Human Anatomy and Physiology 7th Edition Elaine Nicpon Marieb
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Human Anatomy and Physiology 7th Edition Elaine
Nicpon Marieb Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Elaine Nicpon Marieb
ISBN(s): 9780321372949, 0321372948
File Details: PDF, 130.46 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
Human Anatomy
& Physiology
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hydro, hydro- water dehydration, loss of body water meta- beyond, between, transition metatarsus, the part of the foot
hyper- excess hypertension, excessive tension between the tarsus and the phalanges
hypno- sleep hypnosis, a sleeplike state metro- uterus endometrium, the lining of the uterus
hypo- below, deficient hypodermic, beneath the skin; hypokalemia, micro- small microscope, an instrument used to make small objects
deficiency of potassium appear larger
hyster-, hystero- uterus or womb hysterectomy, removal of the mictur- urinate micturition, the act of voiding the bladder
uterus; hysterodynia, pain in the womb mito- thread, filament mitochondria, small, filament-like structures
ile- intestine ileum, the last portion of the small intestine located in cells
im- not impermeable, not permitting passage, not permeable mnem- memory anmesia
inter- between intercellular, between the cells mono- single monospasm, spasm of a single limb
intercal- insert intercalated discs, the end membranes between ad- morpho- form morphology, the study of form and structure or
jacent cardiac muscle cells organisms
intra- within, inside intracellulaJ; inside the cell multi- many multinuclea:t; having several nuclei
iso- equal, same isothermal, equal, or same, temperature mur- wall intramural ganglion, a nerve junction within an organ
jugul- throat jugular veins, prominent vessels in the neck muta- change mutation, change in the base sequence of DNA
juxta- near, close to juxtaglomerular apparatus, a cell cluster next myelo- spinal cord, marrow myeloblasts, cells of the bone marrow
to a glomerulus in the kidneys myo- muscle myocardium, heart muscle
karyo- kernel, nucleus karyotype, the assemblage of the nuclear nano- dwarf nanomete:t; one-billionth of a meter
chromosomes narco- numbness narcotic, a drug producing stupor or numbed
kera- hom keratin, the water-repellent protein of the skin sensations
kilo- thousand kilocalories, equal to 1000 calories nam- sodium atrial natriuretic peptide, a sodium-regulating hormone
kin-, kines- move kinetic energy, the energy of motion necro- death necrosis, tissue death
labi-,labri- lip labial frenulum, the membrane which joins the lip to neo- new neoplasm, an abnormal growth
the gum nephro- kidney nephritis, inflammation of the kidney
lact- mill< lactose, milk sugar neuro- nerve neurophysiology, the physiology of the nervous system
lacun- space, cavity, lake lacunae, the spaces occupied by cells of noci- harmful nociceptors, receptors for pain
cartilage and bone tissue nom- name innominate artery; innominate bone
lamell- small plate concentric lamellae, rings of bone matrix in noto- back notochord, the embryonic structure that precedes the
compact bone vertebral column
lamina layer, sheet basal lamina, part of the epithelial basement nucle- pit, kernel, little nut nucleus
membrane nutri- feed, nourish nutrition
lat- wide latissimus dorSi, a broad muscle of the back ob- before, against obstruction, impeding or blocking up
laten- hidden latent period of a muscle twitch oculo- eye monocula:t; pertaining to one eye
later- side lateral (directional term) odonto- teeth orthodontist, one who specializes in proper position-
leuko- white leukocyte, white blood cell ing of the teeth in relation to each other
leva- raise, elevate levator labii superioris, muscle that elevates up- olfact- smell olfactory nerves
per lip oligo- few oligodendrocytes, neuroglial cells with few branches
lingua- tongue lingual tonsil, adjacent to the tongue onco- a mass oncology, study of cancer
lip-, lipo- fat, lipid lipophage, a cell that has taken up fat in its 00- egg oocyte, precursor of female gamete
cytoplasm ophthalmo- eye ophthalmology, the study of the eyes and related
lith- stone cholelithiasis, gallstones disease
luci- clear stratum lucidum, clear layer of the epidermis orb- circular orbicularis oculi, muscle that encircles the eye
lumen light lumen, center of a hollow structure orcW- testis cryptorchidism, failure of the testes to descend into the
lut- yellow corpus luteum, a yellow, hormone-secreting structure in scrotum
the ovary org- living organism
lymph water lymphatic circulation, return of clear fluid to the ortho- straight, direct orthopedic, correction of deformities of the
bloodstream musculoskeletal system
macro- large macromolecule, large molecule osm- smell anosmia, loss of sense of smell
macula spot macula lutea, yellow spot on the retina osmo- pushing osmosis
magn- large foramen magnum, largest opening of the skull osteo- bone osteodermia, bony formations in the skin
mal- bad, abnormal malfunction, abnormal functioning of an organ oto- ear otoscope, a device for examining the ear
mamm- breast mammary gland, breast ov-, ovi- egg ovum, oviduct
mast- breast mastectomy, removal of a mammary gland oxy- oxygen oxygenation, the saturation of a substance with oxygen
mater mother dura mate:t; pia mate:t; membranes that envelop the pan- all, universal panacea, a cure-all
brain papill- nipple dermal papillae, projections of the dermis into the
meat- passage external acoustic meatus, the ear canal epidermal area
medi- middle medial (directional term) para- beside, near paranuclear, beside the nucleus
medull- marrow medulla, the middle portion of the kidney, adrenal pect-, pectus breast pectoralis majo:t; a large chest muscle
gland, and lymph node pelv- a basin pelvic girdle, which cradles the pelvic organs
mega- large megakaryocyte, large precursor cell of platelets peni- a tail penis; penile urethra
meio- less meiosis, nuclear division that halves the chromosome penna- feather unipennate, bipennate muscles, whose fascicles have
number a feathered appearance
melan- black meIanocytes, which secrete the black pigment melanin pent- five pentose, a 5-carbon sugar
men-, menstru- month menses, the cyclic menstrual flow pep-, peps-, pept- digest pepsin, a digestive enzyme of the stomach;
meningo- membrane meningitis, inflammation of the membranes peptic ulcer
of the brain perM, permea- through permeate; permeable
mer-, meroM, a part merocrine glands, the secretions of which do not peri- around perianal, situated around the anus
include the cell phago- eat phagocyte, a cell that engulfs and digests particles or
meso- middle mesoderm, middle germ layer cells
caput- head decapitate, remove the head ectop- displaced ectopic pregnancy; ectopic focus for initiation of
carcin- cancer carcinogen, a cancer-causing agent heart contraction
cardi-, cardio- heart cardiotoxic, harmful to the heart edem- swelling edema, accumulation of water in body tissues
cameo- flesh trabeculae cameae, ridges of muscle in the ventricles ef- away efferent nerve fibers, which carry impulses away from the
of the heart central nervous system
carot- (1) carrot, (2) stupor (1) carotene, an orange pigment; ejac- to shoot forth ejaculation of semen
(2) carotid arteries in the neck, blockage causes fainting embol- wedge embolus, an obstructive object traveling in the
cata- down catabolism, chemical breakdown bloodstream
caud- tail caudal (directional term) en-, em- in, inside encysted, enclosed in a cyst or capsule
cec- blind cecum of large intestine, a blind-ended pouch enceph- brain encephalitis, inflammation of the brain
cele- abdominal celiac artery, in the abdomen endo- within, inner endocytosis, taking particles into a cell
cephal- head cephalomete:t; an instrument for measuring the head entero- intestine enterologist, one who specializes in the study of
cerebro- brain, especially the cerebrum cerebrospinal, pertaining to intestinal disorders
the brain and spinal cord epi- over, above epidermis, outer layer of skin
cervic-, cervix neck cervix of the uterus erythr- red erythema, redness of the skin; erythrocyte, red blood cell
chiasm- crossing optic chiasma, where optic nerves cross eso- within esophagus
chole- bile cholesterol; cholecystokinin, a bile-secreting hormone eu- well euesthesia, a normal state of the senses
chondr- cartilage chondrogenic, giving rise to cartilage excret- separate excretory system
chrom- colored chromosome, so named because they stain darkly exo- outside, outer layer exophthalmos, an abnormal protrusion of
cill- small hair ciliated epithelium the eye from the orbit
circum- around circumnucleat; surrounding the nucleus extra- outside, beyond extracellular, outside the body cells of an
clavic- key clavicle, a /I skeleton key" organism
co-, con- together concentric, common centex; together in the center extrins- from the outside extrinsic regulation of the heart
coccy- cuckoo coccyx, which is beak-shaped fasci-, fascia- bundle, band superficial and deep fascia
cochlea snail shell the cochlea of the inner ear, which is coiled like a fenestr- window fenestrated capillaries
snail shell ferr- iron transferrin, ferritin, both iron-storage proteins
coel- hollow coelom, the ventral body cavity flagell- whip flagellum, the tail of a sperm cell
commis- united gray commissure of the spinal cord connects the flat- blow, blown flatulence
two columns of gray matter folli- bag, bellows hair follicle
concha shell nasal conchae, coiled shelves of bone in the nasal cavity fontan- fountain fontanels of the fetal skull
contra- against contraceptive, agent preventing conception foram- opening foramen magnum of the skull
como, cornu- hom stratum corneum, outer layer of the skin com- foss- ditch fossa ovalis of the heart; mandibular fossa of the skull
posed of (horny) cells gam-, gamet- married, spouse gametes, the sex cells
corona crown coronal suture of the skull gangli- swelling, or knot dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves
corp- body corpse, corpus luteum, hormone-secreting body in the gastr- stomach gastrin, a hormone that influences gastric acid secre-
ovary tion
cort- bark cortex, the outer layer of the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, gene beginning, origin genetics
and lymph nodes germin- grow germinal epithelium of the gonads
cost- rib intercostal, between the ribs gero-, geront- old man gerontology, the study of aging
crani- skull craniotomy, a skull operation gest- carried gestation, the period from conception to birth
crypt- hidden cryptomenorrhea, a condition in which menstrual glauc- gray glaucoma, which causes gradual blindness
symptoms are experienced but no externaIloss of blood occurs glom- ball glomeruli, clusters of capillaries in the kidneys
cusp- pointed bicuspid, tricuspid valves of the heart glosso- tongue glossopathy, any disease of the tongue
cutic- skin cuticle of the nail gluco-, glyco- gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from
cyan- blue cyanosis, blue color of the skin due to lack of oxygen noncarbohydrate molecules
cyst- sac, bladder cystitis, inflammation of the urinary bladder glute- buttock gluteus maximus, largest muscle of the buttock
cyt- cell cytology, the study of cells gnost- knowing the gnostic sense, a sense of awareness of self
de- undoing, reversal, loss, removal deactivation, becoming inactive gompho- nail gomphosis, the term applied to the joint between
decid- falling off deciduous (milk) teeth tooth and jaw
delta triangular deltoid muscle, roughly triangular in shape gon-, gono- seed, offspring gonads, the sex organs
den-, dent- tooth dentin of the tooth gust- taste gustatory sense, the sense of taste
dendr- tree, branch dendrites, telodendria, both branches of a neuron hapt- fasten, grasp hapten, a partial antigen
derm- skin dermis, deep layer of the skin hema-, hemato-, hemo- blood hematocyst, a cyst containing blood
desm- bond desmosome, which binds adjacent epithelial cells hemi- half hemiglossal, pertaining to one-half of the tongue
di- twice, double dimorphism, having two forms hepat- liver hepatitis, inflammation of the liver
dia- through., between diaphragm, the wall through or between two hetero- different or other heterosexuality, sexual desire for a person
areas of the opposite sex
dialys- separate, break apart kidney dialysis, in which waste prod- hiat- gap the hiatus of the diaphragm, the opening through which
ucts are removed from the blood the esophagus passes
diastol- stand apart cardiac diastole, between successive contrac- hippo- horse hippocampus of the brain, shaped like a seahorse
tions of the heart hirsut- hairy hirsutism, excessive body hair
diure- urinate diuretic, a drug that increases urine output hist- tissue histology, the study of tissues
dors- the back dorsal; dorsum; dorsiflexion holo- whole holocrine glands, whose secretions are whole cells
duc-, duct lead, draw ductus deferens which carries sperm from the homo, homo- same homeoplasia, formation of tissue similar to nor-
epididymis into the urethra during ejaculation mal tissue; homocentric, having the same center
dura hard dura matex; tough outer meninx hormon- to excite hormones
dys- difficult, faulty, painful dyspepsia, disturbed digestion humor- a fluid humoral immunity, which involves antibodies circu-
ec-, ex-, ecto- out, outside, away from excrete, to remove materials lating in the blood
from the body hyal- clear hyaline cartilage, which has no visible fibers
bout the uthors
We dedicate tIns work to our students both present and
past, who always inspire us to "push the envelope. "
given generously to provide opportunities for stu-
dents to further their education. She contributes to
the New Directions, New Careers Program at Holyoke
Community College by providing several full-tuition
scholarships each year for women who are returning
to college after a hiatus or attending college for the
first time and would be unable to continue their
studies without financial support. She funds the
E. N. Marieb Science Research Awards at Mount
Holyoke College, which promotes research by under-
graduate science majors, and has underwritten reno-
vation and updating of one of the biology labs in
Clapp Laboratory at that college. Dr. Marieb is also a
contributor to the University of Massachusetts at
Amherst where she generously provided funding for
reconstruction and instrumentation of a cutting-edge
cytology research laboratory that bears her name.
Elaine N. Marieb In 1994, Dr. Marieb received the Benefactor
For Elaine N. Marieb, taking the student's perspec- Award from the National Council for Resource Devel-
tive into account has always been an integral part of opment, American Association of Community Col-
her teaching style. Dr. Marieb began her teaching ca- leges, which recognizes her ongoing sponsorship of
reer at Springfield College, where she taught anatomy student scholarships, faculty teaching awards, and
and physiology to physical education majors. She other academic contributions to Holyoke Community
then joined the faculty of the Biological Science Di- College. In May 2000, the science building at Holyoke
vision of Holyoke Community College in 1969 after Community College was named in her honor.
receiving her Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Dr. Marieb is an active member of the Human
Massachusetts at Amherst. While teaching at Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the
Holyoke Community College, where many of her American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
students were pursuing nursing degrees, she devel- ence (AAAS). Additionally, while actively engaged as
oped a desire to better understand the relationship an author, Dr. Marieb serves as a consultant for the
between the scientific study of the human body and Benjamin Cumrnings/A.D.A.M.® InterActive Physi-
the clinical aspects of the nursing practice. To that ology® CD-ROM series. This text-Human Anatomy
end, while continuing to teach full time, Dr. Marieb & Physiology, Seventh Edition-is the latest ex-
pursued her nursing education, which culminated in pression of her commitment to the needs of students
a Master of Science degree with a clinical specializa- in their pursuit of the study of A&P.
tion in gerontology from the University of Massa- When not involved in academic pursuits, Dr.
chusetts. It is this experience, along with stories from Marieb is a world traveler and has vowed to visit
the field-including those of former students now in every country on this planet. Shorter term, she serves
health careers-that has informed the development on the board of directors of the famed Marie Selby
of the unique perspective and accessibility for which Botanical Gardens and on the scholarship committee
her texts and laboratory manuals are known. of the Women's Resource Center of Sarasota County.
In her ongoing commitment to students and her She is an enthusiastic supporter of the local arts and
realization of the challenges they face, Dr. Marieb has enjoys a competitive match of doubles tennis.
iv About the Authors
Katja Hoehn
Dr. Katja Hoehn is an instructor in the Department of During her 11 years at Mount Royal College, Dr.
Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Sciences at Hoehn has received numerous awards including a
Mount Royal College in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Hoehn PanCanadian Educational Thchnology Faculty Award
received her M.D. (with Distinction) from the Univer- (1999), a Thaching Excellence Award from the Stu-
sity of Saskatchewan, and her Ph.D. in Pharmacology dent's Association of Mount Royal College (2001),
from Dalhousie University. Dr. Hoehn has been a con- and the Mount Royal College Distinguished Faculty
tributor to several books and has written numerous Teaching Award (2004). She is also actively involved
research papers in Neuroscience and Pharmacology. in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society
In 1991, the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation (HAPS). When not teaching, Dr. Hoehn likes to
presented her with the Max Forman (Jr.) Prize for ex- spend time outdoors with her husband and two
cellence in medical research. During her Ph.D. and boys, compete in triathlons, and play Irish flute.
postdoctoral studies, Dr. Hoehn pursued her love of
teaching by presenting guest lectures to first- and
second-year medical students at Dalhousie University
and at the University of Calgary.
s educators, clinically trained individuals, For this edition, as for those preceding it, feedback
and perennial students, we are continually from both student and instructor reviews indicated
challenged by the learning mind. What areas of the text that needed to be revised for clarity,
works best to get students over conceptual timeliness, and just plain reduction of verbal meati-
hurdles and to help them apply new information to ness. Overall, feedback was positive, verifying that the
the world they personally understand? Our clinical approach of explaining fundamental principles and
backgrounds have served our teaching and writing unifying themes fust as a strong base for all that comes
purposes well. Perhaps even more important, our clin- later is still viable. Furthermore, it is clear that backing
ical experience has allowed us to view our presenta- up these explanations with comfortable analogies and
tions through our students' eyes and from the vantage familiar examples enhances the students' understand-
points of their career interests. ing of the workings of the human body.
Unifying Themes are integrated with the text to clarify and illuminate
normal functioning, not as an end in and of them-
Three integrating themes that organized, unified, and selves. For example, Chapter 19, which deals with
set the tone of the fust edition of this text continue to the structure and function of blood vessels, explains
be valid and are retained in this edition. These how the ability of healthy arteries to expand and recoil
themes are: ensures continuous blood flow and proper circulation.
The chapter goes on to discuss the effects on homeo-
Interrelationships of body organ systems. The fact stasis when arteries lose their elasticity: high blood
that nearly all regulatory mechanisms require inter- pressure and all of its attendant problems. These
action of several organ systems is continuallyempha- homeostatic imbalances are indicated visually by a
sized. For example, Chapter 25, which deals with purple symbol with a fulcrum.
the structure and function of the urinary system,
discusses the vital importance of the kidneys not only
in maintaining adequate blood volume to ensure
n
Whenever students see the imbalance Syrilbol in
normal blood circulation, but also in continually text, the concept of disease as a loss of homeostasis
adjusting the chemical composition of blood so that is reinforced.
all body cells remain healthy. The unique Making
Complementarity of structure and function. Stu-
Connections feature is the culmination of this ap-
dents are encouraged to understand the structure of
proach and should help students think of the body as
an organ, a tissue, .or a cell as a prerequisite to com-
a dynamic community of interdependent parts
prehending its function. Concepts of physiology are
rather than as a number of isolated structural units.
explained and related to structural characteristics
Homeostasis. The normal and most desirable condi- that promote or allow the various functions to occur.
tion of body functioning is homeostasis. Its loss or For example, the lungs can act as a gas exchange site
destruction always leads to some type of pathology- because the walls of their air sacs present an incredibly
temporary or permanent. Pathological conditions thin barrier between blood and air.
HALLMARK FEATURES
Color-coded
chapter and
unit tabs help
Illustrated tables
summarize complex
information and serve
--
No, b.rt adin and myosin
filarn;ent$arepr~i:ht'ough-
01A; dentI:e bodies ani!hor
_ f l.......
"";only-
students find in- as a "one-stop
formation quickly shopping" study tool.
and easily.
vi
it! HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium,
roughens the serous membrane surfaces. Conse-
Homeostasis icons alert the students quentl~ as the beating heart rubs against its pericar-
to consequences of body systems not dial sac, it creates a creaking sound (pericardial fric-
functioning optimally. tion rub) that can be heard with a stethoscope.
Pericarditis is characterized by pain deep to the ster-
num. Over time, it may lead to adhesions in which
the visceral and parietal pericardia stick together and
impede heart activity. In severe cases, the situation
~~-----3-1-8----U-N-IT--2-~--~-(-lng-,-S-up-p-ort-,-an-d-M-o-ve-m-e-n!-O-f-th-e-BO-d-Y--~~--------------~~ amounts of inflammatory fluid
pericardial cavity. This excess fluid
heart, limiting its ability to pump
SYSTEM CONNECTIONS: Homeostatic Interrelationships Between the Muscular
System and Other Body Systems in which the heart is com-
• Nervous system stimulates and regulates muscle
activity
is called cardiac tamponade
Endocrine System
literally, "heart plug." Physicians
• Growth hormone C1nd androgens Influence skeletal
muscle strength and mass; other hormones help regu-
a syringe into the pericardial cav-
late cardIac and smooth muscle activity
the excess fluid.•
Cardiovascular System
• Skeletal muscle activity Increases efficiency of cardio-
vascular functionIng; helps prevent atherosclerosis
and causes cardiac hypertrophy
• Cardiovascular system delivers needed oxygen and
nutrients to muscles
Lymphatic System/lmmunity
• Physical exercise may enhance or depress immunity
depending on its intensity
• 4'mphaticvessels drain leaked tissue fluids; Immune
system protects muscles from disease
Respiratory System
• ~~~~~~~~~;n~a~~~e'~~1rum~~~~-----L-----------------------------------------------3-1-9----'
• RespIratory system provides Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue
carbon dIoxide
Digestive System
vii
.Ji. .
~
PEDAGOGICALLY DRIVEN ART
Art plays a critical role in helping students visualize each piece. This prevents the student from being
anatomical and physiological concepts. In science overwhelmed and confused by concept overload.
texts, where page count is always an important Size is also a consideration when crystallizing
consideration, the tendency is to try to make each pedagogically effective art. Art that is too small
piece of art "say" as much as it can. Realizing this, an lacks significance, and students tend to skip over or
important aspect of the art conception for this text neglect it. Hence, our art program provides the
has been restraint-limiting the information to one or largest visuals deemed possible to depict and eluci-
at most two major concepts to be taught or clarified by date a given concept.
-"'r-~-Dlrection of
<D Blood returning to - - - - . ..... blood flow
the heart fills atria,
putting pressure against Atrium
atriovenlriaJlar valves;
atrioventricular valves are ~----Cusp of
forced open. atrioventricular
® As ventricles fill, valve
atrioventricular valve flaps
Process art hang fimply into ventricles. ~~-Chordae
@) Atria contract, forcing tendineae
breaks down additional blood into Ventricle
complex ventricles.
processes into
a series of (a)
cle~ easy-to-
follow steps. ~Atrium
~~."..--CUsp$of
<D Ventricles contract, aIriovenIricuIa
valve
forcing blood against
atrioventricular valve cusps.
® Atrioventricular valves close.
@) Papfllary muscles contract-~~~-A~
and chordae tendineae ,,\1r:,-.--8tood in
tighten, preventing venlricla
valve flaps from
everting Into atria
viii
'" .
n~
~-I'ect(lI'a1iB major
Serratus "nt._r·_ _
L----Unea alba
Upgraded Muscle Gallery
art presents a more realistic
view of muscles. ---Tendinous intersection
Transversus abdomlll1ls--
>----I~~8abdomlnI8
Internal oblique
External ODI~~ue---
the external
oblique
(8)
Factual material updates. A major undertalting of their accessibility to students. Although information
this edition, as in earlier editions, was to update the changes even as a textbook goes to press, be assured
factual material and topic boxes in all subject areas-a that this intent and responsibility was carried out to
monumental task that demands painstalting selectiv- the best of our ability.
ity. Certain areas are updated in every edition- Reorganization of specific chapters and topics.
immunity, cell signaling, and the offerings of genetic Chapter 15 (The Special Senses) has been reorga-
engineering-and this edition is no exception. How- nized. Vision, smell, and taste, having similar trans-
eve~ other subjects of study are also attended to as ap- duction mechanisms, are discussed in sequence,
propriate for the changing literature. Specific examples beginning with vision, which is the best understood.
from nervous system Chapters 11 and 12 illustrate In response to reviewers' comments, the sequence of
this trend: Information on neurotransmitters has been physiological events in skeletal muscle contractions
updated, the brain's processing of language now has its has been reordered in Chapter 9.
own section, and the structure of voltage-gated ion
channels in figures is now depicted more realistically Revised art. Every piece of art in the book has been
according to recent Nobel Prize-winning research. examined and the color palette has been revised to
Chapter 12 also features a new Closer Look box on provide art that has richer, more organic color. Many
"mad cow" disease and its human equivalent, pieces have been touched up to enhance their detail
Creutzfeldt-Jal{ob disease. Chapters 24 (Nutrition, and many new views have been added. Many physi-
Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation) and ology figures have been rerendered to reflect recent
29 (Heredity) also received some substantial attention. research on functional processes. As before, the art
In Chapter 24, current diets are compared and as- has a consistent color protocol to encourage auto-
sessed and the long-term role of leptin in feeding be- matic learning. Every time you see an ATP starburst
havior and satiety is explored. Chapter 29 now has a it is bright yellow; oxygen is red; cellular cytoplasm is
new section, Beyond DNA: Regulation of Gene Ex- routinely beige; and so on.
pression that showcases new research findings on the Photo usage. Additionally, there are many more
importance of chromatin proteins and small RNAs in photomicrographs and clinical photos in this edi-
directing our genetic heritage. tion, and many of those retained from earlier editions
Throughout the book, figures of G protein- have been upsized. As pointed out by a conscientious
mediated second-messenger systems have been up- reviewer, "If you can't see it clearly, then it's not
dated and each step numbered in sequence, enhancing worth having."
ix
, 'I'
"jllllif ,,' ,;4,""" ',,' "j'''1''lL'''o'"9 "","","*"
&'-"".'"
x
New! Step Edit art facilitates step-by-step
presentation of complex topics. You can now customize
each step by editing, removing, resizing, or highlighting
the labels and leaders.
--
_lIJlIII$,_1O
Ibo-..
-.
Here ......
PAGE 4 F 13 Ibo_""''''''''bylls
Whole Skeletal Muscle
xi
MyA&P™ WebCT and Blackboard Course
Course Management System Management Systems
These new WebCT and Blackboard cartridges no
(www.MyAandP.com) longer require student access codes, so getting stu-
Powered by CourseCompass, MyA&P™ now dents online is easier than ever. Both cartridges in-
provides full integration of all media with powerful clude all of the content found in The A&P Place
course management tools. Each chapter contains (open-access version).
relevant tutorials and exercises from InterActive
Physiology®, Anatomy 3600™, and PhysioEx™ as Instructor's Guide to
well as links to the complete E-book version of the
text. Students can also access the online component Text and Media (0-8053-7379-9)
of Get Ready for A&P (please see description under This fully revised Guide includes detailed objectives,
Supplements for the Student). In addition, MyA&P™ lecture outlines, activities,online media resources,
includes self-study quizzes, anatomy labeling answers to End-of-Chapter Questions, and Inter-
exercises, a new histology tutorial, animations, Active Physiology® Exercise Sheets and answer
games and tutorials, case studies, a glossary, and key. All the illustrations from the text are indexed
IJI--_••
flashcards. An access kit is automatically packaged
with each new copy of the text.
as thumbnails in the Visual Resource Guide so
instructors can easily locate and make the best
use of the available media.
The Anatomy &
Physiology Place Printed Test Bank (0-8053-7378-0)
Web Site Computerized Test Bank (0-8053-7381-0)
With more than 3600 test questions, this Test Bank
(www.anatomyandphysiology.com) has been updated with new and revised questions
The A&P Place offers all the same that cover all major topics at a range of difficulty
premium content as MyA&P™ in levels. All questions in the printed Test Banl{ are
'------------' a simplified course web site. Each available in electronic format through both the
chapter contains relevant tutorials and exercises Media Manager CD-ROM, as Word files, and the
from InterActive Physiology®, Anatomy 3600™, TestGen-EQ CD-ROM. Both electronic options are
and PhysioEx ™as well as links to the complete cross-platform and allow instructors to easily gener-
E-book version of the text. Students can also ate and customize tests.
access the online component of Get Ready for
A&P (please see a description under Supplements
for the Student). In addition, The A&P Place
Transparency Acetates (0-8053-7374-8)
includes self-study quizzes, anatomy labeling This package includes all illustrations, photos, and
exercises, a new histology tutorial, animations, tables from the text-approximately 800 images-
games and tutorials, case studies, a glossary, and with labels that have been enlarged for easy viewing
flashcards. Instructors can now track student in the classroom or lecture hall.
progress with the new Gradebook feature. An
access kit is automatically packaged with each new Human Anatomy & Physiology
copy of the text. Laboratory Manuals
Elaine N. Marieb's three widely used and acclaimed
laboratory manuals complement this textbook and
are designed to meet the varying needs of most
laboratory courses: Human Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual: Cat Version, Eighth Edition
Update; Main Version, Seventh Edition Update;
and Pig Version, Eighth Edition Update. Included
with each laboratory manual is the PhysioEx™
6.0 CD-ROM and a registration code for online
access. PhysioEx™ 6.0 features 12 experiments
and a redesigned Histology Thtorial.
xii
SUPPLEMENTS FOR THE STUDENT
_._tlliS. . . .
Ihe ..aputa. _ _ lhe_oflhe lOnII_iSlhe _ _ 1he
locations, and concepts. 1IIenoIlI_. """,lOiS 8 $Ing!e_ftlr1lJlS_·1he1Odlal
Based on real data from iS.'"~Ihe_"""regiOnas_as
1he_.tSa _ _ Ql _ _ allhee_(\!lIlll<Qlwelilll
xiii
--MyA&PTM ent learning styles and call on students to develop
their critical-thinking abilities. The three major
and sections, Building the Framework, Challenging
The Anatomy & Yourself, and Covering All Your Bases, help students
Physiology Place build a base of knowledge using recall, reasoning,
and imagination that can be applied to solving prob-
Web Site lems in both clinical and nonclinical situations.
Please see Supplements for
Instructors for a description.
The Tutor Center
Free tutoring is available to students with a valid
New! Get Ready for A&P MyA&P™ course ID number from their instructor.
(0-8053-8284-4 ) The TUtor Center is staffed with qualified A&P
This new workbook and online component was instructors who can tutor students on all the materi-
created to help students be better prepared for their als covered in the text. TUtoring content is restricted
A&P course. This hands-on workbook helps students to the text material, and tutors will discuss only
get up to speed in their knowledge of basic study answers that are provided in the textbook. After an
skills, math review, basic chemistry, cell biology, instructor authorizes student access to this service,
anatomical terminology, and the human body. students can contact the TUtor Center by phone,
Features include pre-tests, guided explanations email, fax, or the Internet. The Tutor Center is
followed by interactive quizzes and exercises, and open five days a week. For more information, visit
end-of-chapter cumulative tests. The online com- www.aw-bc.com/tutorcenter.
ponent includes a gradeable diagnostic pre-test and
post-test, self-study quizzes with feedback, anima-
tions and links, a glossary, and flashcards. It is Additional Supplements Available
available via MyA&P™ and The Anatomy & from Benjamin Cummings
Physiology Place. AD.AM. ® Interactive Anatomy Student
Lab Guide, Third Edition
A Brief Atlas of the Human Body, By Mark Lafferty and Samuel Panella
Second Edition (0-8053-7373-X) AD.AM. ® Interactive Anatomy Student Package
Revised for the seventh edition, this full-color atlas AD.AM.® Anatomy Practice
is bundled free with every new copy of the text, and Human Cadaver Dissection Videos
includes 107 bone and 47 soft-tissue photographs By Rose Leigh Vmes, et al.
with easy-to-read labels. This new edition of the Student Video Series for Human Anatomy &
atlas contains a brand-new, comprehensive histology Physiology, Volume 1
photomicrograph section featuring over 50 slides of
basic tissue and organ systems. Featuring photos Student Video Series for Human Anatomy &
taken by renowned biomedical photographer Ralph Physiology, Volume 2
Hutchings, this high-quality photographic atlas Anatomy Flashcards
makes an excellent resource for the classroom and By Glenn Bastian
laboratory; and is referenced in appropriate figure Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook:
legends throughout the text. A Complete Study Guide, Eighth Edition
By Elaine N. Marieb
The Anatomy & Physiology The Physiology Coloring Book, Second Edition
Place CD-ROM (0-8053-7383-7) By Wynn Kapit, Robert I. Macey, Esmail Meisami
Contains all the resources found on The Anatomy The Anatomy Coloring Book, Third Edition
& Physiology Place Web Site, and can be packaged By Wynn Kapit and Lawrence M. Elson
with the text for no additional charge. A Color Atlas of Histology
By Dennis Strete
Study Guide (0-8053-7305-5) Histology for the life Sciences
By Allen Bell and Victor Eroshenko
Revised to accompany the Seventh Edition of
Human Anatomy & Physiology, the study guide Contact your Benjamin Cummings sales representative or
offers a wide variety of exercises that address differ- your campus bookstore for more information.
xiv
Preface to the Student
his book is written for you. In a way, it is written that can be applied to your daily life. The Making
by you (students) because it incorporates your Connections feature includes three elements to sup-
suggestions, answers to questions most often port your studies: System Connections recaps the in-
asked, and explanations that have produced the formation that you should know when you complete
greatest success in helping you learn about the each body system; Closer Connections broadens
human body. Human anatomy and physiology is your horizon and enriches your understanding of the
more than just interesting-it is fascinating. To help system being studied-you mayor may not have
get you involved in the study of this exciting subject, covered all of its concepts; and Clinical Connections
a number of special features are incorporated challenges you to apply your learning to clinical sit-
throughout the book. uations. Please use this feature; it will help you to
The tone of this book is intentionally informal learn this subject.
and unintimidating. There is absolutely no reason Each chapter begins with an outline of its major
that you can't enjoy your learning task. This book is topics (and their page references), with specific learn-
meant to be a guide to the understanding of your ing objectives listed for each topic. Important terms
own body, not an encyclopedia of human anatomy within the chapter text are bold-faced (in dark type),
and physiology. We have tried to be selective about and phonetic spellings are provided for terms that are
the information included and have chosen facts that likely to be unfamiliar to you. To use these phonetic
stress essential concepts. Physiological concepts are aids, you will need to remember the following rules:
explained thoroughly; abundant analogies are used 1. Syllables are separated by dashes.
and examples are taken from familiar events when-
2. Accent marks follow stressed syllables. Primary
ever possible.
stress is shown by , and secondary stress by ".
The illustrations and tables are designed with
your learning needs in mind. The tables are sum- 3. Unless otherwise noted, assume that vowels at
maries of important information in the text and the ends of syllables are long. Assume that all other
should be valuable resources for reviewing for an vowels are short unless a bar, indicating a long vowel
exam. In all cases, the figures are referenced where sound, appears above them.
their viewing would be most helpful in understand- For example, the phonetic spelling of "throm-
ing the text. Those depicting physiological mecha- bophlebitis" is throm"bo-fleh-bi'tis. The fourth sylla-
nisms often use the flowchart format so that you can ble (bi') receives the greatest stress, and the first sylla-
see where you've been and where you're going. Addi- ble (throm") gets the secondary stress. The "0" in the
tionally, many figures come equipped with questions second syllable and "i" in the fourth syllable are long.
that will help you to interpret the figures or to apply Further explanation of the pronunciation system can
and integrate what you have learned. (Answers are be found at the beginning of the Glossary.
provided at the bottom of the same page.) Special Any exam causes anxiety. To help you prepare
topic boxes, called A Closer Look, alert you to ad- for an exam or comprehend the material you have
vances in medicine or present scientific information just read, thorough summaries complete with page
Other documents randomly have
different content
Melkein yhtä tärkeä kuin tämä esityö oli v. Celsen Ruotsia
koskevain paavillisten bullain sisällysluettelo, joka ilmestyi vuonna
1782. Mutta itse bullat olivat niinkuin useat muutkin
asiakirjakokoelmat vielä julkaisematta ja itse ruotsalaisille jotenkin
tuntemattomia. Nordin sanoo lausunnossaan kansliakolleegiolle 4. p.
huhtik. 1783: kuninkaallisessa kirjastossa säilytetyt diploomit tunnen
vain registeristä, joka niistä on tehty. Ne ovat suurimmaksi osaksi
kopioidut herrojen Örnhjelmin ja Peringsköldin toimesta ja olen minä
nähnyt jäljennökset Kuninkaallisessa Antikviteettiarkistossa.[339]
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