After the writings of John Locke became famous in the mid 17th century, the theory of

Liberalism became widely embraced and is still implemented today. Even though at this time,
Liberalism was seen as too far from its founding principles, it cannot be denied that
Liberalism is still one of the most recognised theories in the international world. Liberalism is
an ideology that is based on a free market and freedom in equal rights. Liberalism is a theory
that advances the free market to advance the state and believe that the state can be good and
peaceful with tolerance with other states. Liberalism promotes individual freedom, tolerance
and democracy. Liberalism emphasises cooperation, collaboration and maintaining good
relations with other countries. In his article, Jeffery W. Meiser (2018) explains that
Liberalism sees that states can cooperate through international organisations and institutions
to achieve common goals.

The main concern of Liberalism is to construct institutions that protect individual freedom by
limiting and checking political power. However, this view also makes Liberalism has its own
characteristics. In addition, Liberalism has several high tensions that are considered by
realists, which include human nature and also freedom in society which, if it is covered up
this will make a bad account (RP Wolff, 1968). So, in short, liberals focus on freedom and
respect for both the individual aspects of both men and women (Cf. G. Calabresi and AD
Melamed, 1972).

Liberalism has a democratic peace perspective, in which democratic states tend not to war
with each other (Panke & Risse, 2007). Liberalism believes that a state needs help from other
states and international organisations to fulfil its national interest. Liberalism theory believes
that a natural process from the national interest makes states become rational to choose the
peace between states. Their rational mind thinks that war is not the right way because if they
hold a war between states, they all will be destroyed. With cooperation, they will get more
benefits than war (Walter, 1996).

In politics, Liberalism also has a role. The relationship between 'liberalism' and 'freedom' is
also in etymology. The word 'liberal' itself has connotations that mean generosity, tolerance
and broad insight. From this, too, it is pretty clear that the belief in the importance of
individual freedom lies close to the heart of most liberal political positions. Ronald Dworkin
emphatically explains that liberals are more committed to the ideal of equality than to any
ideal of freedom, and he even rejects the common view that liberal politics consists in
striking a balance between these competing ideals (Ronald Dworkin, 1985).

Liberalism is a robust tradition in political theory that depicts individual persons, rather than
groups or institutions, as the primary actors (Keohane 1989; Zacher and Matthew 1995).
Various schools of Liberalism emphasise the freedom of individuals to choose their goals, but
security and material well-being can be said to appear to liberals as essential goods that every
rational person would want. Thus, in IR scholarship, Liberalism is more often associated with
economics than security relations with low politics rather than high politics. On the other
hand, Liberalism is also related to security but only limited to individual security.

In recent years, liberals in the world of international security have begun to adopt realists. By
treating the state as an actor, and its distinctive contribution is its insistence that foreign
policy and international outcomes vary with the type of state, especially their domestic
institutions. Unlike realists, liberals hold that liberal democracies can compete better and
more safely in an anarchic international system. Liberalism also expects transnational
networks to build and maintain international institutions to delimit states and make people
safer.

Liberal theory has paid particular attention to the state as an institution defined by its ability
to make individuals safe and help them live a better life. However, consistent Liberalism is
not concerned with "state security" or "national security" unless it affects the security of
individuals within those states. Thus, Liberalism is opposed to Realism. For Liberalism, the
state is a unique institution because of its coercive capacity.

Therefore, Liberalism has the door always open to return from its brief exile from the study
of international security. According to (Rummel 1979) there are two theses of peace in
democracy: First, the dyadic which states that there is no war against each other in a
democracy. This thesis is widely accepted; Second, namely monadic which states that in
liberal democracy generally more passive towards all types of state. This thesis is more
controversial than dyadic. However, there is some consensus among IR scholars on
democratic peace. Because at present, democratic peace is a major empirical challenge to the
dominance of Realism in the security subfield.

However, there is no consensus as to why this strange behavior is exhibited by liberal

democracies. In the 1990s, some scholars pitted ideas against institutions. According to
(Maoz and Russett 1993) in liberal-democratic norms both compromise and material welfare
are what bring peace between countries or the obstacles that their domestic institutions place
on their chief executives.

The premise that war is always irrational was started by the Rationalists with ex post facto:
where the winners and losers feel better off if they do not bear the costs of war with the same
proportional settlement. Thus war is the result of a failure of commitment or information
(Fearon 1995). In contrast to more transparent democracies, this situation allows other
countries to assess their capabilities and see their intentions and reduces the value of the
country's misjudgment (Schultz 1999). According to Bueno de Mesquita et al. (1999)
democratic leaders are judged to be more vulnerable if they lose a war and are overthrown,
because they tend to devote more resources to winning which makes them look unattractive.

Whatever the cause, this research on democratic peace yields a continuing major study of the
advantages of democracy in international relations. According to Russett and Oneal (2001)
there are three legs of the liberal tradition that are arranged into a self-reinforcing “Kantian
Triangle”: according to them democracies tend not to fight each other but are more likely to
become members of international organizations, and are interdependent and these three things
tend to give each other. meaningful feedback if democracy has a good cycle of interaction.
Ironically, however, according to some opinions, this advantage of democracy has been
exploited by the United States to perpetuate its hegemony (Ikenberry 2001; Owen 2001/2);
where liberalism, as it were, serves realism.

As has been explained, the characteristics of liberalism itself consist of an orderly system of
government, freedom is in the hands of society and individual happiness is the main goal. In
liberalism, the actors are individuals and other important groups. In this era of globalization,
state security really needs to be improved or developed to be even better to fortify negative
things from outside the country and within the country. There are many conflicts that often
occur within the country that usually come from the government where the system used by
the country is not well received by the society. In addition, state policy plays an important
role in maintaining power. The policy of a country has a function to create the structure,
organization, development of a country and determine the military capabilities of a country.

Examples of liberalism, namely, the development of free markets, democracy in society.

facing a challenge in the present and in the future (military or non-military) allows what else
will happen. Indonesia is the main gateway for the Asia Pacific Region. The level of
vulnerability in Asian countries has recently increased (territorial claims), countries in the
Asia Pacific region claiming other countries' territories. In non-military, domestic problems
are the responsibility of each individual. Aspects of non-military threats become more
complex with the dynamics that occur in society and are difficult to predict. Non-military
issues that must be accounted for by each individual become more effective because of their
presence in the community. Non-military fortresses involve several aspects, namely,
economic, political, cultural and social.

Liberals believe that not all people or nations are complimentary, furthermore there are two
things that are needed for independence. In other words, liberalism is more large-minded of
its own kind than these other systems. Liberalism gives an increase to an ideology that
discriminates state primarily according to the rules.

Rearranging the national entrenchment system, making a new strategy, composing state
policies to become even stricter. Develop a national fortress posture to maintain state
security, creating synergy between the central government and the securitisation development
of regional entrenchment spatial planning. Open employment opportunities so that there is
no social inequality in a nation.

Conclusions

So, we can see that Liberalism is an ideology that focuses on freedom and equal rights.
Liberalism also aims to build institutions that protect individual freedom by limiting and
examining political forces. It has its own characteristics, and essentially, liberals argue that
liberal democracy can compete better and more securely in an international anarchist system.