APA Handbook of

Sport and Exercise

Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Psychology

APA Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology: Sport Psychology, edited by M. H. Anshel, T. A.
Petrie, and J. A. Steinfeldt
Copyright © 2019 American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.
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Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.
 APA Handbooks in Psychology

APA Handbook of

Sport and Exercise

Psychology
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

volume 1
Sport Psychology

Mark H. Anshel, Editor-in-Chief

Trent A. Petrie and Jesse A. Steinfeldt, Associate Editors
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Anshel, Mark H. (Mark Howard), editor.

Title: APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology / edited by: Mark H. Anshel.
Other titles: American Psychological Association handbook of sport and
   exercise psychology. | Handbook of sport and exercise psychology
Description: First Edition. | Washington, DC : American Psychological
   Association, [2019] | Series: APA Handbooks in Psychology series |
   Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Volume 1. Sport
   Psychology — Volume 2. Exercise Psychology.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018037422| ISBN 9781433830402 (Volume 1 : Hardcover) |
   ISBN 143383040X (Volume 1 : Hardcover) | ISBN 9781433830426 (Volume 1 :
   eBook) | ISBN 1433830426 (Volume 1 : eBook) | ISBN 9781433830419 (Volume 2:
   Hardcover) | ISBN 1433830418 (Volume 2 : Hardcover) | ISBN 9781433830433
   (Volume 2 : eBook) | ISBN 1433830434 (Volume 2 : eBook)
Subjects: LCSH: Sports—Psychological aspects. | Exercise—Psychological aspects.
Classification: LCC GV706.4 .A64 2019 | DDC 796.01—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018037422

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A CIP record is available from the British Library.

Printed in the United States of America

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000123-000
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

Volume 1: Sport Psychology

Editorial Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
About the Editor-in-Chief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
A Note From the Publisher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Part I. Foundations and Contemporary Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1. A Brief Global History of Sport Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Alan S. Kornspan and Alessandro Quartiroli
Chapter 2. Sport Psychology Research: Proper Standards and Limitations . . . . . . . . . 17
Jeffrey J. Martin, Vista L. Beasley, and Michelle D. Guerrero
Chapter 3. Conducting Experimental Research in Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Thomas M. Brinthaupt and John T. Pennington
Chapter 4. Psychological Assessment in Sport Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Frank L. Gardner

Part II. Personality Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Chapter 5. Personality, Styles, and Orientations in Sport: Pros, Cons, and
Guidelines for Predicting Sport Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Jacob J. Levy and Jason Ruggieri
Chapter 6. Cognitive and Personality Assessment in Applied Sport Psychology:
Evidence-Based Test Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Henry (Hap) Davis IV and Patrick Baillie
Chapter 7. From Talent Identification to Talent Development: An Overview
and Critique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Dave Collins and Áine MacNamara
Chapter 8. Psychological Characteristics of Elite Athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Rebecca A. Zakrajsek, Johannes Raabe, and Jedediah E. Blanton

vii
 Contents

Part III. Lifespan Developmental Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Chapter 9. Youth Sport: Meeting Unique Development Needs of Youth Athletes
for Preventing Dropout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Daniel Gould and Lauren Walker
Chapter 10. Sport Participation in Later Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Bert Hayslip, Jr., and Robert S. Weinberg
Chapter 11. A Developmental and Holistic Perspective on Transiting Out of
Elite Sport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Paul Wylleman

Part IV. Cognitive Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Chapter 12. Emotion and Sport Performance: Stress, Anxiety, Arousal, and
Choking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Mark C. Frame and Sydney Reichin
Chapter 13. Emotion Regulation in Sport and Performance Contexts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Zella E. Moore and Kelly Marin
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Chapter 14. Attention in Sport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Benjamin D. Hill, Sarah E. Taylor, and Jameson D. Beach
Chapter 15. Motivation in Sport: Theory and Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Mary D. Fry and E. Whitney G. Moore
Chapter 16. Cognitive Strategies in Promoting Physical Performance:
Theory and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Brad D. Foltz, Ricki Walker, and Cody Commander
Chapter 17. Mindfulness in Sport: Neuroscience and Practical Applications . . . . . . . 325
Frank L. Gardner and Zella E. Moore

Part V. Social Psychology of Sport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Chapter 18. Girls and Women in Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Emily A. Roper and Katherine M. Polasek
Chapter 19. Understanding the Experiences of LGBT Athletes in Sport:
A Multilevel Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
George B. Cunningham
Chapter 20. Psychology of Disability Sport: Participation and Performance. . . . . . . . 385
Anthony Papathomas and Brett Smith
Chapter 21. Group Dynamics in Sport and Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Mark Eys, Jeemin Kim, and Michael Godfrey
Chapter 22. Effective Coaching: The Links Between Coach Leadership and
Coach–Athlete Relationship—From Theory to Research to Practice. . . . . . . . 419
Sophia Jowett and Calum Arthur
Chapter 23. Strategies and Communication Skills in Sports Coaching . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Jeff Cherubini
Chapter 24. Audience Effects in Sport: The Reciprocal Flow of Influence
Between Athletes and Spectators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Daniel L. Wann and Jana Hackathorn

viii
 Contents

Chapter 25. Hiding in Plain Sight: Discovering the Promises of Multicultural

Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
William D. Parham
Chapter 26. Anger and Aggression in Sport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Michelle L. Bartlett and Mitch Abrams

Part VI. Educational Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

Chapter 27. Skill Acquisition: The Science and Practice of Teaching Sport
Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Jeffrey T. Fairbrother
Chapter 28. Information Processing Approach to Understanding and
Improving Physical Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Charles H. Shea, Deanna Kennedy, and Stefan Panzer

Part VII. Clinical and Counseling Issues in Sport Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Chapter 29. Eating Disorders in Competitive Sport and Dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Dana K. Voelker and Nick Galli

Chapter 30. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
David Breiger
Chapter 31. Sleep Disorders and Remedies in Competitive Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Daniel J. Taylor and Jennifer L. Martin
Chapter 32. Current Approaches to Sport Psychology Consulting in Collegiate
and Olympic Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Carmen Tebbe Priebe, Robin Scholefield, and Traci Statler
Chapter 33. Athlete Mental Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Andrew T. Wolanin and Donald R. Marks
Chapter 34. Evidence-Based Sport Psychology Counseling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Zella E. Moore and Kehana Bonagura

Part VIII. Psychological Issues in Sport Injuries and Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Chapter 35. Psychological Predictors and Consequences of Injuries in
Sport Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Diane M. Wiese-Bjornstal
Chapter 36. Adherence Issues in the Prevention and Rehabilitation of
Sport Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Britton W. Brewer

Part IX. Psychobiological Approaches to Explaining Sport Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . 743

Chapter 37. Psychophysiology and Biofeedback of Sport Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Jacob J. Levy and Debora R. Baldwin
Chapter 38. Sport-Related Concussion: Evolving Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Anthony P. Kontos, Erin Reynolds, and Brandon Gillie

ix
 Contents

Chapter 39. Biomarker-Guided Athlete Assessment and Mental Training

During Official Competition: A Systematic, Ecological,
Evidence-Based Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Roland A. Carlstedt

Part X. Professional Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Chapter 40. Education and Credentialing in Sport Psychology: Who Are We
and What Do We Do?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Trent A. Petrie
Chapter 41. Ethical and Legal Issues in Sport and Performance Psychology. . . . . . . . 821
Jack C. Watson II and Edward F. Etzel

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

x
 Editorial Board

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Mark H. Anshel, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro

ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Volume 1
Trent A. Petrie, PhD, Professor, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas,
Denton
Jesse A. Steinfeldt, PhD, CMPC, Associate Professor, Department of Counseling and
Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington
Volume 2
Steven J. Petruzzello, PhD, Professor, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Elise E. Labbé, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology, University of
South Alabama, Mobile

xi
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.
 About the Editor-in-Chief

Mark H. Anshel, PhD, is professor emeritus in the Department of Health and Human
Performance at Middle Tennessee State University. Dr. Anshel received his BS in physical
education from Illinois State University, his MA in the psychology of motor performance
from McGill University, and his PhD in the psychology of movement performance from
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Florida State University. He has authored more than 145 journal articles, 15 book chapters,
and 13 full books, including Aerobics for Fitness (5th ed.), Applied Exercise Psychology:
A Practitioner’s Guide to Improving Client Health and Fitness, Applied Health Fitness
Psychology, In Praise of Failure: The Value of Overcoming Mistakes in Sports and in Life,
Intervention Strategies for Changing Health Behavior, and Sport Psychology: From Theory
to Practice (5th ed.).
Dr. Anshel’s career has addressed two related fields: sport psychology and exercise
psychology. Within sport psychology, his primary area of research has been understand-
ing the coping process in performance. In particular, he has studied the personal factors
(e.g., coping style, resilience, mental toughness, skill level, age, gender, cultural back-
ground) and situational factors (e.g., chronic vs. acute nature, presence of observers or
audience members, level of self-control) that influence whether events are considered
stressful, as well as the most effective ways of managing such events. Within exercise
psychology, his primary area of research has been the development, validation, and
application of the disconnected values model, an intervention that encourages people
to replace their unhealthy habits with healthier, more desirable ones. In his consulting
practice, Dr. Anshel has applied performance psychology concepts to assist a variety of
clients, including athletes and exercisers, coaches, law enforcement officers, sports
rehabilitation professionals, members of the performing arts (e.g., dancers, actors,
musicians), and corporate employees.

xiii
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.
 Contributors

Mitch Abrams, PsyD, private practice, Learned Excellence for Athletes, Fords, NJ
Calum Arthur, PhD, School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University,
Bangor, United Kingdom
Patrick Baillie, PhD, LLB, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Police Service, Calgary,
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

Alberta, Canada
Debora R. Baldwin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Michelle L. Bartlett, PhD, West Texas A&M University, Canyon
Jameson D. Beach, MS, Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama,
Mobile
Vista L. Beasley, PhD, Division of Institutional Research and Assessment, Army
University, Fort Leavenworth, KS
Jedediah E. Blanton, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Kehana Bonagura, Master’s Candidate, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY
David Breiger, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Washington, Seattle
Britton W. Brewer, PhD, Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
Thomas M. Brinthaupt, PhD, Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State
University, Murfreesboro
Roland A. Carlstedt, PhD, ABSP, Department of Certification, Education, Training
and Research, American Board of Sport Psychology, New York, NY; Developmental
Biopsychiatry Research Program/Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital,
Belmont, MA; and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
Jeff Cherubini, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY
Dave Collins, PhD, private practice, Grey Matters Performance Ltd., Stratford-upon-
Avon, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
Cody Commander, PsyD, Psychological Resources for OU Student Athletes, University
of Oklahoma, Norman
George B. Cunningham, PhD, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M
University, College Station
Henry (Hap) Davis IV, PhD, private practice, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Edward F. Etzel, EdD, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia
University, Morgantown

xv
 Contributors

Mark Eys, PhD, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier
University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Jeffrey T. Fairbrother, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Brad D. Foltz, PhD, Department of Athletics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Mark C. Frame, PhD, Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University,
Murfreesboro
Mary D. Fry, PhD, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Science, University of
Kansas, Lawrence
Nick Galli, PhD, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City
Frank L. Gardner, PhD, School of Health Sciences, Touro College, New York, NY
Brandon Gillie, PhD, UPMC Sports Medicine Concussion Program—UPMC Altoona
and Elite Orthopaedics, Edensburg, PA
Michael Godfrey, MA, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid
Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Daniel Gould, PhD, Institute for the Study of Youth Sports, Michigan State University,
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

East Lansing
Michelle D. Guerrero, PhD, Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group,
Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Jana Hackathorn, PhD, Department of Psychology, Murray State University, Murray, KY
Bert Hayslip, Jr., PhD, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton
Benjamin D. Hill, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile
Sophia Jowett, PhD, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough
University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
Deanna Kennedy, PhD, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University,
College Station
Jeemin Kim, MA, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier
University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Anthony P. Kontos, PhD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA
Alan S. Kornspan, EdD, School of Sport Science and Wellness Education, University of
Akron, Akron, OH
Jacob J. Levy, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Áine MacNamara, PhD, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central
Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
Kelly Marin, PhD, Department of Psychology, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY
Donald R. Marks, PsyD, Department of Advanced Studies in Psychology, Kean
University, Union, NJ
Jeffrey J. Martin, PhD, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies, Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI
Jennifer L. Martin, PhD, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California,
Los Angeles, and VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Greater
Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA

xvi
 Contributors

E. Whitney G. Moore, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Sport Studies and Health,

Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Zella E. Moore, PsyD, Department of Psychology, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY
Stefan Panzer, PhD, Sports Science Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Anthony Papathomas, PhD, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences
William D. Parham, PhD, ABPP, School of Education, Loyola Marymount University,
Los Angeles, CA
John T. Pennington, PhD, Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University,
Murfreesboro
Trent A. Petrie, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton
Katherine M. Polasek, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, State University of New York,
Cortland
Alessandro Quartiroli, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–
La Crosse
Johannes Raabe, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University,
Altoona
Sydney Reichin, Master’s Candidate, Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

University, Murfreesboro
Erin Reynolds, PsyD, Baylor Scott & White Sports Concussion Program at The Star,
Frisco, TX, and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Frisco
Emily A. Roper, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX
Jason Ruggieri, MS, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Robin Scholefield, PhD, Engemann Student Health Center, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles
Charles H. Shea, PhD, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University,
College Station
Brett Smith, PhD, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Birmingham
University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Traci Statler, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton
Daniel J. Taylor, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton
Sarah E. Taylor, BS, Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile
Carmen Tebbe Priebe, PhD, Athletics Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City
Dana K. Voelker, PhD, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia
University, Morgantown
Lauren Walker, MS, Institute for the Study of Youth Sports, Michigan State University,
East Lansing
Ricki Walker, PhD, Psychological Resources for OU Student Athletes, University of
Oklahoma, Norman
Daniel L. Wann, PhD, Department of Psychology, Murray State University, Murray, KY
Jack C. Watson II, PhD, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia
University, Morgantown
Robert S. Weinberg, PhD, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University,
Oxford, OH

xvii
 Contributors

Diane M. Wiese-Bjornstal, PhD, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Twin

Cities
Andrew T. Wolanin, PsyD, Wolanin Consulting and Assessment Inc., Philadelphia, PA
Paul Wylleman, PhD, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy/Faculty of
Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Rebecca A. Zakrajsek, PhD, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Copyright American Psychological Association. Not for further distribution.

xviii
 A Note From the Publisher

The APA Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology is the 30th publication to be released
in the American Psychological Association’s APA Handbooks in Psychology® series, insti-
tuted in 2010. The series comprises both single volumes and multivolume sets focused
on core subfields or on highly focused content areas and emerging subfields. A complete
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listing of the series titles to date can be found on pp. ii–iii.

Each publication in the series is primarily formulated to address the reference interests
and needs of researchers, clinicians, and practitioners in psychology. Each also addresses
the needs of graduate students for well-organized and highly detailed supplementary
texts, whether to “fill in” their own specialty areas or to acquire solid familiarity with
other specialties and emerging trends across the breadth of psychology. Many of the sets
additionally bear strong interest for professionals in pertinent complementary fields
(i.e., depending on content area), be they corporate executives and human resources
personnel; psychiatrists; doctors, nurses, and other health personnel; teachers and
school administrators; counselors; legal professionals; and so forth.
Under the direction of small and select editorial boards consisting of top scholars in
the field, with chapters authored by both senior and rising researchers and practitioners,
each reference commits to a steady focus on best science and best practice. Coverage
converges on what is currently known in the particular topical area (including basic
historical reviews) and the identification of the most pertinent sources of information
in both the core and evolving literature. Volumes and chapters alike pinpoint practical
issues; probe unresolved and controversial topics; and highlight future theoretical,
research, and practice trends. The editors provide guidance to the “dialogue” among
chapters through internal cross-referencing that demonstrates a robust integration of
topics. Readers are thus offered a clear understanding of the complex interrelationships
within each field.
With the imprimatur of the largest scientific and professional organization represent-
ing psychology in the United States and the largest association of psychologists in the
world, and with content edited and authored by some of its most respected members,
the APA Handbooks in Psychology series is an indispensable and authoritative reference
resource for researchers, instructors, practitioners, and field leaders alike.

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 Introduction

Very few areas of research and practice have grown in scholarship and sophistication
as rapidly as sport and exercise psychology. The fact that the American Psychological
Association decided to publish a two-volume handbook in this area is testimony to the
field’s growth and maturation.
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Sport psychology typically is defined as the study of the influence of psychological

processes on human performance, whereas exercise psychology is defined as the use
of psychobehavioral processes to describe, explain, and predict exercise behavior and
other forms of physical activity. Together, these companion areas of study, research,
and clinical practice have been promoted and recognized by numerous organizations
worldwide, including those in the United States, Canada, Asia, Europe, and Latin
America. In addition, there are numerous scholarly and sophisticated scientific jour-
nals within the field that are dedicated to furthering an understanding of the links
between cognition, emotion, and human performance. Among these is the flagship
Journal of Sport Psychology, which, when it was renamed the Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology in 1987, cemented the association between sport and exercise.
My intent in creating the APA Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology is to help
move the field forward with a contemporary publication that captures both the explor-
atory and applied nature of sport and exercise psychology. More specifically, I sought
to produce a publication that (a) recognizes the evolution, maturation, and expanding
scope of this very exciting field; (b) combines a review of the literature with an overview
of the application of concepts, models, and theories; and (c) highlights emerging areas
of focus and possible future directions within the field. Sport and exercise psychology
has never been more multidimensional, offering extensive avenues of research for
scholars and educators while still incorporating clinical applications for practitioners.

CONTENT
I recruited four associate editors, each with extensive expertise in his or her respec-
tive field: Trent A. Petrie, Jesse A. Steinfeldt, Steven J. Petruzzello, and Elise E. Labbé.
Together, we devised a table of contents for each volume that showcases the expanding
field of sport and exercise psychology. Chapter topics were selected based on several cri-
teria. First was the need to reflect a solid conceptual framework. A second criterion for
inclusion was the need to build on previous research and conduct further study. A third
criterion was the need to “go outside the box” and select topics that largely have been

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 Introduction

ignored by researchers. For example, sexual identity issues and attention-deficit/

hyperactivity disorder have received very limited attention by sport and exercise
scholars, but they are covered in this handbook (see Volume 1, Chapters 19 and 30,
respectively). A fourth criterion was evidence of application value; in other words,
the theories, models, and conceptual frameworks described within chapters must be
of use to practitioners as well.
Once we had decided on topics for the 41 chapters in Volume 1 and the 35 chapters
in Volume 2, we needed to recruit contributors to write the material. The chapter authors
in this handbook are widely published scholars who bring considerable expertise and
experience in writing, research, and practice. They are known as leaders in their fields
and have authored hundreds of research articles, book chapters, and full-length books
throughout their careers. Each contributor was tasked with reviewing the extant litera-
ture (from historical to contemporary), describing the applications of that information,
and suggesting future directions for research. The motivation of these professionals to
address questions in novel and exciting ways shows in their respective chapters, and
I hope their work will encourage readers to solve research problems by asking the right
research questions.
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Organization
The APA Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology has a unique structure. Volume 1
focuses on sport psychology and is divided into 10 parts: foundations and contempo-
rary perspectives, including material on the history of sport psychology and on sport
psychology assessment; personality sport psychology, which includes material on talent
identification, personality styles, and other psychological characteristics; lifespan devel-
opmental psychology, which describes youth sport, sport in later life, and elite sport;
cognitive sport psychology, which discusses stress, emotion regulation, attention and
concentration, motivation, and similar topics; social psychology of sport, which includes
chapters on gender, sexual identity, disability, multiculturalism, and so forth; educational
sport psychology, which covers sport pedagogy and information processing; clinical and
counseling issues, including material on eating disorders, sleep difficulties, and various
mental health issues; sport injuries and rehabilitation, with chapters on injury prediction
and adherence to rehabilitation regimens; psychobiological approaches to sport, including
the topics of biofeedback and concussion; and professional issues, which relate to ethics
and governance.
Volume 2 on exercise psychology is divided into eight parts: foundations and
contemporary perspectives, including material on concepts and theories, research
dimensions, and legal issues; the role of psychology in exercise, with chapters on the
psycho­logical benefits of exercise, the effects of exercise on depression, the influence
of cognitive processes, and perceived exertion; developmental psychology of physical
activity, with chapters that describe physical activity for children, adolescents, middle-
aged adults, and older adults; exercise adherence, discussing the topics of personal
characteristics, adhering to physical activity programs, and fitness technology; cogni-
tive psychology of physical activity, with chapters describing how physical activity
affects cognition as well as the reciprocal influence of counterproductive thoughts,
motivation, and mindfulness on activity; social psychology of exercise, including
material on gender, physical disabilities, diversity, and worksite exercise programs;

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 Introduction

clinical and counseling issues, with information on exercise addiction, exercise con-
sulting, and biomarker psychotherapy; and psychological issues in exercise injuries,
rehabilitation, and performance, which includes chapters on strategies to promote
performance and strategies to promote rehabilitation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to express my deepest gratitude to Trent, Jesse, Steve, and Elise for their extra­
ordinary commitment, tireless effort, and insightful feedback to help produce such an
impressive product. I also would like to thank the very committed and talented staff
of the American Psychological Association, most notably Susan Reynolds, the senior
acquisitions editor who recruited me for the position of editor-in-chief, and Trish
Mathis, the reference editorial manager who guided me through the development pro-
cess. Finally, of course, I thank the many authors who were involved. Their dedication
to writing scholarly, sophisticated narratives and their support of the peer review process
has been exceptional. I am proud to have worked on this project with such dedicated
professionals—associate editors, chapter authors, and editorial staff—who have given
their time, effort, knowledge, and overall unequivocal support in the spirit of promoting
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this field of study and practice. I sincerely hope that this two-volume publication will
become a benchmark in the field.

Mark H. Anshel, PhD

Editor-in-Chief

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Part I

Perspectives
Contemporary
Foundations and
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