What is the primary purpose of a paired-sample t-test?
b) To compare the means of two related groups
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a paired-sample t-test?
c) The dependent variable should contain outliers
If the significance level (α) is set at 0.05, what does this mean?
a) We are 95% confident in our conclusion
What is the null hypothesis (H₀) for a paired-sample t-test?
b) The difference between the two means is zero
Which of the following is an example of a one-tailed alternative
hypothesis?
c) μD > 0
What is a Type I Error in hypothesis testing?
c) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
In the example involving cholesterol levels, why was the null hypothesis
not rejected?
c) The test value was in the noncritical region
In SPSS, what should be examined to determine whether to reject the null
hypothesis?
c) The p-value (Sig. 2-tailed)
What is another name for the Independent Samples t Test?
c) Student’s t-test
When should an Independent Samples t Test be used instead of a Z-test?
a) When the population mean and standard deviation are unknown
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Independent Samples t
Test?
b) The two samples are dependent on each other
What does a larger t-score indicate in an Independent Samples t Test?
c) There is a greater difference between the two groups
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating degrees of
freedom (df) in an Independent Samples t Test?
b) df=(nA−1)+(nB−1)
A researcher conducts an Independent Samples t Test to compare the
effect of two teaching methods on student performance. What is the null
hypothesis (H₀)?
b) The mean scores of the two teaching methods are equal
If the calculated t-value is -1.69 and the critical t-value from the table is
2.101, what should be the conclusion?
b) Fail to reject the null hypothesis
In an SPSS analysis of an Independent Samples t Test, a p-value of 0.000 is
obtained. What does this result suggest?
c) There is a highly significant difference between the groups
What is the primary purpose of a one-sample t-test?
b) To determine whether an unknown population mean differs from
a specific value
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for using a one-sample t-test?
c) The data must be categorical
Why is the t-distribution used in a one-sample t-test instead of the normal
distribution?
b) The population standard deviation is unknown
What happens if the calculated t-value falls within the region of rejection?
a) The null hypothesis is rejected
What is the formula for calculating the t-statistic in a one-sample t-test?
a) t = (X−μ) / (s / √n)
What does the degrees of freedom (df) represent in a one-sample t-test?
a) The number of independent values that can vary in the sample
If a researcher sets the significance level at 0.05, what does this mean?
a) The probability of committing a Type I error is 5%
In hypothesis testing, what is the consequence of committing a Type II
error?
b) Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
What is the primary purpose of ANOVA?
b) To compare the means of three or more samples
What are the two classifications of ANOVA?
b) One-Way ANOVA and Two-Way ANOVA
In a One-Way ANOVA, what does the F-statistic represent?
b) The ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance
What does the sum of squares (SS) measure in ANOVA?
b) The total variation within and between groups
Which of the following statements about the regression equation y = a +
bx is correct?
c) "b" determines the steepness and direction of the relationship
If the computed F-value is greater than the tabular F-value, what decision
should be made?
b) Reject the null hypothesis
What does the within-group sum of squares (SS_w) represent?
b) The variation that cannot be explained by the factor under study
Who introduced the concept of ANOVA?
b) Sir Ronald Fisher
What does the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient measure?
a) The strength and direction of a linear relationship between two
variables
Which of the following best describes a scatterplot?
b) A diagram that displays the relationship between two numerical
variables
If the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is equal to -1, what does this
indicate?
b) A perfect negative correlation
If the computed Pearson r value is 0.75, how would you interpret the
relationship between the variables?
c) Strong positive correlation
What does a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0 indicate?
a) No linear relationship between the variables
What is the primary assumption when using Pearson’s correlation
coefficient?
a) The variables must be normally distributed and have a linear
relationship
Which of the following correlation coefficients suggests the weakest
relationship?
c) 0.02
When interpreting the Pearson correlation coefficient, which of the
following statements is true?
c) A high correlation (close to 1 or -1) suggests a strong linear
relationship
What is the primary purpose of simple linear regression?
b) To describe and investigate the relationship between two
quantitative variables
Who first introduced the concept of regression in statistics?
b) Sir Francis Galton
In simple linear regression, what is the independent variable also known
as?
c) Predictor variable
Which of the following is an example of a deterministic relationship?
a) Temperature conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius
What does a positive linear relationship indicate in simple linear
regression?
c) As one variable increases, the other also increases
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of simple linear regression?
b) The dataset must include at least three variables
What is the equation of a simple linear regression line?
c) y = a + bx
How do you determine the best-fitting regression line?
a) By minimizing the sum of squared errors
In a scatter plot for simple linear regression, where is the independent
variable (x) placed?
b) On the x-axis
What does it mean if the slope (b) of a regression line is negative?
c) The dependent variable decreases as the independent variable
increases
What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics?
b) To discover patterns and make predictions about a population
based on a sample
What statistical tool is commonly used in inferential statistics to determine
whether data supports or rejects a hypothesis?
c) Test of significance
Which of the following best describes statistical significance?
b) It determines the likelihood that an observed relationship in data
is due to chance
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used test of significance?
d) Standard deviation test
Why do researchers use samples instead of studying the entire
population?
b) Collecting data from the whole population is often impractical or
expensive
What is sampling error?
b) The error that occurs when a sample does not perfectly represent
the population
Which sampling technique ensures that every individual in a population
has an equal and independent chance of being chosen?
c) Random sampling
In which probability sampling technique does the researcher select every
nth individual after randomly picking the first participant?
b) Systematic sampling
Which sampling method is most appropriate when dividing a population
into subgroups based on characteristics like age or gender?
b) Stratified sampling
What is a key difference between probability and non-probability
sampling?
a) Probability sampling is based on random selection, while non-
probability sampling is based on researcher judgment or
convenience
