical shock. Electric shocks occur when a person’s
body completes the current path having both wires of an electric circuit, one wire of an
energized circuit, the ground and a metal part that accidentally becomes energized due to a
break in its insulation or another “conductor” that is carrying a current (Floyd, Rogers, and
Uzoka, 2008).
Circuit protection is very important in any electrical installation as it prevent fire
hazards. Circuit protection limit or stop the passage of current automatically in the event of
an overload, ground fault, or short circuit in the wiring system. Grounding in an electrical
system means intentionally providing a low-resistance path that connects to the earth. This
prevents the accumulation of voltages that could cause an electrical accident in an
installation. Grounding is normally a secondary protective measure to protect against electric
shock and it does not completely guarantee the person from a shock or be injured or killed by
an electrical current (Seip, 2000).
Despite the important of electricity in day to day life, Electricity is often referred to as a
“silent killer” because it cannot be tasted, seen, heard, or smelled. It is essentially invisible. It
is a destroyer of properties if not handle with respect. Electricity is invisible in nature and it is
long recognized as a serious hazard at residential, commercial areas, institutions of learning
and other places.
Cadick, Capelli-Schellpferffer and Neitzel (2006) said that in the late 1800s,hotels had to
place signs assuring their guests that electricity is harmless, but by late 1900s, signs had to be
hung to remind people that electricity is a hazard.
MacKinnon, (2010) said that the presence of electricity is increasing in modern live and
we ought to know that more electricity usage means more potential electrical hazards. Thus,
the researchers are motivated to study the effect of hazards and risks in EIM students’
performance in Siocon Science National High School.
Statement of the Problem
The goal of this study is to determine the effects of hazards and risks in electrical
installation and maintenance in the performance of EIM students in Siocon National Science
High School. Specifically it strives to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the students when analyzed by:
1.1 Gender;
1.2 Age;
1.3 Section?
2. What are the effect of the hazards and risks in students’ performance when analyzed by:
2.1 Confidence;
2.2 Academic?
3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of hazards and risks in students’
performance?
Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant difference between the effects of hazards and risks in students’
performance
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the hazards and risks in the
students’ performance. The study considers the students personal information such as their
name, gender, and age. The researcher limits the study to 50 EIM students only here in
Siocon National High School of school year 2017-2018. Each of the students is given a
questionnaire to answer. The respondents are selected from students in EIM to prevent bias
and get objective perception.
Significance of the Study
The study is to expect to be beneficial of the following:
Students- the result of this study will be a great help to the students for them to know the
hazards and risks to improve their skills.
Teacher- the result of this study will be a great advantage to the teachers, it enable them to
help the students determine hazards and risks in doing their performances.
Research-the result of the study will be a great opportunity to the researchers for them to be
knowledgeable enough about hazards and risks. Thus, this is considered that this study would
contribute useful information to mitigate the problem of students in performing installation.
Definition of Terms
Academic- is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their short or
long-term educational goals.
Confidence-as a state of being certain either that a hypothesis or prediction is correct or that
a chosen course of action is the best or most effective.
Electrical-operated by electricity and providing electricity
Electrician-is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of building, stationary
machines, and related equipment
Hazards-are an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target
Installation-a ceremony in which someone is put in an official or important job and
something that’s is put together and made ready for use
Maintenance-maintaining a electrical tools
Performance-in terms of student achievement using a variety of measure, both status and
growth related
Risk-is a risk to a person of death, shock or. Other injury caused directly or indirectly by
electricity
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Safety in any operation works best if the person or people in charge take a leading role
in managing safety and health. Many business enterprises have proven that good safety
management leads to increased productivity, and the same works for farms. By having a good
safety management program, you can avoid not only farm injuries, but also other incidents
that are costly, time consuming, stressful and inconvenient. This makes good economic sense.
In the performance of the EIM students’ they’ve learn a lot about the electrical safety in
workplace. Training, with regard to the proper interaction and for fore se able in appropriate
interaction with the electrical system, must be completed. The intent of the training is to
ensure that all affected personnel are able to understand when and how hazardous situations
can arise and how to best reduce the risk associated with those situations. Typically, training
for individuals interacting with electrical systems will include technical information
regarding hazards, hazardous situations, or both as well as information related to potential
failure modes that could affect risk. This type of training generally will be provided by a
trainer who has an in-depth understanding of electrical system design, as well as experience
in the field of adult education. Less technical training content could be appropriate in
situations in which only awareness of electrical hazards is needed to ensure that unqualified
personnel do not interact with the electrical system.
The electrical system must be analyzed in order to determine the appropriate PPE. Once
the appropriate PPE has been determined, personnel must maintain and use it as required in
order to ensure that residual risk remains at the desired level. In 2003, ConocoPhillips Marine
conducted a study demonstrating a large difference in the ratio of serious accidents and near
misses. This study was built on the original work of H.W. Heinrich back in 1931. The
Conoco study found that for every single fatality there are at least 300,000 at-risk behaviors,
defined as activities that are not consistent with safety programs, training and components on
machinery. These behaviors may include bypassing safety components on machinery or
eliminating a safety step in the production process that slows down the operator. With
effective machine safeguarding and training, at-risk behaviors and near misses can be
diminished. This also reduces the chance of the fatality occurring, since there is a lower
frequency of at-risk behaviors. Electricity flows more easily through some materials than
others. Some substances such as metals generally offer very little resistance to the flow of
electric current and are called “conductors.” A common but perhaps overlooked conductor is
the surface or subsurface of the earth. Glass, plastic, porcelain, clay, pottery, dry wood, and
similar substances generally slow or stop the flow of electricity. They are called “insulators.”
Even air, normally an insulator, can become a conductor, as occurs during an arc or lightning
stroke.
Pure water is a poor conductor. But small amounts of impurities in water like salt, acid,
solvents, or other materials can turn water itself and substances that generally act as
insulators into conductors or better conductors? Dry wood, for example, generally slows or
stops the flow of electricity. But when saturated with water, wood turns into a conductor. The
same is true of human skin. Dry skin has a fairly high resistance to electric current. But when
skin is moist or wet, it acts as a conductor. This means that anyone working with electricity in
a damp or wet environment needs to exercise extra caution to prevent electrical hazards.
Electricity travels in closed circuits, normally through a conductor. But sometimes a person’s
body an efficient conductor of electricity mistakenly becomes part of the 6 electric circuit.
This can cause an electrical shock. Shocks occur when a person’s body completes the current
path with: both wires of an electric circuit; one wire of an energized circuit and the ground; a
metal part that accidentally becomes energized due, for example, to a break in its insulation;
or another “conductor” that is carrying a current. When a person receives a shock, electricity
flows between parts of the body or through the body to a ground or the earth. An electric
shock can result in anything from a slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest. The
severity depends on the following: the amount of current flowing through the body, the
current’s path through the body, the length of time the body remains in the circuit, and the
current’s frequency.
Kouwenhoven, “Human Safety and Electric Shock,” Electrical Safety
Practices,Monograph, 112, Instrument Society of America, p. 93. November 1968).Burns are
the most common shock-related injury. An electrical accident can result in an electrical burn,
arc burn, thermal contact burn, or a combination of burns. Electrical burns are among the
most serious burns and require immediate medical attention. They occur when electric
current flows through tissues or bone, generating heat that causes tissue damage. Arc or flash
burns result from high temperatures caused by an electric arc or explosion near the body.
These burns should be treated promptly. Thermal contact burns are caused when the skin
touches hot surfaces of overheated electric conductors, conduits, or other energized
equipment. Thermal burns also can be caused when clothing catches on fire, as may occur
when an electric arc is produced. In addition to shock and burn hazards, electricity poses
other dangers. For example, arcs that result from short circuits can cause injury or start a fire.
Extremely high-energy arcs can damage equipment, causing fragmented metal to fly in all
directions. Even low-energy arcs can cause violent explosions in atmospheres that contain
flammable gases, vapors, or combustible dusts. When a person receives an electrical shock,
sometimes the electrical stimulation causes the muscles to contract. This “freezing” effect
makes the person unable to pull free of the circuit. It is extremely dangerous because it
increases the length of exposure to electricity and because the current causes blisters, which
reduce the body’s resistance and increases the current. The longer the exposure, the greater
the risk of serious injury. Longer exposures at even relatively low voltages can be just
as dangerous as short exposures at higher voltages. Low voltage does not imply low hazard.
In addition to muscle contractions that cause “freezing,” electrical shocks also can cause
involuntary muscle reactions. These reactions can result in a wide range of other injuries
from collisions or falls, including bruises, bone fractures, and even death. If a person is
“frozen” to a live electrical contact, shut off the current immediately. If this is not possible,
use boards, poles, or sticks made of wood or any other no conducting materials and safely
push or pull the person away from the contact. It’s important to act quickly, but remember to
protect yourself as well from electrocution or shock. A severe shock can cause considerably
more damage than meets the eye. A victim may suffer internal hemorrhages and destruction
of tissues, nerves, and muscles that aren’t readily visible. Renal damage also can occur. If
you or a coworker receives a shock, seek emergency medical help immediately.(Occupational
Safety and Health Administration John L. Henshaw, , 2002).Electricity is widely recognized
as a serious workplace hazard, exposing employees to electric shock, burns, fires, and
explosions. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 250 employees were killed by
contact with electric current in 2006. Other employees have been killed or injured in fires and
explosions caused by electricity. It is well known that the human body will conduct
electricity. If direct body contact is made with an electrically energized part while a similar
contact is made simultaneously with another conductive surface that is maintained at a
different electrical potential, a current will flow, entering the body at one contact point,
traversing the body, and then exiting at the other contact point, usually the ground. Each year
many employees suffer pain, injuries, and death from such electric shocks. Current through
the body, even at levels as low as 3 mill amperes, can also cause injuries of an indirect or
secondary injuries in which involuntary muscular reaction from the electric shock can cause
bruises, bone fractures and even death resulting from collisions or falls. Burns suffered in
electrical accidents can be very serious. These burns may be of three basic types: electrical
burns, arc burns, and thermal contact burns. Electrical burns are the result of the electric
current flowing in the tissues, and may be either skin deep or may affect deeper layers (such
as muscles and bones) or both. Tissue damage is caused by the heat generated from the
current flow; if the energy delivered by the electric shock is high, the body cannot dissipate
the heat, and the tissue is burned. Typically, such electrical burns are slow to heal. Arc burns
are the result of high temperatures produced by electric arcs or by explosions close to the
body. Finally, thermal contact burns are those normally experienced from the skin contacting
hot surfaces of overheated electric conductors, conduits, or other energized equipment. In
some circumstances, all three types of burns may be produced simultaneously. If the current
involved is great enough, electric arcs can start a fire. Fires can also be created by
overheating equipment or by conductors carrying too much current. Extremely high energy
arcs can damage equipment, causing fragmented metal to fly in all directions. In atmospheres
that contain explosive gases or vapors or combustible dusts, even low-energy arcs can cause
violent explosions.-09/electrical_safety_manual.pdf ) According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics, between 1992 and 2006,an average of 283 employees died per year from contact
with electric current. This downward trend (See page 18) is due, in major part, to 30 years of
highly protective OSHA regulation in the area of electrical installation, based on the NEC
and NFPA 70E standards. The final standard carries forward most of the existing
requirements for electrical installations, with the new and revised requirements intended as
fine tuning, introducing new technology along with other improvements in safety. By
complying with the final standard, employers will prevent unsafe electrical conditions from
occurring. While the number of deaths and injuries associated with electrical hazards has
declined, contact with electric current still poses a significant risk to employees in the
workplace, as evidenced by the numbers of deaths and serious injuries still occurring due to
contact with electric current. This final rule will help further reduce the number of deaths and
injuries associated with electrical hazards by providing additional requirements
Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter provides the research methodology of the study. This willdescribe the
subject of the study, specifically, the research locale, research design, respondent of the study
(that includes the sample and sampling procedure) research instruments, general procedure
(research procedure and data collection procedure) and the descriptive of how the data will be
analyzed.
Research Design
As it has been indicated earlier, the main purpose of this research is to know the
main purpose of this research is to know the hazards and risks in (EIM)Electrical Installation
and Maintenance students in Siocon National High School. So, to attain the intended
objectives, descriptive design is chosen as the research questions contain quantitative nature.
On top of this, it is believed that mixed methods provide better information to understand a
particular phenomenon under investigation than a single method ,as the failure of one method
could be compensated by the other. Since the present study is in tendent to respond to
research questions of quantitative and qualitative research, data collection and analysis
techniques from both methodologies will be implemented. Hence, descriptive research design
is chosen as it enables the researcher to describe the current situation of the study area.
Research Locale
This study will be conducted in Siocon National Science High School located at
Poblacion, Siocon ZDN. The school offers secondary education, junior and senior high. The
study focuses on the senior high school Grade 11-12 students under TVL tracks specially the
EIM students.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are the selected 50 grade 11-12 in TVL-EIM from simple
random sampling. Students evaluators are informed through a letter their rights to
confidentiality and anonymity. Their written consent is also facilitated and acknowledges,
indicating their willingness to take part of the study.
General Procedure
The procedure in the gathering of the data pertinent to this study includes the following:
1. Permission to conduct the study. The permission to conduct the study will be sought
form then adviser and subject teacher of the respondents. An initial communication was sent
to explain the research and aim of the study.
2. Identifying the Respondents. The respondents of the study are the selected fifty (50)
grade 11-12 EIM Students who know the hazards and risk in the students’ performance.
3. Evaluating the Questionnaires. The answered questionnaires will be checked by the
inquiry investigation and immersion and practical research II teachers.
4. Distribution of Questionnaires. Self-base assessment questionnaires are given to the
selected 50 grade 11-12 EIM students who know the hazards and risks in the students’
performance.
5. Receiving Questionnaires. The answered questionnaires will be collected and checked
whether the respondents have misunderstood the questions.
6. Gathering of Data. The information will be arranged in major and minor categories, such
thoughts were labeled, identified, recognized numerically and thematically with respect to the
original respondents. This will be tailed based on the data provided by the respondents and
analyzed basis of the result of the study.
7. Interpretation of Questionnaires. With the students who are present during the
interpretation of questionnaires in this manner. The respondents are informed whether the
researcher have misinterpreted the details.
Research Instruments
Modified survey questionnaires will be used in conducting the research study. The
questionnaires composed of 10 items which the respondents will identify the frequency of the
use of Facebook through the scale of 1 as strongly disagree and 5 as strongly agree.
Data Analysis
According to Moore and McCabe (2005) this is the type of research where by data
gathered is categorized in in themes, so as to be able to be comparable. A man advantage of
content analysis is that it helps in data collected being reduced and simplified while at the
same time producing results that may measure using quantitative techniques.
