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Criminal Law General India Law
Capital Punishment and Executions
May 28, 2019 6036 0
This article is written by Diganth Raj Sehgal, Student, School of Law, Christ
University, Bangalore. The author in this article discusses capital punishment in
India and modes of execution in India and around the world.
Introduction
Capital punishment or death penalty or death sentence is a form of punishment
which allows for the person who is convicted to be killed by the state. Such
punishment has to be sanctioned by the government and is an extension of the
deterrence theory of punishment which aims at deterring the commission of crime
by imposing severe punishments as consequences. The crimes that are punishable
by death are serious and heinous offences such as murder, terrorism, mass killings,
treason and espionage, war crimes and crimes against humanity or against the
state.
Under the Indian Penal Code, death sentence as a punishment is given under
Section 53. But such punishment is very scantily used in India. In the case of
Bachan Singh vs. State of Punjab (1980) (2 SCC 684), among other cases, it was
made clear by the courts that Capital punishment in India can be given only in the
rarest of rare cases. These precedents of Capital punishment law have also laid
down the aggravating and mitigating factors to be considered before awarding a
death sentence.
Even though this punishment is rarely executed, it is still awarded more often than
expected. Often people of different classes, castes, genders, social status are
treated differently. On several accounts, it can be seen that person from a lower
socio-economic background, who cannot afford proper legal services are at the
receiving end of such punishment.
To know more about death penalty in India and related landmark
judgements, please watch the video below:
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Position of the Indian law on capital punishment
It was famously said by Emperor Ashoka “State should not punish with vengeance“.
It is said that by killing a person who is convicted of murder, the state is in a way
avenging the death of the victim, which is not the purpose of punishments.
Death penalty has been a mode of punishment since time immemorial. There are
several contradicting opinions in the modern world on capital punishment and its
place in the legal system. Some argue on religious grounds claiming that humans
cannot take life of another, a person’s sins will be acknowledged by God. Others
look at it in light of humanity and morality claiming that everyone has the right to
life and the state should not be allowed to have a say in whose right to life can be
waived.
In India, the punishment system followed is primarily a combination of reformation
(aims at reformation of the convict through the punishment so as to make them
contributing members of the society) and deterrence (aims at stopping the
commission of the crime due to the heavy consequences which follow it). This is
where the concept of capital punishment is questioned claiming that capital
punishment is a form of retribution that is the idea of ‘an eye for an eye’ and so by
killing the person who has killed, the system is not in concurrence with the theories
it aims to follow.
The Law Commission of India also took up this subject suo moto and discussed that
the death sentence must be abolished and laid down the exception of cases of
terrorism. Further, when such recommendations were not heeded to, the Law
Commission report stated that looking at the present technological and medical
advancements, at the least, the mode of execution must be changed from the
present mode of hanging.
“We find that there is a considerable body of opinion which would like hanging to be
replaced by something more humane and more painless…in carrying out this task
the Commission did not confine itself to the four main methods of execution, (lethal
gas, shooting, electrocution, guillotine). It persuaded enquiry whether there was
any method still untried that would inflict death as painless and certain as hanging
but with greater decency and without the degrading and barbarous association with
which hanging is tainted…”
The commission report also mentioned the 1949-1953 report of the Royal
Commission on Capital Punishment which stated the three conditions which should
be fulfilled in executing the death sentence, which are-
1. it should be as less painful as possible;
2. it should be as quick as possible;
3. there should be the least mutilation of the body
At present, the death penalty as a punishment, as discussed above, is awarded only
in the rarest of the rare cases. If the lower courts award a death sentence, the
same has to be confirmed by the High Court. The decision can be appealed to the
Supreme Court, then a review petition can be filed, followed by a curative and
mercy petitions. The Supreme Court has also laid down that the order for the
execution of a person cannot be given before the person has exhausted all available
remedies.
Prisoners under death row are persons and have a right to dignity under article 21
of the Constitution. They also hold the right to study while in custody and it is
mandatory for them to get regular health check-ups. They also have a right to
defence and if they cannot afford a lawyer, it is the duty of the state to appoint a
counsel. Therefore, it is important, in keeping with their fundamental rights that the
execution of the sentence awarded to them is quick and simple and after allowing
them to employ all legal resources.
To know more about the evolution of capital punishment in India and who all
are excluded from capital punishment, please watch the video below:
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Arguments for and against capital punishment
Arguments for capital punishment
1. Prevents convicted killers from killing again
The death penalty guarantees that convicted murderers will never kill again. There
have been countless cases where convicts sentenced to life in prison have murdered
other inmates and/or prison guards.
2. Maintains justice
This type of punishment maintains justice in society. It is said, “life is sacred and
innocent lives should be valued over the lives of killers.” Innocent victims who have
been murdered and in some cases, tortured, had no choice in their untimely and
cruel death should be given justice by punishing the offenders.
3. Historically recognized
Historians, Jurists and constitutionalists agree that the death penalty was an
acceptable and permissible form of punishment for premeditated murder and should
be given to the offenders who commit murders of innocent people
4. Offenders are Beyond Reform
If the offenders such as terrorists etc who, by their acts, inflict harm on a large
number of people on the society and the community has a possibility of any future
harm or threat, then the concept of capital punishment is justified.
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Arguments against
1. Not proven to deter crime
There’s no concrete evidence showing that the death penalty actually deters crime.
Some people do not have any deterrence by the death of those who have given
capital punishment. In such a case, capital punishment has no benefit.
2. Retributive idea
There is an idea of ‘eye for an eye’ that if a person commits a murder, then he also
should be murdered but if reformation is the aim, then the capital punishment is of
no use.
3. More expensive than imprisonment
Contrary to popular belief, the death penalty is actually more expensive than
keeping an offender in prison, even for life. While the cost of the actual execution
may be minimal, the overall costs surrounding a capital case (where the death
penalty is a potential punishment) are enormously high.
4. Does not bring closure
Studies show that capital punishment does not bring comfort to those affected by
violent and fatal crimes. Giving capital punishments does not provide any relief to
the victim or victim’s family
Execution and its modes
The sentence that someone should be punished with death is referred to as a death
sentence whereas the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. In
India, the primary and only mode of execution is by ‘Hanging by neck till death’.
Hanging is execution by strangling or breaking the neck by a suspended noose.
Hanging is an ancient mode of execution and it was a part of the Roman law, Anglo-
Saxon laws, English Laws and well as German Laws. Hanging as a punishment was
the prevalent and the standard mode of execution until the abolition of capital
punishment in Great Britain in 1965.
This traditional method of execution may involve suspending the victim from a
gallows or crossbeam until he has died of asphyxiation, or it may be that the
condemned person stands on a trapdoor and when the trap is released he falls
several feet until stopped by the rope tied around his neck or a knot in the noose
helps jerk back the victim’s head sharply enough to break the neck. Now, the mode
of execution in most countries has moved from hanging to other methods such as
lethal gas, lethal injection, electrocution, firing squad. At times, it may even be the
option of the person who is being executed to choose how he is executed.
Further, countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Barbados, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Iran, Japan, North Korea, Pakistan,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, United States of America, etc. also
authorize hanging as a method of execution.
In the United States, both electrocution and gas chamber are authorised methods of
execution, while in Iran the mode of execution used is pushing individuals from an
unknown height. Sudan uses a method which calls for retributive sentences to be
carried out in the same manner in which the offender caused death. Some countries
use hanging as a mode only in military court. There are twenty-eight countries that
authorize shooting by firing squad as a method of execution and twenty-two more
that authorize shooting.
In India, the only exception to execution by hanging is given under The Army Act,
The Navy Act and The Air Force Act which allows death by shooting. Section 34 of
the Air Force Act, 1950 empowers the court-martial to impose the death sentence
for the offences mentioned in section 34(a) to (o) of The Air Force Act, 1950. Such
execution is on the discretion of the Court Martial to determine whether the mode
would be by hanging or by being shot to death. The Army Act, 1950, and The Navy
Act, 1957 also provide for similar provisions as in The Air Force Act, 1950. Section
163 of the Act provides for the form of the sentence of death as;
“In awarding a sentence of death, a court-martial shall, in its discretion, direct that
the offender shall suffer death by being hanged by the neck until he be dead or
shall suffer death by being shot to death.”
In the case of Rishi Malhotra v. Union of India, a writ petition was filed by Advocate
Rishi Malhotra. He challenged the method of Execution of Death sentence in India
i.e. by hanging by neck till the prisoner is dead. It said execution as contemplated
u/s 354(5) CrPC is not only barbaric, inhuman and cruel but also against the
resolutions adopted by the United Nations Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC),
which had categorically resolved by way of safeguard, which state that “where the
capital punishment occurs it should be carried out so as to inflict minimum
suffering”. It states that execution should be as quick and as simple as possible and
should produce immediate unconsciousness passing quickly into the death.
Malhotra cited the Law Commission reports of 1967 and 2003 which stated that
there was an increase in the number of countries where hanging to death had been
abolished or substituted by different modes of execution such as lethal injections,
shooting and electrocution. It also relied on the dissenting judgment of former
Justice P.N. Bhagwati who had observed that most of the developed and developing
countries had replaced execution by hanging by intravenous lethal injection or by
shooting which would be a more humane method of executing a death sentence,
involving less pain and suffering. So, the petitioner wanted the court to quash the
relevant provisions under the criminal and declare them to be ultra vires of Article
21 of the Constitution.
Landmark judgments
1. Deena v Union of India: In this case, the Supreme Court adjudicated upon the
constitutional validity of execution of death penalty by hanging by as
contemplated under section 354 (5) Cr.P.C 1973. It was challenged on the
grounds that such execution was barbarous and inhuman and so, violative of Art.
21. The court held that section 354(5) of the I.P.C., which prescribed hanging as
mode of execution as fair, just and reasonable procedure within the meaning of
Article 21 and hence is constitutional.
2. Mithu v. State of Punjab: In this case, Section 303 of the Indian Penal Code
which provided for a mandatory death sentence for offenders serving a life
sentence was declared to be unconstitutional. The section was based on the logic
that any criminal who has been convicted for life and still can kill someone are
beyond reformation. It was held that Section 303 violated the Articles 14 and
21 of the Constitution and it must be repealed. The court discussed that;
“23. On a consideration of the various circumstances which we have mentioned in
this judgment, we are of the opinion that Section 303 of the Penal Code violates the
guarantee of equality contained in Article 14 as also the right conferred by Article
21 of the Constitution that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty
except according to procedure established by law. The section was originally
conceived to discourage assaults by life convicts on the prison staff, but the
legislature chose language which far exceeded its intention.”
3. Santosh Kumar Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra: This case may be considered to
be a step towards the abolition of death penalties in India. The bench comprising
Justices S.B. Sinha and Cyriac Joseph ruled that previous judgments of the
Court, in which 13 death sentences were validated, were per incuriam, i.e. were
rendered in ignorance of the law laid down in Bachan Singh’s case. In this case,
four persons were accused of, kidnapping a person and demanding ransom,
followed by killing him and cutting his body into pieces to dispose it. In spite of
the brutal execution of the murder, the judges were convinced that the
‘mitigating circumstances’ in this case were sufficient to exclude it from the
bracket of “rarest of rare” cases. It was observed by the court that the accused
were not professional criminals with a long past criminal record and they
committed the act with the sole motive of collecting money. The court discussed
that
“112. We are also aware that on 18-12-2007, the United Nations General Assembly
adopted Resolution 62/149 calling upon countries that retain the death penalty to
establish a worldwide moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death
penalty. India is, however, one of the 59 nations that retain the death penalty.
Credible research, perhaps by the Law Commission of India or the National
Human Rights Commission may allow for an up-to-date and informed
discussion and debate on the subject.”
Conclusion
The debate on the morality of death sentence is an ongoing one. There are several
countries that have already abolished capital punishment and there are some, like
India, who have an elaborate process of deciding whether death sentence should be
awarded or not. The Indian Law Commission recommended the abolition of this
punishment but such recommendation was not heeded to.
At present, the law prevailing is the law laid down by the Supreme Court, that is the
doctrine of the Rarest of the rare case. This along with a list of aggravating and
mitigating factors is used to determine whether a person should be given such
sentence or not. Even the mode of execution that must be used by the state is a
matter of debate and such mode which is decided must be as per the International
norms ‘quick and painless’.
Lastly, proper scrutiny must be undertaken before awarding an order of execution
of a person, such punishment is permanent in nature and irreversible and therefore
it is important that all relevant materials are accounted for before such decision and
if there is even a smallest of doubt, such punishment should not be awarded.
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