Experiment 1
1. What is an electroscope, and what is it used for?
An electroscope is a device used to detect and measure electric charges.
2. How does an electroscope detect electric charges?
It detects charges by the movement of its leaves, which respond to electrostatic forces.
3. What are the main parts of a basic electroscope, and what is the role of each part?
The main parts are a metal rod (conducts charge), gold or aluminum leaves (indicate charge), and an
insulated container (prevents interference).
4. Why do the leaves of an electroscope spread apart when a charged object is brought near?
The leaves spread apart due to the repulsion of like charges induced or transferred to them.
5. What happens to the leaves of an electroscope if you bring a positively charged object
near it?
The leaves may spread apart further if they have the same charge or collapse slightly if they have the
opposite charge.
6. How can you tell if an electroscope is positively or negatively charged?
By bringing a known charge close to the electroscope and observing the leaf movement.
7. Explain what happens when you touch a charged electroscope with your hand.
The charge is grounded through your body, and the leaves collapse as the electroscope becomes neutral.
8. What is the difference between charging by contact and charging by induction with an
electroscope?
Charging by contact transfers charge directly, while induction rearranges charge without physical
contact.
9. Why do the leaves of an electroscope collapse when the charge is removed?
The absence of charge eliminates the repulsive force between the leaves.
10. Can you use an electroscope to determine the type of charge on an unknown object? If
so, how?
Yes, by observing leaf behavior after bringing a known charged object near the electroscope.
Page 1 of 2
Vision: “To educate each individual to reach his/her full potential in a sustainable and caring community that
fosters excellence and responsibility”
Experiment 2
1. What is a full bridge rectifier, and what is its primary function?
A full bridge rectifier converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) using four diodes.
2. How does a full bridge rectifier differ from a half-wave rectifier?
A full bridge rectifier uses both halves of the AC waveform, whereas a half-wave rectifier uses only one
half.
3. What components are required to build a full bridge rectifier?
A full bridge rectifier requires four diodes and a load resistor.
4. Can you explain the working principle of a full bridge rectifier?
The diodes conduct in pairs during each half-cycle of AC input to allow current flow in a single direction
through the load.
5. Why are four diodes used in a full bridge rectifier circuit?
Four diodes are used to create two conductive paths for each half-cycle of the AC input.
6. What is the role of each diode in the full bridge rectifier during one complete AC cycle?
Two diodes conduct during the positive half-cycle, and the other two conduct during the negative
half-cycle to maintain unidirectional current.
7. How does a full bridge rectifier convert AC input into DC output?
It reverses the polarity of the negative half-cycle of the AC input, aligning both halves into a unidirec-
tional flow.
8. What is the purpose of a filter capacitor in a full bridge rectifier circuit?
A filter capacitor smoothens the pulsating DC output by reducing voltage ripple.
9. How would you calculate the output DC voltage of a full bridge rectifier?
The output DC voltage is approximately VDC = Vpeak − 2Vdiode , where Vdiode is the forward voltage
drop of each diode.
10. What are some common applications of full bridge rectifiers?
Full bridge rectifiers are used in power supplies, battery chargers, and DC motor drives.
Page 2 of 2
Vision: “To educate each individual to reach his/her full potential in a sustainable and caring community that
fosters excellence and responsibility”
