What is Leadership?

- Leders set the vision, inspire others, and guide teams toward achieving common goals
- Characteristics of effective leadership include integrity, empathy, resilience, and the ability to communicate
and motivate others.

“First we make our habits then our habits makes us.” - Charles Noble

Significance of Self-leadership

1. Self-leadership allows leaders or senior officers, who undergo very little or no supervision, to prepare and set
targets on their own, as well as to control their own self to execute such plans
2. For lower-level employees or subordinates, who cannot always be sure of the kind of governance or leaders they
may face in their careers, self-management enables them to become effective and efficient workers under any
leadership they may encounter, be it laissez faire, free-rule, democratic or autocratic.
3. Self-leadership helps make individual decision makers proactive, focused, and autonomous. People who do not
have a strong sense of self leadership tend to feel that they are not in control of themselves, frequently lose
concentration and easily get frustrated

Development of self-leadership

1. Clarity of Purpose - This means that each entity must have a vision and be able to set it up. Being your own
leader, your purpose or vision will be the foundation upon which you will build self-leadership. Without clearly
planned expectations or intent for your life, you will be at risk, attempting to fulfill the wishes or ideas of people for
your life and you will end up lost in the middle of nowhere.
2. Aim at Success and Take Reasonable Risks - Risk-taking is a necessary part of life. Challenge yourself to ake
on challenging assignments. Do not deter yourself or others rom past failures rather concentrate on success.
However, risks which are applicable to your intent should be fairly measured.
3. Spend Time to Reflect on Your Life - Reflections can also mean letting others make an objective evaluation of
you. Although you remain the active doer of the things that you are doing, you may only see things from your
viewpoint. Taking some time off to think about life. Compare experience of current and present to hopes of the
future. You can never notice those small defects until you pause to examine yourself.
4. Don’t Tolerate Just Anything - You should not risk your dream. You should learn to be Intolerant to any
suggestions or ideas that don’t suit your vision. This intolerance is not just toward others but also toward you. It
involves not tolerating negative factors such as laziness, anxiety, and many others in your nature.

SIMPLE WAYS TO LEAD YOURSELF

1. Know your Values and Stick to Them - The ones with real values and ethics are the most trustworthy leaders.
2. Move Towards Purpose - If you have a clear purpose, then you can make sure the team is aligned with a
common purpose.
3. Keep Improving Yourself - Great leaders are working hard to improve, expand and evolve into better versions of
them.
4. Make Mistakes but Never Make the Same Mistake Twice - “All leaders make mistakes. They are a part of life.
Successful leaders recognize their errors, learn from them, and correct their faults” (John C. Maxwell).
- The only thing that sets a leader different from a great leader is that he never makes the same mistake wice.
5. Lead by Example

FOUR PRIMARY FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP

1. Leader - A leader must understand himself honestly, what he knows and what he can do. Take note that it is the
followers that decide whether the leader is successful, not the leader or anyone else.
2. Followers - Different people expect different leadership styles. A newly employed deserves more supervision than
an accomplished subordinate does. An individual without motivation needs a different approach than one with a
high motivation level. You have to know your people, as a leader. The basic starting point is to have a clear
understanding of human nature such as needs, feelings and motivation. You have to come to learn the be know
and do qualities of your people.
3. Communication - Being a leader, you lead by bidirectional communication. A great deal of that is nonverbal. For
example, when you “set an example,” that shows your people you wouldn’t ask them to do omething you wouldn’t
want to do. What and how you interact either strengthens or destroys our relationship with your followers
4. Situation - Every situation is different. Everything you do in one situation isn’t automatically going to work in
another. You have to use your discretion to determine the best course of action, and the sole of leadership needed
 for each situation You may need to face a subordinate for inappropriate bonavior, for example, but if the
confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too mild, then the outcomes may prove ineffective.

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

The theories below explain how people turn themselves into leaders. The first two demonstrate to a small number of
people the nature of leadership, while the third is the dominant theory today.

1. Trait Theory - Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles.
2. Great Events Theory - A crisis or important event can cause a person to rise to the occasion putting forth
extraordinary qualities of leadership in an ordinary person.
3. Transformational or Process Leadership Theory - Today, it is the widely accepted theory. People can opt for
leadership. People can learn the ability to take leadership.

LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES

1. Know Yourself and Seek Self-Improvement

2. Be Technically and Tactically Proficient
3. Make Sound and Timely Decisions
4. Set the Example
5. Know Your People and Look Out for their Welfare
6. Keep Your Subordinates Informed
7. Develop a Sense of Responsibility in Your Subordinates
8. Ensure that Tasks are Understood, Supervised, and Accomplished
9. Train as a Team
10. Employ Your Command In Accordance With Its Capabilities

THE SIX POINTS OF LEADERSHIP POWER

Power refers to the ability a person has to control another's actions such that he or she behaves according to his or
her wishes Such power is a capacity or potential as it means a potential that does not need to be realized in order to
be effective That is, there may be a power but it doesn't need to be used to be successful. The strength of leadership
is much more than the use of force Leadership encourages others to genuinely WANT to attain a goal, while
dominance drives others to attain a target A superior police officer, for example, has certain powers over enlisted
personnel, but that power does not need to be used to be successful. The mere knowledge that an enlisted person
has of the power of an officer has some control over him or her. Below are French, Raven's (1959), Six Points of
Leader Power These power points will help you to assess the impact you and others have on achieving full negotiating
skills

1. Coercive Power - Power that is based on fear. A person with coercive power can make things hard for humans
These are the people you wish to avoid being angry with Employees who work under a coercive boss are unlikely to
commit themselves, and are more likely to resist the manager

2. Reward Power - Compliance achieved on the basis of the ability to distribute rewards which others find important.
Might give people special benefits or incentives Trading favors with him or her might seem beneficial.

3. Legitimate Power -The power a person receives in an organization's formal hierarchy as consequence of his or her
role. The person has the right to expect you to comply with valid demands, given his or her status and your job
responsibilities.

4. Expert Power - Influence based on special skills or knowledge. Experience and knowledge give the person
respect. Expert’s influence is the most firmly and regularly connected to productive output of subordinates.

5. Referent Power - Influence based on individual or desirable possession of wealth or personal traits Sometimes this
is seen as beauty, elegance, or appreciation You like the individual and you want to do things for him or her.

6. Informational Power - Providing information to others which leads to thinking or acting in a new way.

LEADERSHIP TRAITS

"A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way John C. Maxwell

If you describe a leader, he or she can prove to be a creator of difference between success and failure good leader
has a futuristic vision and knows how to A turn his visions into success stories in the real world Whether you're just
starting out as a leader, or have been leading for a while, you'll certainly benefit from understanding the basic
characteristics that all great leaders have The role of manager or boss transcends productive and efficient leaders We
also found a way to achieve the perfect blend of charm passion and self- assurance It may seem as if some people
are born with leadership skills, but with time and practice the reality is most leadership characteristics can be trained
adopted, and strengthened As we delve into the list of effective leadership traits, you will learn the behaviors and
attitudes of a good leader. Let us take a close look at some of the important qualities of leadership, which separate
good leaders from bad ones You must have all these qualities to become a good leader, but if you lack some of these
qualities, then you might struggle to make the mark in the leadership world

1. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY

"The supreme quality of leadership is unquestionably integrity. Without it, no real success is possible, no matter
whether it is on a section gang, a football field in an army, or in an office.” Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of
United States Honesty and integrity are two key ingredients that make for a good leader How can you expect honesty
from your followers when you yourself lack these qualities? Leaders flourish when they hold to their core values and
beliefs and this won't be possible without ethics

2. CONFIDENCE

You should be comfortable enough to be an effective leader and ensure people obey your orders If your own decisions
and values are uncertain, otherwise your subordinates will never obey you. You must be oozing with confidence as a
leader, display some assertiveness in order to gain the respect of your subordinates. This doesn't mean you should be
overconfident, but at least you should show the degree of confidence needed to make sure your followers trust you as
a leader.

3. INSPIRE OTHERS

"If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader”. John Quincy
Adams

Probably the hardest thing a leader has to do is persuade others to comply It can only be so if by setting a good
example you inspire your followers. They look up to you when the going gets tough, and see how you react to the
situation They'll follow you, when you handle it well. As a leader, you should think positive and your actions will make
this positive approach clear When you succeed in empowering your subordinates, you can easily resolve every
obstacle now and in the future

4. COMMITMENT AND PASSION

The team looks up to you and you'll have to be enthusiastic about that too if you want them to give their all If your
team sees you’re getting your hands dirty, they'll give their best too It will also help you gain your subordinates
confidence and instill new energy in your team members, which will make them perform better When they believe you
are not fully committed or lack motivation, then inspiring your followers to achieve the goal would be an uphill task for
you as a leader

5. GOOD COMMUNICATOR

As a leader you have to communicate your vision clearly to your team and tell them the plan for achieving the goal, it
will be very difficult for you to get the results you want if you don’t. You can never be a good leader because you can't
effectively express your message to your team Words have the potential to get people motivated and make them do
the unthinkable. If you are making effective use of them, you can also achieve better results.

6. DECISION MAKING CAPABILITIES

A leader should have the ability to take the right decision at the right time in addition to having a futuristic vision
Leaders take actions that have a profound impact on the people A leader should think long and hard before taking a
decision but stand by it once the decision is made. Although most leaders make their own decisions, it is highly
recommended that you consult key stakeholders before you make a decision After all, they will benefit from your
decisions or suffer from them

7. ACCOUNTABILITY

"A good leader takes little more than his share of the blame and little less than his share of the credit”. Arnold H.
Glasow
Make sure each of the subordinate is responsible for what they do Give them a pat on the back if they do well but
when they fail make them realize their mistakes and work together to improve Holding them to account for their
actions will create a sense of duty among your subordinates and they will be more serious about the organization

8. DELEGATION AND EMPOWERMENT

You just can't do it all, right Focusing on key responsibilities is vital to a leader while leaving the rest to others
Empower and delegate the duties to your followers When you try to micromanage your subordinates, a lack of trust
will grow and more importantly, you won't be able to focus on important things, as you should Delegate the
subordinate's duties and see how they do Provide them with all the resources and support they need to attain the
target and give them an opportunity to bear responsibility.

9. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION

"Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.” Steve Jobs

In order to get ahead to today's fast-paced environment, a leader must be creative and innovative at the same time.
That helps you and your team stand out from the crowd, is creative thinking and relentless creativity. Think about
coming up with unique ideas out of the box and transforming those ideas and goals into reality

10. EMPATHY

As Leaders, empathy with your followers will grow Don't adopt a dictatorial style, and utterly lack empathy You'll fail to
connect more directly with your followers Knowing the followers' issues, and experiencing their pain, is the first step
towards becoming effective leaders Even that is not enough until you work hard and provide the appropriate solution
for your followers

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR PROS AND CONS

Below are the leadership styles Lewin, Khas defined et al Read each style carefully and discuss their advantages and
disadvantages over the lines given below

1. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP

This strategy is strongly disciplinary, and is often called a leadership style of "telling. The leader gives instructions to
the members of his team and then uses various incentives and punishments to either appreciate or punish what they
do in response Leaders give praise for a job well done or for a group member to perform a department-wide mission
hated because they missed a deadline.

Pro:

Con:

If you often use the threat of having to stay late when you need to inspire your team and you are continually
brainstorming clever ways to acknowledge solid work, you might be a transactional leader.

2. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

With this style of leadership, by empowering their workers to change, leaders are trying to enhance or transform the
individual or group into which they lead Such leaders are working at making changes and finding new ways to get
things done And as a result, by their ideas or insights into how something should be improved or adjusted for their own
work, they encourage and motivate others Under transformational leaders, people have plenty of flexibility, as well as
plenty of breathing space to innovate and think outside the box

Pro:

Con:

When you look at every single existing process with a discerning eye and a strong sense that it might be better, you
could be a transformational leader You also encourage other people to get out of their comfort zones and reach their
own boundaries. You will burst with pride whenever you see a member of a team achieve something previously
thought impossible.

3. SERVANT LEADERSHIP
"Leaders are the ones who are willing to give up something of their own for us. Their time, their energy, their money,
maybe even the food off their plate. When it matters, leaders choose to eat last, " Simon Sinek

Servant leaders work with this traditional motto: "Serve first and lead." Instead of thinking about how to inspire people
to follow their lead, they channel most of their energies into seeking ways to help others. They make other people's
needs a priority over their own. Besides being natural leaders, those who follow the paradigm of servant leadership
don't try to hold a white-knuckle grip of their own rank or strength. Instead, they focus on the advancement and growth
of the people who follow them.

Pro:

Con:

You might be a chief servant if you're known to say, "What can I do to help?" So you attach great importance to
avoiding roadblocks so helping others get things done. When you are asked you never think twice about helping out,
because you know that when you return, your own to-do list will still be there.

Pro:

Con:

4. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP

You could also hear this style of leadership referred to as "participatory leadership Members manage organizations
and programs as well, a democracy. Even though these leaders on the organizational hierarchy are statistically higher,
they prioritize working together and actively engaging their colleagues in the decision-making process. Democratic
leaders respect other people's ideas and feedback, and encourage discussion of those inputs. We don't carry on
orders from above, but take a much more inclusive approach to doing things.

Pro:

Con:

If you think the best meetings are the ones where everyone has a fair chance to weigh in, you might be a democratic
leader. You could not remember the last time you made an important decision without at least one other person getting
input.

5. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP

On the contrary to democratic leadership there is autocratic leadership. You might think of that as an alternative to "my
way or the highway. Autocratic leaders see themselves as having absolute power and making decisions on their
subordinates' behalf. They decide not just what needs to be done, but how to accomplish certain tasks too.

Pro:

Con:

You may be an autocratic leader if you think that group meetings and brainstorming just slow things down, so it's
easier if you make important decisions on your own and if you hate them when workers challenge your decisions.
That's final when you've said something

6. BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP

To put it another way, bureaucratic leadership goes "by the book." With this style of leadership, there is a specified
collection of boxes to check to be a true leader, Bureaucratic officials, for example, possess hierarchical authority. A
power comes from a formal position or title rather than from the unique characteristics or characteristics they hold.
They also have a set list of duties, as well as clear rules and procedures for how they will handle and make decisions
for others. They just have to follow the path set out for them.

Pro:

Con:

You may be a bureaucratic leader if you often find yourself questioning how your predecessor has treated those
situations that you want to make sure you follow the agreed protocol. You also seek assurance that whenever you are
charged with something different, you are doing things right.
7. LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP

This is a French word that translates to "leave it be" which sums up this hands-off leadership approach accurately.
Micromanagement is just the opposite. Laissez faire leaders have the tools and services required to do so. But then
they step back and let their team members make decisions, solve problems and get their work done without having to
worry about their every move being obsessively watched by the leader.

Pro:

Con:

You could be a laissez-faire leader if in project status update meeting you hardly do any of the conversations.
Alternatively, members of your team are the ones who fill you in where things are. You're really only focused on two
key points in most events and projects: the beginning and the end.

8. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP

Charismatic leaders have charismatic personalities, and a great deal of determination to achieve their goals. Such
leaders use eloquent communication and persuasion to unite a team around a cause, instead of promoting actions by
strict instructions. You will spell out their dream clearly and get other people excited about the same target.

Pro:

Con:

You could be a charismatic leader if you're known to give outstanding styles of presentations of "rally the troops.

ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP

"An ethical leader is someone who lives and dies for integrity. Doing the right thing, even when it hurts, is the ethical
leader's mantra."

Heather R. Younger Founder of Customer Fanatix

Ethics is about the types of values and morals that a person or a community finds acceptable or necessary. In
addition, ethics is concerned with the morality and actions of individuals. They look to leaders when it comes to ethics
to lead on ethics and take responsibility for both good and bad results.

Ethically leading leaders are role models, promoting the value of ethical standards, keeping their people accountable
for those principles, and crucially-designing environments in which others work and live. As mentioned below, it has
been shown that ethical leadership produces a variety of positive results, and reduces the risk of many negative
results. Thus, leadership can be the most effective tool in an ethical system designed to support ethical behavior.

Ethical leadership is leadership motivated by respect for ethical beliefs and values, and other people's integrity and
rights (Watts, 2008). It is therefore related to values such as honesty, sincerity, care, beauty and fairness (Brown, M. et
al, 2005).

HOW TO BECOME AN ETHICAL LEADER?

a. Define and Align Your Values

Consider the morals you were raised with:

 "Treat others how you want to be treated"

 "Always say "thank you,"

 "Help those who are struggling," etc.

But as you evolve, and as society progresses, traditions alter, often causing changing values. Ask yourself what
matters to you as a person, and then align that with your leadership goals. It not only reflects your honesty in
describing your beliefs, it also inspires the colleagues to do the same, building a shared vision for all staff

b. Champion the Importance of Ethics

An ethical leader's job is to focus on the overall significance of ethics, including ethical standards and other ethical
issues, and how those factors that influence society. As an ethical leader, educating peers about ethics is crucial,
particularly in cases where they face an ethical issue at work

c. Hire People with Similar Values

Although your views need not be identical to those of your workers, you should be able to establish common ground
with them. This often starts with the hiring process and is sustained through a declaration of vision.

d. Promote Open Communication

Each subordinate is different although they share similarities. Be open with every decision you make, and seek input
from your team. It makes you become a better leader and helps you feel more comfortable in expressing your
thoughts or concerns with your subordinates. Collecting input from your team will help you improve as a leader and
will push the organization forward.

Good ethical practitioners tend to be good communicators. Individuals interact differently. Some Coy feel comfortable
speaking in public, irrespective of staff or circumstance, while others may refuse to talk with a leader due to fear,
anxiety or simply not knowing how to express what they are trying to say. They could speak better via email, rather
than in person.

Communicating with each member of the team is an ethical leader's task but also allowing for open conversation, as
some people may have questions and concerns that need to be answered. Creating camaraderie with your team is
vital to the leaders. Relationships of quality appear to be founded upon honesty, justice, dignity, transparency,
compassion and respect.

e. Beware of Bias

As people, many of us have antiquated or mistaken convictions, subconscious or otherwise. Every leader wants to
admit to their shortcomings but failure to practice self-awareness will lead to detrimental effects. Everyone has
prejudice, but you haven't been called on for the longest time, because you've never really been tested Leaders need
to look at themselves and be honest in fact having prejudices that can impinge on the feeling of ease at work of
another person. For you to build and maintain better relationships with your subordinates, be an open-minded leader.

f. Lead by Example

Leading by example is a noble attribute of a leader. The best way to ensure an ethical organization is to lead by
example. It is important to remember as an ethical leader, that actions always speak louder than words. People are
more likely to judge others, rather than what they say, based on how they behave. Ethical leaders may begin to earn
the respect of their peers by practicing and demonstrating the use of ethical, truthful, and unselfish conduct to
subordinates.

g. Find Your Role Models

In history, there are many leaders, doing a little study of strong, powerful leaders and trying to identify what they are
doing well. Then incorporate it into their own style of leadership

h. Care for Yourself so you are able to Care for Others

As the saying goes, "You can't pour from an empty cup * The cornerstone for strong leadership is to have a calm and
competent disposition. This can be done by ensuring that you, as a person, are focused on fulfilling your own needs
such as sleep, nutrition and a true relationship with loved ones

It may seem easy to devote time to self-care, but ultimately it's crucial to improving your leadership abilities. The
leader who is happy and satisfied with life seeks peace and fulfillment for those they lead.

IMPACTS OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

Ethical leaders will help to build a healthy atmosphere through constructive partnerships at three levels: the individual,
the team, and the organization at large. Nurturing connections at each of these levels will result in the following
outcomes and benefits:

1. The Well-Being of the Individual

A strong ethical leader has an important responsibility for maintaining, a positive working environment. Ethical leaders
leading by example should persuade others to do likewise. People are generally influenced by the things occurring
around them. Good contact between colleagues can help to influence efficiency and attitude in the workplace.

2. The Energy of the Team

Ethical leadership can also include behavior control and co-operation within a team. In the workplace, morale usually
is stronger when people get along with each other. When colleagues work as a team, this can help build relationships
in the workplace and improve the group's overall performance. Strong leaders usually lead by example

3. The Health of the Organization

The value of maintaining a positive mindset in the workplace has much to do with improving the organization's overall
health. When people are able to show respect for each other and value the views of others, this can help to create a
productive work climate. There can be an ethical organization when people's groups work together in an atmosphere
of mutual respect, where they can develop individually, build friendships and contribute to the overall objective.

THE 4-V MODEL OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

The 4-V model aims to reconcile internal beliefs and values for the common good with external behaviors and actions

The four V'S stand for:

1. Values

2. Vision,

3. Voice, and

4. Virtue

These characteristics help to build a strong ethical leader. In the end, an ethical leader's main goal is to create a world
in which the future is positive, inclusive and allows all individuals to pursue and fulfill their needs and fulfill their
maximum potential.

VALUES FORMATION IN LEADERSHIP

Values is not a subject that has been talked about so often but one that plays an important role in acts and
performance. Because values are personal and not always clearly defined, they remain an essential but under-
discussed and undervalued part of who you are as an individual and as a leader.

Everyone has values, and when clearly understood and established, they become much more important. To get the
most out of what happens, the best initial step would be to identify your values and write down those that are most
important to you.

REASONS WHY VALUES MATTER TO LEADERS

1. Values Guide Your Decisions

You have a lot of decisions to make as a dictator, those that only affect you and those that impact many others. Once
you start with your principles, choices, big or small, can be taken faster, simpler and with greater confidence. Go your
choices against your merit scheme. It's the best place to start.

2. Values Strengthen Your Ability to Influence

If you associate with your beliefs, you are communicating with your People are drawn to you when you speak with
passion, they are more likely to hear your message and you will be more successful in persuading and influencing. As
a leader it should be self-evident why this is vital to your values.

3. Values Create Clarity

When you're happier your life is simpler in so many ways. Clarity helps you concentrate, make yourself more
successful and much more. One of the fastest ways in your life to achieve clarity is to be clear about your beliefs first.
If you work from this point of departure all the other clarification advantages will follow.

4. Values Reduce Stress

The majority of the people I know want less tension in their lives. It's doubly important as a leader because your
tension is infectious-it infects those around you. It's easier to communicate when the choices are smoother, and you're
clearer about issues that you'll have less tension. In the past you may not have been talking about values in this way,
but it is absolutely true that living from your values is a great way to reduce stress.

5. Values Guide Your Actions

Knowing and understanding your beliefs, is one thing. Behave according to them is another matter. This reality has an
effect on all the ideas that have been shared so far, because all the advantages are achieved when you recognize and
then act upon your beliefs. Of those advantages, this is the most practical. Your beliefs are what drive your actions.

While it helps to define who you are, having clear beliefs can be so much more useful on a daily basis. It allows you to
be a more successful, efficient and confident leader by being clear on your values.

CHAPTER III

UNDERSTANDING MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT

Management is a set of principles relating to the roles of planning, coordinating, directing and regulating and the
implementation of those principles in the efficient and effective use of physical, financial, human and information
capital to achieve organizational objectives

Definitions of Management

Management thinkers have defined management in their own ways:

A set of activities directed at the efficient and effective utilization of resources in the pursuit of one or more goals.

Other Views on the Definition and Scope of Management

"Managing is forecasting and preparing, arranging, directing, managing and regulating," says Henri Fayol. Fredmund
Malik describes management as "transforming capital into value." It is described by Ghislain Deslandes as "a weak
force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the threefold power of constraint, imitation and
imagination, operating at subjective, interpersonal, institutional and environmental level."

Management as a Process

Management as a process began with the sole purpose of attaining an objective. Further, it is specifically done in
order to:

The purpose are:

1. rise clients' satisfaction with the services the company provides.

2. develop personnel experience, abilities and capacity, or

3. accomplish a particular goal or goal.

Management as a mechanism often includes interrelated processes by which management within an entity manages
and controls the organization's resources to achieve desired outcomes. This requires not only managing and using
financial resources alone, but also human resources, as they are also important to an organization in order to achieve
its stated objectives.

Managers need to build a comfortable working atmosphere that promotes healthy employee relations within the
company. They will make sure that the human resources work in harmony to achieve the goal of the organization.
Having full oversight of an organization's affairs, managers need to follow due process to set goals and come up with
plans for achieving outcomes. Both phases of planning and execution include due processes which the manager must
strictly adhere to.

Management: The Never-Ending Process

It simply means that management is a phase that will never stop, because the company remains Managers would
always force themselves to tackle tasks, goals, and problems at a certain point in time.

Management as an Art
Management is also known to be an art, because both share similar characteristics. Art is a structured body of
knowledge that requires imagination and expertise. An artist often needs constant practice in order to become
faultless or achieve a degree of perfection which is considered acceptable.

Art is taught and put to use. The apprenticeship uncle comes before application. There are vast amounts of resources
available to learn and develop knowledge about art in the industry, which includes study materials and books to help
artists gain a better understanding and deliver quality production. The same holds true for management. By learning,
theoretical knowledge is gained. In other words, managers will learn about the operations and concepts of
management that are presented in the study material

While studying art, one can learn and gain theoretical knowledge but it does not end there. To yield results, the
knowledge gained has to be implemented effectively. And as a result, each artist is required to possess personal skills
and imagination so he or she can make good use of the knowledge gained. Even if two or more artists learn the same
thing, their ingenuity and talents will decide how well they end up using the acquired knowledge.

The same is true of management. Learning the values and philosophies of management is not enough. One requires
the skills and imagination required to make use of the information learned to produce positive results. As with art, two
or more managers can learn the same thing, but because of their skill and creativity, the result generated could be
different.

In order to achieve perfection every artist needs constant practice. The artist will not progress without regular training,
either. The artist should focus on the practical after studying their theoretical dimension, in order to achieve perfection.
A trained manager will not go far without a managerial position being exercised or obtained. In theory, certain
established management principles need to be put into practice. The manager is creatively oriented and can identify
areas he or she needs to develop and work on accordingly. Education is therefore an integral part of art and
management Management is therefore an art, because both have the same characteristic

Management as a Group

In any way, the concept of management suggests that it is a group. In general, administrative functions are not
performed by one person alone. For most cases, as companies expand, many specific managerial roles are
generated so that the organization can meet its desired objectives.

Management as an operation carried out by a group of people saddled with the responsibility of keeping the company
going and achieving a specific goal In other words, a community composed of people with specific knowledge of the
organization or managerial roles will work together to manage a business.

Today, when we suggest that XYZ Company's management is doing well, we are implicitly referring to a specific group
of people that makes up the management team. They are the decision-makers and people's first team to get the boot
when things go wrong. Let's take an example of using police force. The Chief is the manager. However, do not forget
that the community of managers is comprised of other team leaders, not just one person

In business, management involves the top-level managers who are the company's decision makers. Any decision they
make is binding on other managers and employees at lower levels. These include the president, chief executive,
board of directors, general manager etc.

Management as a Science

Management is also a science, because everything used to classify a field as science is involved. Science, for
example, establishes the relation of cause and effect between variables. It also takes into consideration, the values
that bind the variables concerned. Scientific concepts are thus formulated using the standard scientific methods that
involve testing. And the method involves testing and checking via a series of tests.

One of the features which indicates that science and management are the same is the universal acceptance of
scientific principles. In other words, scientific laws are the same in every case and in every part of the world. On the
other hand, management has its fundamental principles that are universally accepted and implemented in every
situation or enterprise. An example of that is the Unity of Command Principle.

Another attribute suggesting that science and management are the same is the manager who obtains scientific
principles. It has to move through other scientific research and analysis before a theory is generally accepted. But, the
same method also includes the principles of management. Scientific analysis and evaluation are carried out before
organizational principles are achieved, and this could also include specific observations derived from a large number
of managers or experiments performed.
The relationship between cause and effect is a further trait that distinguishes management and science as one. The
relation between cause and effect is vitally important in scientific principles Heating the metal, for example, can cause
it to expand. The cause is the heat applied while the effect is the one felt by the expansion. The same happens in
administration. For example, it has been proven that there will be ineffectiveness in organizations where there is no
compromise between authority and accountability

Management as a Profession

Management is also an occupation as it has characteristics that allow it to be so. A profession is called a career in
which one acquires knowledge and undergoes training series to fit perfectly into that role.

A career has limited entry which is also true in management. Although anyone can assume a managerial role in a
corporation and there is no law prohibiting that many companies now prefer for such positions individuals with
Master's degree.

The Manager

A manager is a person in the organization who directs the activities of others. They perform their work at different
levels and they are called by different names.

1. The First Line Managers - They are usually called supervisors or in a manufacturing they may be called foremen.

2. The Middle Level Mangers- These comprise all management levels between the organization's supervisory level
and top level. Such managers may be called functional managers, heads of plants, and managers of projects,

3. The Top Managers - They are the ones responsible for making organizational decisions and setting policies and
strategies which affect all aspects of the organization. Such individuals may be named vice-president, managing
director, chief executive officer or board chairman etc.

MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS

 Planning - This is necessary to set goals and to develop strategies for organizing activities.

 Organization - It assists in deciding the tasks to be performed, how to do them, how to organize the tasks and
where to make decisions.

 Staffing - This is important for employing different types of people and performing different activities such as
training, growth, evaluation, compensation, welfare etc.

 Directing -This requires that subordinates be given instructions and motivated to achieve their goals.

 Controlling -This is monitoring practices to ensure that the workers perform the tasks as scheduled, and to
correct any major deviations.

MANAGERIAL SKILLS

Managing position requires proper skills to perform various jobs. He cannot be an efficient manager if he lks the
knowledge and skills to do the job because it will be the foundations for his workers to be corrected and driven.

THREE ESSENTIAL SKILLS OR COMPETENCIES OF THE MANAGER (by: Robert L. Katz)

1. Technical

2. Human and

3. Conceptual

Technical Skills

Managers must be able to work with the resources, equipment, strategies, procedures or the technical skills. First line
executives as well as many middle managers have been active in the activities of the organization's technical aspects.
Even when a manager moves higher in hierarchy, the need for technical skills is less, but still technical skill helps in
making decisions.

Human Skills
Managers must have the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Managers need these
skills at all levels but top managers need them the most. The manager has interpersonal skills because he gets the
best out of the people that work with him. We are able to communicate, empower, lead and inspire confidence and
enthusiasm.

Conceptual Skills

Managers need to be able to integrate and organize the different activities. Managers must be able to think of abstract
ideas and to contextualize them. We need to be able to see the organization as a whole and the relationships between
its different subunits, and to see how the organization fits into its wider context. Conceptual competencies are
important in decision making. Since all managers have to make decisions, these skills are necessary for all managers
but they become more important as they form the hierarchy of the organization

QUALITIES OF A MANAGER

Since the manager makes decisions for each type of activity and his decisions affect an organization s work, he
should have the following attributes to do his job properly

1. Educational competence

A manager has to have adequate and outstanding preparation. Besides other educational qualifications they are
required to have management education and training. Education not only widens the intellectual scope of executives
but also helps to understand and interpret things properly. Business environment awareness is also essential to tackle
the various problems that the company can encounter.

2. Intellectual quality

Managers should have a higher level of intelligence relative to others, because they have more roles in the
organization than other men. Intelligence can assist a manager in evaluating the organization's present and future
organizational possibilities. He must be able to predict the things in advance and take the necessary decisions in due
course.

3. Leadership ability

A manager has to be able to direct and motivate people working within the business. He shall subordinate himself to
leadership. The subordinates' skills, abilities, and potentials should be retained and properly used to achieve
organizational goals. If a manager has the leadership qualities then for the good of the organization, he will inspire
workers to improve their performance and function to their full capacity.

4. Training

А must develop organizational competencies. As described in the preceding issue, these skills consist of technical
skills, human skills and logical abilities. These competencies must be gained by schooling, training, practice etc. Such
skills are important for all executive levels manager.

5. Technical knowledge and skills

A manager should have technical knowledge of the organization's job and other tasks. He will be better placed to
assess and direct if he has knowledge of those things himself.

6. Mental Maturity

To deal with different circumstances a manager should have mental maturity. He is supposed to be polite, good
listener and quick to respond to situations. He has to take several uncomfortable decisions that could have an adverse
effect on the job if not taken properly. When dealing with subordinates he will remain calm. All of these attributes come
with maturity of mind.

7. Positive Attitude

Positive attitude is to a manager's asset. A manager has to deal with a lot of people from both inside and outside the
company. He should be sensitive and optimistic to different suggestions and make rational choices. He should not
prejudge issues, and should not take sides. He will try and develop good relationships with different people dealing
with him. He would consider their issues and attempt to reach out a helping hand.

8. Self-confidence
Every manager should have faith in himself. He has to take a lot of decisions every day, he should thoroughly evaluate
things before making decisions If he makes decisions, then he should stick to them and try to put them into practice. A
manager lacking confidence in himself will always be uncertain about his decisions. This kind of mentality creates
more problems than just solving them.

9. Foresight

A manager has to make a decision not just for the present but also for the future. The technology, marketing,
consumer behavior, financial set-up etc, are rapidly changing. The economic policy shifts would repercussion in the
future. A manager should foresee what will happen in the future and plan the organization for the circumstances to
face. The level of foresight will help you make the right choices and face the challenges to come in the right
perspective. If the problems aren't properly evaluated, then the organization can face adverse situations.

CHAPTER I - CHARACTER FORMATION

"Character Formation cannot he taught. It comes from experience and not from explanation." - Maria Montessori

WHAT IS CHARACTER?

Set of distinctive marks which permit the re-identification of a human individual as being the same (Ricoeur, 1992)

It has "a permanence which we say belongs to us"

The total qualities or traits, particulariy characteristic of the morai, social and religious attitude of a person (Corsini,
1999)

Character refers to positive and cultivated traits that become habits by which the whole person is judged to be
exemplary. (De Braine, Verrier)

Positive psychologists define character in terms of positive traits that have emerged across cultures and throughout
history as important for a good life (Park, 2004,p.46).

Is aiso perceived as consisting of habits (Baumrinà, cited i Park, 2004).

Refers to such positive and cultivated habits such as social responsibility. Moral, commitment, self-discipline and
resoluteness by which constellation the whole person is judged to be deficient, adequate, or exemplary. Smith (2005)

To be an expression of one’s moral orientation, willpower, conscience and principles.

Character cannot be separated from the person

To be of good character means the one’s habits, actions, and emotional responses all are united and directed toward
the moral and the good.

Moral character is formed by one’s actions. The habits, actions and emotional responses of the person of good
character all are united and directed toward the moral and the good

In the early 5th Century BC, the Greeks held that character was a distinguishing mark of an individual’s ideais and
conduct as judged in terms of values and strength of wiii. (Haisey & Friedman, 1981).

WHAT IS HUMAN EXCELLENCE?

 It is being the best we can in every situation.

 It is doing the best we can in every endeavor.
 It is also knowing that we can deliver more tomorrow... That there will always be further to go...And that we may
never get “there”.
 Human excellence is striving without stress, intent without tension, purpose without pretension, the passion to
succeed with humility in success. It is respect for all people and for the environment.

ARISTOTLE ON HUMAN EXCELLENCE

A virtue (Arete, excellence) is a character trait, acquired by practice, that disposes a person to adopt the right course
of action in morally charged situations. Virtues are self-skills that enable a person to realize their potential for living the
good life as a rational, social and animal.

TWO KINDS OF HUMAN EXCELLENCES (ARISTOTLE)

1) Excellences of thought; or Intellectual excellence - which primarily manifests itself in theoretical knowledge.
2) Excellences of character – (ethical areiai) is usually iranslated as “moral virtue(s)” or “moral excellences”.

The Greek word ethikos (ethical) is the adjective cognate with ethos, which is character. The word “character” comes
from the Greek Kharakter that means “engraved mark”

MORAL/CHARACTER EXCELLENCE

It is a child of habit; by doing good things we become good, bad things bad; by doing courageous things we become
courageous. The situation is similar to that involving artistic skill, e.g., lyre playing.It is neither produced in us by nature
(one doesn’t acquire moral/character excellence just like that, without training), nor against nature (moral/character
excellence is not a straight-jacket which negates our natural Instincts).

It is a state of character since passions or faculties per se are not blameworthy or praiseworthy

For example, anger per se is neither praiseworthy nor blameworthy. What is praiseworthy is being angry in the right
set of circumstances, in the right amount, for the right reason, and against the right persons; what is blameworthy is
being angry in the wrong set of circumstances, or in the wrong amount, etc.

CHARACTER (ARISTOTLE)

Aristotle held that character consists of moral virtues, these being self-oriented virtues (such as self-control and
moderation) as well as other oriented virtues (such as generosity and compassion)

ELEMENTS OF CHARACTER

Conceptual Level 1: Virtues

These are the core characteristics valued by moral philosophers and religious thinkers:

 Wisdom and knowledge - cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge.
 Courage - emotional strengths that involve the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition,
externai or internai.
 Humanity - interpersonal strengths that involve tending and befriending others.
 Justice – civic strengths that underlie healthy community life.
 Temperance – strengths that protect against excess.
 Transcendence - strengths that forge connections to the larger universe and provide meaning

Conceptual Level 2: Character Strengths

These are the psychological ingredients – process or mechanisms that define the virtues. They are distinguishable
routes to displaying one or another of the virtues.

Conceptual Level 3: Situational Themes

These are the specific habits that lead people to manifest given character strengths in given situations.

COMPONENTS OF GOOD CHARACTER

According to Barnard (2003,p.22) humans have the potential for morality, the ability to choose between “good” or
“bad”. Lickona (1994) characterized the components of good character in three interrelated parts

1) Moral knowing (knowing the good)

2) Moral feeling (desiring the good)
3) Moral behaviour (doing the good)

MORAL KNOWING

MORAL AWARENESS People often don’t see a situation hat involves a moral
issue and that requires moral judgment.

People use their intelligence to see when a situational

requires moral judgment

KNOWING MORAL VALUES Gets passed from one generation to another; ethical
literacy and its application requires knowing these
 values

PERSPECTIVE TAKING This is the ability to take the viewpoint of other peole,
see a situation as they see it, and imagine how they
might think, react and feel

It is a pre-requisite for moral judgment

MORAL REASONING Involves understanding what it means to be moral.

Growth is gradual and children learn what counts as
good moral reasons and what does not count. Respect
the instrinsic worth of every individual

DECISION-MAKING Thinking one’s way through a moral problem. Asking the

question: What are my choices and what are the
consequences?

MORAL FEELINGS

CONSCIENCE A mature conscience includes: a sense of moral

obligations and the capacity for constructive guilt

SELF-ESTEEM A healthy measure of self-esteem helps us to value

ourselves and be less dependent on the approval of
others. Self-positive regard has a positive correlation
with treating others positively.

EMPATHY This is the identification with, or vicarious experience of,

the state of another person/emotional side of
perspective taking.

LOVING THE GOOD The highest form of character includes being genuinely
attracted to the good.

When People love the good, they take pleasure in doing

good. They have a morality of desire, not just a morality
of duty. Part of the moral potential of ordinary people,
even children

SELF-CONTROL Emotion can overwhelm reason, that’s one reason why

self-control is a necessary moral virtue. Self control
helps us to be ethical even when we don’t want to it is
also necessary to curb self-indulgence

MORAL ACTION

COMPETENCE Moral competence is having the ability to turn moral

judgment and feeling into effective moral action.

WILL The right choice in a moral situation is usually the hard

one. Will is the mobilizing of moral energy to do what we
think we should. It takes will to keep emotion underthe
control of reason. It takes will to see and think through
all the moral dimensions of a situation. It takes will to put
duty before pleasure. Will is the core of moral courage

HABIT Moral conduct benefits from habit

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD ETHICS

According to Covey exhibiting the character ethic truly allows one to experience true success and enduring happiness.
The principles of the character ethic include: integrity, humility, fidelity, temperance, courage, justice, patience and
industry.

SIX (6) CORE ETHICAL VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH CHARACTER

 TRUSTWORTHINESS - This is the pillar of good character that is considered the most complicated of the six core
ethical values and concerns a variety of qualities like honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty.
 RESPECT - The Golden Rule in Human Relation, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” perfectly
illustrates "respect." It reflects notions such as civility, courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and
acceptance.
 RESPONSIBILITY - Being responsible means to take charge and be accountable of the consequences of what
we think and do.
 FAIRNESS - This pillar of good character involves issues of equality, impartiality, and due process. It is unfair to
handle similar matters inconsistently, and to impose punishment that is not commensurate with the offense.
 CARING - It is the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-making. It is scarcely possible to be truly ethical and yet
unconcerned with the welfare of others. That is because ethics is ultimately about good relations with other
people.
 CITIZENSHIP - This pillar of good character includes civic virtues and duties that prescribe how we ought to
behave as part of a community. The good citizen knows the laws and obeys them. He volunteers and stays
informed on the issues of the day, the better to execute his duties and privileges as a member of a self-governing
democratic society.

John Adair (2003) mentions that there are certain qualities that are the hallmarks of good leader: integrity, enthusiasm,
warmth, calmness, being tough but fair and courage.

CHARACTER TRAITS

McElmeel (2002), a moral educationist, lists the following character traits: caring, courage, curiosity, flexibility,
friendship, goal setting, humility, humour, initiative, integrity, patience, perseverance, positive attitude, problem-solving,
self-discipline and teamwork.

WHAT BULDS CHARACTER?

 Character builds over time.

 We should build character through our good choices and actions as often as we can.
 We are imperfect.
 How are respond in our imperfect choices and actions can add to or subtract from our character.
 This is the choice of our character.

TIME-TESTED CHARACTER

 Time matters. Time tests. Character erodes or grows.

 Our character is developed through our experiences and what we choose to learn and do from them.
 Triais and tribulations are tough.

APPROACHES FOR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

Is a process in which the character of an individual develops from the possibilities which nature supplies and within the
framework of environmental or cultural factors.

PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES

According to Park (2004), there are variety of influences that contribute to the development of good character:

1. Parenting Styles which has been consistently associated with children’s prosocial behaviors like sharing with
peers. Self-control and self-confidence.

2. Positive Role Modelling coupled with appropriate reinforcement, is known to facilitate prosocial behaviors such as
sharing, helping and being a good team-mate.

CULTURAL – SOCIAL APPROACH

 According to Anderson (1997), nearly all societies have instruction and “rites of passage” which are intended to
mold the character of a child into a loyal and productive citizen.
 Park (2004) maintain that moral culture and values of societies and communities influence character
development.

The character of humans then becomes “social in this institution”

PHILOSOPHICAL APPROCHES

 Aristotle and Plato held that education of our emotional responses is crucial for the development of virtuous
character (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003)
 Aristotle states that virtue is the state that makes a human being good and makes him perform his function weii.
 Philosophy also views character development as being the responsibility of the individual.
 Doctrine of Virtue, also provides some light in to the development of character through a person’s own efforts.
 Kant states that we are always fighting against the impulses and dispositions that oppose the moral law, therefore
we need strength of will and self-mastery to fulfill our imperfect duties.

RELIGIOUS APPROCHES - Character is also understood as being related to the religious attitudes of a person
(Corsini, 1999).

JUDEO-CHRISTIAN

 Judeo-Christian virtues are promulgated and taught within the Old and New Testament of the Bible the religious
text of followers of both Judaism and Christianity. The Old Testament has two sections that are particularly
illustrative of virtues esteemed by Jewish culture and Christians: The Ten Commandments and the two books of
Proverbs that specifically instruct on the consequences of virtues and vices (Peterson & Seligman, 2004).
 Virtues such as integrity, righteousness, humility and trustworthiness are advocated in Proverbs. In the Christian
faith character development is believed to be brought about through trials and perseverance (Romans 5:3-4 in
NIV).

ISLAM - Muslims obtain their moral teachings from the Qu’ran, the Muslim bible. Some of the values espoused by the
Qu’ran include humility, modesty, control of passions and integrity.

CONFUCIANISM - There are four or five central virtues espoused in the tenets of Confucianism: jen (translated as
humanity or human heartedness or benevolence), yi (duty or justice or equity), li (etiquette or observance of the rites
of ceremonious behavior), zhi (wisdom or perspicacity), and possibly, xin (truthfulness or sincerity or good faith)
(Peterson & Seligman, 2004).

BUDDHISM - In Buddhism, it is taught that the strategy of the Eightfold Path to nirvana (the ultimate destiny of
existence) and the philosophy behind it is known to invoke the core virtues of humanity, justice, temperance,
transcendence and wisdom (Peterson & Seligman, 2004).

HINDUISM - The emphasis in Hinduism is on personal virtues, such as self-denial and renunciation; these promote
self-improvement in the current life and potential for salvation or the attainment of a higher caste in the next life
(Peterson & Seligman, 2004).

BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES

 Lennick and Kiel (2005) highlight the Nature versus Nurture debate.
 They use the analogy that we need moral software, the programming that our moral hardware relies on to
make moral choices.
 They further hold that we grow morally through the interplay between our biological disposition to be
empathetic and through our loving relationship with our parents.

CHARACTER FORMATION

 Is that deeply internalized pattern of values and attitudes and the consequent actions that are often established in
pre-cognitive times of life through the natural and normal educational patterns that are appropriate for young
children.

“The formation of character in young people is educationally a different task from and a prior task to, the discussion of
a great, difficult ethical controversies of the day.” - William Bennett

CHARACTER FORMATION 1

CHARACTER The term was derived from the Greek word "CHARASSEIN," referring to an engraving instrument:
originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin or the mark cut by it. Then it was applied to a distinctive mark of the
personality; and gradually, to the sum total of such marks, each individual one is being called characteristics
(Bartemeier, 2009). Basically, character is defined as a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of
feeling and reacting of a person that distinguish one individual from another. It is the trademark of being a person.

CHARACTER FORMATION as defined by Donald (2006), is the process by which the individual, through interaction
of biologically transmitted predispositions with the environment, develops stable pattern of functioning. thinking and
feeling. It is also known as Character Building.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION

1. Parental Influence

Parental influence is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality development. The way parents
behave with the child, how much he is allowed to socialize, the kind of culture he is subjected to by them, and the
emotional make-up of his parents, all these have a great bearing on the child's mental growth. In early stage of their
human existence, children adapt their parent's mannerisms. Thus, parents should be careful in their ways for they
establish a great influence to their children's character.

2. Home Environment

Home as cradle of human character and personality largely contribute to the character formation of a child. It is said
that the parents are the first educators of the children. It is their parental guidance and discipline that creates the kind
of character, personality and attitude the child has Parents should make sure that the child incorporates the positive
emotions in his personality and stays away from the negative ones. A child needs both his parents, to develop his
personality. An absentee father can be a negative influence on the child. To make a child a confident. positive person,
parents should avoid being too authoritative, trying to discipline excessively, criticizing the child, discouraging him,
comparing him with others, and being partial

3. School Environment

To perfect the total development of a child's character and attitude, besides the home environment, a child's school
environment too plays a major role in shaping a child's personality. Once a child starts going to school, he learns how
to interact and deal with his peers. He comes to know how to engage in "playing" according to the rules and
regulations. He gets educated, learns how to read, write and communicate effectively. A child's personality is greatly
influenced by the way he is treated at school, both by his teachers as well as his peers. The school reinforce the
education that the child needs that home fails to provide.

4. Culture

Everyone has different character and values because of the different cultures where everyone is exposed.
Sociologists found out that different cultures have different values and a child grows up with them, sub-consciously
absorbing the same, Influence of culture in personality and social development cannot be ignored. Those who were
born and grown up in western countries are influenced to be individualistic and competitive, while those children
brought up in Asian, African and South American countries are taught to be cooperative.

Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool and school age are the various phases that a child passes through and each of these
stages has its own share of problems and challenges, which a child has to overcome, with his parent's assistance, to
turn out to be a well-developed personality.

GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS

1. Positive Character / Good Character / Positive Trait - These are attributes such as integrity. honesty, courage,
loyalty, fortitude, and other important virtues that promote good behaviour and habits. Further, it is said that:

a) Being honest and taking responsibility for your actions are admirable qualities.

b) Adaptability and compatibility are great traits that can help you get along with others.

c) Drive and determination will help you keep going no matter what.

d) Compassion and understanding mean you relate well to others.

e) Patience is a virtue and also a good personality.

f) Courage will help you do what's right in tough situations.

 g) Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making others trust you.

2. Negative Character / Negative Trait - A person's predisposition to commit evil acts.

a) A propensity for lying, in order to avoid responsibility for our actions, is a deplorable quality.

b) Being rigid and selfish, unyielding to the needs of others are not endearing qualities.

c) Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to drive others away, too.

d) A hot temper and an inability to empathize with others will also alienate us from others.

e) Being quick to anger will turn people away.

f) Being disloyal, quick to talk about others behind their backs or, worse, stab them in the back for personal gain
also falls high on the scale of negative personality traits.

3. Neutral Character / Neutral Trait - Commonly used to describe a person who doesn't pick sides in disputes,
neutral also pegs anything that refuses to be bold.

a) Judges, for example, must remain totally neutral when hearing a case

b) Manners mavens say that it's best to remain neutral when topics like politics and religion come up during a
party

c) Boxers can look to the neutral corners in the ring to escape a punch.

TYPES OF CHARACTERS

1. Self-realized Character. A person with this type of character is ever enthusiastic for he knows his potentialities and
limitations. This sort of a character is an asset not only to the family but also the society in which person lives,

2. Covetous Character. This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character. It is held that, persons with greed will
endeavour to go all out in collecting worldly possessions and fulfilling his personal petty ambitions by adopting any
means open to him even crossing all the limits of moral and ethical limits. In effect the person will become most
arrogant, repulsive, slanderer and fully bereft of any moral feelings for the humans. He is the burden not only on the
family but also the society in which he lives.

3. Superstitious Character. In a way all are superstitious but when we're over superstitious then problem starts. It is
not merely bad for the individual concerned but also for those who come in contact with this unpredictable person,
who may change his tag any moment thus leaving everybody around in the lurch. Too much reliance on superstitions
also robs us of scientific temper and forward looking approach in our life But we should not compare superstitious and
traditionalists.

4. Egoistic /Overbearing / Bossy / Tall-Talker. The person who thinks that world runs due to him and everything and
everybody should respect him as such. His overbearing and bossy disposition puts him in the category of hard-to-
please (fastidious) This person learns his lesson after sometimes. This fellow with 1-DAMN-CARE- ATTITUDE hardly
cares for others. This sort of egocentric character is the bane of any society, irrespective of their status in the society.

5. Anti-social Character. A person who neither cares for the norms set by the society nor cares for the moral or
ethical values is an anti-social character. This character is both a sinner and a criminal. He could also be termed as an
offensive character. This like character resorts to offense besides being abusive on even a pettiest pretext This anti-
social behaviour cuts him off from the community in which he is living and has to fend for himself ultimately for his acts
of omissions and commissions.

6. Insincere Character. When a person does something good for us, we express our sincere thanks and go extra
mile in being sincere to that person in whatever way it is possible for us. Contrarily, a person who thinks others is there
for serving him and is without any warmth in the feeling for others. This like person is not only a insincere to his own
family, society and even to the Creator who had created him!

7. Complacent Character. We all should have confidence on ourselves. It is good for day to day functioning of our
society. But when we cross the threshold of confidence and step into the realm of complacency then problem starts. A
person who imbibes this trait finally faces ignoble defeat for being so and learns a lesson.

FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS

THE MOST WELL KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO POSITIVE TRAITS

1. Hospitality

Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity and friendliness exhibited
to foreigners and locals alike. Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of the most popular qualities of
Filipinos. Most foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in love with the warm hospitality they have experienced
while staying in the country. This is a kind of value system which has existed in the country thousand of years ago.
Good thing is that the hospitality of the Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to its fellow Filipino as well.

Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:

a) When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome. The host will
immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will
insist that the friend not leave the house with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great
time visiting them.

b) People offer their guest room to visitors if they're going to spend the night.

c) Meals offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a way to prepare great tasting food that her visitor
wants to eat.

2. Respect

This is often observed-not just by younger people but also by people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one's
elders is a tradition.

a) Po and Opo These words are spoken by the Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order to show respect to
persons in authority. These Filipino words mean "yes," when answering or talking to the elders.

b) Pagmamano- Another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting them. This is done by putting their
elders' hands on their foreheads c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.

3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the generations. Families go to
church and pray together because their religion is important and creates a strong bond, marking God as the center of
their lives. Filipinos believe in only one God and majority of the population are Catholics. It is a value system of the
Filipinos to pray before eating, going to bed, before the start of the meeting, conferences of program, gathering, etc.
On weekends, most Filipino families make sure to have quality time together by watching television or eating a family
meal, watch movies or going to beach resorts.

4. Generosity and Helpfulness

Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for being generous. They share what they have to the
people around them even when they only have little. These could be felt during birthdays, weddings or fiesta (party).
When visitors came to celebrate great tasting special foods are specially prepared for everyone. It is shared by
friends, families or even strangers. When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help you. They are always
willing to assist you or lend a hand.

5. Strong Work Ethics

Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are always willing to work almost the whole
day to provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers though earning so little but they work harder with not much
compensation. Aside from their regular work. Filipinos always find creative ways to look for other sources of income
like creating a small business from their home where they sell foods and other items for the convenience of their
neighbours.

6. Loving and Caring

Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and most loving people in
the world. It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that most Filipino men are so sweet and romantic
when it comes to love. They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place text her sweet quotes
and tell often how special she is to them. Filipino women are also romantic and very caring, which often makes some
foreigners want to marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner before their husband comes home. They love, and
value the relationship, always staying faithful to their husbands They love deeply and sincerely.

NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS

1. Fatalism ("Bahala Na" or "Come What May" Attitude)

When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it up to God to sort things out.
An attitude of "What Goes Around Comes Around" Filipinos have a tendency to surrender the future to luck. They have
that strong confidence that everything will work out in his interest without doing anything Filipinos often accepts bad
news or circumstances without trying to stop or change them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can
also keep us from finding ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty depressing.

2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination)

True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing things or making transactions. When not
interested or not in the mood, they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next day to finish what they are doing or
meeting their transactions. However, there are some Filipinos nowadays who take their time in doing things or in
making decisions promptly. There are some who are habitually late or not showing up at all. There are few Filipinos
who are punctual for social meetings. In fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time especially at a party.
The "bahala na" attitude is the outcome of the "mañana habit" when the tasks are left undone. This is usually shown
and even expressed by people who do not care much of what lies ahead and just leave everything in fate.

3. Crab Mentality

This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear the way for their own gain.
Filipino people with this kind of mentality or attitude try their best to ruin each other, either by making issues against
the other for him to turn out bad to the public or to the company or organization so that people will gradually put
distance and loss their confidence and trust that eventually result to their replacement.

4. Hypocrisy

This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others' failure to live with the moral standards of the society are
inevitable. In the Philippines morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the standards set by the traditional
society. However, as no one is perfect, many of us are not actually able to sustain these standards. The fear of being
an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a double standard life. To hide our failure in following a norm, we tend to
be condemning those who are caught red handed. A perfect example could be the criticisms faced by those who
become pregnant outside marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario is that some of these critics could have actually
engaged in premarital sex too-only that no proof is visible.

5. Ningas Cogon

Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or days, that
excitement to do or accomplish something is lost we and become too lazy to finish what were have started.

6. Tardiness (Filipino time)

Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called "Filipino time but not exactly referring to the Philippine standard
time, but then again we use it to refer to the "tardiness" of the persons that we are waiting or who keeps on coming
late to the set time schedule of events. Instead of being something to be proud of, 'Filipino time' brings a negative
impression to our people. When the invitation says the program will start at 7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This
has not only caused conflicts in relationships, it also discourages others. including foreigners from getting involved in
supposedly productive activities as too much time can be wasted on waiting.

7. Gossiping

Filipinos are fond of talking about others business. It is not true that only women are into gossiping Even men can also
be nosy on other people's lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are emphasized. and relationships are
destroyed. Worse, as gossips are passed around, they tend to be twisted until the final story becomes too far from the
original-thus, causing more damage.

8. Blaming
Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the blame, we lack
humility to accept our failures, and instead we point at others. This shows how irresponsible we are on our actions.
This attitude destroys teamwork, and reliability becomes an issue.

9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)

Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others. This could be an outcome of having too many
problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own needs first before others.

10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions

Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding of the purpose of laws and ordinances have inability to observe and
follow them. Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in the Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is
getting more rampant and lifestyle development is relaxed.

11. Attention Taker

Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different
thing to be an "epal" or "kapalmuks simply, being an attention grabber. Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the
center of attention, we do things that are already embarrassing like butting in conversations as a know-it-all or by
being scandalous. This habit is also common to our politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best service
to the people, they rather prioritize their thick faces to grab attention that will bring them more chance of winning in the
next election. But thanks to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politicians earns more shame than fame.

12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud which usually results to being oversensitive. If
we think highly of ourselves, then we have the tendency to put a wall around us and that a signboard on our forehead
saying, "I must be respected." Therefore, when someone makes a joke or a not so positive comment about us, we feel
like we are not respected and we get offended. If all people in the country do not know how to accept constructive
criticism, then we can never expect unity.

13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)

One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is because of overspending. Since most people want to live an
elite lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond their means. Sometimes, some of us think that as long as
we wear designer clothes and shoes, and we send our children to the most expensive schools, it is alright to be
swimming in credits and loans.

14. Passivity (lack of leadership)

Filipinos' lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not progress. We keep on complaining
against the government and other societal issues. However, we do not do anything about them. One of our excuses is
the lack of faith that our small actions can bring change. However, the worse reason for this could be our lack of care
for what is happening around us Common Filipinos also lack courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in
classrooms, churches, or conference rooms, most of us don't like to sit in the front seat.

15. Other Negative Traits

Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don't mind their own business.
Some have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers engage in prostitution. There are many
broken families. A lot of bad words to choose from which Filipinos just can't avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to
be with friends most of the time than to be with their parents.

CHARACTER TRAITS

 Alertness - Being aware of what is taking place around.

 Attentiveness-Showing the worth of a person or task by giving undivided concentration.
 Availability - Making own schedule and priorities secondary to the wishes of those being served.
 Benevolence - Giving to others basic needs without the motivation for acquiring personal rewards.
 Boldness - Confidence that what is say or do is true, right, and just.
 Cautiousness - Knowing how important right timing is in accomplishing right actions.
 Compassion - Investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of others.
 Contentment - Realizing that true happiness does not depend on material conditions.
 Creativity - Approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a new perspective.
 Decisiveness-The ability to recognize key factors and finalize difficult decisions.
 Deference -Limiting freedom so not to offend the tastes of others.
 Dependability - Fulfilling what is consented to do, even if it means unexpected sacrifice.
 Determination - Purposing to accomplish right goals at the right time, regardless of the opposition.
 Diligence - Investing time and energy to complete each task assigned.
 Discernment - Understanding the deeper reasons why things happen.
 Discretion - Recognizing and avoiding words, actions, and attitudes that could bring undesirable consequences.
 Endurance - The inward strength to withstand stress and do the best.
 Enthusiasm - Expressing joy in doing and accomplishing each tasks.
 Faith - Confidence that actions rooted in good character will yield the best outcome, even when it's not personally
observed.
 Flexibility - Willingness to change plans or ideas according to the direction of the authorities.
 Forgiveness - Clearing the record of those who have wronged and not holding a grudge.
 Generosity - Carefully managing resources to be capable of freely giving to those in need.
 Gentleness - Showing consideration and personal concern for others.
 Gratefulness - Letting others know by one's words and actions how they have benefited one's life.
 Honor - Respecting those in leadership because of the higher authorities they represent.
 Hospitality - Cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or conversation to benefit others.
 Humility - Acknowledging that achievement results from the investment of others one's life
 Initiative - Recognizing and doing what needs to be done before being asked to do it.
 Joyfulness- Maintaining a good attitude, even when faced with unpleasant conditions.
 Justice - Taking personal responsibility to uphold what is pure, right, and true.
 Loyalty - Using difficult times to demonstrate commitment to those being served.
 Meekness - Yielding personal rights and expectations with a desire to serve.
 Obedience - Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the direction of the superior.
 Orderliness- Arranging self and surroundings to achieve greater efficiency.
 Patience - Accepting a difficult situation without giving a deadline to remove it.
 Persuasiveness - Guiding vital truths around another's mental roadblocks.
 Punctuality - Showing esteem for others by doing the right thing at the right time.
 Resourcefulness - Finding practical usesfor that which others would overlook or discard.
 Responsibility - Knowing and doing what is expected.
 Security - Structuring one's life around that which cannot be destroyed or taken away
 Self-Control - Rejecting wrong desires and doing
 Sensitivity - Perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others
 Sincerity - Eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives.
 Thoroughness - Knowing what factors will diminish the effectiveness of one's work or if neglected.
 Thriftiness - Allowing oneself and othersto spend only what is necessary.
 Tolerance - Realizing that everyone is at varying levels of character development.
 Truthfulness - Earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts,
 Virtue -The moral excellence evident in one's life as consistently doing what is right.
 Wisdom - Seeing and responding to life situations from a perspective that transcends current circumstances.