788 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO.
3, JUNE 2019
Measurement of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage
in Power Distribution Lines Using
Ceramic-Capacitor Insulator
Qing Yang , Member, IEEE, Lu Yin, Hongwen Liu, Ke Wang, and Jisheng Huang
Abstract—The measurement of overvoltage in a power dis- In recent years, with the rapid development of electromag-
tribution network is the basis for detecting lightning-induced netic transient calculation methods, the electromagnetic tran-
overvoltage. This paper proposes a lightning-induced overvoltage sient simulation of lightning-induced overvoltage has made
monitoring device using a ceramic capacitor insulator that is pow-
ered by the line and employs wireless transmission. The sensing great progress. Current studies mainly focus on the electromag-
principle of the monitoring device, the power-supply principle of netic coupling model based on the physical process of the re-
ceramic capacitor voltage division, and power electronic switching turn stroke. The main calculation models are the Rusck model
device, as well as the principle of signal acquisition and wireless [5], Taylor model [6], Chowdhuri model [7], Vance model [8],
transmission are expounded. The power self-acquisition module
Agrawal model [9], and Rachidi model [10]. These models use
can take out 2 W of power from a single line to meet the require-
ments of the monitoring device. The monitoring system was tested different lightning return stroke field components as the excita-
with a 10 kV test platform. The transient response characteristics, tion source and perform calculations considering the boundary
the power self-acquisition capability, and the linearity of the sensor conditions to obtain the initial and propagation characteristics of
were obtained. The overall performance of the monitoring device the lightning-induced overvoltage. Research on improvements
was also tested. The operation status of the monitoring device on
for different models focuses on the adjustment of boundary con-
the distribution line and the monitored overvoltage signal showed
that the device can capture lightning-induced overvoltage signals ditions, the influence of different factors on the calculations,
and be used in a distribution network system. and the optimization of calculation methods. For example, Pi-
Index Terms—Ceramic capacitors, lightning-induced overvolt-
antini’s group proposed an extension of the Rusck model of their
age, monitoring device, power self-acquisition, sensor. lightning activity rules to analyze the lightning-induced over-
voltage characteristics of a distribution network [11]. Baba and
I. INTRODUCTION
Rakov [12], [13] used the finite-difference time-domain method
IGHTNING strikes are an important source of faults in
L overhead lines in a power distribution network. Unlike the
high-voltage power grid, which is mainly subjected to the di-
to study the propagation mechanism of the current along a verti-
cal conductor, and the enhancement of electromagnetic field at
the top of the building. Based on the Rusck model, Darveniza
rect lightning strikes, lightning-induced overvoltage is the main [14] developed a semi-empirical Rusck equation that considers
reason of lightning-caused faults in distribution networks due to the influence of the earth to estimate the peak value of lightning-
the low insulation level of distribution lines. Induced overvolt- induced overvoltage. These calculations and simulation models
age due to the lightning strikes can cause problems such as wire are important for understanding the characteristics and mecha-
breakage, power outage, or degraded power quality. These prob- nisms of lightning-induced overvoltage in distribution networks.
lems have a significant impact on the maintenance and operation However, along with the increased demands on distribution net-
costs of distribution networks [1]–[4]. works, their structure has become complicated.
The geographical conditions of the line corridor have also
Manuscript received November 30, 2018; revised March 9, 2019, April 9,
2019, and April 22, 2019; accepted May 9, 2019. Date of publication May 28,
changed a lot, and many distribution transmission lines cross
2019; date of current version June 11, 2019. This work was supported in part by each other. Thus, the factors influencing the lightning overvolt-
the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51477018 and in age are numerous and complex. It is not easy to apply the calcula-
part by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural
Science Foundation of China under Grant 51321063. (Corresponding author:
tion model to obtain the lightning-induced voltage in a complex
Qing Yang.) distribution network. In particular, due to the lack of measured
Q. Yang and L. Yin are with the State Key Laboratory of Power Transmis- lightning overvoltage waveforms, it directly brings difficulties
sion Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing Univer-
sity, Chongqing 400044, China (e-mail: yangqing@cqu.edu.cn; 20161113059@
to the verification of the calculation model.
cqu.edu.cn). In recent years, Chongqing University and Tsinghua Univer-
H. Liu and K. Wang are with the Electric Power Research Institute, Yun- sity of China, São Paulo University of Brazil, CRIEPI of Japan,
nan Electric Power Corporation, Yunnan 650217, China (e-mail: liuhongwen@
yn.csg.cn; wangke03@yn.csg.cn).
and other research institutes have carried out research on real-
J. Huang is with the Lincang Power Supply Company, Yunnan Electric Power time measurement of lightning overvoltage in distribution net-
Corporation, Yunnan 677000, China (e-mail: huangxusheng@yn.csg.cn). works [15]–[18]. For example, Chongqing University used a
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
voltage divider to measure lightning-intrusion waves in a 10 kV
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2019.2916694 substation. Yokoyama installed a voltage dividing unit and a
0018-9375 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
YANG et al.: MEASUREMENT OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE IN POWER DISTRIBUTION LINES 789
Fig. 1. Principle of overvoltage sensing device.
synchronous camera unit on a distribution network line to syn- data to a monitoring system. The installation and application
chronously measure the waveform characteristics of lightning- were carried out on an actual 10 kV distribution line to real-
induced overvoltage and the lightning path. The above research ize the monitoring of the lightning induced overvoltage of the
is of great significance for understanding the mechanism of distribution network.
lightning overvoltage in distribution networks. At present, the
lightning overvoltage sensing unit of the distribution network
mostly uses contact or non-contact capacitor voltage division II. SENSOR PRINCIPLE
measurement. The traditional voltage divider contact measure- A schematic diagram of the overvoltage sensing device is
ment faces the problem of insulation aging of the voltage divider. shown in Fig. 1. It has three main parts: sensing insulator, self-
At the same time, due to the high requirements for insulation power-supply insulator, and wireless data transmission module.
performance, the volume is usually large. Thus, it is difficult Both the self-power-supply insulator and the sensing insulator
to install on a line with a large number of installation nodes. use a ceramic capacitor dividing unit. The ceramic capacitor is
The non-contact capacitor voltage division measurement has the packaged in the post insulator, which is directly connected to the
problem of transient decoupling of the voltage signals. More- distribution line. By appropriate design of the voltage dividing
over, to realize the online monitoring of lightning overvoltage of structure of the ceramic capacitor, the contact measurement of
the distribution lines, the sensing unit and the information trans- the lightning overvoltage of the distribution network can be re-
mission unit need a local power supply. At present, the main alized. Conventional voltage dividers generally use polystyrene
ways of supplying power to the monitoring device include a capacitors. In comparison, ceramic capacitors have higher di-
solar-battery hybrid power supply [19]–[21], laser power sup- electric strength and smaller size, which allows them to be op-
ply [22], and current transformer power supply [23]–[25]. Solar- erated on the line for a long time and ensures the reliability
battery power supply is mainly limited by the weather, service of the sensing insulator. The self-power-supply insulator can
life, and maintenance cost. Laser power supply is mainly af- provide a reliable power supply for the wireless transmission
fected by power supply, cost, and service life. The current trans- unit through power transformation through a series of capacitor
former power supply is greatly affected by the phase current of components and a power electronic device. Because it adopts
the distribution line, and it fails easily when the load current is the voltage conversion method, the drawbacks of conventional
small. current transformers can be prevented, and the shortcomings of
Based on the long-term research of voltage sensors and the poor long-term working stability of a solar energy supply
monitoring devices in Chongqing University [26]–[29], a line- device can be avoided. The wireless monitoring part is com-
powered intelligent insulator device with wireless data transmis- posed of a data acquisition module and wireless transmission
sion is proposed for monitoring lightning-induced overvoltage. module. The lightning-induced overvoltage signal obtained by
The main components are high-voltage ceramic capacitors. A the sensing insulator through the fast data acquisition module
system that can directly measure the overvoltage of the distribu- is transmitted to a monitoring system via the wireless sensing
tion network over a long time was developed by designing the module. The application of ceramic capacitor insulators with
voltage dividing structure and insulation structure of the insula- high dielectric strength to the sensing and power-supply units
tor using these capacitors. Capacitor voltage division and power significantly improves the reliability of the monitoring device.
electronic conversion are used to power the device. Wireless Meanwhile, the three parts are independent, which makes the
communication technology is applied to transmit overvoltage installation convenient.
790 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
Fig. 2. Principle of voltage dividing transmission.
Fig. 4. Ceramic capacitor potted in insulator.
Therefore, the voltage signal entering the cable is
C1 Z 1 U 1 C1
U1 = . (1)
(C1 + C2 ) (Z + R1 ) 2 (C1 + C2 )
The ends of the coaxial cable are connected to R2 and C, U2
is the output voltage of sensing insulator. No reflection occurs
when the wave reaches the end. And the initial voltage division
Fig. 3. Circuit model.
ratio is
U1 2(C1 + C2 )
= . (2)
A. Sensing Insulator U2 C1
The performance of the sensing insulator determines the qual- Thus, the final voltage division ratio after stabilization is
ity of the on-line monitoring device. A sensing insulator made U1 C1 + C2 + C
= . (3)
with ceramic capacitors has the advantages of good response U2 C1
characteristics to the waveforms of the steady and transient To make the initial voltage division ratio of the circuit equal to
states, small volume, and high insulation level, which can meet the final voltage division ratio, the circuit selects C1 + C2 = C.
the requirements of on-line monitoring. C1 is the 400 pF high-voltage capacitor of the sensing insulator,
The sensing insulator of the voltage dividing unit adopts the and C2 is the 240 nF low-voltage capacitor. That is, the voltage
principle of capacitive voltage division transmission. It is com- divider ratio of the sensing insulator is
posed of high- and low-voltage capacitors connected in series, as
shown in Fig. 2. To ensure that the output signal of the sensing in- 2(C1 + C2 )
K1 = ≈ 1200.
sulator is reasonable and the measurement accuracy is high, the C1
high-voltage capacitor C1 was selected as 400 pF, obtained by When the sensing insulator operates normally on a 10 kV
connecting in series two 800 pF ceramic capacitors. The power distribution network line, the effective voltage value of the sens-
frequency withstand voltage of a single capacitor can be up to ing insulator output to the pre-circuit of the data acquisition
40 kV. The low-voltage capacitor C2 can be selected as 240 nF, module is
and it is a single ceramic capacitor. √
U1 10 000/ 3
Fig. 3 shows the system circuit model. The value of C2 is high U2 = = ≈ 4.8 V.
enough to make the internal impedance of the divider sufficiently K1 1200
low compared to the impedance of the cable. Therefore, the which meets the safety requirement of the acquisition module.
loading effect of the cable on the ceramic capacitive divider is The high-voltage ceramic capacitors in this sensing insulator
ignored. U1 is the input voltage to the sensing insulator. C1 and mainly use BaTiO3 dielectric materials, which have a breakdown
C2 constitute the capacitor divider circuit. The voltage signal field strength up to 6 kV/mm. The high-voltage and low-voltage
output by the sensing insulator is transmitted to the pre-circuit ceramic capacitors are connected by a copper strip, placed in
through a coaxial cable. R1 and R2 are matched resistors with a hollow post insulator, and potted with epoxy resin, as shown
resistance values equal to the wave impedance Z of the cable. in Fig. 4. Insulation tests were carried out to verify the power
YANG et al.: MEASUREMENT OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE IN POWER DISTRIBUTION LINES 791
Fig. 5. Low-power-consumption power supply.
frequency withstand voltage and lightning withstand voltage ac-
cording to standard GB/T 1001.1-2003 before the insulator was Fig. 6. Principle of wireless monitoring transmission.
applied to the distribution lines.
B. Self-Power-Supply Insulator for Low Power Consumption 120–300 V. The output voltage is 12 V. The maximum output
The on-line power supply of the overvoltage monitoring de- current is 1.5 A.
vice also uses the principle of capacitive voltage division, as
shown in Fig. 5. High-voltage and low-voltage ceramic capaci-
C. Wireless Monitoring Transmission Part
tors (C3 and C4 , respectively) are connected in series. Then, the
resulting circuit is electrically isolated from the primary circuit The wireless monitoring transmission device is composed of
through an isolation transformer to avoid the danger of acciden- a data acquisition module and wireless transmission module (see
tal contact with the charged body and ground. Finally, the power Fig. 6). Phases A, B. and C were the voltage of sensing insula-
is rectified and filtered by an ac/dc converter to obtain the volt- tor output to the pre-circuit of the data acquisition module. The
age required to meet the normal working requirements of the range of transient voltages for proper operation of the system
distribution network data acquisition system. is 5 V–100 kV. The data acquisition module in the monitor-
The power-supply unit adopts an overvoltage protection cir- ing device adopts the framework of a signal attenuation circuit,
cuit composed of a varistor and an air-gap discharge tube acquisition module, and central processing module. The over-
connected in parallel. The ac is rectified into dc by a bridge voltage signal is regulated by the signal attenuation circuit and
rectification method and then filtered and regulated to provide stepped down to an acceptable ±5 V for the acquisition module.
12 V dc for the load. The varistor is the primary protection The overvoltage signal is sent to the acquisition module. Then,
and the air-gap discharge tube is the secondary protection. The the overvoltage information is sent to an on-line monitoring
varistor type is 14D471K with an operating voltage of 470 V system by the central processor of the communication module.
and maximum clamping voltage is 775 V. The air-gap discharge The central processing module uses a Cortex-M3 core, which
tube type is 2RM470L-8, with a dc spark-over voltage of 470 V. features low power consumption, high performance, low cost,
The protection circuit can clamp the overvoltage at 470 V, which standard ARM architecture, powerful software support, and
provides better protection for the downstream circuit. large-capacity flash storage capacity. It provides the founda-
The high-voltage ceramic capacitor makes direct contact with tion for high-frequency data acquisition. The acquisition mod-
the high-voltage distribution network line to obtain power for ule uses an AD7616 16-bit synchronous sampling chip with
device operation. The capacitor voltage division principle is used sampling rate of 400 kHz; eight acquisition channels; and a
to take power from both ends of the low-voltage capacitor to low-noise, high-input-impedance signal conditioning circuit to
output a stable voltage value U3 , which is minimize the impact on the originally acquired signal. The pur-
pose of the signal attenuation circuit is to protect the acquisition
C3
U3 = U = K2 U (4) chip from being damaged by unstable voltage signals, while
C3 + C4 avoiding distortion of the original overvoltage signal.
where U is the voltage of the overhead distribution line, K2 is The wireless transmission module in the monitoring device is
the voltage division ratio, and C3 and C4 are the capacitance of based on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, and
ceramic capacitors that can be adjusted according to actual con- it transmits to a GPRS communication network. The main com-
ditions. The power-supply module adopts mature ac/dc converter munication module is a SIM800 communication processing unit,
development technology and is designed to operate the data which is a two-band GSM/GPRS module. It is a surface-mount
acquisition system under working conditions. The adjustable technology package that has stable performance, compactness,
dynamic range of the input voltage of the ac/dc converter is and low cost. Its working frequency is 900/1800 MHz for
792 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
Fig. 7. Lightning impulse voltage response.
GSM/GPRS, and it can transmit voice, short messages (SMS),
and data with low power consumption.
When the transmission line is subjected to lightning strikes or
other faults, the overvoltage signal is obtained by the monitoring
device. Then it is analyzed, processed, and transmitted by the
wireless transmission module to an on-line monitoring system. Fig. 8. Field power-supply test.
III. PERFORMANCE TEST
The monitoring device needs to run under the working volt-
age of the distribution network for a long time through a direct
electrical connection with the line. Therefore, it is necessary to
evaluate the performance of the entire monitoring system. This
performance evaluation included the transient response charac-
teristics, stability, and linearity of the sensing insulator.
A. Lightning Impulse Response Test
To test the response characteristics of the sensing insulator, a
standard lightning impulse signal of 1.2/50 µs with a peak value
of 75 kV was applied to the sensing insulator. This test only
evaluated the performance of the sensing insulator. The output
signal was the voltage on the low-voltage capacitor, which was
taken from between the high-voltage capacitor C1 and the low-
voltage capacitor C2 and collected with an oscilloscope. Fig. 7
shows the lightning impulse voltage measured using a standard Fig. 9. Device load versus output power.
voltage divider and the lightning output signal obtained from the
sensing insulator. The figure clearly shows that the sensing insu-
lator output is substantially consistent with the applied standard
lightning wave signal. device, the capacitor C3 was set as 8 nF and C4 was set as 180 nF,
for a voltage division ratio of 1:23.5. Approximately 250 V was
applied to the resulting circuit at the power frequency.
B. Power-Supply Test of Monitoring Device The self-power-supply insulator of the monitoring device is
The motivation behind the power-supply circuit design is to the key to its continuous operation. Therefore, we tested the
obtain power from the distribution line. This circuit can realize power-supply performance of the device by setting up the 10 kV
an output power of several watts to supply power for the on-line test platform shown in Fig. 8.
monitoring device or to charge a battery. During the test, the output voltage was stable at 12 V. The
Considering the safety of the system and the volume and the power of the single-phase line was tested by adjusting the resis-
power consumption of line post insulators, the power-supply tance of the load which was used to perform tests and did not
insulator capacitors C3 and C4 in Fig. 5 can be selected at the pertain to the circuit. The relationship between the load and the
nanofarad level. To ensure reliable operation of the monitoring output power is shown in Fig. 9. When the output voltage was
YANG et al.: MEASUREMENT OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE IN POWER DISTRIBUTION LINES 793
Fig. 10. Normal operation of the transmission line. (a) Voltage divider.
(b) Sensing insulator. Fig. 12. Permanent phase-to-ground fault of phase A. (a) Voltage divider.
(b) Sensing insulator.
Fig. 11. Transient phase-to-ground fault of phase A. (a) Voltage divider.
(b) Sensing insulator.
12 V and the load resistance was 100 Ω, the output power was
1.41 W. When the load resistance was reduced from 220 to 70 Ω,
the variation of output power was inversely proportional to the
load, and it increased from 0.62 to 2.03 W. When the load resis-
tance continued to decrease below 70 Ω, the power provided by
the system could not meet the energy required by the load, and
the ac/dc converter collapsed.
Fig. 13. On-line monitoring device.
C. Test of Overall Unit Performance
The sensing insulators and self-power-supply insulators were
tested for overall performance to verify the performance of the phase-to-ground fault and permanent phase-to-ground fault, re-
whole online monitoring system. Two sets of insulators were spectively. A significant arc grounding overvoltage waveform
operated on the 10 kV test platform for a long time to prove can be observed in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows the permanent phase-
that they can work stably in the distribution network. The in- to-ground fault of phase A. When the voltage of phase A dropped
put three-phase voltage had a 10 kV power frequency sinusoidal to zero, the voltage amplitudes of phases B and C rose to the line
voltage. Three tests were carried out: normal operation of the voltage amplitude. It can be seen that when the transmission line
transmission line, transient phase-to-ground fault of phase A, failed, the sensing insulators output response was still good.
and permanent phase-to-ground fault of phase A. The test plat-
form is shown in Fig. 8. The device obtained sufficient power
to operate the monitoring circuitry. Test results of the standard IV. APPLICATION OF MONITORING DEVICE
voltage divider output are shown in Figs. 10(a), 11(a), and 12(a). The overvoltage monitoring device was installed on a 10-kV
The test results of the sensing insulators output are shown in distribution line to test field application. The line selected was
Figs. 10(b), 11(b), and 12(b). Both of the output signals were from towers No. 72 to 96 on the 10 kV line of the 35 kV sub-
the voltage on the low-voltage capacitor C2 . station in Lincang, Yunnan, China. The actual installation is
The output in these three figures is the voltage on the line con- shown in Fig. 13. After the distribution line was energized, the
verted by the voltage division ratio. Fig. 10 is the output wave- line-power-supply unit obtained sufficient power to energize the
form of the three-phase voltage collected by the standard voltage monitoring device. Fig. 14(a) shows the three-phase power fre-
divider and ceramic capacitance sensing insulator. It can be seen quency voltage waveform collected from the lines. As of now,
that the output response of the sensing insulator was good when the system has run stably for about 6 months. Fig. 14(b) shows
the line was in the normal operation condition. Figs. 11 and 12 the transient phase-to-ground fault waveform of phase B col-
show the output response of the phase A line during the transient lected by the device. As can be seen from Fig. 14(b), the voltage
794 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 61, NO. 3, JUNE 2019
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YANG et al.: MEASUREMENT OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE IN POWER DISTRIBUTION LINES 795
Qing Yang (M’15) was born in Sichuan, China, in Hongwen Liu was born in 1984. He received the
1981. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engi- master’s degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an
neering from North China Electrical Power Univer- Jiaotong University, Xi’an China, in 2011. He is now
sity, Beijing, China, in 2002, and the Ph.D. degree engaged in the research of distribution network in the
in electrical engineering from Chongqing University, Electric Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power
Chongqing, China, in 2006. Grid Company, Ltd., Yunnan, China.
He is currently working with the School of
Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University. His
research interests include the outdoor insulation in
complex ambient conditions, sensing techniques of
power systems, and space charge dynamics in the
liquid dielectric.
Ke Wang was born in 1982. He received the master’s
degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an China, in 2007. He is currently the
Director of the Distribution Network Institute of the
Electric Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power
Grid Company, Ltd., Yunnan, China.
Lu Yin received the bachelor’s degree in electrical Jisheng Huang was born in 1985. He received
engineering from Chongqing University, Chongqing, the bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from
China, in 2013. He is currently working toward the the Kunming University of Science and Technol-
Postgraduate degree in the State Key Laboratory of ogy, Kunming China, in 2007. He is now engaged
Power Transmission Equipment and Security and in transmission technology supervision and technol-
New Technology, Chongqing University. ogy management work in the Lincang Power Sup-
His research interests include the power system ply Company of Yunnan Power Grid Company, Ltd.,
overvoltage and ceramic capacitive sensor. Yunnan, China.
