CALABAR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION

(CUMSA)

PART I MB BCh
EXAMINATION PAST
QUESTIONS (THEORY)
EBEBE UDUAK (DIRECTOR OF WELFARE)

EYO VICTOR LED CUMSA 2018/2019 EXCO

 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

PART I MB BCh
PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
PAST QUESTIONS (THEORY)
COMPILED BY EBEBE UDUAK (DIRECTOR OF WELFARE)
IN EYO VICTOR LED CUMSA 2018/2019 EXCO

CALABAR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION (CUMSA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR
2018

Compiled by Ebebe Uduak (Director of Welfare) 1

 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

This book is gratefully dedicated to every medical student; those who are, those who were and
those who are to be.

“One of the most effective ways to prepare for an exam is to practice with previous versions of
the same exam. It will be good for you to know what to expect.”
EU

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

ANATOMY

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

ANA 2008/2009
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Describe the femoral triangle and its applied anatomy.

2. Write on the blood supply to the heart and its applied anatomy.
3. a. With the aid of a neat diagram, write on the internal capsule.
b. Add a note on its blood supply and clinical implications.
4. Compare and contrast the cells and tissues that make up the abdominal aorta and the
artery to biceps muscles.
5. Write on the temporomandibular joint with diagrams to illustrate.
6. Write on the posterior triangles of the neck with diagrams to illustrate.
7. a. Describe the formation of the rectus sheath.
b. Add a note on the arcuate ligament of Douglas.
8. Describe;
a. The anal canal
b. Posterior mediastinum
9. Write on the following;
a. Development of the diaphragm.
b. Positional changes, innervation and congenital abnormalities.
10. Write on any two (2) autosomal abnormality including their characteristic features.

ANA 2008/2009
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Write on the development of the male urethra and its anomalies.

b. Write on the X-linked inheritance in man.
2. Describe the cytoarchitecture of the kidney.
3. Write on the anterior triangle of the neck.
4. Write on the extraocular muscles of the eyeball.
5. Describe the arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply of the first intercostal
space.
6. Describe the ischiorectal fossa. Give the clinical anatomy.
7. Write on the formation and applied anatomy of ulnar nerve.
8. Describe the structures found in a cross section of upper 1/3 of the thigh.
9. With the aid of a neat diagram, describe the structures seen in the internal structure of
the pons at the upper level.
10. With the aid of neat diagrams, write on the blood supply of the medial surface of the
cerebral cortex.

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

ANA 2009/2010
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Describe the longitudinal arch of the foot. Add a note on its applied anatomy.
2. Write on the flexor retinaculum and its applied anatomy.
3. a. Name the nine (9) divisions of the abdomen and at least one (1) structure related to
each division.
b. List the structures related to the sternal angle of Louis.
4. Differentiate between a male and female pelvis.
5. Describe the nasal septum. Add a note on the clinical anatomy.
6. a. Write on the carotid triangle.
b. Blood supply/drainage of the thyroid gland.
7. Give account of the cells and tissues that are found in the transverse section of the
trachea.
8. Write on the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex under the following;
a. Layers
b. Cells
9. Write on the development of the left atrium. List the derivatives of the aortic arch.
10. Write on the five (5) types of uncommon structural chromosome abnormalities.

ANA 2009/2010
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Write on the development of the permanent kidney and its anomalies.

b. List six (6) differences between mitosis and meiosis.
2. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the breast and its applied anatomy.
3. Write on the anatomy of the popliteal fossa.
4. Write on the content of the porta hepatis and add the clinical anatomy of the gall
bladder.
5. Describe the rectum. Add a note on the clinical anatomy of rectal prolapse.
6. Write on the Little’s area. Add a note on its clinical anatomy.
7. Write briefly on;
a. Posterior triangle of the neck
b. Vertebral artery and its branches
8. a. List the ascending tracts of the spinal cord.
b. Write on the spinothalamic tract. Add a note on its clinical importance.
9. With the aid of a neat diagram, write on the cytoarchitecture of the cerebrum.
10. Give account of the microstructure of the skin. Add a note on the functions of the skin.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

ANA 2010/2011
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write on the mode of inheritance in which the heterozygote is neither dominant nor
recessive.
2. First heart beat occurs at 21 to 22 days,
a. Discuss circulation in a primitive heart.
b. Write on the partitioning of atrioventricular canal and its anomalies.
3. Describe the histological features of compact bone.
4. Write on the effect of lesion of the median nerve at the level of the wrist.
5. Write on the applied anatomy of the arches of the foot.
6. Describe the investing fascia of the neck, give its attachment and its clinical applications.
7. Write short notes on;
a. Floor of the 4th ventricle
b. External structure of the pons
8. a. List the muscles inserted into the perineal body.
b. Write on the relations of Cul-de-sac (Pouch of Douglas) and its clinical importance.
9. With the aid of neat diagrams, write on the parotid gland.
10. Write short notes on;
a. Muscles of mastication
b. Digastric triangle

ANA 2010/2011
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Describe the palmar aponeurosis and its applied anatomy.

2. Write on the venous drainage of lower limb and its applied anatomy.
3. Describe the formation, contents and clinical importance of the pouch of Douglas.
4. a. Describe the anatomy and clinical importance of the foramen of Winslow.
b. List the anterior relations of the left kidney.
5. Describe the thyroid gland.
6. Describe the descent of the testes. Add a note on the abnormalities associated with
descent.
7. Describe the histology of the brachial artery. Add a note on the differences between it
and the external carotid artery.
8. Write using diagram where necessary on the following;
a. Neuroglia
b. Corticospinal tract
9. Write on the parotid gland under the following;
a. Location b. Shape c. Covering d. Content e. Course of its duct
10. a. What is mutation? Write briefly on three (3) types of mutation.
b. List four (4) agents of mutations.

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

ANA 2012/2013
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write on the anatomy of the sciatic nerve. Add a note on its applied anatomy.
2. Describe the posterior triangle of the neck. Give the clinical anatomy.
3. Describe the histology of the renal corpuscle.
4. Discuss the anatomy of the superior mediastinum.
5. Describe the histology of the supra renal cortex. Enumerate the products of their cells.
6. Describe the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. Give the clinical importance of
the medulla.
7. With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the cubital fossa.
8. a. With the aid of diagrams, discuss the various presentations of cleft palate.
b. Describe congenital hydrocephalus.
9. Describe the fate of the paramesonephric duct.
10. a. Classify chromosome using Denver’s system.
b. Write on Turner’s syndrome.

ANA 2013/2014
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. How does the tongue develop? What is the anatomical basis of tongue tie?
2. Describe the histology of the adrenal cortex. Add a note on its clinical importance.
3. Write on the anatomy of the axilla. Add a note on its applied anatomy.
4. Discuss the anatomy of the femoral triangle. Add a note on the clinical anatomy.
5. Write on the floor of the 4th ventricle.
6. List the characteristics of a patient with Down’s syndrome. What causes Down’s
syndrome?
7. Describe the cavernous sinus and list its contents. What features distinguish the
cavernous sinus from other dural sinuses.
8. Describe the thyroid gland with emphasis on the blood supply. Give the clinical
importance.
9. a. What is the vertebral level of the sternal angle. List the structures related to this level.
b. Describe the different positions of the appendix and its clinical importance.
10. a. Describe the major supports of the urethra.
b. Write on the applied anatomy of the Pouch of Douglas.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

ANA 2014/2015
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Describe the embryology of the thyroid gland.

2. Describe sex-linked inheritance.
3. With the aid of a diagram, enumerate the ventricular system of the brain. Write in
details on the floor of the 4th ventricle.
4. Describe the anatomy of the palmar arches.
5. Write on the course and distribution of the great saphenous vein. Give the applied
anatomy.
6. Describe the middle ear. Mention the muscles associated with it.
7. Write on the muscles of mastication. Add a note on the clinical importance.
8. Write on the classification of epithelium and give two (2) examples of each.
9. Describe the ischiorectal fossa. Add a note on its clinical importance.
10. Describe the posterior mediastinum. Add a note on its clinical importance.

ANA 2015/2016
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. With the aid of a well labelled diagram only, show the formation and branches of the
brachial plexus. Give four (4) clinical importance.
2. Describe the anatomy of the popliteal fossa. State three (3) applied anatomy of this
fossa.
3. Give account of the microscopic view of the pituitary gland. Add a note on its functions.
4. Write on the epithelium under the following headings:
a. Definition b. Classification with examples
5. a. What are chromosomes? Describe the basic structure of chromosomes.
b. Classify chromosomes on the basis of their position.
6. How does the testis develop? Give two (2) developmental anomalies.
7. Describe the gross anatomy of the superior aperture of the thorax. Add a note on its
related anatomy.
8. Describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta. Give any clinical importance.
9. a. List the paranasal sinuses.
b. Write on the anatomy of the maxillary sinus. Add a note on its clinical importance.
10. With the aid of relevant diagram, list the parts of the superolateral surface of the brains
supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

ANA 2015/2016
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. With the aid of a diagram, describe the cubital fossa. Give also the clinical importance.
2. Write on the knee joint. Add a note on the clinical importance of the menisci.
3. a. List the branches of the external carotid artery.
b. Write on the superior orbital fissure.
4. How does the kidney develop? Explain two (2) anomalies of position.
5. Define and describe two (2) sites of portacaval anastomosis and give two (2) applied
anatomy.
6. Give account of the histology of loose areola connective tissue.
7. Describe the microscopic view of the organ of Corti.
8. Describe the development of the neural tube. Add a note on two (2) associated
anomalies.
9. Write on the gross structure of the spinal cord. What is lumbar puncture and its clinical
implication.
10. Discuss in detail using neat diagrams the internal capsule. Add a note on the clinical
importance of this structure.

ANA 2016/2017
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. With the aid of a neat diagram only, write on the brachial plexus.
b. Discuss the femoral triangle under:
i. Boundaries ii. Contents iii. One clinical importance
2. a. List the descending tracts of the spinal cord.
b. Using a neat diagram, explain the corticospinal tract. Add the clinical implication
related to this tract.
3. Describe the formation of the arterial Circle of Willis. Give its clinical importance.
4. Discuss epithelial tissues under the following headings:
a. Shape b. Strata c. Functions and two (2) locations for each type.
5. Give account of the cytoarchitecture of the blood-urine barrier. Add a note on the
applied anatomy.
6. Write on the formation and derivatives of pharyngeal pouches.
7. Discuss spermatogenesis and give two (2) factors that adversely affect it.
8. Describe the mediastinal surface of the right lung. Give the clinical importance.
9. Describe the formation of the rectus sheath. Add a note on its clinical significance.
10. Using diagram, enumerate the structures found in the floor of the 3 rd ventricle.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

ANA 2016/2017
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the anatomy of the Carpal Tunnel. Add a note on its applied anatomy.
2. Describe the Arches of the foot. Add a single note on its clinical significance.
3. Write in detail on the Medial Lemniscus and its clinical importance.
4. Write briefly on the following:
a. List the hypothalamic nuclei and functions
b. Floor of the fourth ventricle
5. Describe the pericardium. Add a note on its clinical anatomy. Give the clinical anatomy
of the foramen of Winslow.
6. Describe the posterior triangle under the following headings:
a. Boundaries b. Contents c. Applied anatomy
7. You are provided with a section of the human kidney, what would you see under the
light microscope. Add a note on its functions.
8. Compare and contrast the microstructure of the aorta and the brachial artery.
9. Write on the derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch and give anomalies.
10. How does the testis get to the scrotum after formation? Give two (2) clinical
correlations of the process.

ANA 2017/2018
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the anatomy of the cubital fossa. Add a note on its clinical anatomy.
2. Write on the gross anatomy and applied anatomy of the arches of the foot.
3. Discuss Down’s syndrome and its clinical presentations.
4. Write on the formation of the mesoderm. Give two (2) derivatives of mesoderm in
adults.
5. Differentiate between the aorta and the radial artery.
6. Comment on the histology of connective tissues.
7. a. List the paranasal sinuses. Add a note on the clinical importance of the maxillary
sinus.
b. Enumerate the structures found in the transverse section of the neck at the level of
C6 with the aid of a neat diagram.
8. Describe the pericardium. Write on its functions and clinical anatomy.
9. a. Discuss the divisions of the abdomen. Give one (1) example of a structure found in
each division.
b. Write on the support of the uterus.
10. a. With the aid of a neat diagram list the structures seen in the transverse section of the
medulla oblongata at the level of pyramidal decussation.
b. Briefly explain medial and lateral medullary syndromes.
c. Enumerate the structures that form the basal ganglia.

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

ANA 2017/2018
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Attempt all questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Describe the anatomy of the cubital fossa and its applied anatomy.
2. Write on the anatomy of the hypophysis cerebri and its clinical importance.
3. Write on the development of the kidney, give two (2) anomalies of development.
4. Describe klinefelter and cri-du-chat syndromes with two (2) clinical presentations each.
5. Discuss the gross anatomy of the diaphragm and give two (2) clinical correlation.
6. Describe the features of the trachea as seen under the microscope.
7. Give an account of the features of loose areolar connective tissue.
8. Write on the support of the uterus.
9. Describe the nasal septum, add a note on the clinical anatomy of the Little’s area.
10. Describe the auditory pathway and add a note on the clinical correlation.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

BIOCHEMISTRY

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

BCM 2007/2008
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Applications of enzymes in biochemical sciences

2. Applications of electrophoresis and chromatography
3. Catecholamines
4. Lesions in phenylketonuria
5. Paracetamol toxicity in overdose
6. Factors affecting lipid absorption
7. Biological effect(s) of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
8. Sports and Cori cycle
9. Physiological buffers
10. Complement system of antibody
11. Thalassemias
12. Functions and deficiencies of calcium and phosphorus in human nutrition

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the reactions of pentose phosphate pathway in the cell and comment on the
biological significance of this pathway.
2. Write an essay on the roles of the liver in drug metabolism, highlighting specific roles of
enzymes of detoxification.
3. Give an account of the process of protein synthesis in mammals.
4. Write on diabetes mellitus under the following;
a. Etiology
b. Classification
c. Pathophysiology
d. Management
5. Discuss the roles of steroids and protein hormones in;
a. Pregnancy b. Lactation c. Disease or Health d. Sports
6. State the characteristics of the five (5) immunoglobulins and comment on the
difference(s) between innate and adaptive immunity.
7. Discuss the nutritional aspects of fat soluble vitamins.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

BCM 2007/2008
RESIT EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Write briefly on anaplerotic reaction

2. Colligative properties of solutions
3. Complications of diabetes mellitus
4. Pathogenesis and prevention of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
5. Briefly comment on hapten and passive immunity
6. Comment on Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
7. Fate of HMG-CoA
8. Factors affecting enzyme induction
9. Vasopressin
10. Sports and the Cori cycle
11. List five (5) biological functions of lipids
12. Principles of chromatography
13. Biochemical relevance of decarboxylation
14. What is an active site of an enzyme?
15. Application of electrophoresis

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions Time: 3hrs

1. Write an essay on the relationship between malnutrition and infection.

2. Discuss the maintenance and regulation of blood glucose level.
3. Discuss the biochemical basis, manifestation and management of a named inborn error
of amino acid metabolism.
4. Discuss the role of hormones in health and disease.
5. Draw a labeled diagram of an immunoglobulin and state the characteristic of the
different types of immunoglobulins you are familiar with.
6. Write an essay on the clinical use of enzymes.
7. Give the metabolic interrelationship of fatty acids in the human body (sketch diagram if
necessary).
8. Outlie the biochemical strategies adopted by mammalian organisms to deal with
lipophilic xenobiotics.

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

BCM 2008/2009
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Principles of chromatography
2. Primary bile acids
3. Biochemical importance of the pentose phosphate pathway
4. Biological importance of pH
5. Alkaptonuria
6. Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated immunity
7. Anaplerotic reaction
8. Role of delta-3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate in lipid metabolism
9. Properties of genetic code
10. Obesity
11. Viruses are mobile genes, explain
12. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
13. Organizational levels of proteins
14. Membrane transport
15. Orotic aciduria

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Give an account of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the regulation of blood
sugar. How do you conduct an oral glucose tolerance test?
2. Outline and discuss the reactions of the urea cycle.
How is this cycle regulated?
3. Outline and discuss the biochemical basis for the use of any four (4) anti-neoplastic
agents.
4. Write an essay on the relationship between nutrition and disease.
5. Discuss the application of enzymes in clinical diagnosis.
6. Of what significance are the lipoproteins to coronary heart disease? What is the role of
cholesterol?
7. Discuss the role of hormones in human reproduction.
8. What strategy is employed by mammalian organism to deal with insults by xenobiotics?

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

BCM 2009/2010
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Plasma protein electrophoresis in health and disease

2. Absorption of fats from GIT
3. Codex Alimentarius commission
4. Anabolic steroids and Cyt p450
5. Genetic code is wobbly and degenerate. Briefly explain
6. Endocrinopathy or chemistry and function of a named gonadal hormone
7. Reducing sugar
8. Xeroderma Pigmentosa
9. Epilepsy
10. Annotated diagram of a neuron and its function
11. Functions of pentose phosphate pathway
12. Bicarbonate buffer system
13. Structural organization of proteins
14. Lethal synthesis in phase II metabolism
15. Effect of protein energy malnutrition in your community

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write exhaustively on the biochemical basis of any three (3) methods you may adopt to
access the functions of the liver.
2. Discuss the relevance of hormones in health and disease.
3. Classify the lipoproteins and present an essay on the roles of lipoproteins in health and
disease.
4. List at least four (4) anti-neoplastic drugs and discuss the biochemical basis of their
action.
5. Give an account of the digestion and absorption of a protein meal in the GIT. What are
the defects associated with this process?
6. Write an essay on the roles of vitamins A and C in human nutrition.
7. Show by schematic drawing the sources of carbon and nitrogen atoms in a pyrimidine
ring. Discuss the regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis.
8. Write briefly on the following;
a. Forensic aspects of sports and steroids
b. Forensic aspects of marriage and pregnancy
c. Alcohol consumption and breath analyzer test

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

BCM 2010/2011
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Carcinogens and teratogens

2. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
3. Functions of the liver
4. Functions of neuroglia
5. Benefit of regular physical activity
6. Normal and abnormal haemoglobin
7. Bicarbonate buffer as a physiological buffer
8. Chemical bonds of physiological importance
9. Principles of chromatographical techniques
10. Epimerism in sugar
11. Chemistry and functions of androgens
12. Nutritional problems in Nigeria
13. Central dogma of molecular genetics
14. DNA fingering and its use
15. Lipids of physiological importance

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. What conditions precipitate ketogenesis? Give the relevant reactions of ketogenesis and
explain the clinical complications of ketone bodies formation.
2. What is haemostasis? Discuss the mechanisms of haemostasis.
3. Discuss the molecular mechanism at the cell surface involved in immune response
infection.
4. Write an essay on the roles of hormones in reproduction.
5. Outline and discuss the different levels of protein structure and their biological roles.
6. Differentiate between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Show by a sketch the sites of ATP synthesis of the electron transport chain and possible
inhibitors.
7. Discuss fully the roles of socio-economic factors in pathogenesis of protein energy
malnutrition in Nigerian children.
8. Describe the structure, composition and biochemical functions of adipose tissue.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

BCM 2013/2014
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Define and differentiate between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative

phosphorylation
2. Write briefly on energy utilization in the body
3. What are the biochemical functions of the hexose monophosphate shunt?
4. Phenylketonuria
5. Seminal fluid
6. Absorption defects of carbohydrate, protein and fat in PEM
7. Comment briefly on phase 1 drug metabolism
8. Distinguish between toxic dose and lethal dose LD 50
9. Give five (5) reasons why bicarbonate buffer is exceptional as a physiological buffer
10. The molecular logic of the living state
11. List five (5) agencies where matters of interest to the forensic biochemists are
administered
12. Role of sphingolipids in health
13. Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases (highlighting the immune components
involved, classification and etiology of the latter)
14. Describe the control of gene expression at the level of DNA
15. Describe one (1) method for quantifying proteins

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write on the biochemical events during protein digestion in the stomach and small
intestine. Highlight the clinical effects of the defect in the process.
2. Discuss, giving reasons, why water (fluid) intake during physical activity is essential.
3. Write on the gamma-glutamyl cycle of amino acid absorption. How are infants’ immune
system sensitized? Comment on essentiality of amino acids.
4. Describe the functions performed by the liver in the body.
5. a. Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with the numerical symbol
20:4Δ5,8,11,14. Write out its full chemical structure. What type of omega fatty acid is it?
b. What is the basic structure of triacylglycerides and phospholipids?
6. A girl of 18 years of age eats regularly a meal analysed to have the following
composition; protein 7%, fat %, carbohydrate 55%, moisture 10%, alcohol 3%, ash 3%,
fibre 2%.
a. Calculate the total proximate composition of the meal.
b. Calculate the energy value of the meal.
c. Comment on the advantages and disadvantages of this meal on the health of a girl.
7. Describe the various steps involved in DNA replication in E. coli highlighting the roles of
the different enzymes and proteins involved in the replication.

In Eyo Victor Led CUMSA 2018/2019 ExCo 18

 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

BCM 2014/2015
MAIN EXAMINATION
ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)
Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write briefly on any four (4) of the following questions;

a. de novo synthesis of fatty acids
b. Importance of one-carbon metabolism
c. Chemistry and function of a named neurohypophyseal hormone
d. The fundamental differences between the genome of eukaryotes and prokaryotes
e. The fate of bile acids outside the lymphatic circulation
f. Write short notes on mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens
2. A certain family of two girls aged 16 and 18 years ate a regular meal analysed to have
the following composition; protein 10%, fat 15%, carbohydrate 50%, moisture 11%,
alcohol 4%, ash 5%, fibre 5%.
a. Calculate the total proximate composition of the meal.
b. Calculate the energy value of the meal.
c. Comment on the long term impact of this regular meal on the health of the girls?
3. a. With the aid of a diagram, briefly describe the entry of a named fatty acid into the
mitochondrion.
b. Explain the net ATP yield per molecule of palmitoyl-CoA.
4. a. What are the three (3) characteristic components of nucleotides? Illustrate using the
chemical structures of the five (5) major nucleotides.
b. Results on the human genome published in Science Journal indicate that the haploid
human genome consists of 2.91gigabase pairs (2.91 x 109 base pairs) and that 27% of
the bases in human DNA are A. Calculate the number of A, T, G & C residues in a typical
human cell.
5. With an outline of the reactions of urea cycle, discuss nitrogen disposal in mammals.
Add a note on the energetics of this process.
6. Describe exhaustively factors that may enhance the toxicity of poisons.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

BCM 2016/2017
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. The properties of genetic code

2. Regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
3. How folate deficiency precipitates megaloblastic anaemia
4. Haemoglobinopathies
5. Four (4) significance of hexose monophosphate shunt
6. Comment on LD50 and list five (5) factors that may affect drug metabolism
7. Comment on fatty acid synthase complex
8. Factors affecting immunogenicity
9. General characteristics of the adaptive immune system
10. Chemistry and functions of aromatizable androgens
11. Disorders of fructose metabolism
12. Chemical bonds of physiological importance
13. DNA fingerprinting and its use
14. Dietary measures for preventing coronary artery disease
15. Glutathione and biochemical role

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the relevance of hormones in health and disease.

2. Discuss the biochemical basis, manifestation and management of a named inborn error
of amino acid metabolism.
3. Discuss the molecular mechanism at the cell surface involved in immune response to
infection.
4. Show by schematic drawing the sources of carbon and nitrogen atoms in a pyrimidine
ring and discuss the regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis.
5. Discuss the relevance of forensic biochemistry to medicine.
6. Write an essay on any two (2) disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
highlighting their clinical manifestations and management.
7. Briefly describe the oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid.

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

BCM 2016/2017
RESIT EXAMINATION

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write briefly on any four (4) of the following;

a. Diabetes and its clinical signs
b. Importance of one-carbon metabolism
c. Five (5) enzymes of clinical importance
d. The fundamental differences between purines and pyrimidines
e. Immunoglobulins and allergy
f. Write short note on biosynthesis of thyroid hormones
2. Attempt an exhaustive discussion on dietary sources, biochemical roles and deficiency
syndromes of any four (4) vitamins.
3. Highlight the biochemical events that take place in the duodenum and lower part of
small intestine during the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
4. a. Discuss the process of cholesterol metabolism and elucidate the role of cholesterol in
a named disease of clinical importance.
b. Explain the role of membrane lipids in the compartmentalization of cell functions.
5. a. What are the three (3) characteristic components of nucleotides? Illustrate using the
chemical structures of the five (5) major nucleotides.
b. Results on the human genome published in Science Journal indicate that the haploid
human genome consists of 2.91gigabase pairs (2.91 x 109 base pairs) and that 27% of
the bases in human DNA are A. Calculate the number of A, T, G & C residues in a typical
human cell.
6. Give a detailed description of the reactions involved in urea cycle and highlight the
inborn errors associated with urea formation.
7. Describe the metabolism of drugs/foreign compounds and propose five (5) factors that
may affect the process.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

BCM 2017/2018
MAIN EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. Benefits of regular physical activity

2. Recommended dietary allowances
3. Outline the anabolic and catabolic fates of absorbed glucose and state the factors that
determine the choice of fate
4. Name and show the four (4) reactions that differentiate gluconeogenesis from glycolysis
5. Outline any five (5) biochemical importance of the pentose phosphate pathway
6. State the biochemical basis of pellagra-like symptoms usually observed in Hartnup’s
disease
7. State the nutritional requirement and clinical applications of aminotransferase reaction
8. Comment on major enzymes of cholesterol synthesis and specify those involved in the
regulatory steps
9. Digestion and absorption of lipids
10. State two (2) significance of the following;
a. Thromboxane b. Leukotriene c. Prostaglandin E2 d. Prostaglandin I2
11. With the aid of a diagram, briefly describe the integration of lipid metabolism
12. Give the name and the co-enzyme name of the following vitamins;
a. B1 b. B3 c. B6 d. B9 e. B12

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the stepwise reactions and energetics of the complete breakdown of a molecule
of glucose in a cell.
2. Write an essay on the need for female athletes to pay special attention to their iron and
calcium intake.
3. Discuss exhaustively on the different methods by which the nutritional status of an
individual can be assessed.
4. Drug abuse as well as counterfeit can be checked. Explain how you can use your
knowledge of forensic biochemistry to proffer solutions.
5. Concisely describe the synthesis of steroid hormones describing the major enzymes
involved in the pathways.
6. a. Ketone bodies are important sources of energy to the peripheral tissues. Describe
with an illustration their synthesis.
b. Outline the three (3) differences between perixosomal and mitochondrial beta
oxidation.
7. a. Give an outline of the biosynthesis of haemoglobin, naming the various components.
b. What are the structural functions of haemoglobin and myoglobin?

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

BCM 2017/2018
RESIT EXAMINATION
SHORT NOTE QUESTIONS (SNQs)
Instruction: Attempt ten (10) questions. Time: 1hr:30mins

1. The structure and functions of catecholamines

2. Principle and applications of any two (2) named biochemical techniques
3. Galactosemia and phenylketonuria
4. Relative safety of xenobiotics. List and describe any five (5) factors that affect toxicity
5. Application of forensic biochemistry in sports and medicine
6. Codex alimentarius and NAFDAC
7. Describe any four (4) factors that influence foods glycaemic index
8. Structure and functions of essential fatty acids
9. Highlight four (4) similarities and four (4) differences between RNA and DNA
10. Four (4) clinical benefits of the oxidative phase of the hexose monophosphate shunt
11. Structure and functions of any two (2) steroid hormones
12. Glucose-alanine cycle

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (ETQs)

Instruction: Attempt any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the role of hormones in the sustenance of human life.

2. a. Define functional plasma enzymes and non-functional plasma enzymes with at least
one (1) example each.
b. Give an outline of any eight (8) enzymes of clinical importance and their diagnostic
significance.
3. Mixed function oxidase play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics,
a. Present a sketch of the mechanism of monooxygenation leading to introduction of
oxygen atom into the xenobiotic molecule. In which organelle of the cell does the above
reaction take place and what are the requirements for monooxygenation.
b. Explain the body’s strategy for xenobiotic metabolism.
4. Discuss the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis highlighting its clinical significance in
obesity.
5. a. Discuss anthropometry as a method for assessing the nutritional status of a
community.
b. Discuss the relationship between undernutrition and nutrient requirement.
6. Discuss, giving illustrations the three (3) stages involved in the complete breakdown of a
molecule of glucose to generate energy in the cell. Describe the energetics and
regulation of the process.
7. Outline and comment on the reactions of the urea cycle. Add notes on the energetics
and disorders of the cycle.

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

PHYSIOLOGY

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

PHS 2007/2008
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Explain “Excitation-Contraction Coupling”. Describe the mechanism and mechanics of

skeletal muscle contraction.
2. Describe in sequence the events that occur in the heart during the cardiac cycle.
3. a. Write a concise essay on neural and chemical control of respiration.
b. With a flow chart, describe the intrinsic pathway for blood coagulation.
4. Describe the vegetative, endocrine and emotional functions of the hypothalamus.
5. Describe the actions of growth hormone.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Absorption of carbohydrate
b. Juxtaglomerular apparatus (describe with diagram)
c. Clinical importance of eliciting the knee jerk
d. Glomerular filtration rate
e. Briefly describe the structure of the ear and how it works
f. Functions of placental oestrogen and progesterone

PHS 2008/2009
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Define sleep.
b. Distinguish between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non REM sleep.
2. Describe the mechanism by which the kidneys excrete hypertonic urine.
3. Write a concise essay on the digestion and absorption of a carbohydrate meal.
4. a. Define mean arterial blood pressure.
b. Discuss the role of renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of blood pressure.
5. With the aid of a flow chart, describe the process of leucopoiesis.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Enumerate the physiological actions of oestrogen
b. State the functions of the cell membrane
c. Describe the phases of cardiac muscle action potential
d. Babinski sign
e. Hypoxia
f. List the functions of growth hormone

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

PHS 2008/2009
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Write an essay on the counter current system in man.

2. Describe the manner in which oxygen flows “downhill” from the lungs to the tissue and
carbon dioxide flows “downhill” from tissue to lungs.
3. What is hypertension? Describe the various cardiovascular compensations to lower
blood pressure in human.
4. Describe the function of the cerebellum and the consequences of cerebellar
dysfunction.
5. a. Write an essay on the reticuloendothelial system.
b. Describe the indirect mechanism by which antibodies act to destroy pathogens.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
b. Defecation reflexes
c. Excitation-contraction coupling
d. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
e. Functions of oestrogen

PHS 2009/2010
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. What is haemostasis?
b. With an appropriate flow chart, describe the intrinsic mechanism of blood regulation.
2. Discuss the mechanics and mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction.
3. Discuss the renal handling of sodium and how it subserves volume homeostasis.
4. Describe the digestion and absorption of a yam meal.
5. Discuss the hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary function.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Oxygen toxicity
b. Describe the different phases of cardiac action potential
c. Cerebellar dysfunction
d. Babinski sign
e. Functions of bile

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

PHS 2012/2013
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. With the aid of a diagram describe the mechanics and mechanisms of skeletal muscle
contraction.
2. Write a concise essay on the transport of carbon dioxide in the body.
3. a. Define a hormone.
b. Discuss the nature, function and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone.
4. a. Define exercise and describe the types of exercise.
b. Discuss the cardiovascular adjustment to moderate and severe exercise.
5. Describe the digestion and process of absorption of carbohydrate in the gastrointestinal
tract.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Intrinsic clotting mechanism
b. Menstrual cycle
c. Physiological changes associated with emotional status
d. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
e. Cerebellar dysfunction

PHS 2013/2014
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Describe the functions of the stomach, and

b. The regulation (control) of gastric acid secretion.
2. Write a concise essay on the functions of the cerebral cortex.
3. a. Define exercise.
b. Explain the physiological adaptation to moderate/severe exercise.
4. Describe the chemical control of respiration.
5. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Physiologic actions of cortisol
b. Defecation reflex
c. Factors affecting force of contraction in skeletal muscles
d. Turbulent and laminar blood flow
e. Erythroblastosis fetalis

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

PHS 2014/2015
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Describe the auditory pathway, and

b. With the aid of a tuning fork, describe how you can determine whether a subject has
conduction deafness.
2. a. Define exercise.
b. Describe the cardiovascular response to severe exercise.
3. a. What is hypoxia?
b. Describe the different types of hypoxia you know.
4. Write a concise essay on the transition of a carbohydrate meal from the mouth to when
it appears in the blood.
5. Describe the synthesis and functions of thyroid hormone.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Functions of the skin
b. Formation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid
c. Extrinsic mechanism of blood clotting
d. Micturition reflex
e. Erythropoiesis

PHS 2015/2016
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Describe the structure of the muscle spindle.

b. How does the muscle spindle function to maintain muscle length?
2. a. Define haemorrhage?
b. Describe the cardiovascular adjustments of the body following severe haemorrhage.
3. Write a concise essay on the digestion and absorption of a carbohydrate meal.
4. Explain the metabolic functions of growth hormone and its regulation.
5. a. With the aid of a diagram, describe human lung volumes and capacities and their
normal values.
b. Describe anatomical and physiological dead space.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Describe the ultrastructure of the cell membrane
b. Paralytic secretion of saliva
c. List and define any five (5) methods of contraception
d. Explain the various dysfunction of the cerebellum
e. With the help of a diagram, describe the intrinsic mechanism of blood coagulation

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

PHS 2015/2016
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. What is immunity?
b. Describe the process of acquired immunity.
2. Write an essay on hypothyroidism.
3. a. Define the term “Pain”.
b. Compare and contrast acute and chronic pain.
4. a. What is paralytic secretion of saliva?
b. Describe the control of saliva.
5. Write an essay on the formation of dilute urine.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Cardiac action potential
b. Muscle tone
c. Disorders of taste sensation
d. Pulmonary surfactant
e. Primary hypertension

PHS 2016/2017
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Write an essay on haemolytic disease of the new born.

b. Explain how ABO and Rhesus blood groups are inherited.
2. a. Explain the types of clinical shock.
b. Discuss the short term (immediate) compensatory effect of haemorrhage.
3. Trace the pathway takes by sound following the beating of the drum.
4. Discuss hypothyroidism under the following headings;
a. Causes
b. Signs and symptoms
5. a. List the functions of saliva.
b. Explain the mechanism of salivary secretion.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Factors that affect O2-Hb dissociation curve
b. Homeostatic functions of the kidney
c. Absorption of protein
d. Paralysis agitans
e. Functions of muscle spindle

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

PHS 2016/2017
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Describe the ABO and Rhesus blood group types.

b. How can blood be transfused safely among persons within this system.
2. With the aid of a diagram describe the baroreceptor mechanism in control of blood
pressure.
3. a. What are the indicators for oxygen therapy?
b. Discuss the hazards of oxygen therapy.
4. Describe the transport systems operating in renal tubular segments.
5. a. Define pain?
b. Compare and contrast acute and chronic pain.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Muscle spindle
b. Vestibular apparatus
c. Functions of insulin
d. Digestion of fatty meals
e. Excitation-contraction coupling
f. Functions of the stomach

PHS 2017/2018
MAIN EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. Discuss the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscles.

2. a. Describe the three (3) types of haemorrhage.
b. Discuss succinctly the cardiovascular adaptation to severe heamorrhage.
3. Describe the properties of all sensory receptors.
4. Write a concise essay on the digestion and absorption of fatty meal.
5. Write an essay on acute renal failure.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Optic chiasma (formation and lesion)
b. Functions of bile
c. Functions of cortisol
d. Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve
e. Stages of hemostasis

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 Part I MB BCh Professional Examination Past Questions (Theory)

PHS 2017/2018
RESIT EXAMINATION
Instruction: Answer any five (5) questions. Time: 3hrs

1. a. Give a classification of WBC’s according to morphology and function.

b. With the aid of a flow chart, describe the process of leucopoiesis.
2. Write an essay on renal blood supply, renal blood flow and its regulation.
3. Write a concise essay on the digestion and absorption of a lipid meal.
4. a. Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in blood.
b. State any five (5) factors that affect the respiratory centres.
5. Discuss the functions and the dysfunctions of the basal ganglia.
6. Write short notes on any four (4) of the following;
a. Action potential of cardiac muscles
b. The menstrual cycle
c. The posterior pituitary
d. Colour blindness
e. Cardiovascular adjustment in moderate exercise

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 Calabar University Medical Students’ Association (CUMSA)

Calabar
In Eyo Victor Led CUMSA University
2018/2019 ExCo Medical Students’ Association 32
University of Calabar
2018